APPENDIX I

Test Functions

In order to determine how well an optimization algorithm works, a variety of test functions have been used as a check. Weve listed 16 in this appendix. In each case we give a general form of the function, plot its value in one or two dimensions, give the global optimum in one or two dimensions, and list the domain. Some of the functions are generalizable to N dimensions. MATLAB code for these functions appear in Appendix II. Some of the research into developing test functions is reported in the references.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
De Jong, K. A. 1975. Analysis of the behavior of a class of genetic adaptive systems. Ph.D. Dissertation. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Michalewicz, Z. 1992. Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs. New York: Springer-Verlag. Schwefel, H. 1995. Evolution and Optimum Seeking. New York: Wiley. Whitley, D., K. Mathias, S. Rana, and J. Dzubera. 1996. Evaluating Evolutionary Algorithms. Articial Intelligence Journal 85:132. Whitley, D., R. Beveridge, C. Graves, and K. Mathias. 1995. Test Driving Three 1995 Genetic Algorithms: New Test Functions and Geometric Matching. Journal of Heuristics 1:77104.

Practical Genetic Algorithms, Second Edition, by Randy L. Haupt and Sue Ellen Haupt. ISBN 0-471-45565-2 Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

205

206

TEST FUNCTIONS

F1 x + cos( x) minimum: f (0) = 1 for - x

F3
N

x
n =1

2 n

minimum: f (0,0) = 1 for - x

F2 x + sin( x) minimum: f (0) = 0 for - x

N -1 n =1

F4

{100[ x

n +1

2 - xn ] + [1 - xn ]

minimum: f (1,1) = 0 for - xn

TEST FUNCTIONS

207

F5
N

F7

n =1

xn - 10 cos( 10 xn

x sin(4 x) + 1.1y sin(2 y) minimum: f (0.9039, 0.8668) = -18.5547 for 0 x, y 10

minimum: f ( x) = 1 at x = 0 for - xn

F6

F8 y sin(4 x) + 1.1x sin(2 y) minimum: f (0.9039, 0.8668) = -18.5547 for 0 x, y 10

( x 2 + x) cos( x)
minimum: f (9.6204) = -100.22 for - 10 x 10

208

TEST FUNCTIONS

F9 N 4 nxn + N n (0, 1) n =1 minimum: varies for - x

N

F11 1+
N 2 xn - cos( xn ) n =1 n =1 4000

minimum: f (0,0) = 0 for - xn

F10
N

F12 0.5 + sin 2 x 2 + y 2 - 0.5 1 + 0.1( x 2 + y 2 )

10 N + [ x - 10 cos(2pxn )]
2 n n =1

minimum: f (0,0) = 0 for - xn

minimum: f (1.897,1.006) = -0.5231 for - x, y

TEST FUNCTIONS

209

F13

F15
2

(x 2 + y2 )

0.25

sin 30 ( x + 0.5) + y 2

0.1

+x+y

-e -0.2

x 2 + y2 + 3 ( cos 2 x + sin 2 y )

minimum: f (0, 0) = 0 for - x, y

minimum: f (-2.7730, -5) = -16.947 for - 5 x, y 5

F14 J 0 ( x 2 + y 2 ) + 0.11 - x + 0.11 - y minimum: f (1, 1.6606) = -0.3356 for - x, y

F16 - xsin( x - ( y + 9) ) - ( y + 9)sin( y + 0.5 x + 9 ) minimum: f (-14.58, -20) = -23.806 for - 20 x, y 20