Jean Flor C. Casauay, RPh.

UPCP Department of Pharmacy AY 2013-2014

CYTOLOGY

TERMS

Cell Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell

MAIN PARTS OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL

Plasma Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus

LIPIDS OF PLASMA MEMBRANE

Fluid Mosaic Model: phospholipid bilayer - amphipathic

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Membrane Proteins: Integral & Peripheral

FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Ion Channels Have a pore or hole through which specific ions can flow into or out of the cell Transporters Move specific substances across the membrane

FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Receptors
act

as binding sites for specific ligands and alters cells functions.

Enzyme
Catalyze

specific reactions inside or outside cell

FUNCTIONS OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS

Cell Identity Marker

Enable

a cell to recognize potentially dangerous foreign cells

Linker
Anchor

filaments inside and outside to the plasma membrane, providing structural stability and shape for the cell. Link two cells together

MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY

Selectively permeable
Permeable

to nonpolar, uncharged molecules such as O2, CO2 and steroids Impermeable to ions and charged or polar molecules such as glucose. Slightly permeable to water and urea

CYTOPLASM
Protoplasm outside the nucleus Site of most cellular activities Elements of cytoplasm:

Cytosol Organelles Inclusions

CYTOSOL
Fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds the organelles 55% of total cell volume composition? Function: site of many chemical reactions required for a cells existence

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

Cytoskeleton Centrosome Cilia and Flagella Ribosomes ER

Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Proteasomes Mitochondria

1. CYTOSKELETON
Network of protein filaments Provides structural framework Aids in the various types of cellular and organelle movement

CYTOSKELETON
Made up of: Microfilaments , Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

2. CENTROSOME

Components: paired centrioles Pericentriolar material Centriole- a cylindrical structure, composed of 9 clusters of 3 microtubles arranged in a circular pattern
v

CENTROSOME

Pericentriolar Material contains hundreds of ringshaped complexes composed of tubulin Tubulin complexes - the organizing centers for formation of mitotic spindle during cell division

Pericentriolar Material

3. CILIA & FLAGELLA

Cilia

hairlike protrusions from the cell membrane Sweep foreign particles away from the lungs Sweep oocytes toward the uterus

Flagella

whip-like structure Moves the entire cell Eg. sperm cell

STRUCTURE OF CILIA & FLAGELLA

4. RIBOSOMES

Tiny, round bodies made of proteins and ribosomal RNA Location:

Cytosol Mitochondria

Surface

of nuclear membrane Surface of rough ER

STRUCTURE OF A RIBOSOME

Consists of 2 subunits Made separately in nucleolus. Once released from the nucleus, they come together in the cytoplasm Actual site of protein synthesis

5. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

Network of folded membranes or flattened sacs that extends from the nuclear envelope throughout the cytoplasm.

Forms: Rough or Granular ER Smooth or Agranular ER

Mini-circulatory system of the cell

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

1. Rough ER
site of protein synthesis Manufactures phospholipids Allows these molecules to be incorporated to other organelles

2. Smooth ER
Site of fatty acids and steroid synthesis Detoxification of drugs and harmful substances Allows free glucose from G-6P to enter the bloodstream Releases calcium for muscle contraction (sarcoplasmic)

6. GOLGI COMPLEX

A stack of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae, with bulging edges (vesicles).
Consists of 3-20 cisternae

The cisternae at the opposite ends of golgi complex differ from each other in size, shape and enzymatic activity

GOLGI COMPLEX

Cis face Medial cisternae Trans face

FUNCTIONS OF GOLGI COMPLEX

1. Cis

face receives and modifies protiens produced by the rough ER 2. The medial cisternae add carbohydrates to protein to form glycoproteins and lipids to proteins to form lipoprotein 3. The exit face modifies the molecules further and then sorts and packages them for transport to their destinations.

FUNCTIONS OF GOLGI COMPLEX

Modifies and packages proteins Delivers proteins and phospholipids to the plasma membrane Packages hydrolytic enzymes into membranous sacs called lysosomes

7. LYSOSOMES
Membrane-enclosed vesicles containing digestive enzymes pH5

powerful

Lysosomal membrane contains transport proteins

LYSOSOMES

Transport proteins: Move final products of digestion into the cytosol Act in the maintenance and repair of cellular components (autophagy) Act as suicide agents in old and weakened cells (autolysis)

8. PEROXISOMES

Has similar structure to lysosomes but smaller in size. Contains oxidases and catalases

PEROXISOMES

Oxidase enzymes: detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances Catalase enzymes: protect the cells from the toxic effects of H2O2

9. PROTEASOMES
Protein bodies Contain proteases, enzymes that cut proteins into small peptides Function: Continuous destruction of unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins

10. MITOCHONDRIA

Small oblong-shaped structures composed of: Outer and inner membranes Intermebrane space Cristae Matrix

MITOCHONDRIA
Abundant in active cells: liver, kidney and muscle cells Powerhouses of the cell generate most of the ATP Enormous surface area of cristae provides site of chemical reactions With own DNA containing 37 genes inherited only from the mother

NUCLEUS
Spherical or oval-shaped structure Control center of the cell Gene-containing

NUCLEUS
Structures: Nuclear Membrane/ Nuclear Envelope Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Chromatin

NUCLEAR MEMBRANE / ENVELOPE

Double nuclear membrane that separates the nucleus from cytoplasm Selectively permeable Perforated with nuclear pores

NUCLEAR PORES

Circular arrangement of proteins surrounding a large central opening. Control the movement of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

NUCLEOLUS

a spherical particle inside the nucleus composed of DNA, RNA and proteins that is not enclosed by a membrane site of ribosomal synthesis

CHROMATIN
Long, thin, thread-like Genetic material of the cell Complex of DNA, proteins and some RNA

CHROMOSOMES

made of DNA molecules and proteins

short, thick cells of the human body: 46 chromosomes egg cell: 23 chromosomes sperm cell: 23 chromosomes

NUCLEOPLASM

Fluid medium in which the nucleoli and chromatin are suspended Consists of a colloidal suspension of: proteins DNA and RNA enzymes other chemicals of the nucleus

CELL DIVISION

CELL CYCLE

An orderly sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its contents and divides in two Major Periods: 1. Interphase 2. Mitotic phase 2.1 Mitosis 2.2 Cytokinesis

INTERPHASE
metabolic phase longest and most dynamic part of a cells life the cell is growing, metabolizing and maintaining itself Sub-phases: G0, G1, S, G2

INTERPHASE

Clearly defined:
Nuclear

envelope Nucleolus Tangle mass of chromatin Replicated centrosomes

MITOTIC PHASE
Consists of: nuclear division (mitosis) cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)

MITOSIS
Stages: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

PROPHASE

Chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids Tubulins in the PCM start to form mitotic spindle (microtubules) Spindle fibers form between centrosomes which move toward opposite poles Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

METAPHASE

The microtubules align the centromeres of the chromatid pairs at the exact center of the mitotic spindle (equatorial plane)

ANAPHASE

Centromeres split separating the two members of each chromatid pair Identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell

TELOPHASE

Begins after the chromosomal movement stops Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear Chromosomes resume chromatin form Mitotic spindle disappears

CYTOKINESIS

Formation of a cleavage furrow around center of the cell Division of a parent cells cytoplasm and organelles into two daughter cells Each new daughter cell enters the interphase stage

ONCOLOGY

CANCER

a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation

TUMOR OR NEOPLASM

Excess tissue that develops when cells in a part of the body divide without control Types:
Malignant

tumor or malignancy = CA Benign tumor

TYPES OF CANCER

Carcinomas - malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells (eg. melanoma) Sarcoma - any cancer arising from muscle cells or connective tissues Leukemia - cancer of blood-forming organs characterized by rapid growth of abnormal leukocytes (white blood cells) Lymphoma - malignant disease of lymphatic tissue

CAUSES OF CANCER

Carcinogens
chemical agent or radiation that produces cancer induce mutations, permanent structural changes in the DNA base sequence of a gene examples: smoke, asbestos, radioactive materials, UV radiation in sunlight, x-rays

CAUSES OF CANCER

Oncogenes
cancer-causing genes have the ability to transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell cause excessive production of growth factors, chemicals that stimulate cell growth

CAUSES OF CANCER

Oncogenic viruses
cause

cancer by stimulating abnormal proliferation of

cells human papilloma virus (HPV) produces a protein that causes proteasomes to destroy the p53 protein

P53 OR TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE

produces proteins that normally inhibit cell division arrests cells in the G1 phase, which prevents cell division assists in repair of damaged DNA and induces apoptosis in the cells where DNA repair was not successful

TREATMENT OF CANCER
Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy

PROGERIA

Non-inherited disease Normal development in the first year of life followed by rapid aging Dry, wrinkled skin Total baldness Birdlike facial features

WERNER SYNDROME

Rare, inherited disease that causes rapid acceleration of aging usually begins in adolescence stage

Mitosis
Prophase Chromosomes condense. Spindle fibers form between centrioles which move toward opposite poles

Meiosis I
Prophase I Homologous chromosomes further condense and pair. Crossing over occurs. Spindle fibers form between centrioles which move toward opposite poles

Metaphase Microtubule spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes. Chromosomes align along spindle equator.
Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Telophase Chromatids arrive at each pole, and new nuclear membranes form. Cell division begins. Daughter cells Cell division complete. Each cell receives chromosomes that are identical to those in original nucleus.

Metaphase I Microtubule spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes. Homologous pairs align along spindle equator.
Anaphase I Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles. Centromeres do not divide. Telophase I One set of paired chromosomes arrives at each pole, and nuclear division begins. Daughter cells Each cell receives exchanged chromosomal material from homologous chromosomes.

Mitosis
Prophase Chromosomes condense. Spindle fibers form between centrioles which move toward opposite poles
Metaphase Microtubule spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes. Chromosomes align along spindle equator.

Meiosis II
Prophase II Chromosomes recondense. Spindle fibers form between centrioles which move toward opposite poles.
Metaphase II Microtubule spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes. Chromosomes align along spindle.

Anaphase Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Anaphase II Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Centromeres divide.
Telophase II Chromatids arrive at each pole, and cell division begins.

Telophase Chromatids arrive at each pole, and new nuclear membranes form. Cell division begins.

Daughter cells Cell division complete. Each cell receives chromosomes that are identical to those in original nucleus.

Daughter cells Cell division complete. Each cell ends up with half the original number of chromosomes.

END!