Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

Financial reporting developments
A comprehensive guide
Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Accounting Standards Codification 320 Revised October 2011
To our clients and other friends

We are pleased to provide you with the latest edition of our Financial Reporting Developments publication on accounting for certain investments in debt and equity securities. The accounting for investments in debt and equity securities continues to be an area of focus by preparers, financial statement users, auditors and regulators. During the recent credit crisis, a number of questions were raised about the accounting for impairments of debt securities, resulting in the FASB amending the related guidance. Questions also continue to arise about the accounting for sales of heldto-maturity securities and transfers between categories of investments, among others. This Financial Reporting Developments publication provides you with a summary of the guidance on the accounting for certain investments in debt and equity securities, including excerpts from and references to the FASBs Accounting Standards Codification, interpretive guidance and examples. The FASB and IASB (collectively, the Boards) are currently engaged in a joint project that would significantly change many aspects of the accounting for financial instruments. That project addresses the classification and measurement of financial instruments, impairment of financial assets and hedge accounting. We encourage you to monitor the Boards work on that project. We hope you find this publication helpful. Ernst & Young representatives are prepared to assist you in understanding the guidance in this area of accounting and are ready to answer your particular concerns and questions.
October 2011
Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities
Contents
1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Definition of terms ................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 Scope and scope exceptions ................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1 Entities ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.3.2 Instruments .................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Compliance processes ............................................................................................................ 7
Classification and measurement ................................................................................. 8

2.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Trading securities .................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.1 Measurement.............................................................................................................. 10 2.3 Held-to-maturity securities ................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1 Measurement.............................................................................................................. 10 2.3.2 Considerations for determining whether a security qualifies for held-tomaturity classification ................................................................................................. 11 2.4 Available-for-sale securities .................................................................................................. 12 2.4.1 Measurement.............................................................................................................. 12 2.5 Considerations for specific instruments ................................................................................. 13 2.5.1 Pledged securities ....................................................................................................... 13 2.5.2 Repurchase agreements and dollar repurchase agreements .......................................... 13 2.5.3 Compound financial instruments .................................................................................. 13 2.5.4 Put and call features ................................................................................................... 14 2.5.5 Interest-only securities and other securities with principal risk ....................................... 14 2.5.6 Forward contracts and purchased options to acquire securities ..................................... 15 2.6 Structured notes.................................................................................................................. 15 2.7 Beneficial interests in securitized financial assets .................................................................. 16 2.7.1 Securities covered by ASC 325-40 ............................................................................... 16 2.7.2 Applying the prospective method for interest income recognition .................................. 17 2.8 Summary table of classification and measurement ................................................................ 18
Transfers between categories of investments ............................................................ 19

3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 19 3.2 Transfers from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity ............................................................. 20 3.3 Transfers from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale ............................................................. 22 3.3.1 Transfers of held-to-maturity securities among members of a consolidated group...................................................................................................... 22 3.4 Transfers involving trading securities .................................................................................... 22 3.5 Summary table of accounting requirements for transfers....................................................... 23
Contents
Dispositions of securities classified as held-to-maturity.............................................. 24

4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 24 4.2 Evaluation of the remaining portfolio following a sale or transfer ............................................ 25 4.2.1 SEC staff views on sales or transfers of held-to-maturity securities ................................ 26 4.3 Permitted sales or transfers ................................................................................................. 27 4.3.1 Credit deterioration..................................................................................................... 27 4.3.2 Change in tax law ........................................................................................................ 28 4.3.3 Major business combination or disposition .................................................................... 28 4.3.4 Change in statutory or regulatory requirements regarding permissible investments ....... 30 4.3.5 Significant change in regulatory capital requirements ................................................... 30 4.4 Sales deemed to be at maturity ............................................................................................ 31 4.5 Tender offers for held-to-maturity securities ......................................................................... 32 4.6 Disclosure requirements....................................................................................................... 32
Impairment.............................................................................................................. 33
5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 33 5.1.1 The three-step approach to impairment........................................................................ 33 5.1.2 General valuation allowances ....................................................................................... 34 5.2 OTTI accounting model for available-for-sale equity securities ................................................ 34 5.2.1 Recovery in value........................................................................................................ 36 5.2.2 Intent and ability ......................................................................................................... 36 5.2.3 Sales of impaired securities ......................................................................................... 37 5.2.4 Outsourced portfolio management arrangements ......................................................... 38 5.2.5 Perpetual preferred securities ..................................................................................... 38 5.2.6 OTTI documentation considerations for available-for-sale equity securities .................... 39 5.2.7 Illustrative OTTI decision tree for available-for-sale equity securities .............................. 39 5.3 OTTI accounting model for debt securities............................................................................. 40 5.3.1 Evaluating whether an impairment is other than temporary........................................... 40 5.3.2 Recognizing an OTTI ................................................................................................... 42 5.3.3 Illustrative OTTI decision trees for debt securities classified as availablefor-sale and held-to-maturity ....................................................................................... 44
Other issues ............................................................................................................ 60

6.1 Estimating fair value ............................................................................................................ 60 6.2 Interaction between ASC 815 and ASC 320 .......................................................................... 60 6.2.1 Hedging securities classified as trading......................................................................... 60 6.2.2 Hedging securities classified as available-for-sale .......................................................... 60 6.2.3 Hedging securities classified as held-to-maturity ........................................................... 61 6.3 Initial carrying amount of equity securities that become marketable ....................................... 61 6.4 Carrying amount of equity securities previously accounted for under the equity method ......... 61 6.5 Conversion of a loan into a debt security ............................................................................... 61 6.6 Foreign exchange gains and losses ....................................................................................... 62 6.7 Recording sales of securities classified as trading and available-for-sale .................................. 62 6.8 SEC staff views on inappropriate gain recognition on sales of securities .................................. 62 6.9 Reporting requirement for insurance companies ................................................................... 63 6.10 Deferred policy acquisition costs........................................................................................... 63 6.11 Accounting for income taxes ................................................................................................ 64
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Contents
Presentation and disclosure ..................................................................................... 65

7.1 Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure ................................................... 65 7.1.1 Disclosures about statement of financial position accounts............................................ 66 7.1.2 Additional disclosures for financial institutions .............................................................. 70 7.1.3 Disclosures about cost-method investments ................................................................. 71 7.2 Income statement presentation and disclosure ...................................................................... 71 7.2.1 Disclosures about income statement accounts .............................................................. 72 7.3 Other comprehensive income presentation and disclosure ..................................................... 73 7.3.1 Presentation changes to other comprehensive income .................................................. 76 7.4 Cash flows presentation and disclosure ................................................................................. 77 7.4.1 Auction rate securities and variable rate demand obligations ......................................... 78 7.5 Illustrative footnote disclosure-financial institution ................................................................ 78 7.6 Illustrative footnote disclosure-commercial entity .................................................................. 85
A Abbreviations used in this publication ...................................................................... A-1 B Index of ASC references in this publication ............................................................... B-1
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Contents
Notice to readers: This publication includes excerpts from and references to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (the Codification or ASC). The Codification uses a hierarchy that includes Topics, Subtopics, Sections and Paragraphs. Each Topic includes an Overall Subtopic that generally includes pervasive guidance for the topic and additional Subtopics, as needed, with incremental or unique guidance. Each Subtopic includes Sections that in turn include numbered Paragraphs. Thus, a Codification reference includes the Topic (XXX), Subtopic (YY), Section (ZZ) and Paragraph (PP). Throughout this publication references to guidance in the codification are shown using these reference numbers. References are also made to certain pre-codification standards (and specific sections or paragraphs of pre-Codification standards) in situations in which the content being discussed is excluded from the Codification. This publication has been carefully prepared but it necessarily contains information in summary form and is therefore intended for general guidance only; it is not intended to be a substitute for detailed research or the exercise of professional judgment. The information presented in this publication should not be construed as legal, tax, accounting, or any other professional advice or service. Ernst & Young LLP can accept no responsibility for loss occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of any material in this publication. You should consult with Ernst & Young LLP or other professional advisors familiar with your particular factual situation for advice concerning specific audit, tax or other matters before making any decisions.
Portions of FASB publications reprinted with permission. Copyright Financial Accounting Standards Board, 401 Merritt 7, P.O. Box 5116, Norwalk, CT 06856-5116, U.S.A. Portions of AICPA Statements of Position, Technical Practice Aids and other AICPA publications reprinted with permission. Copyright American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, 1211 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10036-8875, USA. Copies of complete documents are available from the FASB and the AICPA.
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1
1.1
Overview
Introduction
Excerpt from Accounting Standards Codification
Investments Debt and Equity Securities Overall General 320-10-5-2 This Subtopic addresses the accounting and reporting for both of the following: a. b. Investments in equity securities that have readily determinable fair values All investments in debt securities.
ASC 320 establishes standards of financial accounting and reporting for investments in equity securities that have readily determinable fair values and investments in debt securities, including debt instruments that have been securitized. It includes the use of fair value accounting for certain securities, but also permits the use of the amortized cost method for investments in debt securities that the reporting enterprise has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity. Fair value accounting is significantly different from historical cost accounting, in that it requires the recognition of unrealized holding gains and losses. While the accounting for investments in debt and equity securities most commonly affects the financial services industry (e.g., banks, savings and loan associations, savings banks, credit unions, finance companies, and insurance entities), it applies to almost all industries.
1.2
Definition of terms
Master Glossary Debt Security Any security representing a creditor relationship with an entity. The term debt security also includes all of the following: a. b. Preferred stock that by its terms either must be redeemed by the issuing entity or is redeemable at the option of the investor A collateralized mortgage obligation (or other instrument) that is issued in equity form but is required to be accounted for as a nonequity instrument regardless of how that instrument is classified (that is, whether equity or debt) in the issuer's statement of financial position U.S. Treasury securities U.S. government agency securities Municipal securities Corporate bonds Convertible debt Commercial paper
1
c. d. e. f. g. h.
Overview
i. j.
All securitized debt instruments, such as collateralized mortgage obligations and real estate mortgage investment conduits Interest-only and principal-only strips.
The term debt security excludes all of the following: a. b. c. d. e. Option contracts Financial futures contracts Forward contracts Lease contracts Receivables that do not meet the definition of security and, so, are not debt securities (unless they have been securitized, in which case they would meet the definition of a security), for example:
1. Trade accounts receivable arising from sales on credit by industrial or commercial entities 2. Loans receivable arising from consumer, commercial, and real estate lending activities of
financial institutions. Equity Security Any security representing an ownership interest in an entity (for example, common, preferred, or other capital stock) or the right to acquire (for example, warrants, rights, and call options) or dispose of (for example, put options) an ownership interest in an entity at fixed or determinable prices. Readily Determinable Fair Value An equity security has a readily determinable fair value if it meets any of the following conditions: a. The fair value of an equity security is readily determinable if sales prices or bid-and-asked quotations are currently available on a securities exchange registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) or in the over-the-counter market, provided that those prices or quotations for the over-the-counter market are publicly reported by the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations systems or by Pink Sheets LLC. Restricted stock meets that definition if the restriction terminates within one year. The fair value of an equity security traded only in a foreign market is readily determinable if that foreign market is of a breadth and scope comparable to one of the U.S. markets referred to above. The fair value of an investment in a mutual fund is readily determinable if the fair value per share (unit) is determined and published and is the basis for current transactions.
b. c.
Security A share, participation, or other interest in property or in an entity of the issuer or an obligation of the issuer that has all of the following characteristics: a. b. It is either represented by an instrument issued in bearer or registered form or, if not represented by an instrument, is registered in books maintained to record transfers by or on behalf of the issuer. It is of a type commonly dealt in on securities exchanges or markets or, when represented by an instrument, is commonly recognized in any area in which it is issued or dealt in as a medium for investment. It either is one of a class or series or by its terms is divisible into a class or series of shares, participations, interests, or obligations.
c.
Overview
Debt security The definition of debt security in ASC 320 includes instruments beyond legal form debt. For example, preferred stock that is either mandatorily redeemable or redeemable at the option of the investor is considered a debt security under ASC 320, even though preferred stock is considered equity in legal form. Accordingly, certain preferred stock may be in the scope of ASC 320, even if the preferred stock does not have a readily determinable fair value. Equity security The scope of ASC 320 includes only those equity securities that have readily determinable fair values (e.g., equity securities issued by a public company). However, equity securities issued by a public company are excluded from the scope of ASC 320 if those securities are restricted and that restriction does not terminate within one year of the reporting date. Restricted securities are securities whose sale is contractually or governmentally prohibited. Restricted securities are generally acquired in unregistered form through private placement offerings, but may be registered securities but restricted by contract (e.g., securities subject to a lock-up provision in an underwriting agreement). Securities that can reasonably be expected to qualify for sale within one year, such as under Rule 144 or similar rules of the SEC may not be considered restricted. Readily determinable fair value Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. As a result, the quoted price for a single unit is used in determining fair value, regardless of how many shares or units are held. The fair value of an equity security is readily determinable if it meets any of the conditions listed in the Master Glossary. The determination of whether an equity security has a readily determinable fair value is made as of each statement of financial position date, but a temporary lack of trades or price quotations for the security on that date does not make it nonmarketable if the required market prices are available a few days before or after that date. As described previously, restricted stock would not meet the readily determinable fair value criterion, unless the restriction terminates within one year of the reporting date. The fair value of restricted stock should be measured based on the quoted price of an otherwise identical unrestricted security of the same issuer, adjusted for the effect of the restriction, in accordance with ASC 820 (ASC 320-10-35-2). When an investor enters into an arrangement that limits its ability to sell securities otherwise subject to the provisions of ASC 320 subsequent to acquisition of such securities, those limitations are considered analogous to pledging the securities as collateral. An investor that pledges securities should account for such limitations under ASC 860-30-25. Security Certain investments must be evaluated carefully to determine if they meet the definition of a security. For example, while most certificates of deposit (CDs) do not meet the ASC 320 definition of a security, some negotiable jumbo CDs may meet the definition of a security. Likewise, certain guaranteed investment contracts (GICs) meet the definition of a security while others do not.
Overview
1.3
Scope and scope exceptions

InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Scope and Scope Exceptions Entities 320-10-15-2 The guidance in the InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Topic applies to all entities, including the following entities that are not deemed to belong to specialized industries for purposes of this Topic: a. b. Cooperatives and mutual entities (such as credit unions and mutual insurance entities) Trusts that do not report substantially all of their securities at fair value.
320-10-15-3 The guidance in this Topic does not apply to the following entities: a. Entities in certain specialized industries. Entities whose specialized accounting practices include accounting for substantially all investments in debt securities and equity securities at market value or fair value, with changes in value recognized in earnings (income) or in the change in net assets.
Instruments 320-10-15-5 The guidance in the InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Topic establishes standards of financial accounting and reporting for both of the following: a. b. Investments in equity securities that have readily determinable fair values All investments in debt securities, including debt instruments that have been securitized.
320-10-15-6 The guidance in this Topic applies to all loans that meet the definition of a security. 320-10-15-7 The guidance in this Topic does not apply to any of the following: a. Derivative instruments that are subject to the requirements of Topic 815, including those that have been separated from a host contract as required by Section 815-15-25. If an investment would otherwise be in the scope of this Topic and it has within it an embedded derivative that is required by that Section to be separated, the host instrument (as described in that Section) remains within the scope of this Topic. Except with respect to the impairment guidance in Section 320-10-35, equity securities within the scope of Subtopic 325-20, that is, cost method investments. Equity securities that, absent the election of the fair value option under paragraph 825-10-25-1, would be required to be accounted for under the equity method. Investments in consolidated subsidiaries.
b. c. d.
Overview
1.3.1
Entities
Unless specifically excluded from its scope (as discussed below), all entities are subject to ASC 320, including commercial enterprises, financial institutions, cooperatives and mutual enterprises and trusts that do not report substantially all of their securities at fair value. The guidance in ASC 320 does not apply to entities in certain specialized industries such as brokers and dealers in securities, defined benefit pension plans and investment companies. Not-for-profit entities also are specifically excluded. The guidance for accounting for investments in debt and equity securities by not-for-profit entities is primarily in ASC 958-320, except for guidance on identifying and accounting for impairment of certain securities, which is addressed in the general impairment guidance of ASC 32010-35-17 through 35-34 (see Chapter 5, Impairment).
1.3.2
1.3.2.1
Instruments
Equity securities subject to the scope of ASC 320
Equity securities with readily determinable fair values are subject to ASC 320 and as such are to be carried at fair value. When determining whether a security is in the scope of ASC 320, an entity should be careful not to look through the form of its investment to the nature of the securities held by an investee. Illustration 1-1: Determining whether a security is in scope
Company A holds an interest in an unconsolidated entity and the form of the interest meets the definition of an equity security, but does not have a readily determinable fair value. If substantially all of the investees assets consist of investments in debt securities and/or equity securities that have readily determinable fair values, it would be not be appropriate for Company A to look through the form of the investment to the nature of the securities held by the investee. The investment would be considered an equity security that does not have a readily determinable fair value and ASC 320 would not apply to that type of investment.
1.3.2.2
Debt securities subject to the scope of ASC 320

While ASC 320 applies to equity securities only if they have a readily determinable fair value, it applies to all debt securities. A debt security is defined as any security representing a creditor relationship with an entity. All debt securities are subject to the provisions of ASC 320, regardless of their classification in the statement of financial position since the scope is based on the form of the financial instrument, as described in Illustration 1-1. Accordingly, debt securities classified as loans (e.g., Fannie Mae or Ginnie Mae securities, industrial development bonds) or as cash equivalents should be accounted for in accordance with ASC 320. Additionally, ASC 320 applies to all loans that meet the definition of a security, including loans modified in a troubled debt restructuring.
1.3.2.3
Securities exempted from the scope of ASC 320

The guidance in ASC 320 specifically does not apply to the following instruments: Equity securities that do not have readily determinable fair values Equity securities that do not have readily determinable fair values (i.e., non-marketable equity securities) and are not required to be accounted for under the equity method are typically carried at cost (i.e., cost method investments), as described in ASC 325-20.
Overview
Under the cost method of accounting for investments in common stock, dividends are the basis for recognition by an investor of earnings from an investment. An investor recognizes as income, dividends received that are distributed from net accumulated earnings of the investee since the date of acquisition by the investor. The net accumulated earnings of an investee subsequent to the date of investment are recognized by the investor only to the extent distributed by the investee as dividends. Dividends received in excess of earnings subsequent to the date of investment are considered a return of investment and are recorded as reductions of cost of the investment. Impairment guidance on cost method investments is found in ASC 320-10-35. Because the fair value of cost-method investments is not readily determinable, the evaluation of whether an investments fair value is less than cost (i.e., impaired) is determined by using an entitys fair value estimate (e.g., for disclosure under ASC 825-10-50) or, for periods in which an entity has not estimated the fair value of a cost method investment, by evaluating whether an event or change in circumstances has occurred that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment (an impairment indicator). Loan assets of a creditor Only loans that meet the definition of a security are in the scope of ASC 320. Although certain loans can be readily converted into securities (e.g., loans insured by the Federal Housing Administration or conforming mortgage loans), a loan is not within the scope of ASC 320 until it has been securitized. The accounting by creditors for impairment of certain loans is addressed by ASC 310-10, and is applicable to all creditors and to all loans except (i) large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment (i.e., ASC 450-20), (ii) loans that are measured at fair value or at the lower of cost or fair value, (iii) leases, and as noted above, (iv) debt securities as defined in ASC 320. Short sales of securities Short sales of securities represent obligations to deliver securities, and are not investments. However, such transactions are generally marked-to-market, with changes in fair value recorded in earnings as they occur, under either AICPA Audit and Accounting Guides for certain industries or ASC 815-10-5557, if they meet the definition of a derivative. Certain rights to acquire or dispose of equity securities Rights to acquire or dispose of ownership interests in an enterprise (e.g., options and warrants) where the rights do not have readily determinable fair values will generally meet the definition of a derivative instrument (as will rights to acquire or dispose of ownership interests where the rights do have a readily determinable fair value) and are accounted for under the requirements of ASC 815-10 (assuming that the option meets the definition of a derivative instrument, including the criteria for net settlement in ASC 815-10-15-83(c)). If, however, these rights (i.e., those without readily determinable fair values) fail to meet the definition of a derivative instrument, there is no existing authoritative literature that addresses the accounting for such rights. In that instance, presuming the fair value option is not elected, we believe the accounting defaults to cost basis (e.g., options with physical settlement features in securities that are not publicly traded are not covered by either ASC 320 or ASC 815). On the other hand, an option to buy an equity security or a forward contract to take delivery of an equity security is in the scope of ASC 320 if the option (1) does not meet the definition of a derivative instrument and (2) has a readily determinable fair value. Options on debt securities Options on debt securities are not within the scope of ASC 320, but would generally be included within the scope of ASC 815 as derivative financial instruments.
Overview
1.4
Compliance processes
The level of effort required to comply with ASC 320 varies from entity to entity, depending on the size of the investment portfolio. This compliance process for most entities includes all or most of the following steps: Classify securities acquired into one of the three categories, using the criteria in the ASC 320 Identify those debt securities for which the fair value is not readily available and determine the method(s) to be used for determining fair value in accordance with ASC 820 Ensure that the entitys information system programming and/or capabilities comply with ASC 320s measurement and reporting requirements
Entities generally involve various personnel to ensure that the classification of investments is consistent with their investment policies (e.g., credit and interest rate risk, concentration limits, regulatory requirements), investment activity (e.g., sales, purchases, redemption, conversion and maturity), tax strategies, cash flow projections and asset-liability management strategies. Entities must also consider the potential impact of the classification decisions on regulatory capital requirements, if applicable.
2
2.1
Classification and measurement

Overview
InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Classification of Investment Securities 320-10-25-1 At acquisition, an entity shall classify debt securities and equity securities into one of the following three categories: a. Trading securities. If a security is acquired with the intent of selling it within hours or days, the security shall be classified as trading. However, at acquisition an entity is not precluded from classifying as trading a security it plans to hold for a longer period. Classification of a security as trading shall not be precluded simply because the entity does not intend to sell it in the near term. Available-for-sale securities. Investments in debt securities and equity securities that have readily determinable fair values not classified as trading securities or as held-to-maturity securities shall be classified as available-for-sale securities. Held-to-maturity securities. Investments in debt securities shall be classified as held-to-maturity only if the reporting entity has the positive intent and ability to hold those securities to maturity.
b.
c.
Subsequent Measurement 320-10-35-1 Investments in debt securities and equity securities shall be measured subsequently as follows: a. Trading securities. Investments in debt securities that are classified as trading and equity securities that have readily determinable fair values that are classified as trading shall be measured subsequently at fair value in the statement of financial position. Unrealized holding gains and losses for trading securities shall be included in earnings. Available-for-sale securities. Investments in debt securities that are classified as available for sale and equity securities that have readily determinable fair values that are classified as available for sale shall be measured subsequently at fair value in the statement of financial position. Unrealized holding gains and losses for available-for-sale securities (including those classified as current assets) shall be excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized except as indicated in the following sentence. All or a portion of the unrealized holding gain and loss of an available-for-sale security that is designated as being hedged in a fair value hedge shall be recognized in earnings during the period of the hedge, pursuant to paragraphs 815-25-35-1 through 35-4. Held-to-maturity securities. Investments in debt securities classified as held to maturity shall be measured subsequently at amortized cost in the statement of financial position. A transaction gain or loss on a held-to-maturity foreign-currency-denominated debt security shall be accounted for pursuant to Subtopic 830-20.
b.
c.
At acquisition an entity must classify a security within the scope of ASC 320 into one of three categories: trading, available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. The category designation of each security will determine the measurement basis (i.e., amortized cost versus fair value) of the security and how it will be presented and disclosed in the financial statements. As entities decide on investment classifications, they should consider how those decisions may affect future business plans or opportunities. For example, an entity should consider the possibility that it might have to sell some of its securities to take advantage of a potential future business or investment opportunities. If the entity previously had classified some or all of its debt securities as held-to-maturity, its flexibility is reduced to the extent its remaining held-to-maturity portfolio would be called into question (or tainted) and that management would be challenged on its previous investment classifications. However, such decisions should be weighed against all other factors, including regulatory capital requirements for certain financial institutions and the increased volatility in earnings or other comprehensive income that could result from temporary fluctuations in the market value of debt securities classified as trading or available-for-sale, respectively, and the impact of that volatility on the entity. For example, such volatility could result in debt covenant violations arising from unrealized holding losses when shareholders equity is included in debt covenant computations; however, as most entities loan documents have been modified to exclude other comprehensive income from debt covenant computations, this concern has largely been mitigated. Additionally, certain regulated financial institutions may be subject to additional regulatory capital requirements depending on the amount of securities classified as trading. The differences among the three classifications and the accounting and reporting requirements of each classification are discussed below.
2.2
Trading securities
The description of a trading security includes both debt and marketable equity securities bought and held primarily to be sold in the near term. Trading activities typically involve active and frequent buying and selling to generate profits on short-term movements in market prices or spreads. ASC 320 does not specify how long securities in this category can be held, because the length of time will vary between investors and the nature of the securities. The phrases selling them in the near term and held for only a short period of time in the description of trading securities contemplate a holding period generally measured in hours and days rather than months or years. Thus, if a security is acquired with the intent of selling it within hours or days, the security must be classified as trading. However, at acquisition an entity is not precluded from classifying as trading a security it plans to hold for a longer period. If an entity acquires a security without the intent to sell it in the near term, it may still classify the security in the trading category. The FASB deliberately used the terms generally and principally in describing the trading category. However, the decision to classify a security as trading should occur at acquisition; transfers into or from the trading category should be rare; thus, if an entity elects to classify a security in the trading category, it should be prepared to maintain such classification until the security is sold or matures. Mortgage-backed securities held for sale in conjunction with mortgage banking activities, as described in ASC 948-310, must be classified as trading. Otherwise, they should be classified into one of the three ASC 320 categories. An entity that presents a classified statement of financial position should report all trading securities as either current or noncurrent, as appropriate, under ASC 210-10-45. Entities that classify securities that they plan to hold for a longer period as trading would generally be those that have elected to designate
Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities 9
such securities as trading upon acquisition. Because classification as trading is not precluded simply because the entity does not intend to sell in the near term, trading securities maturing more than one year after the statement of financial position date would be reported as long-term.
2.2.1
Measurement
Investments in securities classified as trading should be measured at fair value with the changes in fair value recognized currently in earnings. Dividends, interest income and unrealized holding gains and losses should be included in earnings (ASC 320-10-35-4). Because the unrealized holding losses are included in earnings, it is not necessary to evaluate trading securities for possible impairment. The FASB has indicated that fair value is the preferred method of accounting for investments in debt and marketable securities; therefore, entities are allowed to classify securities as trading without further documentation. The classification as trading for securities anticipated to be held for an intermediate or a long term period may be advisable for entities who want to better match fair value changes of any liabilities required to be marked to market with changes in value recognized in the statement of operations. ASC 825 permits an entity to irrevocably elect the fair value option. Securities designated pursuant to the fair value option are considered trading.
2.3
Held-to-maturity securities
The held-to-maturity category includes only debt securities that management has both the positive intent and ability to hold until maturity. A positive intent and ability to hold a security to maturity is distinct from the mere absence of an intent to sell. The FASBs highly restrictive definition of positive intent has resulted in few debt securities classified in this category. The FASB made the held-to-maturity category restrictive because it believes the use of amortized cost must be justified for each investment in a debt security. If the entity is uncertain of its intention to hold a debt security to maturity, it should not carry that investment at amortized cost. This category does not include securities the entity intends to hold for only an indefinite period. As a result, a security should not be classified as held-to-maturity if, for example, the entity considers that the security would be available to be sold in response to changes in market interest rates, changes in prepayment risk, changes in liquidity needs, changes in the availability of and the yield on alternative investments, changes in funding sources and terms or changes in foreign currency risk (ASC 320-10-25-4). The extent of documentation that companies should retain for assigning classifications, such as held-tomaturity, will depend largely on the extent of sales activity and the size of the portfolio. Entities purchasing debt securities for the held-to-maturity portfolio should maintain records documenting their positive intent and ability to hold each security to maturity. An entity that presents a classified statement of financial position should report held-to-maturity securities as either current or noncurrent, as appropriate under the guidance of ASC 210-10-45. Debt securities classified as held-to-maturity that are reasonably expected to be realized in cash (i.e., to mature or be redeemed) during the next fiscal year should be classified as current. All others would be classified as noncurrent.
2.3.1
Measurement
Investments in debt securities classified as held-to-maturity should be measured at amortized cost in the statement of financial position. Dividend and interest income, including amortization of the premium and discount arising at acquisition, should be included in earnings (ASC 320-10-35-4).
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2.3.2
Considerations for determining whether a security qualifies for held-tomaturity classification

An entitys decision to classify a security as held-to-maturity means that, during the term of the security, its intentions with respect to that security will not be affected by interest rate changes or prepayment expectations. Thus, entities that use an active asset-liability management program to manage interest rate risk will find it difficult to classify securities as held-to-maturity if those securities are subject to sale in response to the asset-liability program. In this regard, ASC 320 requires management to classify as available-for-sale or trading all securities that might be sold to achieve the desired mix of asset and liability maturity dates and interest rates. Similarly, an entity that maintains a dynamic hedging program in which changes in external factors require that certain securities be sold to maintain an effective hedge would not have the intent and ability to hold those securities to maturity (ASC 320-10-25-5). However, entities may designate certain debt securities as unavailable to be sold to accomplish those ongoing adjustments deemed necessary under its asset-liability program, thereby enabling those debt securities to be accounted for at amortized cost on the basis of a positive intent and ability to hold them to maturity (ASC 320-10-25-18). In addition, a debt security should not be classified as held-to-maturity if that security can contractually be prepaid or otherwise settled in such a way that the holder of the security would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment, pursuant to ASC 320-10-25-5a. Furthermore, securities with those types of characteristics should be evaluated under ASC 815-15 to determine whether the security has an embedded derivative that must be accounted for separately. The determination of an entitys intent to hold a security to maturity should also consider its operating policies regarding investments. For example, a policy to consider all securities available-for-sale 24 months prior to maturity, regardless of classification prior to that time, would be inconsistent with an entitys assertion that it had the intent to hold a security to maturity (ASC 320-10-25-5(h)). Therefore, such a policy would preclude an entity from classifying any debt security as held-to-maturity. In establishing the ability to hold a debt security to maturity, an entity should consider future business plans and expected cash flow needs. For example, assume an entity holds a $10 million debt security that matures in five years and has outstanding an $8 million long-term note payable that matures in three years. If the entity intends to sell the security to extinguish the debt, it should not classify the security as held-to-maturity. On the other hand, if the entity classifies the security as held-to-maturity it should be able to demonstrate an alternative means of repayment. However, the intent and ability to hold to maturity need not consider extremely remote disaster scenarios (such as a run on a bank or an insurance entity) that could not have been anticipated by the entity (ASC 320-10-25-10). In establishing intent, an entity should consider pertinent historical experience, such as sales and transfers of debt securities classified as held-to-maturity. Such a pattern of sales or transfers is inconsistent with an expressed current intent to hold similar debt securities to maturity. In developing the guidance on investments in debt and equity securities, the FASB was aware that regulators of financial institutions can, under appropriate circumstances, conclude that the continued ownership of any asset represents an undue safety and soundness risk to an institution and, accordingly, require the divestiture of that asset. The FASB did not intend that a regulators overall divestiture authority be considered as an automatic impairment of an institutions ability to hold a debt security to maturity, because such a conclusion would have precluded any use of the held-to-maturity category by regulated financial institutions. However, the FASB recognized that specific facts and circumstances could indicate than an institution does not have the ability to hold a debt security to maturity (ASC 942-320-55-1).
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The federal regulatory agencies note that only in rare circumstances have examiners required a financial institution to dispose of mortgage securities that have become high-risk after acquisition. Such circumstances have occurred only when examiners have determined that there is a significant safety and soundness concern with respect to a particular institution that has arisen from its holdings of these assets. The agencies note that examiners' divestiture authority is not unique to high-risk mortgage securities but rather is the same authority they have with respect to any other security or asset. Thus, the mere existence of examiners' divestiture authority for high-risk mortgage securities should not preclude an institution from concluding it has the intent and ability to hold to maturity those securities that were non-high-risk when acquired (ASC 942-320-55-2).
2.4
Available-for-sale securities
Debt securities not classified as either held-to-maturity or trading and equity securities that have readily determinable fair values not classified as trading should be classified as available-for-sale. The intent, rather than the type of security or the period of time it is expected to be held, and the existence of trading activity, are the overriding factors that should be considered in determining whether a security should be classified as trading or available-for-sale. Securities should not be classified as available-forsale if the entity intends to trade those securities. If an entity decides to sell a security that has been classified as available-for-sale, it should not be transferred to trading prior to disposition. Further, an available-for-sale security cannot be transferred to a trading category because the passage of time has caused the maturity date to be within one year (ASC 320-10-35-13). An entity that presents a classified statement of financial position should report available-for-sale securities as either current or noncurrent based on their maturities and the entitys intent (e.g., a thirty year bond that is intended to be sold within the next 12 months should be classified as current) with regard to those securities (ASC 320-10-45-2). That is, securities representing investments available for current operations should be classified as current (see Chapter 7, Presentation and disclosure). Also, classification as current or noncurrent should be consistent with the assertions regarding the determination of other-thantemporary impairments (i.e., a decision to sell results in current classification). To ease preparation of the required disclosures in the notes to the financial statements (see Chapter 7, Presentation and disclosure) and to track the components of a securitys carrying amount, entities should consider maintaining separate accounts for the par value, fair value adjustments and unamortized discount or premium. That is, rather than charging or crediting the investment directly for the change in fair value, the entity would use a separate account. For statement of financial position purposes, the fair value adjustment account would not be a valuation account but rather a component of the carrying amount of the security.
2.4.1
Measurement
Similar to trading securities, the measurement basis for available-for-sale securities is fair value. Any unrealized gains and losses, net of the related tax effect, are included in other comprehensive income. The deferred tax consequences of unrealized holding gains and losses reported in other comprehensive income should be charged or credited directly to other comprehensive income (ASC 740-20-45-11(b)) as well, resulting in a net presentation. Dividend and interest income, including amortization of the premium and discount arising at acquisition, as well as realized gains and losses, should be included in earnings (ASC 320-10-35-4). Even though available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, entities should consider whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is other-than-temporary. A detailed discussion of identifying and measuring impairment of securities is included in Chapter 5, Impairment.
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2.5 2.5.1
Considerations for specific instruments Pledged securities

The use of a debt security as collateral for an obligation can be considered consistent with an entitys assertion that it has the intent and ability to hold the security to maturity provided the transaction is not considered a sale under ASC 860-20 and the entity intends and expects to satisfy the obligation without surrendering the debt security (ASC 320-10-25-18). If the transaction is considered a sale under ASC 860-20 and the held-to-maturity security is transferred for a reason other than those specified in ASC 320-10-25-6, ASC 320-10-25-9 and ASC 320-10-25-14, then the transfer would taint the held-tomaturity portfolio. See Chapter 3, Transfers between categories of investments, for further discussion. Depository institutions commonly pledge debt securities to collateralize, for example, public and trust deposits, US Treasury demand notes and for other purposes required by law. Pledging debt securities is not necessarily inconsistent with the positive intent and ability to hold the security to maturity (ASC 320-10-25-18(e)(1)). An institution should make an ongoing assessment as to whether it is probable that the securities will be used to repay the related obligation. If they will not be needed, they can be classified as held-to-maturity, as long as the institution has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity.
2.5.2
Repurchase agreements and dollar repurchase agreements

A held-to-maturity security can be subject to a repurchase agreement or a securities lending agreement as long as the transaction is accounted for as a secured borrowing under ASC 860-20 and the entity intends and expects to be able to satisfy the obligation and recover access to its collateral (ASC 320-10-25-18(e)). Repurchase agreements that do not meet the criteria to be treated as a sale under ASC 860 are treated as collateralized borrowing (secured) transactions. ASC 320-10-25-18(e) states that a seller-borrower can classify debt securities subject to repurchase agreements accounted for as a secured borrowing under ASC 860-20 as held-to-maturity securities, as long as the institution has the positive intent and ability to repay the borrowing and recover access to its collateral. Additional guidance related to ASC 860 can be found in the EY Financial Reporting Developments publication, Transfers and servicing of financial assets.
2.5.3
Compound financial instruments

Compound financial instruments should be analyzed to determine whether any embedded derivatives should be bifurcated under ASC 815-15. This analysis will include determining whether the host instrument is considered a debt host or an equity host, and evaluating whether the embedded feature meets the definition of a derivative on a freestanding basis and, if so, whether it is clearly and closely related to the host instrument. (This analysis need not be performed for compound financial instruments classified as trading since the entire instrument is marked to market through the statement of operations). One type of compound instrument is preferred stock that by its terms must be redeemed by the issuing enterprise or is redeemable at the investors option. Preferred stock that meets the criteria of a debt security under ASC 320-10-20 may be carried at amortized cost if it meets the held-to-maturity criteria. Convertible preferred stock is also considered to be a debt security if the instrument is mandatorily redeemable or is redeemable at the option of the investor. If determined to be a debt security, ASC 320 would apply to the instrument whether or not it has a readily determinable fair value (ASC 320-10-55-2(d)). If, on the other hand, the convertible preferred stock is not redeemable (i.e., no stated redemption date and redemption is at the option of the issuer), it is considered an equity security and would be subject to the provisions of ASC 320 only if the preferred stock has a readily determinable fair value (ASC 320-10-55-4).
Convertible debt securities should not be classified as held-to-maturity. Classifying a security as held-tomaturity means that the entity is indifferent to future opportunities to profit from changes in the security's fair value and intends to accept the debt security's stipulated contractual cash flows, including the repayment of principal at maturity. Convertible debt securities generally bear a lower interest rate because the investor hopes to benefit from appreciation in value of the option embedded in the debt security. Given the unique opportunities for profit embedded in a convertible security, it generally would be contradictory to assert the positive intent and ability to hold a convertible debt security to maturity and forego the opportunity to exercise the conversion feature. The exercise of a conversion feature on a security classified as held-to-maturity will call into question an investor's stated intent to hold other debt securities to maturity in the future. (See ASC 815-15-25 for additional guidance). If convertible debt is bifurcated into an equity option and a host debt instrument under the requirements of ASC 815-15, it generally still would be contradictory to assert the positive intent and ability to hold the debt host contract to maturity and forego the opportunity to exercise the conversion feature because, while accounted for as separate instruments, upon conversion the entire hybrid instrument (including the host contract classified as held-to-maturity) is tendered in the conversion.
2.5.4
Put and call features

A debt security with a put feature (i.e., one that allows the holder to redeem the instrument for cash at a specified price) may be classified as held-to-maturity only if the entity determines at acquisition that the security otherwise meets the requirements of ASC 320-10-25, including expected recovery of substantially all of the entitys recorded investment in the security (see ASC 320-10-25-5(a), which also refers to guidance in ASC 820-35-2). However, exercise of the put feature on a security classified as held-to-maturity would call into question the entitys stated intent to hold other debt securities to maturity in the future (ASC 320-10-25-5(f)). Therefore, management should exercise considerable care in classifying such securities at acquisition. Some puttable debt securities also contain an interest rate reset feature that provides for an adjustment of the instruments interest rate if the holder elects not to put the security to the issuer. The SEC staff has indicated that the maturity date of the instrument should not be considered the date the put feature becomes exercisable; rather, it should be the instruments stated maturity date. This guidance should be considered when deciding whether to initially classify such instruments as held-to-maturity. A debt security with a call feature that allows the issuer to repurchase the security at a specified price can generally be classified as held-to-maturity, provided all other ASC 320-10-25 conditions are met. The issuers exercise of a call feature effectively accelerates the debt securitys maturity and should not be viewed as inconsistent with classification in the held-to-maturity category (ASC 320-10-25-18(c)). However, a callable debt security purchased at a significant premium might be precluded from held-tomaturity classification under ASC 860-20-35-2 if it can be prepaid or otherwise settled in such a way that the holder of the security would not recover substantially all of its investment (ASC 320-10-25-5(a)).
2.5.5
Interest-only securities and other securities with principal risk

ASC 320 includes within its scope securitized debt instruments, including interest-only strips and principalonly strips. A security cannot be designated as held-to-maturity if it can be prepaid or otherwise settled in such a way that the holder of the security would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment (ASC 320-10-25-5a.). The FASB believes that because of the inherent prepayment uncertainty and potential loss of principal with respect to interest-only securities and other similar securities that have principal risk (e.g., some structured notes), such securities should not be classified as held-to-maturity.
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For example, a holder of an interest-only strip on a mortgage-backed security may not recover its entire investment if the underlying mortgages prepay at a faster rate than anticipated. Accordingly, mortgagebacked interest-only certificates are prohibited from being classified as held-to-maturity by ASC 320-1025-5(a). In addition, certain interest-only securities and other securities with principal risk may be derivative instruments that are required to be accounted for under ASC 815. Interest-only securities and other securities with principal risk should be carefully analyzed in order to be properly classified and valued.
2.5.6
Forward contracts and purchased options to acquire securities

A forward or purchased option contract to acquire equity securities, where the forward or purchased option contract (1) does not meet the definition of a derivative in ASC 815 and (2) has a readily determinable fair value, is accounted for pursuant to ASC 320 (ASC 320-10-55-5). That is, the forward or purchased option contract is within the scope of ASC 320 and, accordingly, designated as available-forsale or trading. Forward contracts and purchased option contracts with readily determinable fair values on debt securities are not within the scope of ASC 320. Importantly, ASC 815-10-25-17 provides that a forward contract or purchased option contract (that has no intrinsic value at acquisition) to acquire securities that will be accounted for under ASC 320, where the forward contract or purchased option contract requires physical settlement by delivery of the underlying securities and is not otherwise a derivative contract subject to ASC 815, shall, at inception, be designated as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading and accounted for in a manner consistent with the accounting required by ASC 320. Similarly, the entity should disclose its accounting policy for the premium paid (time value) to acquire an option that is classified as held-to-maturity or available-forsale (ASC 815-10-50-9). A forward or purchased option contract on debt or equity securities that meets the definition of a derivative would be accounted for in accordance with ASC 815.
2.6
Structured notes
InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Subsequent Measurement Income Recognition for Certain Structured Notes 320-10-35-40 Entities shall use the retrospective interest method for recognizing income on structured note securities that are classified as available-for-sale or held-to-maturity debt securities and that meet any of the following conditions: a. Either the contractual principal amount of the note to be paid at maturity or the original investment amount is at risk (for other than failure of the borrower to pay the contractual amounts due). Examples include principal-indexed notes that base principal repayment on movements in the Standard & Poor's S&P 500 Index or notes that base principal repayment on the occurrence of certain events or circumstances. The note's return on investment is subject to variability (other than due to credit rating changes of the borrower) because of either of the following: 1. There is no stated coupon rate or the stated coupon is not fixed or prespecified, and the variation in the return on investment or coupon rate is not a constant percentage of, or in the same direction as, changes in market-based interest rates or interest rate index, for example, the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) or the U.S. Treasury Bill Index.
b.
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2.
The variable or fixed coupon rate is below market rates of interest for traditional notes of comparable maturity and a portion of the potential yield (for example, upside potential for principal) is based on the occurrence of future events or circumstances. (Examples of instruments that meet this condition include inverse floating-rate notes, dual-index floating notes, and equity-linked bear notes.)
c.
The contractual maturity of the bond is based on a specific index or on the occurrence of specific events or circumstances outside the control of the parties to the transaction, excluding the passage of time or events that result in normal covenant violations. Examples of instruments that meet this condition include index amortizing notes and notes that base contractual maturity on the price of oil.
Structured notes are debt instruments whose cash flows are linked to the movement in one or more indices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, commodities prices, prepayment rates, or other market variables. These types of instruments have been issued by US government-sponsored enterprises, multilateral development banks, municipalities and private corporations. Structured notes typically contain embedded (but not separable or detachable) forward derivative components or option derivative components such as caps, calls and floors. Contractual cash flows from structured notes for principal, interest or both principal and interest can vary in amount and timing throughout the life of the note based on nontraditional indices or nontraditional uses of traditional interest rates or indices. Structured notes with embedded components described above that are not clearly and closely related to a debt instrument will be subject to the bifurcation rules under ASC 815-15, which governs most structured notes. The few remaining structured notes should follow ASC 320-10-35-40. The discussion above does not apply to mortgage loans or other similar debt instruments that do not meet the definition of a security under ASC 320, traditional bonds convertible into the stock of the issuer, multi-currency debt securities, debt securities classified as trading, debt securities participating directly in the results of an issuers operations and reverse mortgages. It is not intended to apply to a structured note where it is reasonably possible that the investor could lose all or substantially all of its original investment amount (for other than failure of the borrower to pay the contractual amounts due). In such cases, the structured note should be marked-to-market with all changes in fair value reported in earnings (ASC 320-10-35-38). ASC 320-10-35-41 provides specific guidance for applying the retrospective interest method to structured notes. See Chapter 5, Impairment for further discussion on other-than-temporary declines.
2.7
Beneficial interests in securitized financial assets

ASC 325-40 provides guidance on how to account for interest income and impairment on retained beneficial interests in securitization transactions accounted for as sales under ASC 860 and purchased beneficial interests in securitized financial assets. These interests may be created in connection with collateralized mortgage obligations, collateralized bond obligations, collateralized debt obligations, collateralized loan obligations, mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities or other securitization transactions.
2.7.1
Securities covered by ASC 325-40

ASC 325-40 applies to many mortgage or asset-backed investments, whether they are purchased or retained. Such securities are also known as beneficial interests. The scope of ASC 325-40 does not encompass only retained residual interests or interest only strips; its scope is much broader. Although there are specified exceptions, ASC 325-40 generally provides income recognition guidance for beneficial interests that are debt securities (or are required to be accounted for in a manner similar to debt securities) that involve securitized financial assets that have contractual cash flows, except those beneficial interests that are of high credit quality and that cannot be contractually prepaid or otherwise settled in such a way that the holder would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment.
If the beneficial interest is not in the scope of ASC 325-40 (e.g., because it is of high credit quality and cannot be prepaid or otherwise settled in such a way that the holder would not recover substantially all of its recorded investment), income recognition would follow ASC 310-20 (i.e., effective yield method over the life of the beneficial interest). ASC 325-40 does not specify a minimum rating requirement to qualify as high credit quality, but rather focuses on the possibility of credit loss. We understand it is the SECs position that high credit quality means a rating of AA or higher1. Although a certain credit rating may be a strong indicator of such possibility, the performance and characteristics of the underlying collateral, structure of the transaction, and other factors should also be considered.
How we see it
Generally, the determination of whether a security is within the scope of ASC 325-40 based on its credit quality has historically been made only at the acquisition date. However, we understand that entities have interpreted the issue of when to evaluate whether an instrument falls within the scope of ASC 325-40 (i.e., whether the security is of high credit quality) differently and have developed accounting policies on the application subsequent to acquisition. We believe the following accounting policies would be acceptable: One-time assessment only at acquisition the entity determines if a beneficial interest is within the scope of ASC 325-40 at the date of acquisition and does not reassess due to future events Assessment at acquisition and in connection with other-than-temporary impairments the entity determines if a beneficial interest is in the scope of ASC 325-40 at the date of acquisition and reassesses on a date the beneficial interest is determined to be other-than-temporarily impaired Continual assessment the entity determines if a beneficial interest is in the scope of ASC 325-40 at the date of acquisition and on a continuous basis thereafter (i.e., at each reporting period)
An entity should consistently apply its elected accounting policy and include this policy in its accounting policy disclosures.
2.7.2
Applying the prospective method for interest income recognition

InvestmentsOther Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Instruments Subsequent Measurement Accretable Yield 325-40-35-1 The holder shall recognize accretable yield as interest income over the life of the beneficial interest using the effective yield method. The holder of a beneficial interest shall continue to update, over the life of the beneficial interest, the expectation of cash flows to be collected.
2003 AICPA National Conference on Current SEC Developments SEC staff speech 17
Pursuant to ASC 325-40, an entity must prospectively adjust the yield used to recognize interest income for changes in estimated future cash flows since the last evaluation date (typically at each financial reporting date). See Chapter 5, Impairment, for further discussion on decreases in cash flows for securities in the scope of ASC 325-40.
2.8
Summary table of classification and measurement

A summary of the three classifications of investments in marketable securities and debt instruments and the related accounting treatment for each of the three categories defined by ASC 320 follows:
Classification of securities Held-tomaturity securities Description of securities Debt securities that the entity has both the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity Carrying value in the statement of financial position Classified statement of financial position Unrealized gains and losses Disclosed in the notes to the financial statements, but not recognized in the financial statements until realized1
Amortized cost Classified as current or (i.e., cost as adjusted noncurrent, based on for accretion, maturity date amortization, collection of cash, previous other-thantemporary impairment recognized in earnings (less any cumulativeeffect adjustments), foreign exchange, and hedging, if any) Fair value
Trading securities
Debt and marketable equity securities bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term Investments not classified as either held-to-maturity or trading
Classified as current or Included in earnings noncurrent2, as immediately appropriate
Available-forsale securities
Fair value
Classified as current or Included in noncurrent, as accumulated other appropriate comprehensive income, net of estimated tax effect, until realized
___________________________
1
Certain unrealized losses that are determined to be other-than-temporary should be recognized in earnings (see further discussion in Chapter 5, Impairment). Entities that classify long-term securities as trading would generally be those that have elected to designate such securities as trading upon acquisition. Classification as trading is not precluded simply because the entity does not intend to sell in the near term (ASC 320-10-25-1); accordingly, trading securities maturing more than one year after the statement of financial position date would be reported as long-term.
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Transfers between categories of investments

Overview
InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Subsequent Measurement Reassessment of Classification 320-10-35-5 At each reporting date, the appropriateness of the classification of an entity's investments in debt and equity securities shall be reassessed. For example, if an entity no longer has the ability to hold securities to maturity, their continued classification as held-to-maturity would not be appropriate. Transfers of Securities Between Categories 320-10-35-10 The transfer of a security between categories of investments shall be accounted for at fair value. At the date of the transfer, the security's unrealized holding gain or loss shall be accounted for as follows: a. b. For a security transferred from the trading category, the unrealized holding gain or loss at the date of the transfer will have already been recognized in earnings and shall not be reversed. For a security transferred into the trading category, the portion of the unrealized holding gain or loss at the date of the transfer that has not been previously recognized in earnings shall be recognized in earnings immediately. For a debt security transferred into the available-for-sale category from the held-to-maturity category, the unrealized holding gain or loss at the date of the transfer shall be reported in other comprehensive income. For a debt security transferred into the held-to-maturity category from the available-for-sale category, the unrealized holding gain or loss at the date of the transfer shall continue to be reported in a separate component of shareholders' equity, such as accumulated other comprehensive income, but shall be amortized over the remaining life of the security as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the amortization of any premium or discount. The amortization of an unrealized holding gain or loss reported in equity will offset or mitigate the effect on interest income of the amortization of the premium or discount (discussed in the following sentence) for that heldto-maturity security. For a debt security transferred into the held-to-maturity category, the use of fair value may create a premium or discount that, under amortized cost accounting, shall be amortized thereafter as an adjustment of yield pursuant to Subtopic 310-20.
3.1
c.
d.
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320-10-35-11 Transfers from the held-to-maturity category should be rare, except for transfers due to the changes in circumstances identified in paragraph 320-10-25-6(a) through (f). 320-10-35-12 In addition, given the nature of a trading security, transfers into or from the trading category also should be rare. ASC 320 requires entities to determine, at acquisition, how to classify a security and to document that decision investors may not wait until a later date. Entities should then reassess the appropriateness of its original classification determinations at each reporting period. The requirement to reassess initial classifications of securities is based on the concept that circumstances can change throughout the holding period of an investment security (e.g., an entity can lose the ability to hold a debt security to maturity). For example, if after initially classifying a debt security as available-for-sale, an entity is able to demonstrate that it has both the ability to hold the security to maturity and the intent to do so, it would transfer the security to the held-to-maturity category and account for the transfer in accordance with ASC 320-10-35-10-(d). Since an entity is not expected to change its intent about a held-to-maturity security, the requirement to reassess the appropriateness of a securitys classification focuses on the entitys ability to hold a security to maturity. ASC 320 acknowledges that facts and circumstances can change; however, that acknowledgment in no way diminishes the restrictive nature of the held-tomaturity category (ASC 320-10-35-6). Transfers of securities between categories of investments are accounted for at fair value as of the transfer date, but the accounting treatment of the unrealized holding gains and losses and related income tax effects on any temporary differences is determined by the category into which the security is transferred.
3.2
Transfers from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity

When a security is transferred from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity, the difference between its par value and fair value at the date of transfer is amortized as a yield adjustment in accordance with ASC 310-20. The fair value at date of transfer, adjusted for subsequent amortization, becomes the securitys amortized cost basis for the disclosures required by ASC 320-10-50-2 through 50-3, ASC 32010-50-5 and ASC 320-10-50-10 (ASC 320-10-35-16). An example of a transfer from the available-for-sale category to the held-to-maturity category follows (note that the income tax effect has not been considered):
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Illustration 3-1:
Transfer of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity
A corporate bond with a par value of $1,000, net carrying amount (amortized cost) of $940, and a current fair value of $1,120 is transferred from the available-for-sale category to held-to-maturity. While the classification will be modified following such a transfer, the carrying value in the statement of financial position and other comprehensive income will remain the same. The unamortized discount of $60 (par value of $1,000 less an amortized cost of $940), the fair value adjustment at the date of the transfer of $180 (fair value of $1,120 less an amortized cost of $940), and the unrealized gain of $180 included in other comprehensive income would be amortized in accordance with ASC 310-20, so that at maturity, the amortized cost of the security is equal to its par value and the unrealized gain or loss included in other comprehensive income has been reduced to zero. To illustrate, assume the debt security in this example has three years remaining to maturity at the date of transfer. The net annual financial statement impact would be as follows. (Note: While the effective interest method is required, the following example is shown using the straight-line method for illustration purposes.)
Increase (decrease) in net income Amortization of initial discount ($60 divided by 3 years) Amortization of the fair value adjustment ($180 divided by 3 years) Amortization of other comprehensive income ($180 divided by 3 years) $ $ 20 (60) 60 20
Following the transfer, the relevant balances in the statement of financial position, income statement, and disclosure in the notes to the financial statements would be as follows:
Description Statement of Financial Position Held-to-maturity securities Fair value adjustment Unamortized discount Carrying value Other comprehensive income unrealized (gains) and losses Income statement Discount accretion Footnote disclosure Net carrying value $ 940 $ 960 $ 980 $ 1,000 $ $ 20 $ 20 $ 20 $ 1,000 180 (60) $ 1,120 $ (180) $ 1,000 120 (40) $ 1,080 $ (120) $ 1,000 60 (20) $ 1,040 $ (60) $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ At date of transfer 1 year later 2 years later At maturity
This example excludes the effect of income taxes. Had taxes been considered, the balance in other comprehensive income at the date of the transfer would have been net of the estimated tax effect. As the balance in other comprehensive income is amortized, the tax effect of the unrealized holding gain or loss previously recorded should be reversed through the reconciliation of such accounts. The amortization of the balance in other comprehensive income coupled with the reversal of the related tax effect should be offset by the amortization of the securitys fair value adjustment account, leaving no impact on net income, although circumstances could arise where the amounts do not offset in their entirety (e.g., changing tax rates, availability of capital gains as offsets to capital losses).
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Entities also should consider the impact of transfers into the held-to-maturity category on their accounting policy and investment disclosures. To illustrate, in the example above it would be potentially confusing to state that investments classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost when in fact the security in this example is presented in the statement of financial position at a value in excess of cost. In addition, the disclosure of amortized cost in the notes to the financial statements would not be equal to the carrying value presented on the face of the statement of financial position as the statement of financial position amount includes securities presented at other than amortized cost. We recommend that entities in this circumstance disclose the difference between the disclosures in the notes to the financial statements and the presentation in the statement of financial position and modify their accounting policy with wording such as the following: Transfers of debt securities into the held-to-maturity category from the available-for-sale category are made at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized holding gain or loss at the date of transfer is retained in other comprehensive income and in the carrying value of the held-to-maturity securities. Such amounts are amortized over the remaining life of the security.
3.3
Transfers from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale

Transfers from the held-to-maturity category should be rare. Disclosures are required for any sales or transfers of securities classified as held-to-maturity. ASC 320-10-25-6(a) through (f) identifies a number of circumstances where an entitys change in intent to hold a security to maturity would not call into question its intent to hold other debt securities to maturity currently or in the future. These circumstances are further discussed in Chapter 4, Dispositions of securities classified as held-to-maturity. When a security is transferred from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale, the securitys amortized cost basis carries over to the available-for-sale category for the following purposes: the subsequent amortization of the historical premium or discount, the comparisons of fair value and amortized cost for the purpose of determining unrealized holding gains and losses under ASC 320-10-35-1 and the required disclosures of amortized cost (ASC 320-10-35-15).
3.3.1
Transfers of held-to-maturity securities among members of a consolidated group

Some entities transfer securities to other entities within a consolidated group (e.g., between subsidiaries, between parent and subsidiary, or to some special purpose vehicles). Because this has no effect on the consolidated financial statements, it does not create a potential tainting problem under ASC 320. However, a transfer of a held-to-maturity security by an entity to another entity in the consolidated group may potentially taint all held-to-maturity securities for the stand-alone financial statements of the transferring entity.
3.4
Transfers involving trading securities

Given the nature of a trading security, transfers to or from the trading category should be rare. The, income statement classification of gains and losses for transfers involving trading securities is not specified in ASC 320. However, gains and losses that have accumulated prior to the time of transfer should be classified in a manner consistent with the classification of realized gains and losses for the category from which the security is being transferred, not the category into which the security is being transferred (ASC 320-10-45-7). Additionally, disclosure is required for all periods presented of the gross gains and losses included in earnings from transfers of securities from the available-for-sale category into the trading category.
3.5
Summary table of accounting requirements for transfers

The table below is a summary of the accounting and disclosure requirements following a transfer of securities:
Impact of transfer on shareholders equity Impact of transfer on earnings Presentation and disclosure requirements Transfer allowed?
Measurement basis
Transfer from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity Security transferred at fair value at the date of transfer. The unrealized gain or loss component of the carrying value at the date of transfer is amortized over the remaining life of the security as a yield adjustment. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer carried as a separate component of shareholders equity is amortized over the remaining life of the security as a yield adjustment. None None Yes
Transfer from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale Security transferred at fair value at the date of transfer. The investment accounts in total will increase or decrease as a result of such transfer because of the recognition of the unrealized gain or loss. The separate component of shareholders equity is increased or decreased by the unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer, net of tax effect. None Disclose in the notes to Transfers should the financial statements be rare. the net carrying amount, unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer, and the circumstances leading to the decision to transfer.
Transfer from trading to available-for-sale Security transferred at fair value at the date of transfer, which is the new cost basis of the security. None None Disclosure of non-cash transfer, if significant, between operating and investment activities. Transfers should be rare.
Transfer from available-for-sale to trading Security transferred at fair value at the date of transfer, which is the new cost basis of the security. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer carried as a separate component of shareholders equity is reversed. The unrealized gain or loss at the date of transfer is recognized in earnings. Disclosure of non-cash Transfers should transfer, if significant, be rare. between investing and operating activities. Disclose in the notes to the financial statements the gross unrealized gains and losses included in earnings resulting from such transfers.
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Dispositions of securities classified as held-to-maturity

Overview
InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Recognition Circumstances Consistent with Held-to-Maturity Classification 320-10-25-6 The following changes in circumstances may cause the entity to change its intent to hold a certain security to maturity without calling into question its intent to hold other debt securities to maturity in the future. The sale or transfer of a held-to-maturity security due to one of the following changes in circumstances shall not be considered inconsistent with its original classification: a. b. c. Evidence of a significant deterioration in the issuer's creditworthiness (for example, a downgrading of an issuer's published credit rating) A change in tax law that eliminates or reduces the tax-exempt status of interest on the debt security (but not a change in tax law that revises the marginal tax rates applicable to interest income) A major business combination or major disposition (such as sale of a component of an entity) that necessitates the sale or transfer of held-to-maturity securities to maintain the entity's existing interest rate risk position or credit risk policy A change in statutory or regulatory requirements significantly modifying either what constitutes a permissible investment or the maximum level of investments in certain kinds of securities, thereby causing an entity to dispose of a held-to-maturity security A significant increase by the regulator in the industry's capital requirements that causes the entity to downsize by selling held-to-maturity securities A significant increase in the risk weights of debt securities used for regulatory risk-based capital purposes.
4.1
d.
e.
f.
Subsequent Measurement Sales and Transfers that Taint the Entitys Held-to-Maturity Intent 320-10-35-8 A sale or transfer of a security classified as held-to-maturity that occurs for a reason other than those specified in paragraphs 320-10-25-6, 320-10-25-9, and 320-10-25-14, calls into question (taints) the entity's intent about all securities that remain in the held-to-maturity category. The entity makes the same assertion about all debt securities in the held-to-maturity categorynamely, that it has the positive intent and ability to hold each security to maturity. Only a sale or transfer in response to certain changes in conditions will not call into question an entity's intent to hold other debt securities to maturity in the future.
320-10-35-9 When a sale or transfer of held-to-maturity securities represents a material contradiction with the entity's stated intent to hold those securities to maturity or when a pattern of such sales has occurred, any remaining held-to-maturity securities shall be reclassified to available-for-sale. The reclassification shall be recorded in the reporting period in which the sale or transfer occurred and accounted for as a transfer under the following paragraph. Under ASC 320, sales or transfers of debt securities classified as held-to-maturity should be rare. In that regard, ASC 320 stipulates that such transactions prior to maturity potentially would call into question (or taint) the classification of the remaining held-to-maturity securities. Thus, sales of one or more securities from the held-to-maturity category could necessitate the transfer of all of the remaining heldto-maturity securities to the available-for-sale category if the sale or transfer represents a material contradiction with the entitys stated intent to hold those securities to maturity or when a pattern of such sales has occurred. The FASB originally discussed the idea of permitting entities to sell a small percentage of securities from the held-to-maturity category without tainting the classification of the remaining securities in this category. However, the FASB decided not to allow such a provision because it would contradict the premise underlying the use of amortized cost. That is, management intends to hold each security classified as held-to-maturity until maturity. In addition to the circumstances described in ASC 320-10-25-6, ASC 320-10-25-9 includes a general provision to exempt those sales or transfers resulting from other events that are isolated, nonrecurring, and unusual for the reporting entity that could not have been reasonably anticipated. The FASBs choice of words is similar to, but not the same as, the definition of extraordinary items described in ASC 225-20, Extraordinary and Unusual Items, as events and transactions that are distinguished by their unusual nature and by their infrequency of occurrence. We understand that the FASB purposely avoided using the same words in ASC 320 as ASC 225-20 to describe other events primarily to avoid the implication that such events should be accounted for as extraordinary items. However, the similarity in wording is an indication of the expected infrequency of such events.
4.2
Evaluation of the remaining portfolio following a sale or transfer

An entity should document the events surrounding every sale or transfer of debt securities classified as held-to-maturity and consider how it will affect the remaining held-to-maturity portfolio, regardless of whether the sale was in response to one of the circumstances permitted in ASC 320. For example, assume a financial institution sells securities from its held-to-maturity portfolio to meet a significant and unanticipated increase in loan demand or a commercial entity sells certain of its corporate bonds in response to the availability of a higher-grade investment with a better yield. Those reasons conflict with managements previous intent to hold the securities to maturity, and create a rebuttable presumption that the entity will not hold remaining held-to-maturity securities to maturity. The burden of proof is placed on the entity to overcome that presumption. Even sales that the entity believes fall within the specific permitted circumstances may potentially taint the remaining held-to-maturity portfolio or a portion of that portfolio. Consider the following example because of a change in tax law that eliminates the current exemption on income earned on certain securities, an entity sells a portion, but not all, of its holdings of that type of security. The sale raises a question about its intent to hold the remaining investments in similar securities to maturity. If the sale of a held-to-maturity security occurs without justification (i.e., for a reason other than those explicitly permitted in ASC 320) the materiality of that contradiction of intent must be evaluated.
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How we see it
The sale of securities classified as held-to-maturity for reasons other than those permitted in ASC 320 should be evaluated very carefully prior to actual sale due to the significant future impact of such transactions. The assertions an entity makes about its positive intent and ability to hold each security to maturity is the same for all debt securities classified as held-to-maturity; therefore, the sale of one heldto-maturity security could potentially taint all securities in that classification. Once an entity has tainted its held-to-maturity classification, circumstances must change such that management can assert with a greater degree of credibility that it has the intent and ability to hold any new debt securities acquired to maturity. The FASB did not prescribe a minimum time frame or criteria for determining when those circumstances have changed. ASC 320 requires judgment be applied to such situations.
4.2.1
SEC staff views on sales or transfers of held-to-maturity securities

The SEC staff strictly interprets the requirements of ASC 320 regarding the classification of securities as held-to-maturity. Any sales or transfers of securities from the held-to-maturity portfolio, other than in the limited circumstances as described in ASC 320-10-25-6, will lead to a presumption by the SEC staff that the entire portfolio of held-to-maturity securities should be re-evaluated for reclassification to the available-for-sale or trading portfolios. Although that presumption may be overcome, each additional sale or transfer from the held-to-maturity portfolio will serve to strengthen the presumption that the entire portfolio should be reclassified. The FASB indicated in the original basis for conclusions that if the sale of a held-to-maturity security occurs without justification, the materiality of that contradiction of the enterprises previously asserted intent must be evaluated. The SEC staff has interpreted this statement such that sales of held-tomaturity securities for reasons other than those described in ASC 320-10-25-6 will result in the staffs challenge of: (i) managements previous assertion regarding the classification of these securities, (ii) managements assertions regarding the classification of other held-to-maturity securities and (iii) managements future assertions regarding the classification of securities as held-to-maturity for an extended time after the sale. In certain cases, the SEC staff has concluded that an entity is precluded from classifying securities as held-to-maturity for at least one year and more likely two years in the future until the entity re-establishes the credibility of its classification policy2. The SEC staff has indicated that they also may consider whether previously filed financial statements should be restated to correct the apparent error in managements assertions regarding its ability to hold securities to maturity3. The SEC staff also has indicated that segregation (compartmentalization) of securities for purposes of analyzing the impact of sales or transfers of held-to-maturity securities is not acceptable4. For example, entities should not separate US Treasury securities from corporate bonds in the held-to-maturity category for purposes of evaluating managements assertions about the intent to hold US Treasury securities to maturity. The entire held-to-maturity security portfolio would be considered tainted if any prohibited sales or transfers occur.
2 3 4
1995 AICPA National Conference on Current SEC Developments SEC staff speech 1993 AICPA National Conference on Current SEC Developments SEC staff speech 1995 AICPA National Conference on Current SEC Developments SEC staff speech 26
ASC 320-10-50-10 requires that for all sales or transfers of securities classified as held-to-maturity, entities must provide disclosure of the net carrying amount of the sold or transferred security, the net gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income for any derivative that hedged the forecasted acquisition of security, the related realized or unrealized gain or loss, and the circumstances leading to the decision to sell or transfer the security. The SEC staff believes that it is particularly important to disclose, in reasonably specific terms, the reasons for any sales or transfers of held-to-maturity securities.
4.3
Permitted sales or transfers

This section provides further guidance on the six specific exceptions permitted by ASC 320 for the sale or transfer of held-to-maturity securities.
4.3.1
Credit deterioration
ASC 320-10-25-6(a) allows an entity to sell a security classified as held-to-maturity prior to its scheduled maturity date in the event of a significant deterioration in the issuers creditworthiness. ASC 320 does not define what constitutes a significant deterioration. In its deliberations, the FASB indicated that while it does not intend to restrict entities from making prudent investment decisions, it believes that basing a sale on mere speculation of deterioration would not be consistent with the held-to-maturity concept. In evaluating credit deterioration, significance should be measured in relation to the individual security rather than in relation to the security portfolio or the entitys financial position. A significant deterioration would have occurred if it becomes probable that all amounts due (principal and interest) will not be collected. However, we believe an entity also may conclude a significant deterioration has occurred while it is reasonably possible that all amounts due will not be collected. Therefore, a sale of such a security from the held-to-maturity category would not necessarily taint the remaining portfolio. Evidence of credit deterioration might include published sources such as reports of a downgrade in the investment rating by rating agencies (e.g., Standard & Poors, Moodys). A downgrading of an issuers published credit rating is an example of evidence of a significant deterioration in the issuers creditworthiness and meets the specific exception provided for in ASC 320-10-25-6(a) for a sale or transfer of a security classified as held-to-maturity without tainting the remaining securities classified as held-to-maturity. In addition, ASC 320-10-25-5(d) allows an entity to sell a held-to-maturity security prior to an actual downgrading in the issuers published credit rating or inclusion on a credit watch list provided that the sale is in response to an actual deterioration of the issuers creditworthiness. The evidence of credit deterioration could also consist of the entitys internal credit evaluation that documents such factors as the issuers historical financial performance, forecasts for the specific industry, a continued decline in the securitys market value which is not consistent with the decline in the market value of similar securities or an indication that the issuer may file for protection under the federal bankruptcy laws. In situations where the evidence supporting the deterioration of an issuers creditworthiness is primarily a continued decline in the securitys fair value, the entity should consider whether or not the security has been impaired as discussed in Chapter 5, Impairment. The determination that significant deterioration has occurred will require an evaluation of the specific facts and circumstances regarding the entitys ability to recover all amounts due under the terms of the security. The SEC staff has not objected to sales or transfers of held-to-maturity securities based on concerns about creditworthiness of the issuers when entities develop and apply policies and procedures for documenting the basis for determining significant deterioration of the creditworthiness of issuers. The SEC staff believes that an entitys creditworthiness evaluation process must involve its accounting personnel.
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4.3.2
Change in tax law

The FASB acknowledged that the attractiveness of certain debt securities is directly related to the tax provisions affecting the holder of the securities. So significant are these considerations that if a tax law change affecting that type of debt security were modified (e.g., if the US Congress repealed the current law provision making certain small issue state and municipal bonds to be bank eligible), there could be a justifiable change in managements intent to hold the security to maturity. However, this provision was not intended to include the sale or transfer of a security in response to other changes in the tax law that revise the marginal tax rate applicable to interest income, such as following an increase or decrease in the federal income tax rate. The FASB also specifically rejected proposals to allow entities to sell held-to-maturity securities to generate taxable gains to offset existing taxable losses, or vice versa, as it believed securities that may need to be sold to implement tax-planning strategies should be classified as available-for-sale (ASC 320-10-25-5(c)). Likewise, sales of held-to-maturity securities in response to changes in the entitys anticipated future profitability are also not permitted without tainting the portfolio.
4.3.3
Major business combination or disposition

Generally, sales or transfers of debt securities that occur concurrent with, or shortly after, a major business combination or disposition with the intent to maintain the entitys existing risk exposure policy would not bring into question managements intent to hold the remaining held-to-maturity portfolio to maturity. However this provision applies only if the business combination or disposition is major, and the securities held prior to a business combination or that remain following a disposition are not consistent with the entitys existing credit risk policy or interest rate risk position. Because the sale or transfer results from an evaluation of existing credit or interest rate exposure policies, the sale of securities previously held by the acquiring entity to finance a major business acquisition would not be included within this safe harbor.
How we see it
While ASC 320 does not define a major business combination or disposition, we believe that such an event must be of such significance to warrant disclosure in the financial statements under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) or SEC requirements. A sale of a component of an entity is an example of a major disposition (ASC 320-10-25-12(b)). On the other hand, a purchase or sale of a large pool of financial assets (e.g., conforming mortgages) or liabilities (e.g., deposit liabilities) would not be considered a major business combination or disposition that would justify the sale of held-to-maturity securities (ASC 320-10-25-13(a)). It is important to emphasize that sales of held-to-maturity securities are permitted only when the combination or disposition necessitates the sale or transfer of held-to-maturity securities to maintain the enterprises existing interest rate risk position or credit risk policy (emphasis added). Sales of heldto-maturity securities to fund an acquisition or a disposition (i.e., if deposit liabilities are being assumed by the other party) are inconsistent with stated positive intent and ability to hold securities to maturity. In addition, the exception provided in ASC 320-10-25-6(c) does not apply to sales of held-to-maturity securities in anticipation of, or otherwise prior to, a major business combination or disposition and such sales would taint the entitys other securities classified as held-to-maturity.
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Management must evaluate the specific facts and circumstances to determine whether the securities held prior to a business combination or that remain following a disposition are consistent with the entitys existing credit or interest rate risk policy. ASC 320 does not distinguish between sales of securities obtained in a business combination and those held prior to the business combination. Entities that consummate a business combination should reassess the classification of held-to-maturity securities concurrent with or shortly after a major business combination, provided the conditions of ASC 320-10-25-6(c) are met. The term shortly is not defined in ASC 320; however, as time passes it is increasingly difficult to demonstrate that the business combination or disposition necessitated the transfer or sale rather than other events or circumstances. We understand from discussion with the FASB staff that securities obtained in a business combination should be classified based on the intent and ability of the acquiring entity. Accordingly, the sale or transfer of a security previously classified by the acquired entity as held-to-maturity would not taint the held-to-maturity portfolio of the acquiring entity. However, the acquiring entity may have difficulty demonstrating that its held-to-maturity securities owned prior to a business combination are no longer within the entitys existing credit and interest rate risk policy. The following examples illustrate the thought process (which should be documented) that management should go through following a major business combination or disposition. Illustration 4-1: Example 1 Company A acquires Company B. Company A has an existing policy (formal or informal) of not issuing any variable-rate debt that would expose it to interest rate risk. If Company A sells certain of its heldto-maturity securities to provide funds to extinguish the outstanding variable-rate long-term debt of Company B, the sale would not bring into question Company As intent to hold its remaining portfolio to maturity. Example 2 Assume the same scenario as Example 1, except that Company A sells certain of its securities classified as held-to-maturity to provide funds to extinguish outstanding fixed-rate long-term debt of Company B. Because the fixed-rate debt does not appear to be inconsistent with Company As existing credit or interest rate exposure polices, the sale could taint the remaining held-to-maturity portfolio of the combined portfolio. Example 3 Company C, a multi-line insurance company, disposes of its individual annuity line of business. Included in its held-to-maturity investment portfolio is a block of securities purchased with the intent of matching the interest rate risk associated with the annuity contracts outstanding. If, shortly after the disposition of the annuities, Company C sells those designated securities that are not transferred to the company acquiring the annuities, the sale generally would not bring into question Company Cs intent to hold the remaining portfolio to maturity. Sales or transfers of held-to-maturity securities after a business combination
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4.3.4
Change in statutory or regulatory requirements regarding permissible investments

If an institution is required to dispose of held-to-maturity securities because of a significant change in regulatory requirements for debt securities holdings, that disposition should not call into question managements intent to hold the remaining securities in that category to maturity. This exception is applicable to a change in regulations applicable to all entities affected by the legislation or regulator enacting the change (ASC 320-10-25-8). If a regulator directs a particular institution to sell or transfer held-to-maturity securities to increase liquid assets (or for similar purposes), that institution would generally not be relieved of the presumption that all of its held-to-maturity securities are tainted unless the event precipitating the regulatory requirement was isolated, nonrecurring and unusual that could not have been reasonably anticipated (ASC 320-10-25-8). Other than remote disaster scenarios (such as a run on a bank or an insurance entity), very few events would meet all of those conditions. It should also be noted that regulatory capital requirements exist concerning recourse, direct credit substitutes and residual interests in asset securitizations. Entities should consider any impact the rules may have on their investment classification or other investment decisions.
4.3.5
Significant change in regulatory capital requirements

In the early 1990s, the banking industrys capital requirements changed dramatically as a result of the passage of Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989 (FIRREA) and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (FDICIA). These Acts required institutions to adopt capital adequacy measures that established risk distinctions among various types of investments (specifically loans and securities), which substantially changed the ground rules by which depository institutions operated. Clearly, FIRREA and FDICIA were major banking regulations that significantly increased the industrys capital requirements. Changes like these (i.e., significant industry-wide changes as opposed to an individual regulatory order for an institution to increase its capital base) are what the FASB considered when it provided the two change in circumstances provisions related to regulatory capital requirements. These provisions stipulated that if an institution disposes of held-to-maturity securities in response to significant increases in capital requirements, such sales should not call into question the classification of its remaining held-to-maturity securities. On the other hand, sales of held-to-maturity securities to replenish capital to meet existing or increased regulatory requirements imposed on an individual institution would not be consistent with the held-to-maturity concept.
How we see it
Certain financial institutions may need to rebalance their investment portfolios because of the significant changes in capital requirements that will occur upon the implementation of Basel II or Basel III. We believe such a rebalancing would meet the requirements of ASC 320-10-25-6 and would not taint the remaining held-to-maturing investment portfolio.
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4.4
Sales deemed to be at maturity

InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Disclosure Sale After a Substantial Portion of Principal is Collected 320-10-25-14 Sales of debt securities that meet either of the following conditions may be considered as maturities for purposes of the classification of securities and the disclosure requirements under this Subtopic: a. The sale of a security occurs near enough to its maturity date (or call date if exercise of the call is probable) that interest rate risk is substantially eliminated as a pricing factor. That is, the date of sale is so near the maturity or call date (for example, within three months) that changes in market interest rates would not have a significant effect on the security's fair value. The sale of a security occurs after the entity has already collected a substantial portion (at least 85 percent) of the principal outstanding at acquisition due either to prepayments on the debt security or to scheduled payments on a debt security payable in equal installments (both principal and interest) over its term. For variable-rate securities, the scheduled payments need not be equal.
b.
For record-keeping and other reasons, some entities routinely dispose of (1) debt securities shortly before maturity and (2) mortgage-backed securities after a substantial portion of the principal has been recovered through collections and prepayments. Such sales prior to maturity could have resulted in the tainting of the remaining held-to-maturity portfolio even though the security was held substantially to maturity. Accordingly, the FASB concluded for practical reasons that selling a debt security prior to maturity should be considered equivalent to holding the security to maturity if one of the two conditions described in ASC 320-10-25-14 (see above) is met. Determining the point at which a security is near enough to maturity that changes in interest rates would not significantly affect its fair value largely depends on the type of security. Because the security is close to the maturity or call date, the carrying value in most cases in a functioning market should approximate the fair value, which would not be significantly impacted by changes in the market interest rate, so any realized gains or losses generally should not be significant. To assist in the consistent application of this provision, the FASB added an example time frame of three months. While the three-month guideline is provided only as an example, it is generally considered reasonable.
How we see it
Entities selling securities that have more than three months to maturity may have difficulty supporting the assertion that the securities were in substance held-to-maturity, unless they meet the other allowable exception discussed below. ASC 320 defines a substantial portion of collection as at least 85 percent of the principal outstanding at acquisition (not the principal outstanding at issuance for securities purchased in the secondary market) from either scheduled payments or unscheduled prepayments. This provision was included principally in reference to the sale of the tail portion of mortgage-backed securities.
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The limited practical exception in ASC 320-10-25-14(b) applies to debt securities that are payable in equal installments that comprise both principal and interest such as certain level-payment mortgage-backed securities. The exception also applies to variable-rate debt securities when the scheduled payments would be payable in equal installments absent a change in interest rates and to securities with changes in scheduled payments that result from unscheduled prepayments. It is not appropriate to apply this limited practical exception by analogy to a debt security that has a contractual payment schedule of level principal payments plus interest that accrues based on the declining outstanding principal balance. The payments on that type of security do not represent equal installments that are made up of both principal and interest (ASC 320-10-25-17). Accordingly, the exception does not apply to investments in CMO or REMIC tranches or similar securities that do not receive scheduled payments in equal installments.
4.5
Tender offers for held-to-maturity securities

ASC 320-10-25-13(d) states that a sale of held-to-maturity securities in response to an unsolicited tender offer from the issuer is not an event that is isolated, nonrecurring, and unusual, and therefore would taint the classification of the remaining held-to-maturity securities.
4.6
Disclosure requirements
InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Disclosure Sales, Transfers, and Related Matters that Occurred During the Period 320-10-50-10 For any sales of or transfers from securities classified as held-to-maturity, an entity shall disclose all of the following in the notes to the financial statements for each period for which the results of operations are presented: a. b. c. The net carrying amount of the sold or transferred security The net gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income for any derivative that hedged the forecasted acquisition of the held-to-maturity security The related realized or unrealized gain or loss The circumstances leading to the decision to sell or transfer the security.
d.
All of these disclosures are required even if the sales and transfers were made within the permitted circumstances. This provision presents a potentially burdensome disclosure requirement in that it requires such disclosure for all sales or transfers, regardless of the events surrounding the transaction(s). The disclosure requirement again illustrates the FASBs belief that sales or transfers of held-to-maturity securities should be rare. If an entity should decide not to disclose a sale or transfer of a security from the held-to-maturity portfolio because of materiality considerations (e.g., the effect is de minimis) it is not relieved of the requirement to evaluate whether such a sale or transfer taints the remaining portfolio.
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5
5.1
Impairment
Overview
InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Subsequent Measurement Steps for Identifying and Accounting for Impairment 320-10-35-18 For individual securities classified as either available for sale or held to maturity, an entity shall determine whether a decline in fair value below the amortized cost basis is other than temporary. Providing a general allowance for unidentified impairment in a portfolio of securities is not appropriate. Step 1: Determine Whether an Investment Is Impaired 320-10-35-21 An investment is impaired if the fair value of the investment is less than its cost. Step 2: Evaluate Whether an Impairment Is Other than Temporary 320-10-35-30 If the fair value of an investment is less than its amortized cost basis at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which impairment is assessed, the impairment is either temporary or other than temporary. In addition to the guidance in this Section, an entity shall apply other guidance that is pertinent to the determination of whether an impairment is other than temporary, such as the guidance in Section 325-40-35, as applicable. Other than temporary does not mean permanent. ASC 320 requires investors to determine whether declines in the fair value below the cost basis (i.e., impairments) of debt and equity securities classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity are other-than-temporary. ASC 320 also includes considerations for the accounting subsequent to the recognition of an other-than-temporary impairment (OTTI) and requires certain disclosures about unrealized losses that have not been recognized as OTTI. This publication does not address matters related to determining fair value. Additional information related to determining fair value may be found in the EY Financial Reporting Developments publication, Fair value measurements and disclosures.
5.1.1
The three-step approach to impairment

The determination of whether an other-than-temporary decline in value exists requires considerable professional judgment and monitoring to comply with the requirements of ASC 320 and related literature. An entity should assess whether an impaired investment is other-than-temporarily impaired at every reporting period (i.e., quarterly for public companies). ASC 320 and related literature do not provide bright lines or safe harbors to identify those securities that may have an OTTI. Rather, an entity should consider all relevant evidence when determining if a security has been other-thantemporarily impaired.
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Impairment
ASC 320 outlines a 3 step approach for identifying and accounting for an OTTI for individual securities classified as either available for sale or held to maturity. The 3 step approach includes: Determining when an investment is considered impaired (Step 1) Evaluating whether an impairment is other than temporary (Step 2) Measuring and recognizing an OTTI (Step 3)
Step 1 is the same for both marketable equity and debt securities that is, an investment is impaired if its fair value is less than its (amortized) cost. However, differences exist in how an entity evaluates whether an impairment is other than temporary (Step 2) and how to recognize an OTTI (Step 3) for debt and equity securities. These steps and the differences with Steps 2 and 3 for determining and accounting for an OTTI for available-for-sale equity securities and debt securities that are classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity are further discussed in this chapter.
5.1.2
General valuation allowances

General valuation allowances to provide for impairment losses not attributable to specific securities in a securities portfolio are not permitted.
5.2
OTTI accounting model for available-for-sale equity securities

InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Subsequent Measurement Recognition of an Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Equity SecuritiesIf the Impairment Is Other than Temporary, Recognize an Impairment Loss Equal to the Difference between the Investments Cost Basis and Its Fair Value 320-10-35-34 If it is determined in Step 2 that the impairment is other than temporary, then an impairment loss shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investment's cost and its fair value at the balance sheet date of the reporting period for which the assessment is made. The measurement of the impairment shall not include partial recoveries after the balance sheet date. The fair value of the investment would then become the new amortized cost basis of the investment and shall not be adjusted for subsequent recoveries in fair value. SEC Materials General 320-10-S99-1 The value of investments in equity securities classified as available-for-sale may decline for various reasons. The market price may be affected by general market conditions which reflect prospects for the economy as a whole or by specific information pertaining to an industry or an individual company. Such declines require further investigation by management. Acting upon the premise that a writedown may be required, management should consider all available evidence to evaluate the realizable value of its investment in equity securities classified as available-for-sale.
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Impairment
There are numerous factors to be considered in such an evaluation and their relative significance will vary from case to case. The staff believes that the following are only a few examples of the factors which, individually or in combination, indicate that a decline in value of an equity security classified as available-for-sale is other than temporary and that a write-down of the carrying value is required: a. b. The length of the time and the extent to which the market value has been less than cost; The financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, including any specific events which may influence the operations of the issuer such as changes in technology that may impair the earnings potential of the investment or the discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect the future earnings potential; or The intent and ability of the holder to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in market value.
c.
Unless evidence exists to support a realizable value equal to or greater than the carrying value of the investment in equity securities classified as available-for-sale, a write-down to fair value accounted for as a realized loss should be recorded. Such loss should be recognized in the determination of net income of the period in which it occurs and the written down value of the investment in the company becomes the new cost basis of the investment. For equity securities classified as available for sale, ASC 320 requires that an entity recognize in earnings all declines in fair value below the cost basis (i.e., impairments) that are considered other than temporary. If an OTTI is present, the cost basis of the impaired equity security should be adjusted down to fair value on the measurement date, resulting in a charge to earnings (as a realized loss) and a new cost basis. The new cost basis is not changed for subsequent recoveries in fair value. After an impairment loss is recognized for individual equity securities classified as available-for-sale, future increases or decreases in fair value (presuming no additional OTTI) are included in other comprehensive income. For a marketable equity security, the evaluation of whether an impairment is (or is not) other than temporary is based on two key assessments. The first is whether and when an equity security will recover in value. Factors that should be considered in this assessment include, but are not limited to, the duration and severity of the impairment and the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer. The second assessment is whether the investor has the positive intent and ability to hold that equity security until the anticipated recovery in value occurs. These key assessments are discussed further below. To support that an impairment is temporary, the investor would need to support, with observable market information, that a recovery in the fair value to at least the cost basis of the equity security is expected to occur in an acceptable forecast period. As such, the investors ability to hold the equity security until a more favorable market develops and until the issuer specific uncertainties are resolved is relevant only if persuasive evidence exists that those changes will occur in the near term. SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin Topic 5.M, Other Than Temporary Impairment of Certain Investments in Equity Securities (subsequently codified in ASC 320-10-S99-1), provides the SEC staffs interpretive guidance for determining when a decline in fair value below cost for an available-for-sale equity security is other than temporary. ASC 320-10-S99-1 clarifies that the term other than temporary should not be interpreted to mean permanent, meaning that the eventual recovery in fair value of an investment should not preclude the recognition of an other-than-temporary loss.
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5.2.1
Recovery in value
A general premise in making an assessment as to whether an OTTI of an equity security exists is that the greater the decline in value and the duration of the decline, the more persuasive the evidence will have to be to conclude an OTTI has not occurred. That is, the greater the decline in value and the longer the duration of such decline, the less likely it is that the equity security will recover its value within the anticipated period. It is this judgmental evaluation of decline (i.e., amount and duration) that should be one of the primary considerations in an entitys OTTI review. Some entities specifically review for impairment those equity securities whose fair values are below cost by a certain percentage and for a set period of time.
How we see it
While establishing thresholds for identifying the at-risk population may be useful, additional procedures should be in place to identify equity securities for which there are issuer-specific concerns (e.g., troubled entities), regardless of the percentage below cost or the time period that the equity securitys fair value has been below cost. In determining when an impairment of an equity security is other than temporary, the following are example indicators that should be considered: Fair value is significantly below cost The decline in fair value has existed for an extended period of time The financial condition of the issuer has deteriorated as evidenced by significant or recurring operating losses, poor cash flows and/or deteriorating liquidity ratios The issuer had a going concern qualification in the independent auditors report The decline in fair value is attributable to specific adverse conditions affecting a particular investment The decline in fair value is attributable to specific conditions related to the issuer, including the issuers industry or geographic area of operation Dividends have been reduced or eliminated Changes in tax laws, regulations, or other governmental policies have significantly affected the issuer
How we see it
Evaluating the potential for an impaired equity security to recover in value requires significant judgment. However, the evidence supporting the anticipated recovery in value should be objective. Such evidence need not be literal proof (e.g., a recovery in market value subsequent to the balance sheet date) but rather could consist of an accumulation of factors about the issuer, the issuers industry or the specific security under consideration.
5.2.2
Intent and ability

In order to conclude that a decline in value of an equity security is not an OTTI, the entity must also demonstrate the positive intent and ability to hold impaired equity securities to anticipated recovery. The evaluation of an entitys intent and ability to hold to anticipated recovery is judgmental and should include corroborating evidence beyond a simple commitment not to sell the impaired equity security. The entity needs to carefully evaluate the facts and circumstances, including its prior activity with
Impairment
respect to impaired equity securities and any long-range plans that may affect the intent and ability to hold the equity securities. For example, the entity should evaluate its intent and ability to hold assertion in light of its current liquidity position and working capital needs, debt covenant arrangements, contractual constraints, hedging strategies, investment strategies, tax strategies and overall business plans. Factors indicating that an entity does not have the intent and ability to hold an impaired equity security until fair value recovers include: A history of selling equity securities at a loss A tax strategy of selling equity securities at a loss to offset against other capital gains Changes in tax laws, regulations or other governmental policies that may negatively impact the value of investments held and which are inconsistent with the entitys original investment objectives Plans to rebalance the portfolio to achieve an overall goal with respect to return, portfolio concentration or other factors Cash flow forecasts that indicate a planned sale of equity securities (possibly at a loss) is needed to meet working capital needs, to comply with regulatory capital requirements or to fund ongoing business initiatives Debt covenant violations or liquidity issues
5.2.3
Sales of impaired securities

Sales of impaired equity securities should be carefully evaluated to determine whether such sales are consistent with the entitys prior assertion to hold impaired equity securities to full recovery. When equity securities that were previously accounted for as temporarily impaired are sold prior to recovery, the entity should document the facts and circumstances that prompted the particular sale. Sales in response to significant, unanticipated changes in market conditions or business plans may justify a change in the entitys intent. However, sales that are not based on significant, unanticipated changes in circumstances may indicate that the entitys past and current assertions (i.e., intent and ability to hold to anticipated recovery) are insufficient to conclude that impairments related to other equity securities are temporary.
How we see it
While turbulence in markets may lead to the conclusion that a significant, unanticipated change has occurred, an entitys individual facts and circumstances must be assessed to determine if its intent assertion remains valid for the impaired equity securities that the entity continues to hold. To support conclusions that impairments are temporary when changes to the entitys intent related to an impaired equity security occur, the entity should prepare contemporaneous documentation describing the significant, unanticipated changes in the circumstances that gave rise to the change in intent. This documentation should also include a reassessment of equity securities that were not sold and why the sale does not alter the intent and ability to hold to recovery the impaired securities that were retained. In addition, the entity should evaluate the facts and circumstances associated with equity security sale activity between the most recent balance sheet date and key subsequent financial reporting dates (e.g., press release and SEC filing dates) to determine whether any losses on the sale of impaired equity securities should have been reported in a prior period. The closer a subsequent sale is to the end of the prior reporting period, the more difficult it will be for the entity to support that the sale was due to a significant, unanticipated change in circumstances since the balance sheet date, and that the OTTI did not occur in a prior period.
Impairment
5.2.4
Outsourced portfolio management arrangements

Many outsourced portfolio management arrangements are designed to provide the external investment manager discretion to buy and sell securities as deemed necessary to achieve a maximum yield subject to certain risk tolerances and investment criteria. Such arrangements may contain restrictions on the sale of impaired securities to make sure that portfolio management activities are consistent with the entitys assertion of the intent and ability to hold impaired equity securities to recovery. If proper restrictions are included in the agreement and the entity has proper controls and documentation in place to support its assertion of holding the equity security until anticipated recovery, including approving and monitoring the external managers sales activity, the outsourcing arrangement would not, in and of itself, contradict the entitys assertion. To the extent this is not the situation, the external portfolio managers sales activity could be inconsistent with the entitys assertion that it has the intent and ability to hold the impaired equity securities until anticipated recovery.
5.2.5
Perpetual preferred securities

Perpetual preferred securities (PPSs) may have either variable or fixed dividend rates but not a contractual maturity or redemption date. PPSs are often perceived in the marketplace to be similar to debt securities because they frequently provide periodic cash flows in the form of dividends, contain call features, are rated similar to debt securities and are priced like other long-term callable bonds. However, PPSs are defined as equity securities if they are not required to be redeemed by the issuing enterprise or are not redeemable at the option of the investor. As equity securities, PPSs (that are marketable as defined in the ASC Master Glossary) may be classified either as available-for-sale or trading securities. On 14 October 2008, the SECs staff in the Office of the Chief Accountant issued a letter (SEC OTTI Release) to the FASB providing clarifying guidance on how to assess impairments of PPSs under the existing OTTI model in ASC 320. Although industry practice had been to evaluate PPSs as equity securities for purposes of determining whether an impairment of a PPS is other than temporary, the SEC staff acknowledged the accounting literature is ambiguous on this point because ASC 320 does not specifically address the effect, if any, of the debt-like characteristics of PPS in an OTTI assessment. After consultation with and concurrence of the FASB staff, the SEC staff has concluded that it will not object to an issuer treating a PPS similar to a debt security in an OTTI evaluation (including an anticipated recovery period), provided there has been no evidence of a deterioration in credit of the issuer (e.g., a decline in the cash flows from holding the investment or a downgrade of the rating of the security below investment grade). The SEC OTTI Release also notes this conclusion applies only to impairment tests performed in connection with filings subsequent to 14 October 2008. The guidance from the SEC staff represented a significant change in practice as the assessment of whether an impairment is other than temporary differs significantly between equity securities and debt securities. For equity securities, an OTTI is recognized unless it is expected that the value of the security will recover in the near term (which is a relatively short period). However, in circumstances in which it is deemed appropriate to evaluate a perpetual preferred security for OTTI using a debt model, an entity would apply the impairment model for debt securities to those assessments, including the requirement to assess whether (a) the investor has the intent to sell the perpetual preferred security or (b) it is more likely than not the investor will be required to sell the perpetual preferred security before its anticipated recovery. However, because the guidance in the SEC OTTI Release can be applied only in circumstances in which there has been no evidence of deterioration in the credit of the issuer, whenever an entity anticipates a decrease in cash flows expected to be collected from the PPSs, the OTTI model for debt securities should not be used. That is, the entity should use the OTTI model for equity securities and recognize an OTTI loss on the PPSs through earnings equal to the entire difference between the PPSs cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date.
Impairment
In the SEC OTTI Release, the SEC staff emphasized its expectation that an issuer provide adequate disclosure about its PPS holdings if the cost exceeds the current fair value. This disclosure should include sufficient detail to allow investors to understand the factors considered in reaching the conclusion that the impairment is not other than temporary and there was no evidence of credit deterioration in the PPSs.
5.2.6
OTTI documentation considerations for available-for-sale equity securities

Regardless of whether an entity determines that a decline in fair value of an equity security below cost is temporary or other than temporary, it must document the decision process to support that conclusion. At a minimum, appropriate documentation would include an analysis of the equity securitys fair value (e.g., amount and duration of decline), the financial performance of the issuer and trends in the issuers industry. The entity should also document its expectations about the securitys performance (i.e., when and why its value will recover), based on the information available as well as their intentions and ability to hold the security until anticipated recovery. The entity should be mindful that as the forecasted recovery period lengthens, the uncertainties inherent in its estimate increase, which results in the need for more persuasive evidence to conclude an impairment is temporary. In addition, the documentation should include an indication of the timing of the review and the principal reasons for the decision.
5.2.7
Illustrative OTTI decision tree for available-for-sale equity securities

Below is a decision tree that illustrates how an entity should apply the OTTI model for equity securities classified as available-for-sale.
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5.3 5.3.1
OTTI accounting model for debt securities Evaluating whether an impairment is other than temporary
InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Subsequent Measurement Step 2: Evaluate Whether an Impairment is Other than Temporary Debt Securities 320-10-35-33A If an entity intends to sell the debt security (that is, it has decided to sell the security), an other-thantemporary impairment shall be considered to have occurred. 320-10-35-33B If an entity does not intend to sell the debt security, the entity shall consider available evidence to assess whether it more likely than not will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis (for example, whether its cash or working capital requirements or contractual or regulatory obligations indicate that the security will be required to be sold before a forecasted recovery occurs). If the entity more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, an other-than-temporary impairment shall be considered to have occurred. 320-10-35-33C If an entity does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security, the entity would be unable to assert that it will recover its amortized cost basis even if it does not intend to sell the security. Therefore, in those situations, an other-than-temporary impairment shall be considered to have occurred. In assessing whether the entire amortized cost basis of the security will be recovered, an entity shall compare the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security with the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, the entire amortized cost basis of the security will not be recovered (that is, a credit loss exists), and an other-than-temporary impairment shall be considered to have occurred. Under ASC 320, an impaired debt security will be considered other-than-temporarily impaired if (a) the holder has the intent to sell the impaired debt security, (b) it is more likely than not the holder will be required to sell the impaired debt security before recovery or (c) the holder does not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security even if it does not intend to sell the security. With item (a), the entity should have made a decision to sell. An investor is not required to look into the future to identify scenarios in which it might wish to sell the debt security (e.g., when the debt security recovers 80% or 90% of its cost basis, etc.) and assess the likelihood of those scenarios occurring. To the contrary, all that is required is that an investor determine whether it has made a decision to sell the impaired debt security as of the balance sheet date. If the investor has made the decision to sell, we would expect that the actual sale would occur shortly after the date this determination was made, considering necessary marketing periods and other factors that could delay the execution of a sale. With item (b), the entity should estimate the period over which the security is expected to recover and whether its cash or working capital requirements and contractual or regulatory obligations may indicate that the security may need to be sold before the forecasted recovery occurs. If the entity more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its cost basis, an OTTI exists.
Impairment
With item (c), the entity should determine whether the entire amortized cost basis of the security will be recovered by comparing the present value of cash flows expected to be collected to the amortized cost basis of the debt security. If the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the security, a credit loss exists and consequently, an OTTI is considered to have occurred. To determine whether a credit loss exists, an entity should use its best estimate of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security. ASC 320 states that one way of estimating that credit loss amount would be to measure it according to the guidance related to accounting by creditors for impairment of a loan in ASC 310 (formerly Statement 114, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan) that is, by measuring an impairment on the basis of the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. When evaluating whether an impairment is OTTI, if the debt securities are beneficial interests in securitized financial assets and are in the scope of ASC 325-40 (formerly, Issue 99-20), the amount of the credit loss is measured as the difference between the current amortized cost of the security and the new estimate of future cash flows discounted at a rate equal to the current yield used to accrete the beneficial interest. That is, a decrease in cash flows expected to be collected on an asset-backed security that results from an increase in prepayments on the underlying assets should be considered in the estimate of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected. Additionally, for debt securities accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-30 (formerly, SOP 03-3), the entity should consider that standard in estimating the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security in the scope of ASC 325-40. ASC 320 enumerates several factors that an investor may consider to determine whether a credit loss exists and the period over which the security is expected to recover.

InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Subsequent Measurement Step 2: Evaluate Whether an Impairment is Other than Temporary Debt Securities 320-10-35-33F There are numerous factors to be considered when estimating whether a credit loss exists and the period over which the debt security is expected to recover. The following list is not meant to be all inclusive. All of the following factors shall be considered: a. b. The length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost basis Adverse conditions specifically related to the security, an industry, or geographic area; for example, changes in the financial condition of the issuer of the security, or in the case of an assetbacked debt security, changes in the financial condition of the underlying loan obligors. Examples of those changes include any of the following: 1. 2. 3. Changes in technology The discontinuance of a segment of the business that may affect the future earnings potential of the issuer or underlying loan obligors of the security Changes in the quality of the credit enhancement.
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c. d.
The historical and implied volatility of the fair value of the security The payment structure of the debt security (for example, nontraditional loan terms as described in paragraphs 825-10-55-1 through 55-2 and 310-10-50-25) and the likelihood of the issuer being able to make payments that increase in the future Failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments Any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency Recoveries or additional declines in fair value after the balance sheet date.
e. f. g.
320-10-35-33G In making its other-than-temporary impairment assessment, an entity shall consider all available information relevant to the collectibility of the security, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts, when developing the estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. That information shall include all of the following: a. b. c. d. The remaining payment terms of the security Prepayment speeds The financial condition of the issuer(s) Expected defaults The value of any underlying collateral.
e.
Entities should consider all available data points in documenting their analysis, including industry analysis, credit ratings and other relevant market data. An entity is also required to consider how other credit enhancements affect the expected performance of the security, including consideration of the current financial condition of the guarantor of a security and/or whether any subordinated interests are capable of absorbing estimated losses on the loans underlying the security.
5.3.2
Recognizing an OTTI
InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Subsequent Measurement Recognition of an Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Debt Securities: Determination of the Amount of an Other-Than-Temporary Impairment Recognized in Earnings and Other Comprehensive Income 320-10-35-34A If an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, the amount of the other-than-temporary impairment recognized in earnings depends on whether an entity intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss.
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Impairment
320-10-35-34B If an entity intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the other-than-temporary impairment shall be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the investments amortized cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. 320-10-35-34C If an entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the other-than-temporary impairment shall be separated into both of the following: a. b. The amount representing the credit loss The amount related to all other factors.
320-10-35-34D The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to the credit loss shall be recognized in earnings. The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to other factors shall be recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Under the OTTI model, held-to-maturity securities are written down to fair value. For both AFS and HTM securities, the OTTI amount representing the credit loss is recognized in earnings while the amount related to all other factors is recognized in OCI. The amount of the total OTTI related to other factors is recognized in OCI, net of applicable taxes. After the recognition of an OTTI, the previous cost basis less the OTTI amount recognized in earnings becomes the holders new cost basis of the debt security. For debt securities for which OTTIs were recognized in earnings, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected should be accreted as interest income. Accordingly, an entity should continue to estimate the present value of cash flows expected to be collected over the life of the debt security (ASC 320-10-35-35). For debt securities accounted for in accordance with ASC 325-40 (beneficial interests in securitized financial assets), an entity should look to that standard to account for changes in cash flows expected to be collected. For all other debt securities, if upon subsequent evaluation, there is a significant increase in the cash flows expected to be collected or if actual cash flows are significantly greater than cash flows previously expected, such changes must be accounted for as a prospective adjustment to the accretable yield in accordance with ASC 310-30, even if the debt security would not otherwise be within the scope of that standard. For debt securities classified as available-for-sale, accounting for subsequent increases and decreases (if not an OTTI) in fair value remains the same that is, they should be included in OCI. However, the OTTI impairment recognized in OCI for debt securities classified as held-to-maturity should be accreted from OCI to the amortized cost of the debt security over the remaining life of the debt security in a prospective manner based on the amount and timing of future estimated cash flows. That accretion will increase the carrying value of the security until the debt security is sold, the security matures, or there is an additional OTTI that is recognized in earnings (ASC 320-10-35-35A). This accretion does not affect earnings.
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5.3.3
Illustrative OTTI decision trees for debt securities classified as available-forsale and held-to-maturity
Below are decision trees that illustrate how an entity applies the OTTI model for debt securities classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity.
5.3.3.1
Available-for-sale debt securities
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5.3.3.2
Held-to-maturity debt securities

Is fair value less than cost? No No impairment Investor will continue to recognize security at amortized cost
Yes
Credit loss recognized in current earnings No
Does investor expect to recover the entire cost basis of security?
Recognize OTTI Portion of loss related to other factors will be recognized in OCI
Yes
No OTTI
Investor will continue to recognize security at amortized cost
Note: Transfers out of held-to-maturity should be rare, but are required when (a) the investor intends to sell a debt security prior to maturity or (b) it is more likely than not the investor will be required to sell the debt security prior to maturity. If a transfer is made for reasons other than the circumstances described in ASC 320-10-25-6, ASC 320-10-25-9 and ASC 320-10-25-14, such a transfer may call into question the entitys intent to hold other debt securities to maturity.
Questions and interpretive responses

Evaluating whether an impairment is other than temporary
Question 5.1 Can a subsequent sale of a debt security at a loss5, after management has asserted it does not intend to sell and it is not more likely than not it will be required to sell prior to recovery of the debt securitys amortized cost basis, call into question managements assertion on other debt securities that are in an unrealized loss position or for which an OTTI was recognized and only the amount related to a credit loss was recognized in earnings? What should an entity consider and document related to subsequent sales of such debt securities? Whether a subsequent sale at a loss calls into question managements assertion will depend on the facts and circumstances surrounding those subsequent sales. ASC 320 is explicit that the phrase intends to sell the debt security means a decision has been made to sell the debt security. We believe the period between making a decision to sell and actually executing the sale should be short, considering necessary marketing periods and other factors that could delay the execution of a sale (e.g., if the sale is part of a larger transaction that might take longer to execute). ASC 320 does not provide any guidance for determining whether a decision to sell has been made. Judgment will be required and all facts and circumstances should be considered in making such a determination, although in many cases we expect that whether or not the entity has decided to sell a particular debt security will be clear.
If the debt security is held-to-maturity, refer also to Chapter 4, Dispositions of securities classified as held-tomaturity, for further considerations.
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Likewise, determining whether it is more likely than not an entity will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis is a matter of judgment, which needs to consider all facts and circumstances surrounding legal and contractual obligations and operational, regulatory and liquidity needs. An entitys intention to sell or hold a debt security changes over time as does the circumstances around the likelihood of whether or not an entity will be required to sell a debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. In changing the threshold from intent and ability to hold to intends to sell and more likely than not the entity will be required to sell, we believe the FASB intends OTTI losses to be recognized only when those thresholds are attained or the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is less than amortized cost. When evaluating subsequent sales at a loss to determine whether those sales affect managements assertion at the balance sheet date, it will be important to consider facts and circumstances around the sale in order to make a judgment about (a) what period the decision to sell was made or (b) whether the entity was required to sell and the period it became more likely than not they would be required to sell. For sales at a loss shortly after the balance sheet date, entities should document when the decision to sell was made and by whom. In documenting this decision, the entity should also describe the factors that drove the decision to sell and when the entity became aware of those factors, although we believe that the date of the decision generally will determine the date of OTTI. In addition, even though management asserted it was not more likely than not it would be required to sell a debt security as of the balance sheet date, the fact that it subsequently sold the debt security does not necessarily call into question managements assertion. For example, the sale might not have been executed in response to a requirement. Also, the previously required assertion of positive intent and ability to hold is a higher standard than more likely than not, which would not require recognition of an OTTI if it only were reasonably possible (a lower threshold than more likely than not) that the entity would be required to sell a debt security. We believe a subsequent sale in these circumstances will only call managements assertion into question when it can be demonstrated that the circumstances around the subsequent sale were specifically considered by management who incorrectly concluded that the likelihood of being required to sell in such circumstances was not more likely than not. Entities should document how subsequent sales affect their previous assertion. Question 5.2 Will an entity be able to assert that it does not intend to sell or it will not be more likely than not required to sell impaired debt securities if a third party actively manages its investment portfolio? We believe it may be possible to conclude such impairments for debt securities are temporary. As discussed in Question 5.1, we believe the FASB intends OTTI losses to be recognized only (a) when a decision to sell an impaired debt security has been made, (b) when it becomes more likely than not the entity will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis or (c) when the present value of expected cash flows is less than amortized cost. The mere existence of an outsourced portfolio management arrangement does not indicate whether the entity intends to sell or whether it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the impaired debt security before its anticipated recovery. With this in mind, the consideration of whether there is an intention to sell or the entity more likely than not will be required to sell should be the same for assets managed internally as for assets managed by a third party. An entity will need to have processes in place to determine whether the third-party manager has made a decision at the balance sheet date to sell any debt securities it manages. In addition, while the third party manager may sell an impaired debt security, the sale might not be due to a circumstance that existed at the date of the previous assertion that would have required the debt security to be sold. In any event, an entity needs to carefully evaluate the facts and circumstances that may cause the entity
Impairment
to be required to sell a debt security and document whether it is more likely than not such a sale will be required. That documentation should indicate the debt securities that are available to be sold in order to meet any requirement. If any of the debt securities identified (both those managed internally and those managed by third party managers) are currently impaired, an OTTI is deemed to exist and the OTTI should be recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the debt securitys amortized cost basis and its fair value. Question 5.3 If a debt security is classified as held-to-maturity, an entity has asserted that is has the positive intent and ability to hold the debt security until maturity according to the classification requirements in ASC 320. Absent any of the changes in circumstances noted in ASC 320 that would permit an entity to change its intent to hold the debt security to maturity, would an OTTI loss generally be recognized for a held-to-maturity debt security solely when a credit loss exists? Yes. Because ASC 320 allows investments in debt securities to be classified as held-to-maturity and measured at amortized cost only if the entity has the positive intent and ability to hold those securities to maturity, we would expect that the debt security would be considered other-than-temporarily impaired only when a credit loss exists. If an entity were to recognize an OTTI loss for a held-to-maturity debt security because it intends to sell or because it is more likely than not it will be required to sell, this would contradict managements assertion that it will hold the debt security to maturity. Unless the circumstances regarding such intended or required sales are consistent with the circumstances described in ASC 320-10-25-6, ASC 320-10-25-9 and ASC 320-10-25-14, such a change in intent may call into question the entitys intent to hold other debt securities to maturity. Question 5.4 What differences exist in how an entity evaluates OTTI for a debt security subject to ASC 325-40 (i.e., beneficial interests in securitized financial assets) compared to other debt securities that are not subject to ASC 325-40? According to ASC 325-40, a holder of in-scope debt securities is required to periodically update (e.g., at least quarterly for public entities) its estimate of cash flows to be collected over the life of the debt security for the purpose of interest income recognition and determining an OTTI. Although ASC 320 includes guidance about determining whether an entity will recover its amortized cost basis and suggests that a calculation of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected should be performed for this determination, we do not believe such a calculation is required in all cases for securities not in the scope of ASC 325-40. Notwithstanding the above, when such present value calculations are performed, a different discount rate is used to discount the cash flows expected to be collected for securities in the scope of ASC 325-40 from those that are not. For debt securities accounted under ASC 320 that are not subject to ASC 32540, an entity would discount the expected cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security at the date of acquisition for example, using the methodology described in ASC 310, as illustrated in Question 5.7. Conversely, for beneficial interests in securitized financial assets within the scope of ASC 325-40, an entity would use a discount rate equal to the current yield used to accrete the beneficial interest.
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Impairment
Measuring and recognizing an OTTI

Question 5.5 In determining whether a credit loss exists on a debt security and in measuring the amount of any such credit loss, an investor is required to use its best estimate of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security. One way of estimating this amount is that described in ASC 310-10-35, which requires a creditor measure impairment based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loans effective interest rate, except that as a practical expedient, a creditor may measure impairment based on a loans observable market price or the fair value of the collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. Is it appropriate to make use of these practical expedients when determining whether a credit loss exists on a debt security and in measuring the amount any such credit loss? No. In situations in which the investor does not have the intention to sell and it is not more likely than not the investor will be required to sell, the investor is required to assess whether the entire amortized cost basis of a debt security is expected to be recovered. Comparing the fair value of the debt security to its amortized cost basis gives only an indication of the amount of the impairment, not whether there has been a decrease in the amount of cash flows expected to be collected. The fair value of a debt security changes over time (from acquisition) due to changes in a market participants view of the amount and timing of future cash flows (which is not explicitly observable) as well as changes in the market interest rate, which includes changes in the risk premium demanded by investors for bearing uncertainty in the cash flows. We do not believe it is appropriate to consider changes in market rates of interest in determining whether a credit loss exists and when measuring the amount of any credit loss. Rather, we believe an investor should focus only on decreases in future cash flows expected to be collected in determining whether a credit loss exists and in measuring the amount of any credit loss. In making those determinations, the new estimate of cash flows should be discounted at the original discount rate and compared to the debt securitys amortized cost. For debt securities within the scope of ASC 325-40, the new estimate of cash flows should be discounted using a rate equal to the current yield used to accrete interest income for the beneficial interest. This amount should be compared to the present value of the remaining cash flows expected to be collected as estimated at the last date previously revised. Question 5.6 In determining the best estimate of the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security, may an entity use either a single best estimate of cash flows or a probability-weighted estimate of cash flows? Yes. We believe that the decision to use either a single best estimate or a probability-weighted estimate of cash flows is an accounting policy election. Whichever approach is used, entities should document and disclose its policy. ASC 320 does not explicitly require a particular approach. Rather, it suggests that one way of estimating that amount would be to consider the methodology of measuring impairment losses for loans, which is described in ASC 310. In practice, we believe most entities use a single best estimate in applying ASC 310. However, ASC 310 suggests that a probability-weighted measure may also be appropriate. If a single best estimate of cash flows is used, the effective yield implicit in the debt security at the date of acquisition (or for securities within the scope of ASC 325-40, the current yield used to accrete the beneficial interest) is used to calculate the present value of those cash flows.
48
Impairment
If a probability-weighted estimate of cash flows is used, it would not be appropriate to discount these cash flows at the same discount rate used to calculate the present value of a single best estimate of cash flows, because the probability-weighted estimated cash flows incorporate potential variability directly in the expected outcomes, rather than in the discount rate. Therefore, it is important to utilize an effective yield that appropriately considers the risk inherent in the expected cash flows used in the analysis. ASC 820-10-55 discusses the relationship between cash flow uncertainty and discount rates under various present value techniques. When the guidance that is codified in ASC 310 was issued as Statement 114, the Board concluded that a loan impairment should reflect only a deterioration of credit quality, which is evidenced by a decrease in the estimate of future cash flows expected to be received. Changes in market rates of interest or other factors that would not ultimately affect the cash flows expected to be received are therefore excluded from the impairment analysis under ASC 310. Discounting cash flows expected to be received using the effective yield as of the acquisition date, effectively limits the change in value to changes in the amount and timing of cash flows that the entity ultimately expects to receive. Consistent with this view, we do not believe it is appropriate to consider changes in market rates of interest in determining whether a credit loss exists. If an entity chooses to use probability-weighted estimates of cash flows to determine whether there has been a decrease in cash flows expected to be collected, it will be necessary for an entity to have a probability-weighted estimate of cash flows that supports the amortized cost balance of the debt security at acquisition. The interest rate used to discount the probability-weighted cash flows at acquisition should also be used to discount the end of period probability-weighted cash flows in determining whether the entire amortized cost basis of the debt security will be recovered. Question 5.7 How does an entity measure the credit and noncredit components of an OTTI for a debt security not within the scope of ASC 325-40? One way to measure the credit and noncredit components of an impairment would be to use the methodology in ASC 310. However, the use of this methodology is not required. Other methods may be appropriate. In any event, the entity should compare the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected from the debt security with the amortized cost basis of the debt security. Whatever method is chosen, the result should be a new measurement of amortized cost that reflects cash flows expected to be collected. That is, cash flows expected to be collected should represent cash flows that an entity is likely to collect after a careful assessment of all available information. An appropriate discount rate should be used in determining the present value of such cash flows expected to be collected. As discussed in Questions 5.5 and 5.6, we do not believe it is appropriate to consider changes in market rates of interest in measuring the amount of credit loss. For example, using the methodology in ASC 310 and a single best estimate of expected cash flows, an entity would measure the credit impairment as the difference between the current amortized cost and the present value of revised cash flows at the original effective rate (at the debt securitys purchase).
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Impairment
Illustration 5-1:
Measuring an OTTI for a debt security
Assume an entity purchases a 5-year, $10,000 par bond with a 5% coupon (a market rate at the time of purchase) on 31 December 2010. The bond is accounted for under ASC 320 and is classified as an available-for-sale debt security. As of 31 December 2011, the expectation of cash flows to be collected for the years 2014 and 2015 changes such that only $250 of interest is expected to be collected in 2014 and only $9,000 of the principal balance and no interest is expected to be collected in 2015. As of 31 December 2011, the fair value of the debt security is $6,000, which implies an effective yield or discount rate of approximately 16% based on the new estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. Also, assume that the entity does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not the investor will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. The table below shows the original and revised cash flows expected to be collected and illustrates how the credit and noncredit components of an OTTI loss are determined:
Original cash flows expected to be collected 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total gross cash flows Present value discounted at 5% (original effective rate) Fair value as of 31 December 2011 Impairment due to other factors (noncredit) Initial carrying amount Plus: Interest recognized in 2011 Less: Interest collected in 2011 Credit loss impairment at end of 2011 Noncredit impairment at end of 2011 Total impairment Fair value at end of 2011 $ (1,450) (2,550) (4,000) 6,000 $ 500 500 500 500 10,500 $ 12,500 Revised cash flows expected to be collected (collected) 500 500 250 9,000 $ 10,250 Decrease in cash flows expected to be collected n/a 250 1,500 $ 1,750
$ 10,000
$ $ $
8,550 6,000 2,550
$ 1,450
$ 10,000 500 (500)
As illustrated above, applying the guidance of ASC 310, the entity separates the total impairment of $4,000 (the cost basis of $10,000 less the fair value of $6,000 as of 31 December 2011) into (a) the amount representing the decrease in cash flows expected to be collected (i.e., the credit impairment) of $1,450, which is discounted at the original effective rate of 5% (rate at the debt securitys purchase), and (b) the amount related to all other factors of $2,550 (i.e., the noncredit component). Therefore, the entity will recognize an OTTI in earnings of $1,450 for the credit loss and recognize the remaining impairment loss of $2,550 separately in other comprehensive income. Note that on the face of the statement of earnings, the entire $4,000 impairment will be presented, with the $2,550 noncredit
Impairment
impairment deducted from that amount in a separate line to arrive at the net credit impairment recognized in earnings of $1,450. Subsequent to the recognition of the OTTI, the debt securitys adjusted cost basis will be $8,550 (i.e., the previous cost basis of $10,000 less the OTTI amount of $1,450 recognized in earnings) and its carrying value will be $6,000 (i.e., fair value). If the debt security in the example above were classified as held-to-maturity, the entity would recognize an OTTI similar to that of a security classified as available-for-sale. That is, the credit loss of $1,450 would be recognized in earnings, the noncredit impairment of $2,550 would be separately recognized in other comprehensive income, the amortized cost basis would be $8,550 and the carrying value would be $6,000 (i.e., fair value). See Question 5.13 for how an entity should account for held-to-maturity securities subsequent to the recognition of an OTTI loss, including the amortization of the OTTI amount included in accumulated other comprehensive income. Question 5.8 How does an entity measure the credit and noncredit components of an OTTI for a debt security that is in the scope of ASC 325-40? For debt securities accounted for in accordance with ASC 325-40, the credit impairment is measured by comparing the present value of the remaining cash flows as estimated at the initial transaction date (or at the last date previously revised) against the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected at the current financial reporting date, both discounted using the same effective rate from the previous period. In other words, the cash flows estimated at the current financial reporting date should be discounted at a rate equal to the current yield used to accrete the beneficial interest. Illustration 5-2: Measuring an OTTI for a debt security in the scope of ASC 325-40
Assume an entity purchases a beneficial interest within the scope of ASC 325-40 on 1 January 2011 for $5,000. As of 1 January 2011, the expectation of cash flows to be collected over the 5-year life of the investment is illustrated in the table below. Based on the cost and cash flow projections, the effective rate (i.e., the internal rate of return on the investment over its life) for the year ended 31 December 2011 is 11%. Assume the entity collects the 2011 expected cash flows of $800. Applying the 11% effective rate, $550 of this amount is recognized as interest income for the year ending 31 December 2011 and the remaining $250 is accounted for as a reduction of the investments amortized cost. As of 31 December 2011, the fair value of the investment is $4,350, which implies a market yield or discount rate of approximately 14% based on the new estimate of cash flows expected to be collected. Compared to the calculated amortized cost (after the recognition of interest income) of $4,750, the investment is impaired by a total amount of $400. Assume that the entity does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not that the investor will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis. As illustrated in the application of the guidance of ASC 325-40 below, the entity updates its estimates of expected cash flows as of 31 December 2011. Using the effective rate of 11%, which is used to recognize interest income on the beneficial interest for 2011, the entity determines the net present value of the estimated cash flows has adversely changed by $100. Therefore, the entity will recognize an OTTI in earnings of $100 for the adverse change in cash flows (i.e., credit loss) and recognize the remaining impairment loss of $300 (total impairment of $400 less $100 of credit loss) separately in other comprehensive income. Subsequent to the OTTI, the investments adjusted amortized cost basis will be $4,650 (i.e., the amortized cost basis at the end of the year before any impairments of $4,750 less the OTTI amount of $100 recognized in earnings) and its carrying value will be $4,350 (i.e., fair value).
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Impairment
Original cash flows expected to be collected 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Total remaining gross cash flows Amortized cost 1 January 2011 (present value of gross cash flows discounted at 11%) Interest income ($5,000 x 11% effective rate) Cash collected Amortized cost 31 December 2011 (before impairment analysis) OTTI credit loss Adjusted amortized cost 31 December 2011 (after impairment analysis) Impairment analysis Fair value as of 31 December 2011 Amortized cost end of year (before any credit loss impairments) Unrealized gain/loss (before any realized impairments) Net present value of revised estimated cash flows (at 11% effective rate) Net present value of previously estimated cash flows (at 11% effective rate) Change in the net present value of estimated cash flows Total OTTI losses recognized for the period ending 31 December 2011 Portion of OTTI loss recognized in other comprehensive income Net impairment loss recognized in earnings $ $ $ $ 800 600 1,400 2,400 2,000 7,200
Revised cash flows expected to be collected (collected) 600 1,700 2,200 1,700 $ 6,200
5,000 550 (800) 4,750 (100) 4,650
$ $ $ $ $ $
4,350 4,750 (400) 4,650 4,750 (100) (400) 300 (100)
Question 5.9
How is the credit loss component of an OTTI measured for a variable rate debt security? ASC 320 does not provide guidance on how to determine whether there is a decrease in cash flows expected to be collected for variable rate securities and if so, how to measure that credit loss. However, ASC 320 notes that a credit loss exists when the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis of the debt security. For a debt security with a contractual interest rate that varies based on subsequent changes in an independent factor, such as an index or rate (e.g., the prime rate, LIBOR, or the US Treasury bill weekly average), we believe the most appropriate method to calculate the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected is to base estimated cash flows expected to be collected on the variable rate that exists as of the date the cash flow estimate is being made. Under this approach, projections of future changes in the factor should not be made for purposes of estimating cash flows expected to be collected. This approach is consistent with the requirements of ASC 310 and ASC 325-40.
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Impairment
In calculating the present value of such cash flows for purposes of determining whether a credit loss exists and in measuring any credit loss, we believe that the discount rate used should be the rate used in the determination of the cash flows expected to be collected. This approach is consistent with the concept in ASC 320 that credit losses are not caused by changes in interest rates. Subsequent changes in cash flows expected to be collected as a result of a change in the contractual interest rate (as opposed to a decrease attributable to credit issues) should be recognized prospectively as a yield adjustment. Thus, for a decrease in cash flows expected to be collected resulting directly from a change in the contractual interest rate, the effect will be to reduce prospectively the yield recognized rather than recognize a credit loss. Question 5.10 To determine whether a credit loss exists, is an entity required to perform a detailed cash flow analysis for each impaired debt security at each reporting date? For securities not within the scope of ASC 325-40, detailed cash flow analyses may not be necessary. ASC 320 requires an entity to determine if it expects to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the impaired debt security that is, is the present value of the cash flows expected to be collected less than the amortized cost of the impaired debt security. Based on an evaluation of certain qualitative factors, an entity may determine it will recover the entire amortized cost basis of the impaired debt security and that a credit loss does not exist. ASC 320-10-35-33F lists numerous factors (the list is not meant to be allinclusive) an entity should consider when determining whether a credit loss exists and the period over which the fair value of the impaired debt security is expected to recover. An entity should consider all available information relevant to the collectibility of the cash flows of a debt security, including information about past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. If an entitys qualitative assessment suggests a credit loss may exist, the entity would then be required to perform a detailed cash flow analysis to determine whether a credit loss exists and, if so, how to measure such a credit loss. Question 5.11 Is the Implementation Guidance in ASC 310-30-55 useful for measuring impairment and for subsequent accounting of debt securities that are not within the scope of ASC 310? Yes. The methodology described in ASC 310 is consistent with that described in ASC 320. That is, in making a determination about whether there has been a decrease in cash flows expected to be collected, an entity would measure an impairment on the basis of the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the effective interest rate implicit in the debt security at the date of acquisition. See Question 5.8 for an example.
Subsequent accounting after recognition of an OTTI

Question 5.12 After a credit loss has been recognized for an available-for-sale debt security that an entity does not intend to sell and for which it is not more likely than not the entity will be required to sell, how does an entity subsequently accrete the carrying value to the anticipated recovery amount? In periods after the recognition of an OTTI loss for debt securities, an entity should account for the debt security as if it had been purchased on the measurement date of the OTTI at an amortized cost basis equal to the previous amortized cost basis less the OTTI recognized in earnings. For debt securities for which OTTI losses were recognized in earnings, the difference between the new amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected (which should be consistent with any credit loss determination) should be accreted as interest income in accordance with existing applicable guidance (e.g., ASC 310 and ASC 325). Additionally, an entity should continue to estimate the present value of cash flows expected to be collected over the life of the debt security. If upon subsequent evaluation, there is a significant increase in the cash flows expected to be collected or if actual cash flows are significantly greater than
Impairment
cash flows previously expected, we believe these changes should be accounted as a prospective adjustment to the accretable yield in accordance with ASC 310-30 even if the debt security would not otherwise be within the scope of that standard. Question 5.13 After a credit loss has been recognized for a held-to-maturity debt security, how does an entity subsequently accrete the carrying value to the anticipated recovery amount? The OTTI recognized in other comprehensive income for held-to-maturity debt securities should be accreted from OCI to the carrying value of the debt security over the remaining life of the security in a prospective, systematic manner based on the amount and timing of future estimated cash flows, similar to the manner described in Question 5.12. That is, the accretion should increase the carrying value of the debt security until the security matures, an additional OTTI is recognized in earnings or the security is sold (see Question 5.3 about held-to-maturity securities subsequently sold).
Presentation
Question 5.14 When a portion of an OTTI (i.e., the noncredit component) of a debt security classified as available-forsale is recognized in OCI, how should an entity present subsequent changes in the fair value of such available-for-sale debt securities? ASC 220 (formerly, Statement 130) requires entities to separately present in OCI (and in the financial statement where the components of accumulated OCI are reported) amounts related to held-to-maturity and available-for-sale debt securities for which a portion of an OTTI has been recognized in earnings. US GAAP does not indicate how an entity should present subsequent changes in fair value for available-forsale debt securities for which a previous noncredit OTTI loss was recognized in OCI. That is, US GAAP does not specify whether to report: The noncredit OTTI amount together with all subsequent changes in the fair value (positive and negative) of available-for-sale debt securities for which non-credit OTTI was previously recognized in OCI in a single line item, separate from unrealized gains and losses on securities for which an OTTI was not recognized in OCI or The subsequent changes in fair value of available-for-sale debt securities for which a previous noncredit OTTI loss was recognized in OCI together with the changes in fair value of available-for-sale debt securities for which no OTTI losses were previously recognized (i.e., the noncredit portion of an OTTI is presented in a separate line item and is not adjusted for subsequent changes in fair value of the related debt securities)
Rather, ASC 320 simply states that subsequent increases and decrease (if not an additional OTTI) in the fair value of available-for-sale securities should be included in OCI. We believe reporting subsequent changes in fair value of available-for-sale debt securities in accordance with either of the methods described above is acceptable and is an accounting policy election that should be consistently applied. Regardless of which presentation is elected, an entity is required to separately disclose for both available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities the total OTTI recognized in accumulated OCI, by major security type, as of each date for which a statement of financial position is presented.
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Impairment
Question 5.15
In OCI (and accumulated OCI), should the noncredit components of OTTI that are related to held-tomaturity securities be reported separately from those related to available-for-sale debt securities? Separate presentation of the OTTI amounts related to held-to-maturity securities from the OTTI amounts related to available-for-sale debt securities is not required in the financial statement where the components of accumulated OCI are reported. However, separate presentation of these amounts is not precluded. Regardless of how the OTTI amounts related to held-to-maturity and available-for-sale debt securities are reported, ASC 320 requires an entity to disclose separately for available-for-sale and for held-to-maturity securities the total OTTI recognized in accumulated OCI, by major security type as of each date for which a statement of financial position is presented.
Question 5.16
What is the appropriate accounting for a circumstance in which the fair value of a debt security increases but the cash flows expected to be collected decrease? ASC 320 describes a three-step approach to determine when an investment is considered impaired, whether that impairment is other than temporary and the measurement of an impairment loss. The first step in an OTTI assessment is to determine whether an investment is impaired. An investment is impaired if the fair value of the investment is less than cost. When the fair value of an investment is not below the investments cost basis, there can be no OTTI. Therefore, even in circumstances in which there has been a decrease in expected cash flows to be collected from a debt security, but the fair value of the debt security is not below the debt securitys amortized cost, no OTTI has occurred. For example, assume a debt security was purchased at a significant discount due to the demand by market participants for large liquidity premiums. If the investor believes that the cash flows expected to be collected has decreased, but nevertheless the fair value of that debt security is above the debt securitys amortized cost basis (because the liquidity premium being demanded by market participants has decreased by more than market participants expectations about an increase in credit losses), then no OTTI is considered to have occurred. That is, step 1 is not failed and no further analysis is required. In circumstances in which the fair value of a debt security is below the debt securitys cost basis, a decrease in cash flows expected to be collected is an indication that an OTTI has occurred. The amount of the total OTTI (the excess of the debt securitys amortized cost basis over its fair value at the balance sheet date) recognized in earnings depends on whether an entity intends to sell the debt security or whether it is more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current period credit loss. In circumstances in which an entity does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not it will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost basis less any current-period credit loss, the OTTI is separated into the amount related to the credit loss (i.e., the decrease in cash flows expected to be collected), which is recognized in earnings, and the amount related to all other factors, which is recognized in OCI. Although the presentation of the OTTI differs between the two categories, both categories are considered OTTIs. Subsequent increases in the fair value of debt securities classified as available-for-sale also are reported in OCI. Based on the above principles, when the fair value of a previously other-than-temporarily impaired debt security increases while at the same time there is a decrease in expected cash flows expected to be collected, the increase in the estimated credit loss should be recognized in earnings in circumstances in which the fair value of the debt security remains below its amortized cost. Consider the following examples:
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Impairment
Illustration 5-3: 2011
Increase in fair value with a decrease in expected cash flows following an OTTI
A debt security is purchased at par on 1 January 2011 for $1,000 and is classified as availablefor-sale At 31 December 2011, the fair value of the debt security is $600 The impairment is deemed to be other than temporary The credit portion of the OTTI is $100 and the noncredit portion is $300 The entity does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not the entity will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost
To summarize: Amortized cost Fair value Unrealized loss $ $ 1,000 1 600 400
Before recognition of the 2011 OTTI
The OTTI is presented on the face of the income statement as follows: Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income (before taxes) Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
$ $
400 (300) 100
A rollforward of amortized cost, cumulative OTTI recognized in earnings and accumulated OCI is as follows [Dr. (Cr.)]: Amortized cost $ 1,000 (100) $ 900 $ Cumulative OTTI in earnings $ 100 100 $ Unrealized gain/loss $ $ OTTI loss in OCI $ 300 300 $ Total accumulated OCI $ 300 300
Balance at 1 January 2011 OTTI recognized Balance at 31 December 2011
2012 At 31 December 2012, the fair value of the debt security is $700 There is an additional credit loss of $100 The entity does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not the entity will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost
To summarize: Amortized cost Fair value Unrealized loss
2
$ $
900 2 700 200
The OTTI is presented on the face of the income statement as follows: Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income (before taxes) Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
$ $
100 100
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Impairment
Because of the increase in fair value in 2012, there is nothing to be recognized on the Total otherthan-temporary impairment losses line. Rather, the nature of the OTTI recognized in OCI in 2011 has changed from noncredit to credit in 2012, resulting in a reclassification from OCI to earnings. A rollforward of amortized cost, cumulative OTTI recognized in earnings and accumulated OCI is as follows [Dr. (Cr.)]:
Amortized cost $ 900 (100) $ 800 Cumulative OTTI in earnings $ 100 100 $ 200 Unrealized gain/loss $ (100) $ (100) Total OTTI loss accumulated in OCI OCI $ 300 $ 300 (100) (100) (100) $ 200 $ 100
Balance at 1 January 2012 Unrealized gain recognized in 2012 Reclassification to earnings Balance at 31 December 2012
2013 Scenario 1 At 31 December 2013, the fair value of the debt security is $800 There is an additional credit loss of $50
To summarize: Amortized cost Fair value Unrealized loss $ $ 800 800
Because the fair value of the debt security is not below amortized cost, no incremental OTTI is recognized. Although this scenario is unlikely to occur, it is useful to illustrate the point that even where there is a decrease in cash flows expected to be collected, unless the fair value of the debt security is below its amortized cost, the additional credit loss is not recognized currently. A rollforward of amortized cost, cumulative OTTI recognized in earnings and accumulated OCI is as follows [Dr. (Cr.)]:
Amortized cost $ 800 $ 800 Cumulative OTTI in earnings $ 200 $ 200 Unrealized gain/loss $ (100) (100) $ (200) OTTI loss in OCI $ 200 $ 200 Total accumulated OCI $ 100 (100) $
Balance at 1 January 2013 Unrealized gain recognized in 2013 Reclassification to earnings Balance at 31 December 2013
2013 Scenario 2 At 31 December 2013, the fair value of the debt security is $775 There is an additional credit loss of $150 The entity does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not the entity will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost
To summarize: Amortized cost Fair value Unrealized loss
3
$ $
800 3 775 25
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Impairment
The OTTI is presented on the face of the income statement as follows: Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income (before taxes) Net impairment losses recognized in earnings $ $ 150 150
In this scenario, the fair value of the debt security is below cost, resulting in an unrealized loss at 31 December 2013, albeit one that is less than the amount of the credit loss. In these circumstances, the amount of the credit loss is recognized in earnings. Because the total amount of noncredit OTTI recognized on this debt security in 2011 was $300, and only $100 was reclassified to date from noncredit to credit (in 2012), the $150 of additional credit loss recognized in 2013 is also a reclassification as the nature of the OTTI recognized in OCI in 2011 has changed from noncredit to credit in 2013. Although this scenario is unlikely to occur, it is useful to illustrate the point that it is possible for a debt securitys amortized cost to be written down below fair value, with a portion of the credit loss recognized in earnings offset by an unrealized gain in OCI. A rollforward of amortized cost, cumulative OTTI recognized in earnings and accumulated OCI is as follows [Dr. (Cr.)]:
Amortized cost Balance at 1 January 2013 Unrealized gain recognized in 2013 Reclassification to earnings Balance at 31 December 2013 $ $ 800 (150) 650 $ Cumulative OTTI in earnings $ 200 150 350 Unrealized gain/loss $ (100) (75) $ (175) $ OTTI loss in OCI $ 200 (150) 50 Total accumulated OCI $ 100 (75) (150) $ (125)
Question 5.17
What is the appropriate accounting for a circumstance in which the total decline in fair value of a debt security below its amortized cost basis (i.e., the impaired amount) is less than a decline in cash flows expected to be collected and there is no non-credit OTTI in equity before the current period credit loss (because there has been no previous OTTI taken)? Must an entity recognize a credit loss in excess of the total impaired amount when there is no non-credit OTTI in accumulated other comprehensive income? Based on the principles described in Question 5.16, when there is a decrease in expected cash flows expected to be collected, the increase in the estimated credit loss should be recognized in earnings in circumstances in which the fair value of the debt security remains below its amortized cost (i.e., an otherthan-temporary impairment has occurred). Consider the following example: Illustration 5-4: Credit losses in excess of total decline in fair value below amortized cost
A debt security with a $1,000 par value is purchased at a $300 discount on 1 January 2011 for $700 and is classified as available-for-sale The original effective yield is 20%, which reflects a significant discount due to the demand by market participants for large liquidity premiums At 31 December 2011, the net present value of the estimated cash flows, discounted at the original effective yield (20%), is $600 At 31 December 2011, the fair value of the debt security has decreased to only $660 (i.e., the liquidity premium being demanded by market participants has decreased by more than the entitys estimate of the increase in credit loss)
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Impairment
The impairment is deemed to be other than temporary No previous OTTI was recognized for this security, and thus there is no non-credit OTTI recognized in accumulated OCI The entity does not intend to sell the debt security and it is not more likely than not the entity will be required to sell the debt security before recovery of its amortized cost
To summarize: Amortized cost Fair value Unrealized loss $ $ 700 1 660 40
Before recognition of the current period OTTI
The OTTI would be presented on the face of the income statement as follows: Total other-than-temporary impairment losses Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income (before taxes) Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
2
$
2
40 60 100
This item is typically a loss representing other non-credit factors of the OTTI.
The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to the credit loss should be recognized in earnings (ASC 320-10-35-34D). In this example, the credit loss is $100 (i.e., the difference between the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the original effective interest rate of 20% ($600) and the amortized cost basis of the debt security ($700)). Because the total OTTI amount is the difference between the amortized cost basis of the debt security and the fair value of the debt security (i.e., $40), we believe the remaining $60 difference should be recognized and presented as an unrealized gain in equity. This example is different than the example in Question 5.16 because in that example non-credit OTTI exists in accumulated other comprehensive income that merely was converted to credit loss. That is, in Question 5.16 the total cumulative OTTI recognized (both credit and non-credit) was in excess of cumulative credit losses recognized. In this example, however, total cumulative credit losses exceed total OTTI recognized. The income statement line item Portion recognized in other comprehensive income (before taxes) does not represent a reclassification of non-credit OTTI to credit OTTI. Rather, it represents an unrealized gain that is being recognized in other comprehensive income. Although this scenario is unlikely to occur, it is useful to illustrate the point that it is possible to recognize a credit loss in earnings in excess of the total cumulative OTTI recognized on a particular security. We believe the negative non-credit OTTI would be presented with other unrealized gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income and not included in with non-credit OTTI in accumulated other comprehensive income. A rollforward of amortized cost, cumulative OTTI recognized in earnings and accumulated OCI would be shown as follows [Dr. (Cr.)]:
Amortized cost
Balance at 1 January 2011 OTTI recognized Balance at 31 December 2011 $ $ 700 (100) 600 $
Cumulative OTTI in earnings

$ 100 100
Unrealized gain/loss
$ $ (60) (60)
OTTI loss in OCI

$ $
Total accumulated OCI

$ $ (60) (60)
59
6
6.1
Other issues
Estimating fair value
While ASC 320 applies only to equity securities with readily determinable fair values, it applies to all investments in debt securities, whether or not their fair value is readily determinable. Even though heldto-maturity securities are carried at amortized cost in the statement of financial position, entities must disclose the fair value of such securities in the notes to the financial statements, and fair value is used in the other-than-temporary assessment. As a result, entities must determine the fair value of all debt securities. ASC 820 discusses fair value measurements. Refer to EY Financial Reporting Developments publication, Fair value measurements and disclosures, for additional information.
6.2
Interaction between ASC 815 and ASC 320

ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging permits special hedge accounting for certain items and transactions to mitigate the effect of recording the change in fair value of derivatives through earnings in the statement of operations. These hedges are described as fair value or cash flow hedges. Cash flow hedges of variable interest flows of securities holdings do not impact the accounting treatment of securities under ASC 320.
6.2.1
Hedging securities classified as trading

Securities classified as trading under ASC 320-10-35-1 are carried at fair value in the statement of financial position and unrealized gains and losses are immediately recognized in earnings. ASC 815 prohibits hedge accounting if the hedged item is remeasured (or will be remeasured subsequent to acquisition) to fair value with changes in fair value attributed to the hedged risk reported currently in earnings (ASC 815-20-25-43(c)(3) and ASC 815-20-25-15(d)). Therefore, fair value hedge accounting is not permitted for securities classified as trading. Also, cash flow hedge accounting is not permitted for forecasted acquisitions or dispositions of securities classified as trading.
6.2.2
Hedging securities classified as available-for-sale

Available-for-sale securities, if not hedged, are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value reflected on the statement of financial position in other comprehensive income (after adjusting for deferred taxes). Hedge accounting under ASC 815 is permitted for securities classified as available-for-sale since the changes in the fair value of the underlying security is recognized in other comprehensive income and not directly in earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives designated in qualifying cash flow hedge relationships are also recognized in other comprehensive income rather than earnings (ASC 815-30-35-3 and ASC 815-20-35-1(c)). If designated as a hedged item in a fair value hedge, the changes in fair value of the available-for-sale security attributable to the risk being hedged will be reflected in the income statement not other comprehensive income for as long as hedge accounting is applicable. Meanwhile, the changes in fair value of the available-for-sale security attributable to other risks not hedged will continue to follow ASC 320 accounting and be reflected in other comprehensive income. If an available-for-sale security has a bifurcated derivative (as with an available-for-sale convertible bond), ASC 320 continues to govern accounting for the host security but ASC 815 governs accounting for the bifurcated derivative.
Other issues
6.2.3
Hedging securities classified as held-to-maturity

Held-to-maturity securities are normally carried at amortized cost (as adjusted for other-than-temporary impairments, if any) on the statement of financial position. Although hedges of interest rate risk are not permitted, a held-to-maturity security can be hedged for credit risk or foreign currency risk in a fair value hedge. In these cases, the carrying value of the held-to-maturity security is adjusted for changes in its fair value attributable solely to credit downgrades and upgrades. It is also permissible to hedge the variability of cash flows related to a held-to-maturity security attributable to credit risk, foreign currency risk, or both, but not attributable to interest rate risk.
6.3
Initial carrying amount of equity securities that become marketable

Investments Debt and Equity Securities Overall Initial Measurement Cost-Method Equity Securities Subsequently Become Marketable 320-10-30-3 If a previously nonmarketable equity security becomes marketable (for example, due to a change in circumstances, it now has a fair value that is readily determinable), the cost basis of the nonmarketable security (reduced by any other-than-temporary impairment that has been recognized) shall become the basis of the security. If a change in marketability provides evidence that an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred, a write-down shall be recorded before applying the guidance in this Subtopic, and the loss shall be classified consistently with other write-downs of similar investments. (This presumes that the nonmarketable security had not been accounted for under the equity method.)
6.4
Carrying amount of equity securities previously accounted for under the equity method
Investments Debt and Equity Securities Overall Initial Measurement Equity Method Is No Longer Appropriate 320-10-30-4 If it is determined that a marketable equity security should no longer be accounted for under the equity method (for example, due to a decrease in the level of ownership), the security's initial basis shall be the previous carrying amount of the investment. Paragraph 323-10-35-36 states that the earnings or losses that relate to the stock retained shall remain as a part of the carrying amount of the investment and that the investment account shall not be adjusted retroactively. Subsequently, the security shall be accounted for pursuant to paragraph 320-10-35-1.
6.5
Conversion of a loan into a debt security

A creditor may receive a debt security in settlement of a loan in a debt restructuring. Pursuant to ASC 310-40-40-8A, the initial cost basis of the debt security received should be its fair value on the date of the restructuring. Any excess of the fair value of the security received over the net carrying amount of the loan should be recorded as a recovery on the loan. Any excess of the net carrying amount of the loan over the fair value of the security received should be recorded as a charge-off to the allowance for credit losses. Subsequent to the restructuring, the security received should be accounted for according to the provisions of ASC 320.
Other issues
Pursuant to ASC 310-40-40-9, a security received in a restructuring in settlement of a claim for only the past-due interest on a loan should be measured at the security's fair value at the date of the restructuring and accounted for in a manner consistent with the entity's policy for recognizing cash received for past-due interest (e.g., cost recovery method or installment method). Subsequent to the restructuring, the security received should be accounted for according to the provisions of ASC 320.
6.6
Foreign exchange gains and losses

For investments in securities denominated in a foreign currency, unrealized gains and losses for ASC 320 purposes include changes resulting from both movements in foreign exchange rates and movements in other market factors. Exchange rates and other determinants of fair value are so interrelated that these changes would be impractical to measure separately. Accordingly, a holder should account for the entire change in fair value of a foreign currency-denominated available-for-sale security in accordance with ASC 320 (i.e., included in other comprehensive income, net of tax affects), without separating any foreign exchange component of the change in the value of the security. Likewise, the entire change in the fair value of a security classified as trading should be reported in net income in the period the change occurs. However, since securities classified as held-to-maturity are carried at amortized cost (including other-than-temporary impairments, if any), changes in the foreign currency exchange rates should be reported as a foreign currency transaction gain or loss pursuant to ASC 830-20-35-1.
6.7
Recording sales of securities classified as trading and available-for-sale

The sale of an available-for-sale security is generally recorded as a debit to cash (or trade date receivable) for the sales proceeds, and a credit to remove the security at its fair value (or sales price). The amount recorded in other comprehensive income, representing the unrealized gain or loss at the date of sale, is reversed into earnings, and the deferred tax accounts are adjusted (ASC 320-10-40-2). Some adjustment to this procedure is necessary for entities that have not yet recorded the securitys change in value up to the point of sale (i.e., adjust the carrying amount of the security to its fair value immediately before the sale with a corresponding adjustment to other comprehensive income and related deferred tax amounts, if any, when fair value changes are recorded at the end of each interim period) or when write-downs for other-than-temporary impairment have been recognized. The sale of a trading security is generally recorded as a debit to cash (or trade date receivable) for the sales proceeds, and a credit is recorded to remove the security at its fair value (or sales price). If the entity is not taxed on a mark-to-market basis, the deferred tax accounts would be adjusted (ASC 320-1040-1). The sale of a trading security does not necessarily give rise to a gain or loss since all changes in a trading securitys fair value are reported in earnings as they occur. Some adjustment to this procedure is necessary for entities that have not yet recorded the securitys change in value up to the point of sale (i.e., adjust the carrying amount of the security to its fair value immediately before the sale with a corresponding adjustment to earnings and related deferred tax amounts, if any, when fair value changes are not recorded at the end of each day).
6.8
SEC staff views on inappropriate gain recognition on sales of securities

The SEC and several state insurance regulatory bodies have expressed concerns regarding inappropriate gain recognition on sales of securities if there is an arrangement to reacquire them. For example, in Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Release No. 529 (the Release), issued in February 1994, the SEC maintained that an entity misstated its quarterly and annual financial statements by recording as realized gains the sale of debt securities that the entity subsequently reacquired.
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Other issues
The Release states that the entity made arrangements with two brokerage firms to sell and repurchase certain debt securities with current values in excess of the entitys carrying value. The securities were sold to the brokerage firms and subsequently repurchased (31 days later) by the entity at the initial sale price plus a nominal fee to the broker. The prices of both the sale and the repurchase were established before the transactions were executed. In form, the transactions described above included sales of securities at prices above the entitys carrying value. This form may suggest that the entity should have recognized a gain on the sale. In substance, however, the entity did not dispose of the debt securities because the entity, in advance of the sales, arranged to repurchase the securities from the buyer at the sales price plus a nominal commission. Accordingly, the entity was not at risk that the market values of the debt securities would fluctuate after the sale, and therefore, no gains should have been recognized. Under ASC 860, unless there is a concurrent contract to repurchase or redeem the transferred financial assets from the transferee, the FASB concluded that the transferor does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets during the period they have been sold. As a result, wash sales would be accounted for as sales. However, in situations where a gain would be recognized, when there is any contractual arrangement (including an oral agreement) between the parties to buy back the securities, the transaction would be accounted for as a financing (i.e., in substance it is a repurchase agreement). See EYs Financial Reporting Developments publication, Transfers and servicing of financial assets.
6.9
Reporting requirement for insurance companies

Financial ServicesInsurance Initial Measurement Certain Equity Securities 944-325-30-1 Investments in equity securities that are not within the scope of Subtopic 320-10 or 958-320 because they do not have readily determinable fair values shall be reported at fair value. Entities within the scope of ASC 944, Financial Services Insurance, are required to report investments in equity securities that are not within the scope of ASC 320 or 958-320 (not-for-profits), because they do not have readily determinable fair values, at fair value with changes in fair value recognized as unrealized gains and losses and reported, net of applicable income taxes, in other comprehensive income. ASC 944-325-30 has the effect of requiring all insurance entities subject to the requirements of ASC 944 to measure their investments in equity securities at fair value, regardless of whether the equity security has a readily determinable fair value.
6.10
Deferred policy acquisition costs

ASC 320 created additional considerations relating to unrealized gains and losses on certain investments for life insurance companies that issue investment or universal life-type contracts, as defined by ASC 944-20-15-11, 15-16, 15-17 and 15-26. In this context, unrealized gains and losses are any gains and losses not yet realized through sale and, therefore, exist for both securities classified as trading and securities classified as available for sale. ASC 944-30-35-8 requires that deferred policy acquisition costs (DPAC) be reevaluated (i.e., unlocked) when entities recognize realized gains on investments. However, the effect on DPAC amortization of unrealized gains and losses is not addressed.
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Other issues
Because unrealized gains and losses on trading securities are reported in the income statement, the provisions of ASC 944-30-35-8 related to DPAC amortization apply to such unrealized gains and losses. With respect to unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities, a similar unlocking should occur. However, the increase or decrease to DPAC amortization as a result of unlocking relating to unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities should be reported directly in other comprehensive income as an offset to the related unrealized gains or losses on the available-for-sale securities that are also reported directly in other comprehensive income. Entities should also adjust other assets and liabilities that would have been adjusted if the unrealized holding gains and losses from securities classified as available-for-sale actually had been realized in accordance with the SEC staffs announcement in ASC 320-10-S99-2 (e.g., present value of future profits (PVFP)). However, just as the unrealized gains and losses on the available-for-sale securities have no effect on income, neither do these adjustments. Accordingly, DPAC and PVFP continue to be amortized in income using the estimated gross profits unaffected by the unrealized gains and losses. Although not specifically addressed by the SEC announcements, a reasonable application of the SEC staff position is that any such adjustments cannot increase DPAC or PVFP beyond their original levels, plus accrued interest. In addition, these adjustments to assets and liabilities due to unrealized holding gains and losses attributable to securities classified as available-for-sale are amortized in the same manner as adjustments to assets and liabilities due to unrealized holding gains and losses attributable to realized gains and losses.
6.11
Accounting for income taxes

ASC 740 discusses accounting for income taxes. Refer to Ernst & Youngs (EY) Financial Reporting Developments publication, Accounting for Income Taxes, for additional information.
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7
7.1
Presentation and disclosure

Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure
InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Other Presentation Matters Balance Sheet Classification 320-10-45-1 An entity shall report its investments in available-for-sale securities and trading securities separately from similar assets that are subsequently measured using another measurement attribute on the face of the statement of financial position. To accomplish that, an entity shall do either of the following: a. b. Present the aggregate of those fair value and non-fair-value amounts in the same line item and parenthetically disclose the amount of fair value included in the aggregate amount Present two separate line items to display the fair value and non-fair-value carrying amounts.
320-10-45-2 An entity that presents a classified statement of financial position shall report individual held-tomaturity securities, individual available-for-sale securities, and individual trading securities as either current or noncurrent, as appropriate, under the guidance of Section 210-10-45. ASC 320 requires entities to present the individual amounts of the three categories of investments on either the face of the statement of financial position or in the notes to their financial statements. Thus, entities that report certain investments in debt securities as cash equivalents or that include investments in equity securities as a component of other assets, may do so, as long as they reconcile the reporting classifications used in the balance sheet to the disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. On the other hand, entities with material amounts of investments generally present each category separately on the face of the balance sheet. An entity with a classified statement of financial position and a significant investment portfolio conceivably could have six different investment captions trading securities (current and noncurrent6), available-for-sale securities (current and noncurrent) and held-to-maturity securities (current and noncurrent). In such circumstances, it may be more appropriate to present the detailed disclosures in the notes to the financial statements. Held-to-maturity securities should be classified as current or noncurrent based on the maturity date (or call date if exercise of the call within the next operating period or fiscal year is probable) of the individual debt securities. The statement of financial position classification for held-to-maturity securities generally
Entities that classify long-term securities as trading would generally be those that have elected to designate such securities as trading upon acquisition. Classification as trading is not precluded simply because the entity does not intend to sell in the near term (ASC 320-10-25-1); accordingly, trading securities maturing more than one year after the statement of financial position date would be reported as long-term. 65
should agree to the disclosure of maturities included in the notes to the financial statements. However, differences might result because of the use of expected repayments (i.e., call) in the statement of financial position classification versus contractual maturities in the notes to the financial statements. Debt securities classified as available-for-sale generally should be classified as current or noncurrent, based on maturities and the entitys expectations of sales and redemptions in the following year. ASC 210-10-45-1(f) states that in determining current versus noncurrent, entities should generally classify as current assets marketable securities representing the investment of cash available for current operations, including investments in debt and equity securities classified as trading securities under ASC 320-10, unless those securities were classified as trading solely for better operating statement matching purposes. Thus, we believe that if an entity views its available-for-sale portfolio as available for use in its current operations, it may classify marketable equity securities as current, even if it does not necessarily intend to dispose of the securities in the following year. Because the classifications of available-for-sale securities are based on managements intentions rather than actual maturity dates, the statement of financial position classification may not be consistent with the disclosure of contractual maturities of debt securities included in the notes to the financial statements. Management should consider disclosing material differences between the statement of financial position and the notes to the financial statements to help readers understand the information presented.
7.1.1
Disclosures about statement of financial position accounts

InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Disclosure Securities Classified as Available for Sale 320-10-50-2 For securities classified as available for sale, all reporting entities shall disclose all of the following by major security type as of each date for which a statement of financial position is presented: a. Amortized cost basis
aa. Aggregate fair value aaa. Total other-than-temporary impairment recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income b. c. d. Total gains for securities with net gains in accumulated other comprehensive income Total losses for securities with net losses in accumulated other comprehensive income Information about the contractual maturities of those securities as of the date of the most recent statement of financial position presented.
Securities Classified as Held to Maturity 320-10-50-5 For securities classified as held to maturity, all reporting entities shall disclose all of the following by major security type as of each date for which a statement of financial position is presented: a. Amortized cost basis
aa. Aggregate fair value b. c. Gross unrecognized holding gains Gross unrecognized holding losses
66
d.
Net carrying amount
dd. Total other-than-temporary impairment recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income e. f. Gross gains and losses in accumulated other comprehensive income for any derivatives that hedged the forecasted acquisition of the held-to-maturity securities Information about the contractual maturities of those securities as of the date of the most recent statement of financial position presented. (Maturity information may be combined in appropriate groupings. Securities not due at a single maturity date, such as mortgage-backed securities, may be disclosed separately rather than allocated over several maturity groupings; if allocated, the basis for allocation also shall be disclosed.)
Impairment of Securities 320-10-50-6 For all investments in an unrealized loss position, including those that fall within the scope of Subtopic 325-40, for which other-than-temporary impairments have not been recognized in earnings (including investments for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment has been recognized in other comprehensive income), an entity shall disclose all of the following in its interim and annual financial statements: a. As of each date for which a statement of financial position is presented, quantitative information, aggregated by category of investmenteach major security type that the entity discloses in accordance with this Subtopic and cost-method investmentsin tabular form: 1. 2. b. The aggregate related fair value of investments with unrealized losses The aggregate amount of unrealized losses (that is, the amount by which amortized cost basis exceeds fair value).
As of the date of the most recent statement of financial position, additional information (in narrative form) that provides sufficient information to allow financial statement users to understand the quantitative disclosures and the information that the entity considered (both positive and negative) in reaching the conclusion that the impairment or impairments are not other than temporary. (The application of Step 2 in paragraph 320-10-35-30 shall provide insight into the entity's rationale for concluding that unrealized losses are not other-than-temporary impairments. The disclosures required may be aggregated by investment categories, but individually significant unrealized losses generally shall not be aggregated.) This disclosure could include all of the following: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The nature of the investment(s) The cause(s) of the impairment(s) The number of investment positions that are in an unrealized loss position The severity and duration of the impairment(s) Other evidence considered by the investor in reaching its conclusion that the investment is not other-than-temporarily impaired, including, for example, any of the following: i. Performance indicators of the underlying assets in the security, including any of the following: 01. Default rates
67
02. Delinquency rates 03. Percentage of nonperforming assets. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Loan-to-collateral-value ratios Third-party guarantees Current levels of subordination Vintage Geographic concentration
vii. Industry analyst reports viii. Sector credit ratings vx. Volatility of the security's fair value x. 320-10-50-7 The disclosures in (a)(1) through (a)(2) in the preceding paragraph shall be segregated by those investments that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and those that have been in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 months or longer. 320-10-50-8 The reference point for determining how long an investment has been in a continuous unrealized loss position is the balance sheet date of the reporting period in which the impairment is identified. For entities that do not prepare interim financial information, the reference point is the annual balance sheet date of the period during which the impairment was identified. The continuous unrealized loss position ceases upon either of the following: a. b. The recognition of the total amount by which amortized cost basis exceeds fair value as an otherthan-temporary impairment in earnings The investor becoming aware of a recovery of fair value up to (or beyond) the amortized cost basis of the investment during the period. Any other information that the investor considers relevant.
320-10-50-8A For interim and annual periods in which an other-than-temporary impairment of a debt security is recognized and only the amount related to a credit loss was recognized in earnings, an entity shall disclose by major security type, the methodology and significant inputs used to measure the amount related to credit loss. Examples of significant inputs include, but are not limited to, all of the following: a. Performance indicators of the underlying assets in the security, including all of the following: 1. 2. 3. b. c. Default rates Delinquency rates Percentage of nonperforming assets
Loan-to-collateral-value ratios Third-party guarantees

68
d. e. f. g.
Current levels of subordination Vintage Geographic concentration Credit ratings.
320-10-50-8B For each interim and annual reporting period presented, an entity shall disclose a tabular rollforward of the amount related to credit losses recognized in earnings in accordance with paragraph 320-1035-34D, which shall include at a minimum, all of the following: a. The beginning balance of the amount related to credit losses on debt securities held by the entity at the beginning of the period for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income Additions for the amount related to the credit loss for which an other-than-temporary impairment was not previously recognized Reductions for securities sold during the period (realized) Reductions for securities for which the amount previously recognized in other comprehensive income was recognized in earnings because the entity intends to sell the security or more likely than not will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis If the entity does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the entity will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, additional increases to the amount related to the credit loss for which an other-than-temporary impairment was previously recognized Reductions for increases in cash flows expected to be collected that are recognized over the remaining life of the security (see paragraph 320-10-35-35) The ending balance of the amount related to credit losses on debt securities held by the entity at the end of the period for which a portion of an other-than-temporary impairment was recognized in other comprehensive income.
b. c. d.
e.
f. g.
Unrealized loss disclosures In preparing the unrealized loss disclosures required by ASC 320-10-50-7, in circumstances where an OTTI is recognized but only the credit loss is recognized in earnings and the non-credit OTTI remains in OCI, the clock does not reset. The length of time that the unrealized loss exists does not change simply because the character of the unrealized loss changed to non-credit OTTI. That is, the recognition of an OTTI does not refresh the unrealized loss (i.e., the non-credit OTTI) that remains in OCI. Credit loss rollforward disclosures The amount of credit losses to be rolled forward each period in accordance with ASC 320-10-55-8B represents the cumulative credit loss amount recognized in income on impaired debt securities for which a portion of the impairment was recognized in OCI. Subsequent increases in cash flows on debt securities for which OTTI was previously recognized in earnings for credit losses are recognized as a prospective yield adjustment. As such, the amount to be included in the rollforward for the reduction for increases in cash flows expected to be collected that are recognized over the remaining life of the security should include only amounts recognized in income in the current period related to the increase in the yield. For example, if an increase in cash flows expected to be collected results in the yield increasing from
8 percent to 9 percent, it is the effect on current period income of the 1 percent increase in the yield that is included in the rollforward. However, there is nothing that prohibits an entity from also disclosing the entire amount of the increase in cash flows expected to be collected that arose during the period.
7.1.2
Additional disclosures for financial institutions

Financial ServicesDepository and Lending Overall Disclosure General 942-320-50-2 In complying with the requirements in the preceding paragraph, financial institutions shall include in their disclosure all of the following major security types, although additional types also may be necessary: a. Equity securities, segregated by any one of the following: 1. 2. 3. b. c. d. e. f. ff. Industry type Entity size Investment objective.
Debt securities issued by the U.S. Treasury and other U.S. government corporations and agencies Debt securities issued by states of the United States and political subdivisions of the states Debt securities issued by foreign governments Corporate debt securities Residential mortgage-backed securities Commercial mortgage-backed securities
fff. Collateralized debt obligations g. Other debt obligations.
942-320-50-3 In complying with this requirement, financial institutions shall disclose the fair value and the net carrying amount (if different from fair value) of debt securities based on at least 4 maturity groupings: a. b. c. d. Within 1 year After 1 year through 5 years After 5 years through 10 years After 10 years.
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7.1.3
Disclosures about cost-method investments

InvestmentsOther Cost Method Investments Disclosure General 325-20-50-1 For cost-method investments, an investor shall disclose all of the following additional information, if applicable, as of each date for which a statement of financial position is presented in its interim and annual financial statements: a. b. c. The aggregate carrying amount of all cost-method investments The aggregate carrying amount of cost-method investments that the investor did not evaluate for impairment (see Section 325-20-35) The fact that the fair value of a cost-method investment is not estimated if there are no identified events or changes in circumstances that may have a significant adverse effect on the fair value of the investment, and any one of the following: 1. 2. 3. That the investor determined, in accordance with paragraphs 825-10-50-16 through 50-19, that it is not practicable to estimate the fair value of the investment That the investor is exempt from estimating annual fair values under Subtopic 825-10 The investor is exempt from estimating interim fair values because it does not meet the definition of a publicly traded company.
7.2
Income statement presentation and disclosure

Dividend and interest income, including amortization of the premium and discount on debt securities for all three categories of investments, are included in earnings (ASC 320-10-35-4). Realized gains and losses for securities classified as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity are also reported in earnings, as are realized and unrealized gains and losses for securities classified as trading. Other-than-temporary impairment should be presented in the statement of earnings with an offset for the amount of the total OTTI that is recognized in OCI, if any. The following is an example of the presentation: Illustration 7-1: Presentation of OTTI in the statement of earnings
$ $ 4,000 (2,550) 1,450
Total other-than-temporary impairment losses on securities Portion of loss recognized in other comprehensive income Net impairment losses recognized in earnings
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7.2.1
Disclosures about income statement accounts

InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Disclosure Sales, Transfers, and Related Matters that Occurred During the Period 320-10-50-9 For each period for which the results of operations are presented, an entity shall disclose all of the following: a. b. The proceeds from sales of available-for-sale securities and the gross realized gains and gross realized losses that have been included in earnings as a result of those sales The basis on which the cost of a security sold or the amount reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings was determined (that is, specific identification, average cost, or other method used) The gross gains and gross losses included in earnings from transfers of securities from the available-for-sale category into the trading category The amount of the net unrealized holding gain or loss on available-for-sale securities for the period that has been included in accumulated other comprehensive income and the amount of gains and losses reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings for the period The portion of trading gains and losses for the period that relates to trading securities still held at the reporting date.
c. d.
e.
320-10-50-10 For any sales of or transfers from securities classified as held-to-maturity, an entity shall disclose all of the following in the notes to the financial statements for each period for which the results of operations are presented: a. b. c. d. The net carrying amount of the sold or transferred security The net gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income for any derivative that hedged the forecasted acquisition of the held-to-maturity security The related realized or unrealized gain or loss The circumstances leading to the decision to sell or transfer the security. (Such sales or transfers should be rare, except for sales and transfers due to the changes in circumstances identified in paragraph 320-10-25-6(a) through (f).)
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7.3
Other comprehensive income presentation and disclosure

Comprehensive Income Overall Other Presentation Matters Reporting Comprehensive Income 220-10-45-5 All components of comprehensive income shall be reported in the financial statements in the period in which they are recognized. A total amount for comprehensive income shall be displayed in the financial statement where the components of other comprehensive income are reported. Paragraph 810-10-50-1A(a) states that, if an entity has an outstanding noncontrolling interest (minority interest), amounts for both comprehensive income attributable to the parent and comprehensive income attributable to the noncontrolling interest in a less-than-wholly-owned subsidiary are reported on the face of the financial statement in which comprehensive income is presented in addition to presenting consolidated comprehensive income. Classifications within Other Comprehensive Income 220-10-45-13 Items included in other comprehensive income shall be classified based on their nature. For related implementation guidance, see paragraph 220-10-55-2. Reclassification Adjustments 220-10-45-15 Reclassification adjustments shall be made to avoid double counting in comprehensive income items that are displayed as part of net income for a period that also had been displayed as part of other comprehensive income in that period or earlier periods. For example, gains on investment securities that were realized and included in net income of the current period that also had been included in other comprehensive income as unrealized holding gains in the period in which they arose must be deducted through other comprehensive income of the period in which they are included in net income to avoid including them in comprehensive income twice (see paragraph 320-10-40-2). Unrealized holding gains and losses on available-for-sale securities (including those classified as current assets) should be excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income until realized. Prior to the effective date of ASU 2011-05, Presentation of Comprehensive Income, reclassification adjustments may be displayed using either (1) a gross display (i.e., reclassification adjustments are reported separately from other changes in the respective balance; thus, the total change is reported as two amounts) on the face of the financial statement in which comprehensive income is reported or (2) a net display on the face of the financial statement with the gross change displayed in the notes to the financial statements. For example, in a gross display presentation the reclassification adjustment for realized gains and losses on the sale of securities would be shown separately from other changes in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities. The following is an example for determining reclassification adjustments. Refer to section 7.3.1 for guidance on how these presentation requirements will change.
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Illustration 7-2:
Reclassification adjustments
A company made its initial purchase of securities in January 2011 for $17,000 for its available-forsale portfolio. These securities appreciated in fair value by $3,000 to $20,000 as of December 31, 2011, and an additional $2,000 in value in 2012 ($1,500 in the first quarter and $500 in April 2012) prior to being sold for a $5,000 gain on April 30, 2012. In addition, the company purchased securities during 2012 for $80,000 that appreciated in fair value by $18,000 as of December 31, 2012. Therefore, the total holding gains arising during the year 2012 amounted to $20,000 ($2,000 + $18,000) before taxes. In this example, the company only records unrealized gains and losses as of the balance sheet date as of the end of each quarter rather than through the date of the sale. Accordingly, the amount recognized in other comprehensive income during 2012 was $19,500 ($1,500 + $18,000), which excludes the appreciation of $500 in the quarter the securities were sold.
Summary of the securities on hand at year-end Amortized cost December 31, 2012 December 31, 2011
(*)
Fair value $ 98,000 20,000
Appreciation in other comprehensive income $ $ 18,000 (*) 3,000 (*) 15,000
80,000 17,000
Net unrealized gain recognized in other comprehensive income in 2012
Represents the ending balance in accumulated other comprehensive income at the December 31, 2012 and 2011 respectively.
To avoid double counting the portion of the year 2012 realized gain that was previously included in comprehensive income prior to the security being sold, reclassification adjustments must be calculated and deducted from comprehensive income (prior losses would be added back). The calculation of the reclassification adjustment for the securities sold on April 30, 2012 follows:
Fair value at March 31, 2012 ($20,000 + $1,500) Cost Reclassification adjustment
(*)
$ $
21,500 (*) 17,000 4,500
Alternatively, companies could include the additional appreciation in the value of the securities
The following would be included in the financial statements:

2011 Gain on sale of securities included in income Other comprehensive income: Net unrealized gain arising during the year Reclassification adjustment Net unrealized gain recognized in other comprehensive income $ $ 3,000 3,000 $ $ 19,500 (4,500) 15,000 $ $ 2012 5,000
A nonpublic entity that does not report interim data would have a reclassification adjustment of $3,000 in 2012 (the appreciation from the previous year) because none of the 2012 appreciation would have been reported in other comprehensive income during 2012. Alternatively, ASC 220-10 permits entities to recognize appreciation (or depreciation) through the date of sale in comprehensive income, in which case the full amount of the gain or loss would be reported as a reclassification adjustment (the $5,000 gain in the above example). More detailed examples are included at ASC 210-10-55.
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Entities should use a reconciled format for reporting comprehensive income whereby the components of other comprehensive income are the reconciling items between net income and total comprehensive income. Three alternatives are currently permitted for displaying comprehensive income and its components in the financial statements (see Section 7.3.1, Presentation changes to comprehensive income). Regardless of the alternative selected, net income should be displayed as a component of comprehensive income. The alternatives for displaying comprehensive income are: The Statement of operations is transformed into a Statement of income and comprehensive income. Other comprehensive income items are added to the bottom of the income statement after net income. Illustration 7-3:7
Sales Costs Net income Other comprehensive income: Unrealized gain on securities Foreign currency translation Comprehensive income $ $ 12,000 6,000 68,000 $
Presentation in a single statement of income and comprehensive income

$ 133,000 (83,000) 50,000
Statement of income and comprehensive income
A separate Statement of comprehensive income is presented that begins with net income and displays other comprehensive income items in order to arrive at total comprehensive income. Illustration 7-4:
Sales Costs Net income Statement of comprehensive income Net income Unrealized gain on securities Foreign currency translation Comprehensive income $ $ 50,000 12,000 6,000 68,000 $
Presentation in separate statements of income and comprehensive income

$ 133,000 (83,000) 50,000
Statement of income
The examples are only illustrative and are not meant to include all other comprehensive income items. 75
The Statement of changes in shareholders equity includes the information. An entity that chooses to display comprehensive income in this financial statement must display net income in such a way that it can be added to the components of other comprehensive income to arrive at total comprehensive income. The FASB decided to avoid referring to comprehensive income as a performance measure and to allow comprehensive income to be displayed in a statement of shareholders equity. Further, ASC 210-10 does not require entities to display comprehensive income per share. As discussed in section 7.3.1, this method will be prohibited upon the effective date of ASU 2011-05, Presentation of Comprehensive Income. Illustration 7-5: Presentation in the statement of changes in shareholders equity
Other Comprehensive Income $ 30,000 12,000 6,000 $ 48,000 $ $
Statement of changes in shareholders equity Retained Earnings $ 100,000 50,000 (10,000) $ 140,000
Common Stock Beginning of Year Net income Unrealized gain on securities Foreign currency translation adjustment Comprehensive income Dividends declared End of theyear $ $ 200,000 200,000
Total 330,000 50,000 12,000 6,000 68,000 (10,000) 388,000
The above examples are simplified and do not reflect the related tax effects or reclassification adjustments, if applicable. More detailed examples of the three alternatives are included at ASC 210-10-55. Although all three alternatives are acceptable, ASC 220-10-45-10 states that displaying comprehensive income in an income-statement-type format is superior to displaying it in a statement of changes in equity format.
7.3.1
Presentation changes to other comprehensive income

In June 2011, the FASB issued ASU 2011-05, Presentation of Comprehensive Income. This ASU eliminates the option to present components of other comprehensive income as part of the statement of changes in shareholders equity. Accordingly, Illustration 7-5 will no longer be a permitted presentation. Retrospective application is required. ASU 2011-05 is effective for public companies in fiscal years (and interim periods within those years) beginning after 15 December 2011. This new guidance is effective for nonpublic companies in fiscal years ending after 15 December 2012. Additionally, companies will be required to display reclassification adjustments (e.g., realized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities) for each component of OCI in both net income and OCI. This is a change from current guidance that allows for net display on the face of the financial statements, with the gross change disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.
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7.4
Cash flows presentation and disclosure

InvestmentsDebt and Equity Securities Overall Other Presentation Matters Cash Flow Presentation 320-10-45-11 Cash flows from purchases, sales, and maturities of available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities shall be classified as cash flows from investing activities and reported gross for each security classification in the statement of cash flows. Cash flows from purchases, sales, and maturities of trading securities shall be classified based on the nature and purpose for which the securities were acquired. 320-10-45-12 Paragraph 230-10-45-8 permits reporting activity in cash equivalents as a net change. However, securities that are considered cash equivalents are subject to the accounting and disclosure requirements of this Subtopic, such as disclosure of amortized cost and fair value by major security types. 320-10-45-13 This Subtopic does not require the presentation of individual amounts for the three categories of investments on the face of the statement of financial position, provided the information is presented in the notes. Thus, entities that report certain investments in debt securities as cash equivalents in accordance with the provisions of Topic 230 can continue that practice, provided that the notes reconcile the reporting classifications used in the statement of financial position. ASC 320-10-45-11 requires separate classification of cash flow activity in the held-to-maturity, availablefor-sale and trading portfolios in the statement of cash flows. Thus, if an entity has three categories of investments, with purchases, sales and maturities in each category, it conceivably could present seven different captions in the statement of cash flows related to investment activity. Some securities that are short-term at the time of purchase are classified as cash and cash equivalents in accordance with ASC 230-10. The cash flows from purchases, sales or maturities of those securities should not be classified as investing activities in the statement of cash flows. Rather, those cash flows should be included in the cash and cash equivalents line in the statement of cash flows. As discussed in Chapter 4, Dispositions of securities classified as held-to-maturity, certain sales of debt securities before maturity (e.g., sales within three months of maturity) are deemed to have occurred at maturity. We believe the proceeds received on such sales may be classified as cash received on maturity in the cash flow statement. Transfers between held-to-maturity or available-for-sale and trading generally result in a non-cash transfer between investing and operating activities. Under the provisions of ASC 230-10 those activities affect recognized assets, even though they do not result in cash receipts or cash payments in the current period. Therefore, such activity, if significant, should be included in the disclosures of non-cash activity. The disclosures are required to be made in all complete sets of financial statements for interim periods, for example, in conjunction with a securities registration statement. The minimum disclosure requirements for summarized interim financial information issued by publicly-traded entities are established by ASC 270-10. Refer to the EY Financial Reporting Developments publication, Statement of cash flows, for additional general information.
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7.4.1
Auction rate securities and variable rate demand obligations

Two common forms of investments that do not meet the cash equivalent criteria are Auction Rate Securities8 (ARSs) and Variable Rate Demand Obligations (VRDOs), collectively referred to as Variable Rate Notes (VRNs). ARSs are securities that have legal maturities typically at 20 years or longer but have their interest rates (or dividend rates in preferred securities) reset on a periodic basis (for example, every week, month, 49 days or three months). The rates are often reset under a system called a Dutch Auction. VRDOs are similar to ARSs, but they are generally also puttable at an auction or remarketing date. In almost all cases, ARSs are not cash equivalents because the liquidity in these instruments is provided by third parties (the buyers and sellers in the auction) and not the issuer. In order for any VRN to be classified as a cash equivalent, the VRN must be able to be redeemed by the issuer throughout its entire term. In other words, the issuer ultimately must stand ready to provide current liquidity to the holder. Therefore, because ARSs do not meet the definition of a cash equivalent in almost all cases for balance sheet presentation, they should be recorded as investment securities in accordance with ASC 320. Investors with classified balance sheets must determine whether investment securities such as ARS should be classified as current or noncurrent. In cases in which investors believe they will not be able to liquidate ARSs for a period longer than one year or their current operating cycle (e.g., because of auction failures), noncurrent classification of ARSs would be more appropriate (unless they intend to sell or the maturity is in the near term).
7.5
Illustrative footnote disclosure-financial institution

The following example illustrates ASC 320 footnote disclosures for a publicly-traded entity operating in the financial services industry. As previously discussed, the only disclosure requirements unique to a financial institution are specific security-type categories and maturity groupings. Illustration 7-6: Footnote disclosure-financial institution
Note 1 Accounting policies Trading account assets: Trading account assets are generally held for resale in anticipation of shortterm market movements. Trading account assets, consisting of debt and marketable equity securities and money market instruments, are stated at fair value. Gains and losses, both realized and unrealized, are included in net trading account profits (losses) and commissions. Securities held-to-maturity and available-for-sale: Management determines the appropriate classification of debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation as of each statement of financial position date. Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity when the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are stated at amortized cost. Debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity or trading and marketable equity securities not classified as trading are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are stated at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other comprehensive income.
ARSs may also be referred to as Auction Rate Notes (ARNs) and Money Market Preferred Stock (MMPS), among others. 78
The net carrying value of debt securities classified as held-to-maturity or available-for-sale is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity, or in the case of mortgagebacked securities, over the estimated life of the security. Such amortization is computed using the effective interest method and included in interest income from investments. Interest and dividends are included in interest income from investments. All realized gains and losses, and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary related to equity securities are included in net securities gains (losses). With respect to debt securities, when the fair value of a debt security classified as held-tomaturity or available-for-sale is less than its amortized cost, management assesses whether or not: (i) it has the intent to sell the security or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met, the Company must recognize an other-than-temporary impairment through earnings for the difference between the debt securitys amortized cost basis and its fair value, and such amount is included in net securities gains (losses). For securities that do not meet the above criteria and the Company does not expect to recover a securitys amortized cost basis, the security is considered other-than temporarily impaired. For these securities, the Company separates the total impairment into the credit loss component and the amount of the loss related to other factors. In order to determine the amount of the credit loss for a debt security, the Company calculates the recovery value by performing a discounted cash flow analysis based on the current cash flows and future cash flows management expects to recover. The discount rate is the effective interest rate implicit in the underlying debt security. The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to credit loss is recognized in earnings and is included in net securities gains (losses). The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. For debt securities that have recognized an other-than-temporary impairment through earnings, if through subsequent evaluation there is a significant increase in the cash flow expected, the difference between the amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected is accreted as interest income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Note 3 Investments The following is a summary of available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities:
Available-for-sale securities Amortized cost December 31, 2011 US Treasury securities and obligations of US government agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Residential mortgage-backed securities agency US corporate securities Foreign government securities Other debt securities Total Marketable equity securities Industrial Total available-for-sale securities Gross unrealized Gross unrealized gains losses9 (In thousands) Fair value (net carrying amount)
$ 189,125 49,200 44,300 1,975 975 350 285,925 500 $ 286,425
9,500 75 375 150 75 25 10,200 50 10,250
(1,600) (725) (275) (50) (25) (5) (2,680) (25) (2,705)
197,025 48,550 44,400 2,075 1,025 370 293,445 525 293,970
Some entities may split the Gross unrealized losses column into two sections to reflect the noncredit component of other-thantemporary impairment that is recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income and other unrealized losses on securities that have not had other-than-temporary impairment. Refer to Chapter 5, Impairment, for further discussion. 79
Held-to-maturity securities Amortized cost10 December 31, 2011 US Treasury securities and obligations of US government agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Residential mortgage-backed securities agency US corporate securities Foreign government securities Other debt securities Total held-to-maturity securities Gross unrealized Gross unrealized gains losses (In thousands) Fair value
63,000 15,925
3,200 25 125 400 75 100 3,925
(550) (250) (100) (125) (25) (50) (1,100)
65,650 15,700 14,775 5,500 1,150 1,525 104,300
14,750 5,225 1,100 1,475 $ 101,475
Available-for-sale securities Amortized cost December 31, 2010 US Treasury securities and obligations of US government agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Residential mortgage-backed securities agency US corporate securities Foreign government securities Other debt securities Total Marketable equity securities Industrial Total available-for-sale securities Gross unrealized Gross unrealized gains losses (In thousands) Fair value (net carrying amount)
$ 179,500 45,000 32,000 1,575 250 500 258,825 400 $ 259,225
7,225 325 400 225 25 30 8,230 50 8,280
(1,425) (350) (250) (100) (15) (20) (2,160) (10) (2,170)
185,300 44,975 32,150 1,700 260 510 264,895 440 265,335
10
The amortized cost basis and the net carrying amount are the same for these securities. If an OTTI was recognized for a held-to-maturity security, amortized cost and net carrying amount would not be the same, thus requiring separate disclosures of both amounts. 80
Held-to-maturity securities Amortized cost December 31, 2010 US Treasury securities and obligations of US government agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Residential mortgage-backed securities agency US corporate securities Foreign government securities Other debt securities Total held-to-maturity securities Gross unrealized Gross unrealized gains losses (In thousands) Fair value
59,000 16,250 14,000 3,500 750 1,400 94,900
2,750 125 200 350 50 75 3,550
(1,000) (100) (100) (125) (25) (50) (1,400)
60,750 16,275 14,100 3,725 775 1,425 97,050
During the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, debt and marketable equity availablefor-sale securities with a fair value at the date of sale of $35.5 million, $29.8 million and $28.75 million, respectively, were sold. The gross realized gains on such sales totaled $2.1 million, $1.7 million and $1.5 million, respectively, and the gross realized losses totaled $450,000, $325,000 and $280,000, respectively. The net adjustment to unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities in other comprehensive income totaled $933,000, $765,000 and $687,500, in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.11 The net carrying value and estimated fair value of debt and marketable equity securities at December 31, 2011, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.
Amortized cost Available-for-Sale Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years Due after ten years Residential mortgage-backed securities Marketable equity securities Industrial $ $ 24,200 50,725 144,950 21,750 241,625 44,300 500 286,425 $ Fair value 24,200 52,300 150,920 21,625 249,045 44,400 525 293,970
(In thousands)
11
The disclosure of the change in net unrealized holding gain or loss on available-for-sale securities that has been included in other comprehensive income during each period an income statement is presented need not be included in the notes to the financial statements if such amounts have been presented on the face of the financial statements. 81
Held-to-Maturity debt securities Due in one year or less Due after one year through five years Due after five years through ten years Due after ten years Residential mortgage-backed securities-agency12 $ $ 9,600 29,480 39,845 7,800 86,725 14,750 101,475 $ 9,575 30,425 41,525 8,000 89,525 14,775 104,300
At December 31, 2011 and 2010, debt and marketable equity securities with a carrying amount of $25 million and $21 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral to secure public deposits and for other purposes. For the years ended December 31, 2011, 2010 and 2009, the change in net unrealized holding gains on trading securities included in income from trading assets still held at the reporting date was $350,000, $425,000 and $195,000, respectively.
Available-for-sale securities (In thousands) Less than 12 months Gross unrealized losses 12 months or longer Gross unrealized losses Total Gross unrealized losses
Fair value December 31, 2011 US Treasury securities and obligations of US government agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Residential mortgagebacked securities agency US corporate securities Foreign government securities Other debt securities Total Marketable equity securities Industrial Total available-for-sale securities
Fair value
Fair value
$ 112,000
$ (1,600)
$ 112,000
(1,600)
27,120
(507)
6,780
(218)
33,900
(725)
9,200 50 148,370
(5) (2,112)
13,800 1,100 200 21,880
(275) (50) (25) (568)
23,000 1,100 200 50 170,250
(275) (50) (25) (5) (2,680)
525 $ 148,895
(25) $ (2,137)
$ 21,880 $
(568)
525 $ 170,775 $
(25) (2,705)
12
If the entity elects to allocate mortgage-backed securities that have no single maturity date over several maturity groupings, the basis for the allocation needs to be disclosed. 82
Held-to-maturity securities (In thousands) Less than 12 months Gross unrealized Fair value losses 12 months or longer Gross unrealized Fair value losses Total Gross unrealized losses
Fair value
December 31, 2011 US Treasury securities and obligations of US government agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Residential mortgagebacked securities agency US corporate securities Foreign government securities Oher debt securities Total held-to-maturity securities
21,500
(550)
21,500
(550)
5,850
(100)
3,900
(150)
9,750
(250)
5,100 1,610 650 450 $ 35,160 $
(15) (87) (25) (30) (807)
6,150 690 300 $ 11,040 $
(85) (38) (20) (293) $
11,250 2,300 650 750 46,200 $
(100) (125) (25) (50) (1,100)
Available-for-sale securities (In thousands) Less than 12 months Gross unrealized Fair value losses 2 months or longer Gross unrealized Fair value losses Total Gross unrealized losses
Fair value
December 31, 2010 US Treasury securities and obligations of US government agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Residential mortgagebacked securities agency US corporate securities Foreign government securities Other debt securities Total Marketable equity securities Industrial Total available-for-sale securities
65,500
(1,425)
65,500
(1,425)
26,500
(280)
4,700
(70)
31,200
(350)
4,350 800 120 97,270
(25) (100) (15) (1,845)
10,150 240 15,090
(225) (20) (315)
14,500 800 120 240 112,360
(250) (100) (15) (20) (2,160)
250 $ 97,520 $
(10) (1,855)
$ 15,090 $
(315)
250 $ 112,610 $
(10) (2,170)
83
Held-to-maturity securities (In thousands) Less than 12 months Gross unrealized losses 12 months or longer Gross unrealized losses Total Gross unrealized losses
Fair value December 31, 2010 US Treasury securities and obligations of US government agencies Obligations of states and political subdivisions Residential mortgagebacked securities agency US corporate securities Foreign government securities Other debt securities Total held-to-maturity securities
Fair value
Fair value
42,500
(1,000)
42,500
(1,000)
8,920
(80)
2,230
(20)
11,150
(100)
880 385 450 $ 53,135 $
(20) (35) (25) (1,160)
1,320 715 950 $ 5,215 $
(80) (90) (50) (240) $
2,200 1,100 450 950 58,350 $
(100) (125) (25) (50) (1,400)
At each reporting date, the Company performs separate evaluations of impaired debt and equity securities to determine if the unrealized losses are other-than-temporary. For equity securities, this evaluation considers a number of factors including, but not limited to, the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer, and managements ability and intent to hold the securities until fair value recovers. The assessment of the ability and intent to hold these securities to recovery focuses on liquidity needs, asset / liability management objectives and securities portfolio objectives. Based on the results of this evaluation, management concluded that as of December 31, 2011, the unrealized losses related to equity securities are temporary. For debt securities, management determines whether it intends to sell or if it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell impaired securities. This determination considers current and forecasted liquidity requirements, regulatory and capital requirements and securities portfolio management. For all impaired debt securities for which there was no intent or expected requirement to sell, the evaluation considers all available evidence to assess whether it is likely the amortized cost value will be recovered. The Company conducts a regular assessment of its debt securities with unrealized losses to determine whether securities have other-than-temporary impairment considering, among other factors, the nature of the securities, credit rating or financial condition of the issuer, the extent and duration of the unrealized loss, expected cash flows of underlying collateral, market conditions and whether the Company intends to sell or more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the debt securities. The Company identified $900,000 in other-than-temporary impairment in its US corporate debt securities for the period ended December 31, 2011 due to a decline in projected cash flows and credit rating downgrades.
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The Company does not consider unrealized losses on its other debt securities to be credit-related. These unrealized losses relate to changes in interest rates and market spreads subsequent to purchase. A substantial portion of debt securities that have unrealized losses are US Treasury securities, obligations of state and political subdivisions, or agency mortgage-backed securities. The Company has not made a decision to sell debt securities with unrealized losses and believes it is more likely than not it would not be required to sell such securities before recovery of its amortized cost. The following is a tabular rollforward of the amount of credit-related OTTI recognized in earnings (in thousands):
December 31, 2011 Balance at beginning of period Additions for credit-related OTTI not previously recognized Reductions for securities sold during the period (realized) Balance at end of period $ $ 500 900 (400) 1,000 $ December 31, 2010 $ 200 400 (100) 500
The total other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, was $40,000 and $10,000, respectively, and related to the US corporate debt securities category.
7.6
Illustrative footnote disclosure-commercial entity

The following example illustrates ASC 320 footnote disclosures for a typical commercial entity. Illustration 7-7: Footnote disclosure-commercial entity
Note 1 Accounting policies Securities held-to-maturity and available-for-sale: Management determines the appropriate classification of debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation as of each statement of financial position date. Debt securities are classified as held-to-maturity when the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are stated at amortized cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity computed under the effective interest method. Such amortization is included in investment income. Interest on securities classified as held-to-maturity is included in investment income. Marketable equity securities and debt securities not classified as held-to-maturity are classified as available-for-sale. Available-for-sale securities are carried at fair value, with the unrealized gains and losses, net of tax, reported in other comprehensive income. The amortized cost of debt securities in this category is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity computed under the effective interest method. Such amortization is included in investment income. Realized gains and losses, and declines in value judged to be other-than-temporary related to equity securities, are included in investment income. With respect to debt securities, when the fair value of a debt security classified as held-to-maturity or available for sale is less than its amortized cost,
85
management assesses whether or not: (i) it has the intent to sell the security or (ii) it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before its anticipated recovery. If either of these conditions is met, the Company must recognize an other-than-temporary impairment through earnings for the difference between the debt securitys amortized cost basis and its fair value, and such amount is included in net securities gains (losses). For debt securities that do not meet the above criteria and the Company does not expect to recover a securitys amortized cost basis, the security is considered other-than temporarily impaired. For these debt securities, the Company separates the total impairment into the credit loss component and the amount of the loss related to other factors. In order to determine the amount of the credit loss for a debt security, the Company calculates the recovery value by performing a discounted cash flow analysis based on the current cash flows and future cash flows management expects to recover. The discount rate is the effective interest rate implicit in the underlying debt security. The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to credit loss is recognized in earnings and is included in net securities gains (losses). The amount of the total other-than-temporary impairment related to other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income. For debt securities that have recognized an other-than-temporary impairment through earnings, if through subsequent evaluation there is a significant increase in the cash flow expected, the difference between the amortized cost basis and the cash flows expected to be collected is accreted as interest income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method. Interest and dividends on securities classified as available-for-sale are included in investment income. Note 3 Investments The following is a summary of available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities:
Available-for-sale securities Amortized cost December 31, 2011 US corporate securities Other debt securities Total debt securities Equity securities Total available-for-sale securities $ 850 250 1,100 300 $ 1,400 $ $ 70 25 95 40 135 $ Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses13 $ (20) (5) (25) (15) (40) Fair value (net carrying amount) $ 900 270 1,170 325 $ 1,495
(in thousands)
13
Some entities may split the Gross unrealized losses column into two sections to reflect the noncredit component of other-thantemporary impairment that is recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income and other unrealized losses on securities that have not had other-than-temporary impairment. Refer to Chapter 5, Impairment, for further discussion. 86
Held-to-maturity securities Amortized cost (net carrying amount)14 December 31, 2011 US corporate securities Other debt securities Total held-to-maturity securities $ $ 250 75 325 $ $ 30 5 35 $ Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses $ (15) (10) (25) $
Fair value $ 265 70 335
(in thousands)
Available-for-sale securities Amortized cost December 31, 2010 US corporate securities Other debt securities Total debt securities Equity securities Total available-for-sale securities $ 650 275 925 250 $ 1,175 $ $ 45 35 80 25 105 $ Gross unrealized gains Gross unrealized losses $ (15) (10) (25) (10) (35) Fair value (net carrying amount) $ 680 300 980 265 $ 1,245
(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity securities Amortized cost (net carrying amount) December 31, 2010 US corporate securities Other debt securities Total held-to-maturity securities $ $ 350 90 440 $ $ 20 10 30 $
Gross unrealized gains
Gross unrealized losses $ (20) (15) (35)
Fair value $ $ 350 85 435
(in thousands)
The gross realized gains on sales of available-for-sale securities totaled $50,000, $35,500 and $15,800, respectively, and the gross realized losses totaled $4,000, $5,000 and $2,800, respectively. The net adjustment to unrealized holding gains (losses) on available-for-sale securities included in other comprehensive income totaled $16,250, $10,000 and $8,500, in 2011, 2010 and 2009, respectively.15 The net carrying value and estimated fair value of debt and marketable equity securities at December 31, 2011, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities will differ from contractual maturities because the issuers of the securities may have the right to prepay obligations without prepayment penalties.
14
15
The amortized cost basis and the net carrying amount are the same for these securities. If an OTTI was recognized for a held-tomaturity security, amortized cost and net carrying amount would not be the same, thus requiring separate disclosures of both amounts. The disclosure of the change in net unrealized holding gains or losses on available-for-sale securities that has been included in other comprehensive income during each period an income statement is presented need not be included in the notes to the financial statements if such amounts have been presented on the face of the financial statements. 87
Amortized cost Available-for-sale debt securities Due in one year or less Due after one year through three years Due after three years Equity securities Held-to-maturity debt securities Due in one year or less Due after one year through three years Due after three years through five years Due after five years $ $ 130 110 60 25 325 $ 700 275 125 1,100 300 $ 1,400
Fair value $ 710 320 140 1,170 325 $ 1,495 $ 135 115 65 20 $ 335
(In thousands)
At each reporting date, the Company performs separate evaluations of impaired debt and equity securities to determine if the unrealized losses are other-than-temporary. For equity securities, this evaluation considers a number of factors including, but not limited to, the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than cost, the financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer, and managements ability and intent to hold the securities until fair value recovers. The assessment of the ability and intent to hold these securities to recovery focuses on liquidity needs, asset / liability management objectives and securities portfolio objectives. Based on the results of this evaluation, management concluded that as of December 31, 2011, the unrealized losses related to equity securities are temporary. For debt securities, management determines whether it intends to sell or if it is more-likely-than-not that it will be required to sell impaired securities. This determination considers current and forecasted liquidity requirements, regulatory and capital requirements and securities portfolio management. For all impaired debt securities for which there was no intent or expected requirement to sell, the evaluation considers all available evidence to assess whether it is likely the amortized cost value will be recovered. The Company conducts a regular assessment of its debt securities with unrealized losses to determine whether securities have other-than-temporary impairment considering, among other factors, the nature of the securities, credit rating or financial condition of the issuer, the extent and duration of the unrealized loss, expected cash flows of underlying collateral, market conditions and whether the Company intends to sell or more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the debt securities. The Company identified $3.4 million in other-than-temporary impairment in its US corporate debt securities for the period ended December 31, 2011 due to a decline in projected cash flows and credit rating downgrades. The Company does not consider unrealized losses on its other debt securities to be credit-related. These unrealized losses relate to changes in interest rates and market spreads subsequent to purchase. A substantial portion of securities that have unrealized losses are US corporate securities that are highly-rated. The Company has not made a decision to sell securities with unrealized losses and believes it is more likely than not it would not be required to sell such securities before recovery of its amortized cost.
88
The following is a tabular rollforward of the amount of credit-related OTTI recognized in earnings (in thousands):
December 31, 2011 Balance at beginning of period Additions for credit-related OTTI not previously recognized Reductions for securities sold during the period (realized) Balance at end of period $ 900 3,400 (400) $ 3,900 $ December 31, 2010 $ 500 1,400 (1,000) 900
The total other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income as of December 31, 2011 and 2010, was $12,000 and $8,000, respectively, and related to the US corporate debt securities category.
89
Abbreviations used in this publication

Abbreviation ASC 210 ASC 220 ASC 225 ASC 230 ASC 270 ASC 310 ASC 320 ASC 325 ASC 450 ASC 740 ASC 815 ASC 820 ASC 825 ASC 830 ASC 860 ASC 942 ASC 944 ASC 948 ASC 958 Abbreviation Statement 114 Statement 130 EITF 99-20 SOP 03-3 FASB Accounting Standards Codification FASB ASC Topic 210, Balance Sheet FASB ASC Topic 220, Comprehensive Income FASB ASC Topic 225, Income Statement FASB ASC Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows FASB ASC Topic 270, Interim Reporting FASB ASC Topic 310, Receivables FASB ASC Topic 320, Investments Debt and Equity Securities FASB ASC Topic 325, Investments Other FASB ASC Topic 450, Contingencies FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging FASB ASC Topic 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures FASB ASC Topic 825, Financial Instruments FASB ASC Topic 830, Foreign Currency Matters FASB ASC Topic 860, Transfers and Servicing FASB ASC Topic 942, Financial Services Depository and Lending FASB ASC Topic 944, Financial Services Insurance FASB ASC Topic 948, Financial Services Mortgage Banking FASB ASC Topic 958, Not-for-Profit Entities Non-Authoritative Standards FASB Statement No. 114, Accounting by Creditors for Impairment of a Loan FASB Statement No. 130, Reporting Comprehensive Income EITF Issue No. 99-20, Recognition of Interest Income and Impairment on Purchased and Retained Beneficial Interests in Securitized Financial Assets AICPA Statement of Position 03-3, Accounting for Certain Loans or Debt Securities Acquired in a Transfer
A-1
Index of ASC references in this publication

ASC Paragraph 220-10-45-5 220-10-45-10 220-10-45-13 220-10-45-15 310-40-40-8A 310-40-40-9 320-10-5-2 320-10-15-2 320-10-15-3 320-10-15-5 320-10-15-6 320-10-15-7 320-10-25-1 320-10-25-4 320-10-25-5 320-10-25-5 320-10-25-5 320-10-25-6 320-10-25-6 320-10-25-6 320-10-25-6 320-10-25-6 320-10-25-6 320-10-25-8 320-10-25-9 320-10-25-10 320-10-25-12 320-10-25-13 320-10-25-13 320-10-25-14 320-10-25-14 Section 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 6.5 6.5 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 4.3 2.5 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.5 4.3 2.5 2.3 4.3 4.3 4.5 2.5 4.4 Other comprehensive income presentation and disclosure Other comprehensive income presentation and disclosure Other comprehensive income presentation and disclosure Other comprehensive income presentation and disclosure Conversion of a loan into a debt security Conversion of a loan into a debt security Introduction Scope and scope exceptions Scope and scope exceptions Scope and scope exceptions Scope and scope exceptions Scope and scope exceptions Overview Held-to-maturity securities Held-to-maturity securities Considerations for specific instruments Permitted sales or transfers Considerations for specific instruments Transfers from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale Overview Evaluation of the remaining portfolio following a sale or transfer Permitted sales or transfers Tender offers for held-to-maturity securities Permitted sales or transfers Considerations for specific instruments Held-to-maturity securities Permitted sales or transfers Permitted sales or transfers Tender offers for held-to-maturity securities Considerations for specific instruments Sales deemed to be at maturity
B-1
ASC Paragraph 320-10-25-17 320-10-25-18 320-10-25-18 320-10-30-3 320-10-30-4 320-10-35-1 320-10-35-2 320-10-35-4 320-10-35-4 320-10-35-4 320-10-35-4 320-10-35-5 320-10-35-6 320-10-35-8 320-10-35-9 320-10-35-10 320-10-35-11 320-10-35-12 320-10-35-13 320-10-35-15 320-10-35-16 320-10-35-18 320-10-35-21 320-10-35-30 320-10-35-33A 320-10-35-33B 320-10-35-33C 320-10-35-33F 320-10-35-33G 320-10-35-34 320-10-35-34A 320-10-35-34B 320-10-35-34C 320-10-35-34D 320-10-35-35 320-10-35-35A
Section 4.4 2.3 2.5 6.3 6.4 2.1 1.2 2.2 2.3 2.4 7.2 3.1 3.1 4.1 4.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 2.4 3.3 3.2 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 Sales deemed to be at maturity Held-to-maturity securities Considerations for specific instruments Initial carrying amount of equity securities that become marketable Carrying amount of equity securities previously accounted for under the equity method Overview Definition of terms Trading securities Held-to-maturity securities Available-for-sale securities Income statement presentation and disclosure Overview Overview Overview Overview Overview Overview Overview Available-for-sale securities Transfers from held-to-maturity to available-for-sale Transfers from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity Overview Overview Overview OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for available-for-sale securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities OTTI accounting model for debt securities
Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities ASC 320
B-2
ASC Paragraph 320-10-35-38 320-10-35-40 320-10-35-41 320-10-40-1 320-10-40-2 320-10-45-1 320-10-45-2 320-10-45-2 320-10-45-7 320-10-45-11 320-10-45-12 320-10-45-13 320-10-50-2 320-10-50-5 320-10-50-6 320-10-50-7 320-10-50-8 320-10-50-8A 320-10-50-8B 320-10-50-9 320-10-50-10 320-10-50-10 320-10-50-10 320-10-55-2 320-10-55-4 320-10-55-5 320-10-S99-1 320-10-S99-2 325-20-50-1 325-40-35-1 740-20-45-11 815-10-15-83 815-10-25-17 815-10-50-9 815-10-55-57 815-15-25-1 815-20-25-15
Section 2.6 2.6 2.6 6.7 6.7 7.1 2.4 7.1 3.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.1 7.2 4.2 4.6 7.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 5.2 6.10 7.1 2.7 2.4 1.3 2.5 2.5 1.3 2.5 6.2 Structured notes Structured notes Structured notes Recording sales of securities classified as trading and available-for-sale Recording sales of securities classified as trading and available-for-sale Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Available-for-sale securities Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Transfers involving trading securities Cash flows presentation and disclosure Cash flows presentation and disclosure Cash flows presentation and disclosure Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Income statement presentation and disclosure Evaluation of the remaining portfolio following a sale or transfer Disclosure requirements Income statement presentation and disclosure Considerations for specific instruments Considerations for specific instruments Considerations for specific instruments OTTI accounting model for available-for-sale securities Deferred policy acquisition costs Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Beneficial interests in securitized financial assets Available-for-sale securities Scope and scope exceptions Considerations for specific instruments Considerations for specific instruments Scope and scope exceptions Considerations for specific instruments Interaction between ASC 815 and ASC 320
B-3
ASC Paragraph 815-20-25-43 815-20-35-1 815-30-35-3 830-20-35-1 860-20-35-2 942-320-50-2 942-320-50-3 942-320-55-1 944-20-15-11 944-20-15-16 944-20-15-17 944-20-15-26 944-30-35-8 944-325-30-1
Section 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.6 2.5 7.1 7.1 2.3 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.10 6.9 Interaction between ASC 815 and ASC 320 Interaction between ASC 815 and ASC 320 Interaction between ASC 815 and ASC 320 Foreign exchange gains and losses Considerations for specific instruments Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Statement of financial position presentation and disclosure Held-to-maturity securities Deferred policy acquisition costs Deferred policy acquisition costs Deferred policy acquisition costs Deferred policy acquisition costs Deferred policy acquisition costs Reporting requirement for insurance companies
B-4
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Certain Investments in Debt and Equity Securities

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Financial reporting developments

Certain investments in debt and equity securities

To our clients and other friends

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Classification and measurement ................................................................................. 8

Transfers between categories of investments ............................................................ 19

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Dispositions of securities classified as held-to-maturity.............................................. 24

Other issues ............................................................................................................ 60

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Presentation and disclosure ..................................................................................... 65

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Scope and scope exceptions

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Debt securities subject to the scope of ASC 320

Securities exempted from the scope of ASC 320

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Classification and measurement

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Classification and measurement

Classification and measurement

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Classification and measurement

Considerations for determining whether a security qualifies for held-tomaturity classification

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Classification and measurement

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Classification and measurement

Considerations for specific instruments Pledged securities

Repurchase agreements and dollar repurchase agreements

Compound financial instruments

Classification and measurement

Put and call features

Interest-only securities and other securities with principal risk

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Classification and measurement

Forward contracts and purchased options to acquire securities

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Classification and measurement

Beneficial interests in securitized financial assets

Securities covered by ASC 325-40

Classification and measurement

Applying the prospective method for interest income recognition

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Classification and measurement

Summary table of classification and measurement

Classified as current or Included in earnings noncurrent2, as immediately appropriate

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Transfers between categories of investments

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Transfers between categories of investments

Transfers from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Transfers between categories of investments

Transfer of securities from available-for-sale to held-to-maturity

Financial reporting developments Certain investments in debt and equity securities

Transfers between categories of investments