DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL & STURCTURAL ENGINEERING Hydraulics Laboratory Experiment: Pipe Friction Objective: To investigate the friction loss

in a pipeline flow and the relationship between the friction factor f and Reynolds number Re. Apparatus:

P1, P2 and P3 Piezometers

A-B=10.34m P1-B (excluding elbows, e1 & e2) = 8.44m d=50.8mm

The apparatus consists of a horizontal galvanized steel pipe, with two 90o standard elbows (e1 & e2), through which water is fed from a reservoir. The water head can be measured by vertical open tubes fitted at four locations along the pipeline (P1, P2, P3 & B). Further downstream of the pipe is a flow control valve and an electromagnetic flowmeter. Reading of flow-rate Q can be obtained by the equation:
Q= 5 ( X 4) 16

where Q the flowrate is in litres/sec, and x is the electro-meter reading in mA.

Theory: The headloss hf in a pipeline flow may be expressed by the Darcy-Weisbach equation

4 fLV 2 hf = 2 gd where d f g L V diameter of pipe friction factor acceleration due to gravity length of pipe average velocity of flow in pipe

f, the friction factor depends upon the condition of the flow (laminar, transition or turbulent), Reynolds number and relative roughness. For laminar flow, with Reynolds number Re less than 2000, f = 64/Re Re =
Vd v

, where is water kinematic viscosity in m2/ sec

For Re > 4000, we have the transition zone followed by the turbulent flow regime; and the extent of these regimes depend on the condition of the pipeline. For smooth pipe-flow: 1
2.51 = 2 log Re f f

For rough pipe-flow:

= 2 log f 3 .7 d

For the entire turbulent range:

2.51 = 2 log + 3.7d Re f f

where is the average size of roughness of the pipe-wall,

is the relative roughness.

The above relationships, which give the friction factor f only implicitly, are presented graphically by the Moody diagram. For Re > 4000 in the test, the following relationship may be assumed: Energy gradient: i =hf / L = a Vb Friction factor: f = c Red

Procedure:

Adjust discharge into reservoir to allow for some overflow over the side weir, thus ensuring an approximately constant level in the reservoir in the course of the experiment. Fully open the control valve at the outlet end of the pipe to give the maximum flowrate. When the flow becomes steady, measure the water levels in the reservoir h1 and in the open tube h2. Also record the flowrate as indicated by the flow-meter reading. A series of readings of h1, h2 and Q are obtained by adjusting the control valve such that each reduction in the flow is approximately the same. Also record the readings of the open pipes before and after the elbows.
Results and calculations:

Compute and tabulate your results in the following columns: h1, h2, hf = h1- h2,

hf

h , log f , Q, V, logV, Re, logRe, f , logf. L

h Plots graphs of log f against logV, and logf against logRe. Determine from the L slopes and intercepts of the graphs the values of a, b, c and d. Plot the experimental values of (f, Re) and deduce head losses by the elbows (e1 & e2) and the pipe friction factor.
Conclusions and discussions:

Compare your results with other empirical results given by the text-books. Discuss on any possible errors in the experiment and suggest how to minimise such errors.