International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013

Strengthening Of RC Beam Using GFRP Wraps

T.Manikandan 1. G.Balaji ponraj2
1 2

Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamilnadu. Assistant Professor in Civil Engineering, PSNA College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul, Tamilnadu.

Abstract - Fiber reinforced polymer materials are continuing to show great promise for using strengthening reinforced concrete structures. These materials are an excellent option for use as external reinforcing, because of their light weight, resistant to corrosion and high strength. The main aim of this study is to investigate the flexural characteristic of RC beams using GFRP sheets and strips. This paper presents experimental results of the RC beams strengthened in flexure with various externally bonded GFRP configurations, here in order to delay the GFRP debonding as well as to increase the efficiency of the GFRP strips, additional U jacket strip or sheets located in the debonding initiation region have been proposed. Ten rectangular RC specimens were tested to evaluate the effect of using the additional U shaped GFRP sheets and spaced U strips on the intermediate crack debonding of the laminate. The fiber orientation effects of the side bonded sheets were also investigated. The beam specimens to be rehabilitated are initially loaded to 75% of estimated ultimate load, treated and tested to failure. The parameters consider for the study are ultimate load carrying capacity load deflection failure modes and flexural stiffness of the strengthened beams. I. INTRODUCTION The strengthening of concrete structures with externally bonded reinforcement is generally done by using either steel plates or Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminates. Each material has its specific advantages and disadvantages. The plate bonding technique is now established as a simple and convenient repair method of enhancing the flexural, shear and compressive performance of concrete structures. Fibre reinforced polymers offer numerous beneficial characteristics over steel including excellent corrosion resistance, non magnetic, non conductive, generally resistant to chemicals, good fatigue resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and high strength to weight ratio as well as being lightweight. FRPs also possess a high specific stiffness and an equally high specific strength in the direction of fibre alignment. Use of FRPs provides a high structural efficiency and their low density makes physical implementation much easier. Unfortunately, FRPs are also expensive, but

the higher costs of FRP materials are often offset by savings in reduced periodic maintenance, longer life spans and of reduced labour costs. II. CONCRETE For concrete the maximum aggregate size used was 20 mm. the concrete mix proportion designed by IS method to achieve the strength of 20 N/mm2 and was 1: 1.62:3.8 by weight. the design water cement ratio was 0.55. Three cube specimens were cast and tested at the time of beam test (at the age of 28 days) to determine the compressive strength of concrete. The average compressive strength of the concrete was 30 N/mm2. III. REINFORCING STEEL The yield of steel reinforcement used in this experimental program was determined by performing the standard tensile test on three specimens of each bar diameter. The average yield stresses of steel bars were 400 N/mm2 for 10 mm diabar. IV. EPOXY RESIN The success of the strengthening technique critically depends on the performance of the epoxy resin used. These epoxies are generally a two part systems, a resin and a hardener. The resin and hardener used in this study were Araldite GY 257 and Hardener HY 840 respectively. The properties of epoxy resin and hardener supplied by the manufacturer are summarized in Table 1. V. TENSILE TEST ON FIBRE COMPOSITES To determine the tensile tests on composites, different resin to fibre ratios and thicknesses of GFRP were cast. Tensile tests were conducted as per the ASTM D 638 - 1968.The tensile test specimen is shown in figure.3 and the optimum resin to fibre ratio was found.

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013

Table.l - Properties of Epoxy Resin and Hardener

S.NO 1 2 3

Properties Density at 25C g/cm3 Specific gravity Flectural strength Kg/cm2

Araldite 1.15 1.8 450-550

Hardener HY 840 0.98 2.0 300-400

epoxy resin was applied to the concrete surface. The resin mixture flowed and filled the cracks by gravity. After bonding of FRP to concrete plastic sheets were wrapped tight around the FRP to enhance the confinement. Over the plastic sheets weights were applied to ensure good bonding and removal of entrapped air from the confinement of FRP. After a curing time of 2-3 days, the rehabilitated specimens were tested until failure. The cracking pattern, ultimate loads and deflected shape of the specimens were noted. VIII. TESTING FOR BEAMS A two-point flexure bending system was adopted for the tests. All the beams were designed to fail flexure only, premature failure by shear was avoided by providing adequate number of stirrups at 2D distance from both ends, after mounting the test beams over two supporting pedestals kept at the two ends, the concentrated loads consisting the two point loading scheme was applied by means of SOT hydraulic jack, using distributor made of steel box section. For measurements of deflection, dial gauges were located at three places, one at mid span and other two under the load points. At the end of each load increment, observations were recorded for under load deflection, midpoint deflection, crack development and its propagation on the beam surfaces. The load at first crack, ultimate load, type of failure etc., were carefully observed and recorded

VI. FRP LAMINATES Fibre reinforced polymer material systems composed of fibre embedded in a polymeric matrix, exhibit several properties which create the opportunity for their use as structural reinforcing elements. They are characterized by excellent tensile strength in the direction of the fibers. FRP composites do not exhibit yielding, but instead are elastic upto failure. They are also characterized by relatively low modulus of elasticity in tension and low compressive properties. FRP composites are corrosion resistant and should perform better than other construction materials in terms of weathering behavior. In this study, bidirectional glass reinforced polymer laminate are used.
Table.2 Properties of FRP

PROPERTIES Density of fiber Fiber thickness Tensile strength Tensile modulus

E-GLASS 2.6 x lO-5N/mm3 0.3mm 3450N/mm2 62000 N/mm2

VII. BONDING PROCEDURE Before bonding the composite fabric onto the concrete surface, special consideration was given to the surface preparation. The concrete surface was slightly grinded off to remove material for enhancing good bonding and cleaned with air blower to remove all dirt and debris. Once the surface had been prepared to the required standard, the epoxy resin had to be mixed in accordance with manufacturer's instructions. Mixing was carried out in a metal container (Araldite GY 257 - 100 parts by weight and Hardener HY 840 - 50 parts by weight) and was continued until the mixture was of a uniform colour. When this was completed, the

IX.TEST SPECIMENS The tests were carried out on ten simply supported reinforced concrete beams with square cross section of 150* 150 and a span length of 1000 mm. The beams were strengthened with external U wraps bonded to to tension side. The continuous GFRP reinforcement which give delay in debonding of

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
bottom longitudinal GFRP laminates. In this out of ten beams two were controlled specimen, two beams were treated as continuous U jacketed wraps, two beams were treated as partially U jacketing wraps, remaining four beams were treated and GFRP strips were bonded at different spacing. X. CRACK PATTERN The crack concentration area was located in the pure bending region. The application of GFRP continuous U - shaped sheets caused a shifting of the cracked region towards the supports. Due to the utilization of the side- bonded sheets in the beams, it was not possible to monitor the crack pattern of the beams. XI. LOAD TO DEFLECTION BEHAVIOUR The load carried by tested beams for all groups of beams at initial and ultimate load levels. The initial load was taken at which the deflection of the control beams was measured at above 35% of their ultimate load. The initial crack fore the control beams was about 12 kN and the corresponding deflection at the level was about 0.35 mm. The ultimate load obtained is higher for fully and partially wrapped beams as compared to controlled beams.

XII. COMPARISON OF LOAD VS DEFLECTION The increase in load carrying capacity of rehabilitated beams proves the effectiveness of the strengthened system in upgrading the RC beam capacity. The test result indicates that the beams strengthened with GFRP laminates have more load carrying capacity as compared to controlled specimen. This can be attributed to the high tensile strength

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International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4Issue5- May 2013
and modulus of elasticity of GFRP laminates. The effectiveness of bonded external reinforcement becomes more apparent, when compared to control specimen. As a result the proportion, increase in strength with control beam was less than that obtained in the GFRP wraps. XIII. FAILURE MODES Normally two failure modes are possible with the FRP externally strengthened reinforced concrete beams: (i) rupture of frp laminates on the bottom of the beam 2.crushing of concrete at the top of the beam. both failure modes occur after considerable flexural cracking and vertical deflection. The mode of failure was found flexure zone as load increased higher. These cracks gradually increase in height with an increase in load. system with the fibre direction parallel to the beam axis, increase the ultimate load carrying capacity, mainly because of the flexural contribution of the GFRP reinforcement. There was a significant effect of the width of the flexural GFRP laminates on the debonding mechanism. In the case of the narrow laminates , the debonding plane was observed inside the concrete cover, along the steel reinforcement. Not extending the length of the U - shaped distance to cover the ends of the laminates limited the effectiveness of 'the anchorage techniques as far as the ultimate load capacities were concerned.

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XV. REFERENCES
[1.] Azadeh Parvin and Wei Wang (2001) "Behavior of FRP jacketed concrete columns under eccentric loading ", Journal of composites for construction, voI.5,ppI46-152 Balasubramanian.K, Krishnamoorthy.T.S, BharatkumarB.H , Udhayakumar.V and Lakshmanan.N (2007) "Investigations on the RC Structural Elements Retrofitted Using FRP Wraps", Journal Of Structural Engineering ,vol. 34, pp 63-69. . Bisby.L.A, Green.M.F, and Kodur.K.R (2005) " Modeling the behavior of Fiber Reinforced Polymerconfined concrete columns exposed to fire " , Journal of composites for' construction, vol.9, ppI5-24. Bonacci.J.F and Maalej.M (2000) "Externally bonded FRP for service life extension of RC infrastructure", Journal of Infrastructure systems, vot-e, pp 41-51. Dimitri Val.V (2003) " Reliability of Fiber Reinforced Polymer confined concrete columns " Journal of composites for construction, vo129, ppI122-1130. Lacobucci.D, Shamin Sheikh.A , and Oguzhan Bayrak " Retrofit of square concrete columns with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer for seismic resistance "ACI Structural Journal , vol. I 00 ,pp 785-794 . Lam.L and TengJ.G (2002) "Strength Models for. Fiber-Reinforcedl'lastic-Confined Concrete " Journal of structural engineering, vol. 128, pp 612623. Matthys.S, Toutanji.H and Taerwe.L (2006), "Stress-Strain Behavior of Large-Scale Circular Colunms Confined with FRP Composites", Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol. 132, No.t, pp.t23-133. Ming-Hung Teng,; Elisa Sotelino.D; and WaiFah Chen " Performance Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns Wrapped with Fiber Reinforced Polymers" Journal of composites for construction, vol.79, pp83-92.

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XIV. CONCLUSION This research work included the testing of ten reinforced concrete beams, each having a span of 1000 mm and strengthened in flexure using various externally bonded GFRPconfigurations based on the specific findings of this research , the following conclusions may be drawn 1. For all of the tested specimens, the mode of the failure was characterized by intermediate crack debonding of the bottom FRP flexural strengthening reinforcement. 2. Using an additional transverse FRP continuous U- wrap

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