Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
By:
Ulysses B B. Paguio
BSEE 79 / BSECE 80 MIT 1ST EDITION
INTRODUCTION
Since the mid twentieth century, electricity has been an essential part of our lives. Electricity powers, our appliances, office equipment and countless other devices and apparatus that we use to make life safer, easier and more interesting. Use of electric power is something we take for granted granted, however with the passage of time time, man realized that electricity could be used as mans useful resources making our life convenient and relaxing through its various usefulness.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This book came into existence due to the vision of the author to do one good thing everyday for the glory of our God the Father and our Lord Jesus. Considering, the author does not have the treasure to share to others, he is blessed to have the talent and time to prepare, make and write such materials for others to learn and excel in their talent as well. As a gift from God, his bestowed talent is unselfishly being shared by him to others as his legacy before he will acquire the eternal life from our God he takes and reside in the promised Holy and blessed land through eternity. Furthermore, the encouragement of his spiritual adviser, a minister and pastor of Locale of Ibayo, Church of Christ, Bro. Vicente Benedicto. He is also sharing this valuable works to the Holy Spirit who guided him and provided him the required wisdom, talent and technical know how. With all my trials and obstacles in life that inspired me to overcome all the evils being thrown by the evil spirit, the author was able to complete the lst edition of this book. I might not be winning all the battles in my life but if God is with me who could be against me? I am sure I will win the war with Gods help and guidance. To God be the glory and may His name shine in my life. ULYSSES PAGUIO
2 TIME DELAY STARTING OR CLOSING RELAY. 3 CHECKING OR INTERLOCKING RELAY. 21 DISTANCE RELAY. 25 SYNCHRONIZING OR SYNCHRONISM CHECK RELAY. 27 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY RELAY. 30 ANNUCIATOR RELAY. 32 DIRECTIONAL POWER RELAY. 37 UNDERCURRENT OR UNDERPOWER RELAY.
40 FIELD FAILURE RELAY. RELAY 46 REVERSE PHASE OR PHASE BALANCE CURRENT RELAY. 49 MACHINE OR TRANSFORMER THERMAL RELAY. 50 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT OR RATE OF RISE RELAY. 51 AC C TIME O OVERCURRENT C RELAY. 52 AC CIRCUIT BREAKER. 52A CIRCUIT BREAKER UXILLIARY SWITCH NORMALLY OPEN. 52B CIRCUIT BREAKER AUXILLIARY SWITCH NORMALLY CLOSED. 55 POWER FACTOR RELAY. 56 FIELD APPLICATION RELAY. 59 OVERVOLTAGE RELAY. 60 VOLTAGE OR CURRENT BALANCE RELAY
64 EARTH FAULT PROTECTIVE RELAY. 67 AC DIRECTIONAL OVERCURRENT RELAY RELAY. 68 BLOCKING RELAY. 74 ALARM RELAY. 76 DC OVERCURRENT RELAY RELAY. 78 PHASE ANGLE MEASURING OR OUT OF STEP PROTECTIVE RELAY. 79 AC RECLOSING RELAY. 81 FREQUENCY RELAY. 83 AUTOMATIC SELECTIVE CONTROL OR TRANSFER RELAY. 85 CARRIER OR PILOT WIRE RECEIVE RELAY RELAY. 86 LOCKING OUT RELAY. 87 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTIVE RELAY.
LEGENDS
51N 63 63X 79 86 87B RESIDUAL GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 0.5 2.5 A. SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY RELAY. AUXILLIARY RELAY FOR SUDDEN PRESSURE. RECLOSING RELAY, 3 SHOT DC OPERATED TIMER. TRIPPING & LOCKOUT RELAY. RELAY BUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY, HIGH SPEED, HIGH INPEDANCE VOLTAGE UNIT WITH LOW INPEDANCE INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT UNIT. 87T TRANSFORMER BANK DIFFERENTIAL RELAY, PERCENTAGE, 2 RESTRAINTS.
LEGENDS
87G RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY. 94 AUXILLIARY TRIPPING RELAY RELAY. A AMMETER KWH BILLING KILOWATT HOUR METER W/ DEMAND INDICATOR. VAR VARMETER V VOLTMETER W WATTMETER AS AMMETER SWITCH VS VOLTMETER SWITCH 67 DUAL POLARIZED POLARIZED, TIME & INSTANTANEOUS GROUND DIRECTIONAL GT OVERCURRENT RELAY. 12 ZONE PACKAGE, MHO CHARACTERISTICS, COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY Z-1 (ZONE 1). 1) 21 ZONE PACKAGED, MHO CHARACTERISTICS WITH OFFSET OPTION, Z-2 COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY (ZONE 2).
LEGENDS
21 Z-3 - ZONE PACKAGED, MHO CHARACTERISTICS WITH OFFSET OPTION, OPTION COMPENSATOR DISTANCE RELAY (ZONE 3). 50H HIGH SET NONDIRECTIONAL INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAY. 2 TOW ZONE TIMING AUXILLIARY RELAY (ATARTING OR CLOSING). 27 UNDERVOLTAGE RELAY, 115 VOLTS. 27X UNDERVOLTAGE TIMING RELAY FOR TRANSFER SCHEME. 50 INSTANTANEOUS OVERCURRENT RELAYS. 5050-51 PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY WITH INSTATANEOUS UNIT 1.0 12 A (6 -14 A ITT). 51G TRANSFORMER NEUTRAL GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 0.5 2.5 A.
P Part 1 1:
Electricity is generated at a power plant (1), voltage is stepped-up for transmission (2). energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the power is needed (3). voltage is decreased or stepped-down, at another substation (4), and a distribution power line (5) carries that electricity until it reaches a home or business (6). (6)
Power System
Delivery Substation A B
115KV Switchyard
34.5KV Switchyard
34.5kV switchgear
No. 1
F1
F2
F3
F4
7.2 MVAR Capacitor Bank
Bus tie
F1
F2
F3
F4
Bus tie
F1
F2
F3
F4
Power System
Relay
Circuit Breaker
These devices change electrical quantities to level relays can use, i.e., 5 amperes, 115 volts
* If quantities are normal normal, no signal is sent to breaker * If quantities are abnormal, signal is sent to breaker to trip
Feedback Signals
CB
Transmission Line Trip Coil
CT
Part 2:
( 1st Generation )
The most commonly used Uses the induction disc principle (watthour meter) Provides individual phase protection
( 1st Generation )
Disc
( 1st Generation )
Critical Components: Composition of the rotating disc & Coil determines the torque produced in the disc per unit current current. Rotating & Tripping mechanism Lubrication & alignments. Spring S & tension adjusting mechanism Fatigue & Temperature dependence. Design Approach: Periodic re-calibration & maintenance Draw-out Draw out connections. connections High burden CT, low sensitivity at higher currents.
( 2nd Generation )
Characteristic curve is obtained through use of RC timing circuits No moving parts Used to retrofit electroelectro-mechanical relays Fast reset Less maintenance
Static Relay:
( 2nd Generation )
Set Value Timing Circuit Output
Static Relay:
Comparator
AC - DC Conversion
RC Based Timing
( 2nd Generation )
C iti l C Critical Components: t RC Timing circuit. Temperature p dependence p Low repeatability
Static Relay:
Time
( 2nd Generation )
C iti l C Critical Components: t (continued) ( ti d ) AC/DC Conversion. Offset problem Effects of harmonics & Noise
Static Relay:
( 2nd Generation )
Design Approach: Periodic re-calibration & maintenance Draw-out connections. RC & LC Based filters - Slow tripping actions
Static Relay:
Without Filter
With RC Filter
( 3rd Generation )
Computer-based Computerbased-with CPU Selectable characteristic curves and protection functions Metering and control functions E Event t and/or d/ disturbance di t b recording Remote communication SelfSelf -monitoring All in
Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor Based )
Crystal
CPU
Digital Relay:
AC - DC Conversion
A B C E
Current Sampling
( MicroProcessor Based )
Design Principle: AC/ DC Rectification Analog to Digital Conversion
A to D
Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor Based )
C iti l C Critical Components: t High Frequency Bus Susceptible to EMI/ RFI. AC/ DC & Digital Conversion Effect of Offset/ Harmonics, etc. CPU RAM EPROM A/D Hi-Freq Bus
Digital Relay:
( MicroProcessor Based )
C iti l C Critical Components: t High Frequency Bus Susceptible to EMI/ RFI. AC/ DC & Digital Conversion Effect of Offset/ Harmonics, etc.
Digital Relay:
Noise A to D
( MicroProcessor Based )
Design Approach: RC & LC Based filters pp g actions Slow tripping Shielding & Watch-dog timers Problem reduced not eliminated May reset randomly CPU RAM EPROM Watch DOG A/D
Digital Relay:
( MicroController Based )
Crystal
-controller co t o e Output p Control
Digital Relay:
Relay Contacts
AC - DC Conversion
A B C E
Current Sampling
( MicroController Based )
D i P Design Principle: i i l Lesser no. of components, hence less chance of failure. in built into the chip. All necessary peripherals in-built More functions can be built in a compact space.
Digital Relay:
P
Controller RAM EPROM Decoding logic A2D Converter I/O Ports P t Output driver
C
Controller A2D Converter Output driver
( MicroController Based )
D i P Design Principle: i i l Absence of exposed high frequency bus in built into the chip. chip All necessary peripherals in-built Cost effective technology appropriate for MV applications
Digital Relay:
A/D
( Numerical Relay )
To Outside world Relay Contacts
Digital Relay:
Crystal
-controller
Direct AC D Sampling
Current Sampling
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: AC attenuation Analog to Digital Conversion Numeric filtering & measurement
Digital Relay:
A to D
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued) (continued ) Digital Signal Processing concepts
Time Domain Representation The normal representation i.e. with time in the X axis The signal is sampled periodically, a different value obtained every time thus a series of numbers are needed to represent a signal time, signal. Amplitude
Disadvantages No Phase Angle information. No Frequency information.
Digital Relay:
Time
( Numerical Relay )
D i P Design Principle: i i l (continued) ( ti d ) Digital Signal Processing concepts
Frequency Domain Representation X Axis now represents frequency, instead of time. Thus a pure sine-wave sine wave can be represented with only a single numeric numeric. Amplitude
Digital Relay:
50Hz
Frequency
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued) (continued ) Digital Signal Processing concepts
Fourier Analysis Any signal can be represented by infinite Nos. of Sine waves
A Arbitrary Any A bit Signal Si l
Digital Relay:
+
Fundamental (50Hz). 2nd Harmonic (100 )
( Numerical Relay )
Design Principle: (continued) (continued ) Digital Signal Processing concepts
Fourier Analysis X Axis now represents frequency, instead of time. Thus a arbitrary signal can be represented with a set of numbers numbers. Amplitude
Digital Relay:
50Hz
100Hz
Frequency
( Numerical Relay )
Features: Very quick operation. y to DC & harmonics (tuned ( In-built immunity characteristics) Possibility of providing additional filtering or inhibiting actions without sacrificing speed of response. Possibility P ibilit of f disturbance di t b recording di & thus, th post-mortem analysis of fault & relay behavior. Highly stable & repeatable performance. Very less no. of components.
Digital Relay:
( Numerical Relay )
Additional Features: Communication to external laptop/ computer. Large number of functions that that can be programmed in a single enclosure, instead of a p discreet relays. y combination of multiple Possibility of using non-conventional transducers for input sensing. Eg. Hall effect Current Transducers. A Bay-level controller instead of just a t ti relay. protection l
Digital Relay:
Zones of Protection
Regions (zones) of power system that can be protected adequately with fault recognition and removal l resulting lti i in i isolation l ti of f a minimum i i amount t of f equipment. Requirements: q All p power system y elements must be encompassed by at least one zone Zones of protection must overlap to prevent any system t element l tf from b being i unprotected t t d( (no bli blind d spots).
Zones of Protection
3 1 5
2 G
Zones of Protection
Zones of Protection
3 5 1 2
G 1 - Bus Protection 2 - Generator Protection 3 - Subtrans Line Protection 4 - Feeder F d Protection P t ti 5 - Transformer Protection
Feeder Protection
Fault
Bus Protection
Fault
Transformer Protection
Fault
Fault
Generator Protection
Fault
BackBack-up Protection
Local Back Back-up - Alternate protection at the same substation when its main protection fails fails. Remote BackBack-up - Alternate protection at the remote substations in case the main protection fails.
B7 L1
B8
B9
F1 L2
Fault F1 Main: B8,B9, L2 remote protection Local Backup: If B9 fails, trips B6 and B3 If B8 fails, trips B7 and sends signal to trip L1 remote t protection t ti
Fault F1 Main: B5,B6 Backup: B1,B3,B8,B10 Fault F3 Main: B3,B4 Backup: B1,B6
Methods of Discrimination
Current Magnitude g
100 A
60 A
20 A
Time
1.0 sec
0.35 sec
Inst.
Methods of Discrimination
Current Direction
Methods of Discrimination
Time and Current Magnitude
Time
Current
Methods of Discrimination
Time and Distance
Time
Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone 3
Distance
Methods of Discrimination
Current Balance
87T
Methods of Discrimination
Phase Comparison
the current passing to the relay exceeds d a preset value. l They h are
51
52 5
B 3
I @ CB3
3
I @ CB3
So for a fault just after CB4 a directional over-current relay at CB3 will see the fault in reverse while at CB4 the fault is forward looking thus it will trip CB4 only to isolate the fault
1 G1
3
I @ CB3
4 G2
Suppose G1 generation becomes stronger stronger, the directional overcurrent relay of CB2 might see the fault. Therefore, the scheme is now not secure.
Input
Output
Transformer Protection
CT PCB
50/51
86T
POWER TRANSFORMER
87T
PCB CT
151G
Busbar Protection
Typical Bus Arrangements: Single bus Double bus, double breaker Breaker-and-a-half Main and transfer buses with single breaker Ring bus
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (single (single-bus) bus)
87B 86B TRIPS AND LOCKSOUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS
BUS
NOTE: All CTs connected to the bus differential must have same ratios.
Relay
0A
5A
5A
Relay
10A
5A
5A
Relaying y g Philosophy p y
P Part 3 3:
Delivery Substation B A
Radial Lines Looped Lines Power Transformer Bus Bar Capacitor Bank
TARGET TIME
CT
52
43R
79
LEGEND:
CT
50 INSTANTANEOUS, PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY 51 TIME, TIME PHASE OVERCURRENT RELAY 50N INSTANTANEOUS, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 51N TIME, GROUND OVERCURRENT RELAY 43R RECLOSER SWITCH 79 AUTO RECLOSER RELAY 52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Four (4) units of single-phase overcurrent relays are needed to protect a feeder
52
I Ia Ib In=Ia+Ib+Ic
Ic
Ground G d Relay
Phase Relays
21 CT
21G
79
85
CT
67
67N
52
43R
METERING
BUS PROTECTION
LEGEND: 21 PHASE DISTANCE RELAY 21G GROUND DISTANCE RELAY 67 PHASE DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY 67N GROUND DIRECTIONAL OC RELAY 43R RECLOSER SWITCH 79 AUTO RECLOSER RELAY 85 TELEPROTECTION 52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER
FAULT
VFAULT
Zone 2 X Zone 1
REACTANCE
MHO
R R
QUAD
COMPOSITE
Z3 Z2 Time Delayed
Ti Delayed Time D l d
Z1 Instantaneous
A
21
Relay Location
21
No intentional delay delay-for for speed Must under-reach end of the line for selectivity Typically set for 80-90% of line impedance
21
Time delay of 0 0.35 35 second Must over-reach end of the line Must not over-reach the Zone 1 of adjacent line Typically set for 100% ZL1 + 20 20-50% 50% of shortest adjacent line impedance
Time delay is 1 1.0 0 second Typically set for 100% ZL1 + 100% ZL2 (longest) + 0% - 120% ZL3 (shortest) Relay setting must be higher than the load impedance.
21 B
90% of ZL = instant 120% of ZL = 0.35 s On this condition CB B will trip instantaneously via Zone 1 operation while CB A will trip after 0.35 second via Zone 2. This is not good since the fault has to be cleared immediately immediately.
So there is a need to solve this problem to cover the protection of the remaining 10% of the line!
21 B
A 21
Z1 = 90% of f ZL = i instant t t Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s
TRIP Z2
XMTR A
TRIP
XMTR B
Z2
AND
RCVR A
AND
RCVR B
21 B
A 21
Z1 = 90% of f ZL = instant i t t Z2 = 120% of ZL = 0.35 s
No TRIP Z2
XMTR A
No TRIP
XMTR B
Z2
AND
RCVR A
AND
RCVR B
67 67N
Relay is set at fault at the adjacent bus 3 phase fault for 67 while SLG fault for 67N 3-phase Time is 0.70 second Instantaneous unit is blocked (distance relay must initiate first the tripping) No auto-reclosure when tripping initiated by back-up protection
Overcurrent O t
Fuses for distribution transformer Overcurrent relaying for 5MVA and above Characteristics: Must be below the damage curve Must be above magnetizing inrush
Transformer Protection
Differential - 87T Overload - 51 Back Back-up Ground - 151G Overheating - Thermal Relay Gas Detection - Buchholz Relay Sudden Pressure - Pressure Relief Valve
Transformer Protection
CT 52 50/51
86T 87T
POWER TRANSFORMER
LEGEND:
52 CT 151G 87T TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 86T AUXILIARY LOCK-OUT RELAY 50 INSTANTANEOUS OC RELAY 151G BACK-UP GROUND RELAY 52 POWER CIRCUIT BREAKER CT CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Transformer Protection Differential Relay y that by y its design g or application pp A relay is intended to respond to the difference between incoming g and outgoing g g electrical quantities associated with the protected apparatus. p pp
Transformer Protection
Percentage Differential Protection
Constant Percent Slope Characteristic Differential Relay
K = 40 %
Operate I1-I2
K = 25 %
K = 10 %
Transformer Protection
Percentage Differential Protection
Variable Percent Slope Characteristic Differential Relay
Operate I1-I2
TRIP ZONE
Slope 2
Pick-up
Slope 1
NO TRIP ZONE
Restraint = (I1+I2)/2
Busbar Protection
Typical Bus Arrangements: Single bus Double D bl bus, b double d bl breaker b k Breaker Breaker-and and-a-half Main and transfer buses with single breaker Ring bus
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (single (single-bus)
87B 86B TRIPS AND LOCKS LOCKSOUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS
BUS
NOTE: All CTs connected to the bus differential must have same ratios.
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (double(double-bus, bus double doubleTRIPS AND LOCKSOUT ALL BREAKERS breaker) CONNECTED TO
BUS 1 86B 87B 87B 86B TRIPS AND LOCKSOUT ALL BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS 2
BUS 1
BUS 2
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (breaker (breaker-andand-a-half)
86B TRIPS AND LOCKS OUT ALL LOCKS-OUT BREAKERS CONNECTED TO BUS 1 87B
BUS 1
BUS 2
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (main and transfer bus)
BUS 1 BUS 2
Busbar Protection
Bus differential connection (ring bus)
NOTE: No bus differential protection is needed. The busses are covered by line or transformer protection.
Busbar Protection
Two Busbar Protection Schemes: Low Impedance - using time overcurrent relays y
9 9
inexpensive but affected by CT saturation. low voltage application; 34.5kV and below