Fever is a result of infections, drug reactions, thrombi/emboli, tissue necrosis (circulating mictochodrial TLR ligands), or neoplasms Shock is a result

of Epistaxis: nose bleeding Hemoptysis: coughing up blood Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: a microthrombus forms in SMALL blood vessels, so that the RBCs when passing by hit it and get sheared forming schistocytesthis also uses up a lot of platelets in the formation of the microthrombi. Hematochezia: bleeding from rectum Hemarthrosis: blood in joint P-selectin is released from the Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells and is mediated by histamine E-selectin is induced by TNF and IL-1 Chronic granulomatous disease: NADHPH oxidase defect is X-linked or autosomal recessive After 24 hours after acute inflammation, neutrophils undergo resolution and die by apoptosis, which is why pus is formed Retroperitoneum is typical location for sarcomas to form, which arise from soft tissues derived from mesenchymal (connective) tissue ABL genes are translocated from 9,22 and cause CML (chronic myelogenous leukemia), and therapy is with imatinib that targets the abnormal protein formed by BCR-ABL fusion gene Kawasaki disease: presents in Asian children <4 years, and it is an autoimmune disease where medium sized blood vessels become inflamed and coronary arteries form aneurysms Elevation of alpha-fetoprotein occurs with testicular and liver cancer Adenocarcinoma of the colon is associated with blood loss from mucosal erosion Radon gas, after smoking causes the most lung cancer Flow cytometry is used in cancer diagnosis to determine aneuploidy from DNA content (aneuploidy shows an unusual number of chromosomes) Leiomyomas are common in the uterus of women who are older; lipomas are common, but not on breast, where fibroadenomas are very common benign neoplasms The proportion of cancer cells that are actively proliferating will predict response to chemotherapy; cells not actively proliferating are unresponsive to chemotherapeutic agents Increase in P-glycoprotein allows cells to pump out toxins, including chemotherapy agents that increase resistance Mutated beta-catenin binds to the intracellular portion of E-cadherin and damages its adhesiveness Dysentery: inflammatory disorder of the intestine that results in blood stool and diarrhea with mucus Aniscoria is unequal size of pupils Trisums: limitation in opening of the mouth Microtia: does not have hair; anotia does not have ears Asterexis: tell a person to lay down and flex their wrists, and they flap it back and forth; symptom of encephalopathy.