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=
=
1
shear strain rate in , plane
2
j
i
ij i j
j i
u
u
x x
x x
| |
= +
|
|
\ .
Thus, written in terms of the strain rates, the stress tensor is:
( )
viscous stress
using indicial notation
due to shearing
this is
of a fluid element
viscous stress due to an
overall compression or
expansion of the fluid
element's volume
2
kk
ij ij ij xx yy zz
= + + +
This stress-strain relationship can be derived by the following two assumptions:
1. The shear stress is independent of a rotation of the coordinate system
2. The shear stress is at most a linear function of the strain rate tensor.
So, for example,
xy
:
zz yz yy xz xy xx xy
a a a a a a
33 23 22 13 12 11
+ + + + + =
Clearly, assumption #2 gives 6 unknowns per shear,
12 11
, a a , etc. Note: why do
zy zx yx
& , not appear in this expression for
xy
? The total number of unknowns
for all stresses are: 36. But, this can be eventually reduced by applying #1 to the
most general linear form to the two unknowns & .
Viscous Flow Stress-Strain Relationship
16.100 2002 2
Stokes hypothesis
Stokes hypothesized that the total normal viscous stress on a fluid element
surface,
) )( 3 2 (
zz yy xx zz yy xx
+ + + = + +
should be zero, i.e. 0 = + +
zz yy xx
so that the normal force (stress) on a
surface is only that due to pressure. This requires that
3
2
0 3 2 = = +
Comments
Experimental studies have indicated that
3
2
and in general is not
negative!
For incompressible flow, 0 = = + + V
zz yy xx
so 0 = + +
zz yy xx
regardless of .
For most compressible flows V