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Genetic diversity Merck paid $1,000,000 over 2 years to Costa Rica for bioprospecting rights Estimate for pharmaceutical value of tropical forest species: $21 per hectare Population and forced displacement 4 million people in Amazon 150,000 evicted per year Agroforestry Value of intensive hardwood plantations: Teak: 245m3 per hectare (65 years to grow) Gmelina: 150m3/= per hectare (10 years to grow) Forestry-coffee mixed plantations: $2-$61/hectare when coffee prices are low, $120-$176/ hectare when coffee prices are high Timber resources Only 30-50 species (out of several hundred) are economically valuable Amazon basin has low merchantilable timber: 5 m3 per hectare World and tropical hardwood prices: $35 per m3 1 sawmill = 34 employees 1 veneer factory = 300 employees Forest management (vine removal and tree thinning): $120 per hectare Stumpage fees (paid to government by loggers): $5 per m3 Saw mills pay $35 per m3 for cut logs Annual increase in value of standing mahogany trees = 5% per year Economic Value of non-timber resources $422 per hectare for extractable nontimber resources (fruits, latex, nuts, etc.) Environmental costs/benefits Americans willingness-to-pay to protect tropical rainforests: $110-230 per hectare (one-time payment) Global environmental damages due to carbon release: $20 per ton carbon emitted 100-200 tons of timber produced per hectare cleared Plant biomass is 50% carbon Cost of losing forest carbon storage (climate-related damage and mitigation): $1,000-$2,000 per hectare Price peasant farmers are willing to accept to stop cutting forest: $5-10 per ton of timber 27 trees damaged for every tree extracted by logging