Number 33

Summer 2002

Objective : Barcelona!
Everything seems set and ready to go, and, as always before each of our International Meetings, this edition of the Journal presents all the abstracts that have reached us so far. And yet again, they give a glimpse into the treasure of the themes we will be discussing. I foresee that this Meeting will be just as animated and passionate as its predecessors. More than ten thousand programs have been printed and mailed thanks to the help of our colleagues and friends, including the institutions that have assisted us all throughout the period of preparation. We have also tried to promote the Meeting through the much more economical medium of the Internet. Thanks to the Mary S. Sigourney Prize, I have asked a professional webmaster to overhaul our site to make it more user-friendly. As in the past, I will continue updating the site myself, adding new elements gleaned in the different editions of our Journal. But it will soon appear in a new framework which I hope you will all approve. Also thanks to the Prize, which puts a temporary damper on my usual budgetary moanings, I thought you might appreciate accessing the archives proving our concern for being open to all the different currents of research into the history of psychoanalysis. We have already begun by publishing the most recent editions of the Journal of our association on line. But as soon as I can find the time, I will little by little scan the documents you have sent to me over the seventeen years the I.A.H.P. has been in existence. They are not all that numerous nor are they rich in stupefying revelations, but they may be useful to some of you in your work for comparative purposes. My only problem is knowing if we are authorized by law to publish such docuDans ce numro : ments... If anyone among you has any knowledge on the subject, I would be most grateful if he or she would share that information Activities of the Association with me as soon as possible - before I am submerged under a ton of lawsuits! The IXth Meeting of the The publication of the International IAHP : Barcelona, 2002 Dictionary of Psychoanalysis has relieved me of a great workload, which had truly beActivities of the members come excessive these two last years. And, afof the IAHP ter catching up on my backlog of work, I intend to become more and more active orgaBook reviews and the Innizing future activities in our association. I ternational Dictionary of hope that this unique book of reference will, despite its flaws and omissions, be of daily Psychoanalysis assistance to you in your research, and be-

International Association for the History of Psychoanalysis

8, rue du Commandant Ren Mouchotte 75014 Paris, France

Phone : [33] (0)1 40 47 89 33 Fax number : [33] (0)1 30 55 41 04 E-Mail : aihpsy@wanadoo.fr

Site AIHP/IAHP : www.aihp-iahp.com

Page 2

THE IAHP JOURNAL

come a familiar object in your offices. I would hereby like to thank the numerous members of the I.A.H.P. who participated in writing it, and feel that the historical point of view, which was the guiding light for the composition of the 1,472 articles it contains, will clearly demonstrate for the readers the importance of our work and the fruit it bears after all these years. As for me, I doubtless need to get back to work writing things other than the fragmentary articles, with often nothing linking one to the other, that I had to write in haste when to my horror I realized that there was a gaping hole in the list initially planned for the project. Doubtless too, the members of the Board like myself, should be more accessible to you, and communicate more often and more forcefully in order to be more familiar with your research and to give it the coverage it deserves. And so, get down to work, now that you know that there is someone out there who will be reading what you write! But above all, rendezvous in Barcelona! Read the program. I'm sure it will convince you travel there, and I look forward to seeing old and new friends of the I.A.H.P., whose presence is indispensable at the traditional General Assembly, and of course to lay the groundwork for the next Meeting in 2004... Thanks to an amiable supporter, I hope to have found an absolutely magnificent venue, and there's a theme I've been holding in reserve for many years... Suspense... We'll discuss it in Barcelona!

Alain de Mijolla

ACTIVITIES OF THE ASSOCIATION

PARIS (France) HISTORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS IN EUROPE WORKSHOP
The History of Psychoanalysis in Europe Workshop, led by Alain de Mijolla at the Centre for European Research (directed by Yves Hersant) is held on the third Thursday of each month from 8:45 pm to 10:45 pm (please be informed that latecomers will not be admitted after 9:00 pm) : Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, 54 Boulevard Raspail, 75007 - Paris, Room 215. The workshop is open to all. To attend, write to Dr. Alain de Mijolla at the address of the I.A.H.P. or directly to its secretary : Mrs Patricia Cotti : 52, rue Maurice Lachtre 93700 Drancy. Email : cotti@wanadoo.fr Program for 2002 : Thursday, May 16th, 2002 : Annick Ohayon : Building human sciences, questions of methodology. Applications to the history of psychoanalysis. Thursday, June 20th, 2002 : Jacques Natanson : Stages in a psychoanalytical reading of biblical texts since Freud.

DON'T FORGET TO PAY YOUR DUES FOR THE YEAR 2002

Active Members : 155 Euros (to receive the Journal in English : $200 or 110) Corresponding Members : 80 Euros ($110 or 55) Students (with copy of their Student Card) : 40 Euros ($55 or 30)

THE IAHP JOURNAL

Page 3

IXTH INTERNATIONAL MEETING OF THE I.A.H.P.

Barcelona, JULY 24TH-27TH, 2002

Psychoanalysts in Exile. Elements of a History

WITH THE SUPPORT OF :
Asociacin Espaola de Historia del Psicoanalisis Asociacin Latinoamericana de Historia del Psicoanlisis Asociacin Psicoanalitica de Madrid Association Internationale de Psychologie Analytique Association Psychanalytique de France Deutsche Psychoanalytische Vereinigung Espace analytique Hellenic Society of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy IPA Committee on Conceptual, Clinical, Historical and Epistemological Research Quatrime Groupe OPLF Sociedad Espaola de Psicoanalisis Socit de Psychanalyse Freudienne Socit Suisse de Psychanalyse Socit Psychanalytique de Paris

LECTURE ABSTRACTS
Below you will find the abstracts sent to us by the lecturers participating in the four days of the Meeting. Only those of the lectures taking place in plenary session have been translated here for the readers of the Journal, as an indication of their simultaneous translation. All the other papers read and discussed in the workshops on Saturday the 27th, which will be in one of the four official languages of the Meeting, are herein published in their original language.

WEDNESDAY, JULY 24TH : Afternoon PLENARY SESSION

Sophie de Mijolla-Mellor (France) : Is thinking nationless ? As an activity that is an end in itself, theoretical thinking is spontaneously excluded from the world. To abstract implies tearing away from everyday life, and creating an environment conducive to the neo-reality that thinking acts to build. We will here discuss Aristotle's definition of the life of the spirit (Bios theoreticos) as a stranger's life (Bios xenikos) in order to underscore the fact that this characteristic is common to all periods and all cultures. Opposing the extraterritoriality inherent to the intellect however, stands the concrete situation of those who are its actors : what becomes of thinking, that moves through the realm of the universal, when the thinker is torn away from his familiar points of reference, plunged into the sea of a foreign language, in short, exiled ? Is the situation of the psychoanalysts forced into exile

by the rise of Nazism comparable to that of Erasmus or Spinoza, who built up around themselves a world of thinking by moving from one country to another ? We will herein explore the destiny of psychoanalysis in exile not only from the development of a theory, but also in light of the clinical practice and the attention given to that new approach to the psyche as it may have been received by the public. Valentn Barenblit (Spain) : Changing cultures, changing practices ? The general lines of changing cultures and its effects on psychoanalytical practices are discussed and analyzed herein. These questions are examined under two angles : a/ historical and social transformations. b/ the events and misadventures of immigration and exile for psychoanalysts. From the onset of Freud's creation to our day, we may observe cultural, historical and social transformations framing the context in which psychoanalysis investigates and seeks to interpret the complex phenomena of human subjectivity.

Page 4
This lecture also aims at reflecting upon the effects of cultural transformations and technological progress which imply new equations in the relational field of numerous human groups, based upon the dimensions of the individual, the family, the group and the community. From the basis of cultural transformations and relational models of life, we observe new forms in the constitution of the psychic apparatus and in the alterations related to changes of the different systems of making sense and of the ethical values in our time. These changes determine forms of behavior and new and complex organizations of mental suffering. In that perspective, we formulate thoughts on the processes of socio-cultural, linguistic and symbolic integration as well as on the production of knowledge in different professional contexts wherein the complex historical, personal and professional questions of the immigration and exile of psychoanalysts are engraved and developed in different ways.

THE IAHP JOURNAL

of "nationalist" psychoanalysts in Edouard Pichon's circle, the ambiguous attitude of Ren Laforgue or conversely, the persistent establishment of Sacha Nacht, will all give an insight into the atmosphere of the Socit Psychanalytique de Paris during that period.

THURSDAY, JULY 25TH : Afternoon PLENARY SESSION

Harold P. Blum and Helen Meyers (U.S.A.) : Emigration to U.S.A. The exodus of psychoanalysts from Europe due to the Nazi regime created an upheaval in psychoanalysis, which continued during the Holocaust and the aftermath of WWII. The flight of European analysts to other continents and countries had profound effects on each countrys psychoanalytic culture. The mass migration had dimensions of a group process, but each individual analyst had his/her own particular conflicts and problems. Each refugee analyst endured political, professional, cultural, and economic problems and conflicts, with hardships, humiliation, and social disarray. Separation conflicts, culture shock, and adaptational stress were common. The internal world reflected the external situation of exile to a new homeland. My discussion will focus more specifically on emigration to America. Despite the fact that these migrs were psychoanalysts, there was often an avoidance in clinical work of addressing the internal and external aspects of emigration, the war, and the Holocaust. The reception accorded the migr, very important to new adaptation, was not infrequently lacking in warmth, helpfulness, and sensitivity. While some well-known analysts were treated with respect and deference in America, especially those close to Freud, others were less than well received. Many analysts, however, not previously well known, flourished in America and became renowned. All reacted to the past terror and turmoil, as well as to the new opportunities. Problems of language, location, practice, and licensing were in the forefront. The effects on American psychoanalysis were characterized by the rapid rise of Ego Psychology, the rapid rise of psychoanalytic institutes, and a focus on educational standards. Consequences of the past traumas can be discerned in America in the spurt of remarkable growth in psychoanalytic theory and practice, and in parallel tendencies toward elitism and excessive self assurance. The effect of this era on the development of theory itself is also notable. James and Eileen Goggin (U.S.A.) : Emigrants in the U.S.A. and the F.B.I. files We are going to present in summary our findings about the FBI files that resulted from the investigations of the migr psychoanalysts from the Greater German Reich during the 1930s and 1940s. We requested files on 14 of the most prominent migr analysts under the federal Freedom of Information and Privacy Act, and received files on 13 of the 14 analysts. This empirical data supported our hypothesis : that the FBI's investigations in part contributed to the fact that the migr analysts

THURSDAY, JULY 25TH : Morning PLENARY SESSION

Riccardo Steiner (United Kingdom) : The small peculiarities of the foreign environment... from a letter of S. Freud to M. Eitingon dated London 6 June 1938 The aim of my paper is to discuss the forced accuturalization of central European analysts who emigrated to England and other countries, due to the nazi persecution. I will try to use archival material coming from less known analysts beside from S. Freud and his family. Issues like language and everyday life will be discussed. Particular attention will be given to the way whose analysts organised their personal and cultural identity around Freudwritten works. Volker Friedrich (Germany) : Fleeing Germany : Destruction and Loss of a Psychoanalytical Culture of Communication As of press time, this abstract has not yet been sent to us. Nicolas Gougoulis (France) : Emigration to France This subject will be examined under the angle of the difficulties met by immigrants upon arrival and in settling down. The thing that was crucial for the establishment of psychoanalysis in France was the meeting of new ideas with the French spirit. Freud knew this. In 1907, he predicted that importing it into France would meet with obstacles. The impact of the Nazi cataclysm highlighted this difficulty in a dramatic way. In this lecture, we will be examining the emigrants' passage through France, especially that of Jewish colleagues fleeing Nazism, their reception by Marie Bonaparte, Anne Berman or Paul Schiff. Their stories are very different, as illustrated by those of Otto Rank, Heinz Hartmann, Ren Spitz or, before any persecution took place, of Rudolf Loewenstein. The reticence

THE IAHP JOURNAL

remained silent about their former left of center political views once they arrived in the United States. We will describe how the social-cultural-political context of the United States during that era, and J. Edgar Hoover's unique power, enabled the FBI, in our judgment, to violate the due process clause of the American Constitution, by its policy of over-reactive, indiscriminate investigations. In the major portion of our presentation we will describe the form and content of typical FBI files. We will then document the impact the FBI's investigations had on the migr's adaptation to their new home. We conclude that the social-political atmosphere of the United States combined with the power of J. Edgar Hoover led these migr analysts to remain silent (with rare exceptions) about their past political beliefs. Cludio Laks Eizirik (Brazil) : Emigration to Brazil The author will report some historical facts about the emigration of analysts towards Brazil and the circumstances that surrounded it. After this, he will comment on the influences, both theoretical and clinical, of the presence of these analysts, and also the institutional consequences, both immediate and in the next generations. He will finally discusss some features of the process of emigration, as an internal process of working through and as an external and interpersonal process of adaptation, confict and change. Gilda Sabsay de Foks (Argentina) : Emigration to Argentina Pedro Boschan stant dsist, cest notre fidle amie Gilda Sabsay de Foks qui a bien voulu accepter en ce mois de Mai daccomplir le travail ncessaire pour que cette partie importante de notre programme ne soit pas oublie. Nous nous excusons donc de ne pouvoir prsenter ici son rsum et nous rjouissons de dcouvrir sa communication Barcelone.

Page 5
training of the first Spaniards, outside of Spain : Angel Garma, Ramon Sarro. The emigration of Spanish psychoanalysts for political reasons : Angel Garma (Paris, Argentina), Emilio Prados (Canada). II - Second Period, 1950-1957 : The introduction of psychoanalysis in Spain. Certain Spanish psychiatrists and professionals travel to different psychoanalytical societies for training as analysts (Berlin, Switzerland, France, Argentina). Members of other psychoanalytical societies (Berlin, Argentina) arrive in Spain to train analysts. III - Third Period, 1957-1972 : The foundation of psychoanalytical societies on the Iberian peninsula. The incorporation of Spanish and non-Spanish psychoanalysts trained in other societies. IV - Fourth Period, 1973-2002 : The foundation of the Madrid Psychoanalytical Association. The integration of psychoanalysts into the new society : psychoanalysts from other countries and Spanish psychoanalysts trained in other societies. V - Exile and Argentinean emigration : Analysis of the political, economic, social and emotional reasons. The integration of exiled psychoanalysts into the different Spanish societies members of the IPA : Spanish Psychoanalytical Society, Madrid Psychoanalytical Association. Analysis of this incorporation and of the processes of integration. Tensions and values of this evolution. New groups : Oscar Masotta and the introduction of the ideas of Lacan into Spain, and other Argentinean psychoanalytical groups organized in Spain. VI - Analysis of the process of integration of LatinAmerican psychoanalysts (mostly Argentinean) and its importance in the spread and development of psychoanalysis in Spain. Panayiotis Sakellaropoulos (Greece) : The Emigration from Greece of Psychoanalysts at Different Periods of History This lecture is about people successively emigrating and returning home, a story tightly interwoven with the history of psychoanalysis and its evolution in Greece. The Greeks, a people of emigrants ! This people, from their arrival on the Balkan peninsula 4,000 years ago has often traveled to other countries, either by force or by their own accord. All throughout the 20th Century, writers, lawyers, doctors, etc. traveled to Europe or America to study or for professional training. They often stayed were they went. All the Greek psychoanalysts of the three preceding generations were trained in foreign countries. Does the training of a psychoanalyst in a foreign language and culture have any important consequences ? What are the differences between those analysts and the young Greek psychoanalysts who have been trained in their own language, in the heart of their own culture over these last two decades ? We will be presenting some points to illustrate the movements of those who emigrate and return, their causes and consequences : 1/ The foundation of the psychoanalytical group in the 1950's by : M. Bonaparte, G. Zavitsianos, D. Kouretas and A. Embirikos. The aggressive opposition of the medical profession in Athens,

FRIDAY, JULY 26TH : Morning PLENARY SESSION

Ana G. de Kaplan (Argentina) : Emigration of psychoanalysts to South America To broach the subject of the emigration of Argentinean psychoanalysts during the 1970's, it is essential to have a socio-political and economic overview of Argentina of the 1940's . Thus begins our presentation. We will be studying the arrival of the first Argentinean and European psychoanalysts, as well as the foundation of the Asociacion Psyicoanalitica Argentina in this context. We will then be treating the specificity of the emigration of the 1970's as the only way of saving one's life, and will approach some equally complex situations concerning the ideologies or, in certain cases, personal situations of nonresolved conflict. Mara Luisa Muoz (Spain) : Emigration in and to Spain I - First Period, 1900-1950 : The psychoanalytical

Page 6
the dismantling of the group and the emigration of nearly all its members to foreign countries. 2/ The definitive departure for some, for others, a departure that lasted a very long period of time, after the establishment of the Dictatorship of the Colonels in 1967. 3/ The return of psychoanalysts and psychotherapists with analytical training leading to the foundation of the Hellenic Psychoanalytical Psychotherapy Society, then of the Hellenic Psychoanalytical Society. 4/ Finally, the current situation : the training of psychoanalysts in Greece, and in parallel, the ongoing movement of people emigrating and returning.

THE IAHP JOURNAL

narratives that tend to emerge from underneath the surface in psychoanalysts who have immigrated from 1919 until 2000. Henri Vermorel et Marina Loukomskaa (France) : Destiny of Psychoanalysis Outlawed in Russia and in other East Block Nations during the Period of Stalinist Totalitarianism Soviet totalitarianism is characterized by the repression of individuals and terror, including a ban on thinking. It is the opposite of psychoanalysis, which is based on free association and aims at freeing the individual. Such an endeavor presupposes tolerant social conditions and sufficient freedom of thought and of being. It is not surprising that the regimes of these nations came to ban psychoanalysis. And yet the situation depended on the duration of these regimes. It was established in 1917 in Russia, but after 1945 in the East block nations. As for the Soviet Union, several works (by Alexander Etkind, Martin Miller, Valeri Leibine and Viktor Ovtcharenko) demonstrate that Russia had an exceptional development of psychoanalysis before 1917, abetted by the context of a culture receptive to the unconscious, as illustrated by the great Russian authors from Gogol to Dostoievdki, Tolstoi, Chekov, etc... The first translation of Freud's works were done in Moscow, where a prestigious psychoanalytical school had been formed in the company of Sabina Spielrein, Ossipov, Wulff and many others. Its influence on Russian psychiatry and culture was enormous. After the Bolsheviks took power, the state recognized the Russian Society and Institute of Psychoanalysis and psychoanalytical research was supported for a time, by the officials of the day, such as Otto Schmidt, director of the State Publishers, who continued editing Freud's works and that of other psychoanalysts until 1930. That year psychoanalysis was persecuted, the Society and the Institute were liquidated by decree of the NKVD of July 27th. And yet the ideas contained in psychoanalysis must have continued to operate underground, since numerous times campaigns were held to denounce psychoanalysis, which had officially ceased to exist. The situation began to change after the Krouchtchev report and the slackening of the taboo on psychoanalysis. That taboo was lifted in the 1990's with the advent of perestroika. Today, we are struck by the strong interest in psychoanalysis developing in Russia. A great number of professionals are being trained as analysts, study groups are at work on psychoanalysis and its practice, the psychoanalytical market is full of all types of books on analysis. This renaissance may be seen through the permeability of the rebirth of Russian culture, but also, it may certainly be seen through the transmission from one generation to another, in spite of the isolation in which the intellectuals were held during the totalitarian period. That is why our lecture, while discussing that period of silence, is above all an introduction to future research, some of which has already begun, and which will contribute to shedding light on that practically unknown period of history. A study group working on the history of psychoanalysis meets in Moscow, reuniting specialists in several domains. They work in liaison with the I.A.H.P.

FRIDAY, JULY 26TH : Afternoon PLENARY SESSION

Yolanda Gampel (Israel) : Emigration to Israel In the historiography of the Palestinian Jewish emigrant society, we find the tension between, the cultural heritage and past of individual immigrants and the tendency of Zionistic ideology to construct a collective past (first between 1905-1914, and then between 19181923). When Hitler rose to power, (1933) Eitingon (18811943) came to make his home in Jerusalem, and in October '33 he established the Palestine Psychoanalytical Society, along with other refugees who came to Palestine via Berlin, Vienna, and Odessa. The pioneers, on the one hand, fled Nazi Germany, and on the other hand, accepted the role of pioneers in Palestine. Israeli psychoanalysis is intertwined with Israeli history ; reflecting the intense struggle of generations not only for survival but also for the establishment of a new social order, it is closely related to the reestablishment of a nation. The formative years of the Society and the Institute were characterized by idealism, devotion and hard work, often overshadowed by political and economic difficulties. The period of immigration of all of these people was a pioneering one ; the Israeli society saw itself as a pioneering society, emphasizing construction, reclamation of swamps, planting of the desert, and building of a Socialist society. Eitingon's concern as was his legacy of inter-disciplinary cultural relations and interests, which had made him the living spirit of a vibrant intellectual and cultural center. During and after the Holocaust and the founding of the state (1943-1950) came a period of massive immigration, leading to changes in society - people coming from different Diasporas - and all along, there were always psychoanalysts who lent a hand to all history-societal wings. If initially the influence emanated from European, and especially from classical Freudian Berliner and Viennese psychoanalysts, throughout the years, members who completed their training in different societies have immigrated from Argentina, France, Holland and the USA, each bringing different outlooks and perspectives concerning a variety of paradigms in psychoanalysis (1960-2000). We will discuss the visicitudes and the differents

THE IAHP JOURNAL

For the other ex-Soviet satellite nations, who lived under repressive regimes for variable amounts of time, the situation depended upon the cultural conditions of each country, as well as the length of time psychoanalysis had been established in each and the presence of a solid psychoanalytical society. That's why in Hungary, despite the periods it needed to go underground, during the Nazi occupation, then under Communist rule, the practice of psychoanalysis and the training of analysts continued, culminating in an international psychoanalytical Congress held there as early as 1987. We are also aware that in Prague, psychoanalysts practiced clandestinely, even during the worst periods of repression, abetted by their patients : a colleague tells that even paranoid patients never informed against this forbidden practice.

Page 7
barely escaped with his life from Horthy's White Terror that raged in Hungary in 1919. He settled in Trieste, Italy. In 1924 Mussolini's fascists forced him to give up the directorship of the Srebenica coal mines and the Adria ShipLine at Mon Falcone. He moved to Vienna, his birthplace, to participate in the meetings of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. A few years later, the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute beckoned. He left for Germany and became a regular member of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. Five years passed. On April 1,1933, minutes before he was to be arrested by the Nazis, Spitz fled Germany for Vienna, his family a few steps behind. Freud asked him to head up the Prague Psychoanalytic Institute. For good political reasons Spitz decided to settle in France instead. France demanded radical change from the psychoanalysts seeking refuge. Forbidden to call themselves physician, they were given the title, soul-massage therapist. Their children, in a reversal of roles, became their guides to French etiquette and language. Fortunately Spitz was not the only barbarian within the French psychoanalytic establishment under the protection of the Princess Georges of Greece and Denmark, among them was her friend, colleague and analyst, Rudi Loewenstein. The antisemite, Pichon, was and continued to be opposed to Spitz. And even within the circle of friends who used to gather at the Deux Magots after sessions at the Institute, Laforgue did not prove to be one. While the five years Spitz spent in Paris were not easy ones, they were productive and paved the way to his greatest contributions : his empirical studies of psychoanalytic ego development and his research into the birth of language.

FRIDAY, JULY 26TH : Afternoon ROUNDTABLE

Moderator : Harold P. Blum (U.S.A.) Elke Mhlleitner (Germany) : Letters in Exile. The Exodus of Psychoanalysts from Vienna and Otto Fenichels Rundbriefe (1934-1945) . In April 1938, when Otto Fenichel was organizing his emigration to the United States, he remembered a crucial episode in his very last lecture presented to the Prague Psychoanalytic Study Group : some time ago, he argued, a friend had asked him about the important questions and major developments in psychoanalysis, and Fenichel replied : the most important question for psychoanalysis nowadays is whether the Nazis will seizure power in Austria or not. Fenichel had observed the political developments in Germany, and left Berlin in 1933. He moved to Oslo and began writing secret circular letters to a group of exiled psychoanalysts. Following the Anschlu of Austria to the Third Reich, the Board of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society held a meeting on March 13th 1938, and a consensus was soon reached and a resolution passed that urged psychoanalysts to leave the country and to move the seat of the Society to where Freud was to settle. The majority of the Viennese psychoanalysts left occupied Austria between mid-May and mid-June 1938 ; on June 4th, Sigmund Freud and his family left for exile in London. Fenichels 119 Rundbriefe (1998) are a fundamental and major first-hand source for understanding the circumstances and effects of emigration ; these letters in exile shed light on the transfer of science and changes of theory; the author reflects on personal fates and institutional decisions and brings a larger political perspective to our attention. My lecture will present information concerning the emigration and exile of the Viennese psychoanalysts based on the objective data of my Biographisches Lexikon der Psychoanalyse (1992) and confront these with Fenichels subjective intellectual reports. Eva Maria Spitz-Blum (U.S.A.) : Rene Spitz, a young Austro-Hungarian army surgeon,

SATURDAY, JULY 27TH : Morning WORKWHOPS

English language groups
Geoffrey H. Blowers (China) : To and From China : Two analysts made exile by war Analytic ideas began to circulate in China from about the second decade of the twentieth century. But it was not until the late 1930s, and then only briefly, that a psychoanalytic culture emerged due chiefly to the efforts of two men whose brief stays barely overlapped. Bingham Dai, a native of China, received a psychoanalytic training under Karen Horneys supervision while studying for a doctorate in sociology in Chicago. He returned in 1935 to take up a position at Peking Union Medical College, teaching medical psychology to Chinese doctors, setting up a small analytic training group and seeing patients. He left in 1939 for America along with his analysands because of the intensification of the Sino-Japanese war, bringing his program to a close. Paradoxically, war brought Freuds publisher, Adolph Storfer, to China in 1939 to escape anti-Semitic Vienna. Establishing himself in Shanghai, Storfer set about publishing Gelbe Poste, a periodical written for the German speaking expatriate community, the aim of which was to explore connections between Asian cultures, psychoanalysis and linguistics. However, he came under the scrutiny of the Japanese

Page 8
authorities and left in 1941 for Australia where he died four years later. Both men, in situ, had shown a sensitivity to Chinese culture, which contributed to the success of their efforts to foster psychoanalytic awareness in their respective communities. Exile brought these to a close. In China, psychoanalysis was not to be revived for another 50 years. This paper looks in detail at these events and considers the relative historiographical fate of the two men. Klaus Hoffmann (Germany) : Frieda FrommReichmann Exile and New Chances Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (18891957) lived and worked until the age of 44 years in Germany. At her working and living places Dresden, Heidelberg and Frankfort on the Main she practised inpatient and outpatient psychotherapy and was in close contact with psychoanalysts like Karl Landauer, Georg Groddeck, Heinrich Meng, Erich Fromm (whom she trained) and Sigmund Heinrich Fuchs (Foulkes), with psychotherapists like Johannes Heinrich Schultz and Hans Prinzhorn and with the neurologist Kurt Goldstein. Being Jewish, she fled immediately in spring 1933 to Strasbourg and then to the United States. Called by Dexter Bullard jr. to Chestnut Lodge near Washington D.C., she became the Director of Psychotherapy of the later famous psychoanalytic hospital for psychotic and severely disturbed patients. Using and further developing the concepts she brought from Central Europe, she formulated and practised intensive psychotherapy with psychotic patients and dedicated her famous book in 1960 to her teachers Sigmund Freud, Georg Groddeck, Kurt Goldstein and Harry Stack Sullivan. In the psychoanalytic scene of post-war USA, she tried to combat splits. Supported amongst others by Jacob Arlow, she co-founded the dissident Washington School of Psychiatry and the William-Alanson-White Institute in New York, but remained all the time a full member of the American and the International Psychoanalytic Association. Thomas Kirsch (U.S.A.) : Psychoanalysis in Exile Psychoanalysis in exile is a subject that touches the core of analytical psychology aim well. It is a little known fact that a significant number of the early disciples and students of psyche were of Jewish origin. They came mainly from Berlin, and included some of Jung's most original students. Erich Neumann, Gerhardt Adler, Ernst Bernhardt and James Kirsch were the most prominent Jewish students who began their analytical work in the late 1920s and early 1930s. These men traveled several times a year to Zrich for analysis. When the Nazis came into power in 1933, they all left Germany to begin their professional lives in other countries. They all became either founders or co founders of new Jungian professional groups in other countries. There were other Jewish analysands of Jung during this period, but this paper will focus on these four men, describing their journeys and discussing the effect of their emigration from Germany on the subsequent Jungian movement. Some of this history has been documented in my book, The Jungians, but I would like to go into more detail in this

THE IAHP JOURNAL

paper. As the descendant of one of these emigres, I have direct experience of what the effect the exile had on their professional lives. Roland Knebusch (Germany) : Hitler's psychiatric treatment - its psycho historic decoding by German exile writer Ernst, Paris 1933-40 It is meanwhile a clearly established fact that in summer 1933 the german psychiatrist Prof. Edmund Forster came to Paris to inform the editors of the german exile journal Das Neue Tagebuch (DNTB) about the treatment he gave to Adolf Hitler Nov. 1918 in the military hospital Pasewalk (Binion, 1973, Toland, 1976). Back in Germany Forster was arrested. After a 13 days interrogation by the Gestapo he was pushed to suicide. Historians agree that the bohemian-austrian physician and writer Ernst Weiss, co-editor of the DNTB, can be considered as a valid eyewitness of Forster's visit to Paris. Eyewitness is the title of a novel he wrote about Hitler's treatment. This novel has become famous because it seems to reveal what really happened at Pasewalk. It was read as a precious source all the more the original case report has disappeared, certainly destroyed by the Gestapo. This paper stresses the importance of Weiss' writing, not only to transmit facts but to give us a deep interpretation of Forster's personality and his therapeutic attitude to Hitler. His therapy was not only hypnosis as regarded in the past but an encounter with a long sequence of specific therapeutic interventions. Weiss who had a psychoanalytic background enables us to understand why the therapy was a serious mistreatment which was inflicted to Hitler in a double bind situation with a lack of abstinence. The overpowering of the deeply disturbed 30 year old Hitler can be understood as the starter of a destructive regression in Hitler's instinct regulation with failure of symbolic representation. This transformed Hitler's search for power, originally a need to survive, into a killing power, - one element in the creation of a mass murder. Part of the tragedy is that Weiss, the eyewitness, payed for his insights by suicide at the moment of the german occupation of Paris, in June 1940. Today we can attribute to Weiss the merit to have understood as one of the first something in the core of Hitler's mystery. Eva Laible, Jan Hlousek (Austria/Czech Republic) : Sigmund Freud's First Emigration (1859) (slides) An industrial catastrophe brought about the fall of the once wealthy family of Freud who lost their entire fortune and had to emigrate from their hometown Pribor. Freud mentioned this information, concealed in a scientific essay. Documentation provides hitherto unknown insight into the Freud family, centred on the commercial business, which, for 4 generations, was managed by Freuds forebears between Galicia and Pribor. The well-known family-constellation is supplemented by the importance of the half-brothers, especially Emanuel, the elder one and their further destiny. An outline is provided of the Socio-political development that led to the industrial catastrophe, in

THE IAHP JOURNAL

particular the general decline of the textile homework, in favour of more industrialised working methods. Finally, as economic refugees, Freuds father and halfbrothers first tried to settle down in Leipzig, where they had some business contacts. For the first time, based on documentation, it has become possible to show Jacob Freuds unsuccessful efforts to create a new existence and the shattered hopes. Realising the futility of this undertaking the family parted, the parents with Sigismund and the baby Anna moved to Vienna, the half-brothers emigrated to Manchester. Knowledge of the family and the socio-political background has made it possible to review and re-evaluate the clich-like picture of the father, Freuds poverty throughout his youth, his exerted efforts not to expose his children to the kind of poverty he has had to endure and some other aspects mentioned in the biography can now be illustrated differently. Traces of the trauma caused by this first emigration in Freuds early childhood days become evident and are seen in another concept. Basic knowledge of the historical events that took place in the first half of the XIXth century, the tensions and warevents between the Habsburg monarchy and other great powers, are undeniable premises in order to understand the socio-cultural development that overshadowed the little town of Pribor. Such factors as ethnical queries, status of the Jewish inhabitants in Galicia and Moravia, effects of the tolerance patent and the year 1848 must be seen as part of the surrounding time-frame within which the destiny of the Freud-family came to pass. Elke Mhlleitner, Ulrike May, Aleksandra Wagner, Michael Schrter (Germany) : Edith Jacobson ~ Self in the Changing World This panel proposes to discuss the life and work of Edith Jacobson. The panel members are currently involved in writing a book on the subject. Our panel is interdisciplinary, composed of historians, psychoanalysts and sociologists. Edith Jacobson (1897-1978) was a physician and psychoanalyst in Germany. She became a member of the German Psychoanalytic Society in 1930. In 1935, she was imprisoned by the Nazis for her involvement with the political resistance movement. In 1938, due to international concerns and organized help of the IPA, Jacobson escaped to the United States. She established her psychoanalytic practice in New York, became a training analyst of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute and, in 1954, became President of the Society. Jacobson is the author of The Self and the Object World and Depression. She is usually considered to be one of the key representatives of American ego-psychology. The panel will address several issues concerning Edith Jacobsons life and work by focusing on her professional development, her relationships with psychoanalytic networks (her own analyst, Otto Fenichel, the psychoanalytic study group of Prague and the New York Psychoanalytic Institute in the US) and with political activists (the resistance movement, Neu Beginnen). It will also focus on changes she underwent as a result of her immigration to the United States, and her development there as a teacher, training analyst, and writer. The panel hopes to encourage discussion and raise

Page 9
questions related to an important trajectory in the history of psychoanalysis and of the psychoanalytic movement. Emphasis will be on the manner in which Jacobsons travel effected the emergence of her theories and how her migration was part of a larger transformation in psychoanalysis that involved transformation of political and scientific engagement of its prominent practioners. Edith Jacobsons biography will be viewed through her own autobiographical writings, her theoretical works, interviews with analysands, friends, and students, and other archival materials preserved in the US and Europe. Michael Schrter (Germany) : Max Eitingon's descent from power (1932-1938). Some insights from his correspondence with Freud and other archival sources In 1932 Max Eitingon, who up to then had held all the key positions within the international psychoanalytic movement, suffered a dramatic loss of power. He not only retreated from the presidency of the IPA but was also deprived of his positions as editor of the major psa. journal and as supervising director of the psa. publishing house. This break highlighted a marked decline of the Berlin Psa. Institute, sealing a process that had begun with the emigration of most of its major teachers to America, well before the Nazi regime, and was furthered by Eitingons relative impoverishment at the time. In 1933 Eitingon acted with courage, self-confidence and realism, trying to fight the Gleichschaltung of the Berlin Institute. This attitude was clearly based on his strong sense of Jewish identity. His emigration to Palestine, however, was disapproved among the IPA leadership, including Freud, and moved him outside the center of psa. politics. His descent from power was completed when he was unable to oppose American action to undermine the authority of the International Training Commission in 1935-1938. Michael Schrter is just finishing his edition of the correspondence between Freud and Eitingon and will base his narrative on the material collected in the course of this work. Eva Maria Spitz Blum (U.S.A.) : Emigrations and Immigrations of a Philobat : Rene A. Spitz, M.D. Rene Spitz emigrated from Paris to New York in May 1938. Because of his political experience, he had recognized the seriousness of the Nazi threat to Czechoslovakia and to his family as Czech citizens his family out of France in good time, three months before the conference of prime ministers in Munich at which Chamberlain of Britain and Daladier of France capitulated abjectly to Hitler's demands for Czech territory, the Sudetenland. On October 10th Hitler's armies marched into Czechoslovakia. By then Spitz was securely settled in New York. Arriving in New York Spitz was received by Lawrence Kubie, member of the Refugee Committee established by the American Psychoanalytic Association, and Emmi and Sndor Rado. They settled the Spitz family temporarily at the Hotel New Yorker. Later, Emmi and Sndor Rado together with Caroline Zachry looked after the children while Spitz embarked on a search from New York to Chicago, Topeka, and Los Angeles to determine where to establish his practice.

Page 10
He decided on New York and staffed his office in the apartment complex on 1150 Fifth Avenue with from three to five refugee psychologists, mostly former research associates at Charlotte Buehler'ss Children's Institute at the University of Vienna. Staff called the office Little Europe. With the arrival of the families of refugee psychoanalysts Heinz Hartmann and Raymond de Saussure in the same in the apartment complex, the name became even more apt. I shall compare my father's experiences briefly to those of other refugees, including other scientists, artists, musicians, and writers. In conclusion, I examine how the American spirit and scientific atmosphere he encountered meshed with Spitz's own special talents and scientific bent and resulted in the flowering of his work. Juan Tubert-Oklander (Mexico) : Enrique PichonRivire : pioneer and outcast There have been some thinkers, in the history of ideas, that have left very few writings. These are people who love the spoken word; they thrive in the living discussion of ideas in statu nascendi, and this makes them superb teachers but lousy writers. Their teachings have been preserved through the notes taken by someone else. Such is the case of Socrates, George Herbert Mead, Raymond de Saussure, Harry Stack Sullivan, and, in Latin American psychoanalysis, of Enrique Pichon-Rivire. Pichon-Rivire was a pioneer in so many areas that it is very hard to summarize his contributions. In the 1940s he set the foundations for the psychoanalytic approach to psychoses and psychosomatic medicine in Latin America. He wrote extensively about schizophrenia, manicdepressive psychosis, epilepsy, and various psychosomatic disorders, as well as about art and poetry. He argued poignantly for a new conception of psychiatry that included both the psychoanalytic and the sociopolitical dimensions. He also developed a comprehensive study of groups. His conception of what he called operative groups comprised the study and conduction all sorts of human groups, including learning groups, family groups, institutional groups, and therapy groups. His emphasis on the social and political aspects of human existence, and his contention that they were fundamental for the construction of the subject and his inner world, set him increasingly apart from the set of ideas that prevailed at the time in the Argentine Psychoanalytic Association. This created a distance from the institution he had founded, even though he never left it. In his last years, he preferred to use the term social psychology for his own analytical approach to human affairs; therefore, the name of the largest collection of his writings and recorded classes : From Psychoanalysis to Social Psychology. I believe, however, that he was wrong in this. His work is really a breakthrough in psychoanalytic theory and practice. It is a major contribution towards the development of a new paradigm of the human being that we so sorely need. In the twenty five years that have passed since his death, he has been largely forgotten. Even though his name still rings a bell in young psychoanalysts, his works are rarely read or quoted in psychoanalytic papers. His books on groups and social psychology are also ignored

THE IAHP JOURNAL

by many analytic group therapists, even though they are mandatory reading for those with a social bent. Out of Latin America his work is known mainly is Spain, since it has not been translated to other languages. There is, however, a growing interest in his approach to groups among British group analysts. I believe it is high time for us to recover his memory, contributions and ideas, now that, at the beginning of the Third Millenium, we urgently need to reformulate our theory and practice, in order to encompass those dimensions of human existence that we had previously left out. Judith Vida, Gershon J. Molad (Israel) : The History of Holding Exile in the Dialogue between Analysts The developmental history of Psychoanalysis, as analysts are misplaced from culture, theory, and dialogue, shows the interacting impact of several kinds of exile : cultural-exile, when physical-political issues force being in a no-homeland place ; professional exile of political-professional dispute leading to a no-recognition place; theoretical-exile , when theoretical influences decenter and dislocate and lead to being in a no-theory place [post-modern influences] ; and dialogical-exile, when conventional practices of conferencespace turn the conversation between analysts into being a non-dialogical non-analytical place. In this paper we observe how analysts deal with the lost place in history, a closed folded part of life which is not accessible anymore, and with the lost place of history, a folded place that can be opened but has a ruptured scarred history of unfolding. We look at what happens, defensively and adaptively, to the analysts critique, mourning, and moral attitude; and we look at the ways and difficulties of holding in the dialogue between analysts these exiles of and in place, as transitional-spheres of life and death. Of all these exiles, we suggest that for analysts dialogical exile is the most critical, as it mediates collapses of both culture and theory. The personalautobiographical exile may either be excluded from the dialogue between analysts, and thus fail, and reproduce a personal-professional condition of exile for the analyst in person and for the community of analysts in general ; or it may succeed in meeting the narrative context of a conference and the inner dynamics of the audience, thus becoming an intermediate transitional sphere of compassion and development for the professional psychoanalytic community of mourning persons. We discuss the function of conference tales and the importance of silence in understanding and maintaining a dialogue-of-exile, and then turn to historical experience (Freud-Ferenczi relations) and to personal experience to look at the work of holding the longing and despair of exile in a dialogue between analysts.

Spanish language groups

Simn Alm Eljuri, Alberto Alvarado Cedeo, Gerardo Guido Wainer (Argentina) : Algunas caracteristicas del movimiento psicoanalitico Argentino El grupo argentino se ha caracterizado por sus contribuciones originales y por una gran generosidad, lo cul le permiti funcionar como polea de transmisin al resto de Amrica Latina.

THE IAHP JOURNAL

Angel Garma, Celes Crcamo, y Marie Langer, formados en Europa, entraron en contacto con Arnaldo Raskovsky y Enrique Pichon Riviere entre otros. Todos, y con los aportes De los dems integrantes levantaron el edificio psicoanaltico. Como virtud tiene este grupo la creatividad pero adolece de una excesiva dependencia de lo externo, en particular lo europeo. Los rasgos de los habitantes de Buenos Aires, puerto de llegada de todo lo importado, marca la actitud de este grupo humano. Dentro de los aportes de este grupo al acervo terico, clnico y metapsicolgico mencionamos : Patologa Psicosomtica, Encuadre Mdico Legal del Sadomasoquismo, Psicognesis del Arte Ornamental, la Maternidad y sus vicisitudes, El Psiquismo Fetal, La Contratransferencia, y el Encuadre Psicoanaltico. Ricardo Avenburg (Argentina) : Comentario al trabajo de la naturaleza de la accin teraputica del psicoanlisis de James Strachey El trabajo de Strachey, escrito en 1934, marca un hlito en la historia de las ideas psicoanalticas. Intenta penetrar en lo que para Strachey es esencial en el proceso psicoanaltico y tuvo mucha influencia, por lo menos en el psicoanlisis argentino, muy impregnado por las ideas kleinianas con las que este trabajo est fuertemente vinculado. Es justamente por su importancia histrica (tal vez no tanto terica) que vale la pena desentraar las categoras de pensamiento que lo fundamentan; esto he tratado de hacer aqu. Fanny Blanck-Cereijido (Argentina) : Este trabajo versa sobre el exilio de psicoanalistas argentinos en Mxico. Su primera versin fue escrita Cuando la Comisin de Cultura del Gobierno de la Ciudad de Mxico organiz una serie de mesas redondas sobre los grupos de extranjeros que integran la poblacin de la ciudad, y la presencia de los psicoanalistas argentinos es considerada tan significativa, que fueron convocados un historiador, un literato y un psicoanalista. El trabajo intenta explicar los motivos de la importancia que cobr el psicoanlisis en Argentina y algunas caractersticas de su evolucin, incluyendo las contribuciones al estudio de las enfermedades psicosomticas, al psicoanlisis infantil y de los procesos psicticos. Se describe la formacin de algunos psicoanalistas mexicanos en Buenos Aires durante los aos 50 y finalmente se resea los avatares de la inclusin de los psicoanalistas argentinos en Mxico a partir de 1976. Lidia Haydee Bruno de Sittlenok (Argentina) : Memorias del presente ...Huellas del pasado. Hipotesis para comprender un desarrollo El trabajo desarrolla algunas ideas a casi 60 anos de la fundaci'on de la Asociacion Psicoanalitica Argentina (APA) el 15/XII/1942, intentando explicar el "sorprendente" y sostenido desarrollo del Psicoanalisis en Argentina, que se constituyo a su vez en base de la expansion hacia el resto de Latinoam'erica. Lo hace estableciendo vinculos entre la historia de la Argentina, sus origenes, caracteristicas y avatares como Nacion entramados con otros factores entre los que se des-

Page 11
tacan : La singularidad de Buenos Aires en la decada del 30 y del 40. Metropoli cosmopolita y culta con su ascendente clase media. Y las personalidades de los pioneros, jovenes, heterogeneos con un objetivo e ideal comun la comprension del sufrimiento del alma humana y su tratamiento a traves de la teoria y metodo psicoanaliticos. Y que a su vez desarrollaban influencias y relaciones en distintos estratos sociales y culturales del pais. Siendo dos de ellos psicoanalistas exilados por las duras circunstancias que azotaban Europa en los preambulos de la 2da. Guerra Mundial. Angel Garma : miembro de IPA, renunciante de la Sociedad de Berlin, de la cual era miembro al solidarizarse con los analistas judios excluidos de ella por la locura del regimen nazi. Maria Langer : medica, en formacion avanzada en el Instituto de Viena al que abandona cuando se le prohibe a los analistas y candidatos la intervencion en actividades politicas. Cuando la persecuciones a los comunistas arrecian debe dejar tambien Viena. Cristina C. Burckas (Alemania) : La inscripcin de la experiencia del exilio en lo simblico El tema del exilio ocupa un espacio predominante en mi praxis analtica : la mayora de los analizantes que acuden a mi consultorio son sudamericanos que viven en Alemania, y si bien no slo se trata de exiliados polticos, a todos la vida los ha confrontado con la dolorosa experiencia del exilio. A causa de nuestra condicin de seres parlantes el exilio nos concierne a todos. La constitucin del sujeto ya implica el exilio en relacin a un origen, pues el sujeto se constituye a partir de una divisin que lo excluye de aquello que le es lo ms ntimo, lo ms propio, dado que el objeto que lo constituye es un objeto faltante. La experiencia del exilio tambin significa una ruptura en relacin a aquello que hasta entonces nos haba sido lo ms familiar. En ese sentido, cuando alguien se ve obligado a irse de su lugar de origen para siempre, se encuentra en una situacin que lo confronta nuevamente con ese momento traumtico inaugural de la estructura donde el sujeto se constituye como deseante a partir de una ausencia. Pero vivir una experiencia de exilio no implica an el reconocimiento de que all hay algo perdido para siempre. Este reconocimiento recin se produce a partir de la inscripcin de la experiencia de exilio a nivel de lo simblico. Es por ello que hace falta un tiempo. Un tiempo de duelo durante el cual el sujeto va situando los objetos perdidos hasta que, finalmente, logra situarse a si mismo en la imposibilidad del retorno, procuciendo una apertura en relacin al deseo. Los momentos de un anlisis en los que este proceso tiene lugar son cruciales, pues permiten retomar la huella del deseo all donde pareca enterrada. Mi texto propone trazar y seguir esta huella a partir del material clnico de una analizante cuyo exilio se produjo como consecuencia de las experiencias traumticas sufridas durante una dictadura militar sudamericana. Manuel Galilea (Espaa) : Un exilio de un psicoanalista El autor cree ser el nico analista chileno con aos de experiencia en su pas, que debi exiliarse luego del golpe

Page 12
militar de 1973 y que ha seguido con la prctica psicoanaltica, por lo que sus reflexiones podran ser de inters. Veinticinco aos despus de su partida de Chile, desea hacer algunas consideraciones con serenidad, sobre las tensiones vividas en una sociedad psicoanaltica polticamente dividida antes y despus del golpe de estado. Los problemas en el ejercicio psicoanaltico, la incidencia de los acontecimientos externos y de las actitudes de los pacientes emocionalmente comprometidos como ciudadanos, al igual que el terapeuta, en una situacin que divida a todo el pas, se manifestaron en problemas de la transferencia y la contratransferencia y en situaciones muy difciles en el encuadre. La partida, la interrupcin del ejercicio profesional, la llegada a otro pas y a un nuevo medio analtico, la recepcin de la Sociedad de acogida y los problemas de encuadre que surgen en la nueva situacin, forman parte de un proceso de duelo, que cada exiliado ha de considerar como un compaero inseparable por el resto de sus das. Graciela Graschinsky de Cohan (Argentina) : Historia, migracin y desarraigo : el legado de Maria Langer La autora tomar los conceptos freudianos de situacin traumtica y desamparo para estudiar las huellas dejadas por los efectos de la migracin forzada causada en la historia del psicoanlisis europeo en la segunda mitad del siglo XX. Este trabajo desplegar las consecuencias del exilio en la biografa de la Dra. Mara Langer, analizada del Dr. Sterba, que lleg a Buenos Aires en 1937 y de cmo este traumatismo de trasplante pudo cristalizarse en una adaptacin enriquecedora y en un legado importante para los psicoanalistas argentinos y mexicanos. En el contexto de este choque cultural que vive el inmigrante todo su esfuerzo est puesto al servicio de una adaptacin para la cual puede no estar internamente preparado. Se ve sometido a acomodamientos y adaptaciones que lo conducen a incorporar nuevas costumbres y valores, otra lengua, en detrimento de los suyos. Se ve enfrentado a un conflicto de lealtades, si se adapta completamente, traicionar sus races, de lo contrario ser marginado. A todo esto hay que sumar, en la migracin que se da bajo la forma de exilio, un fuerte sentimiento de exclusin. Para aquellos que se ven forzados a dejar su pas por persecucin poltica o religiosa, a la prdida de su mundo familiar se agrega el sentimiento perturbador de sentirse culpable por ser sobreviviente. La prdida tie todo con la sensacin nostlgica de que ser imposible adaptarse a las condiciones del nuevo lugar. Pero al mismo tiempo con la obligacin de estar agradecido por haber podido salvar su vida cuando otros no lo han hecho. Si aceptamos que cada sujeto es una caja de resonancia de los anudamientos traumticos que se producen entre el lugar de origen y el lugar de adopcin no podemos ignorar las huellas que los movimientos migratorios forzados, van dejando en su historia. Una experiencia migratoria puede ser transmitida en positivo, como referencia pasada de hroes y pioneros o puede transmitirse en negativo, como brecha presente, sin historizar, sin nexos causales y condenada a la repeticin. La Dra. Mara Langer pudo resignificar esta experiencia cuando tuvo que enfrentar un segundo exilio de Buenos Aires a Mxico en 1974, tambin por razones polticas.

THE IAHP JOURNAL

La transmisin de la historia de los psicoanalistas pioneros en nuestros pases es una forma de rememoracin, de reencontrarse con el pasado, visualizando cada uno de los eslabones que constituyen la cadena generacional, el saber de donde venimos apropindonos de nuestras races nos permite construir el deseo por un futuro del psicoanlisis. Finalmente, la autora considera que para comprender los lazos con las generaciones pioneras del psicoanlisis que sufrieron el exilio es til considerar la resignificacion de los bordes entre el ayer y el hoy, entre el all del pasado y el aqu del presente, entre el pas que expulsa y el pas que recibe. Reyna Hernndez de Tubert (Mexico) : El exilio de las ideas El presente trabajo trata acerca de la marginacin de las minoras en la comunidad psicoanaltica. Estas minoras pueden basarse en diferencias tnicas, lingsticas, nacionales o de gnero, entre otras. Cada una de ellas merece una amplia reflexin, pero en esta ocasin me centrar en el tema de la exclusin de las ideas, tanto psicoanalticas como de naturaleza filosfica, epistemolgica, poltica o religiosa, que difieren de las aceptadas por los grupos ms prestigiados dentro de nuestra comunidad. A lo largo de la historia del movimiento psicoanaltico se ha observado una lucha por imponer y preservar ciertos puntos de vista, que son los de los grupos que detentan el poder, en detrimento de otros que provienen de personas o grupos menos prestigiados, y/o que ponen en crisis al sistema de ideas generalmente aceptado, habitualmente llamado ortodoxia. El resultado ha sido un desgaste y un empobrecimiento innecesarios, como consecuencia de un pensamiento que siempre se ubica en trminos de pares antitticos. Considero que el futuro del psicoanlisis y de la humanidad misma depende de que podamos construir un nuevo paradigma del ser humano, que nos permita aceptar e integrar la enorme variabilidad de nuestra especie, en trminos de experiencias, formas de vida, convicciones y pensamiento. En el caso del psicoanlisis, es fundamental que trascendamos las falsas oposiciones, tales como individuo-grupo, pulsional-adquirido, intrapsquico-interpersonal, teoras verdaderas-teoras falsas, interpretacin-relacin, entre otras, para permitir la confluencia y la mutua fertilizacin de todas las partes del verdadero caleidoscopio de ideas que surgi del descubrimiento freudiano. Roberto Carlos Marcer (Argentina) : El Psicoanalisista durante el exilio interno En las ltimas dcadas hubieron numerosos trabajos acerca de las vicisitudes, posiciones y formas de encarar la tarea por las que han pasado los psicoanalistas en una situacin de exilio. La idea de esta presentacin es hablar de esa otra situacin que hemos atravesado la mayora de los psicoanalistas que continuamos nuestro trabajo durante el terrorismo de estado y que se dado en llamar exilio interno. Tratar de desarrollar sobre la base de ejemplos clnicos, la experiencia frente a consultas de familiares de desaparecidos o hijos de torturadores con sntomas graves ntimamente entrelazados a la actividad de sus padres.

THE IAHP JOURNAL

Me referir a la contratransferencia y a las estrategias que posibilitaron la situacin psicoanaltica. L. Vicente Mira (Espaa) : Exilio e lengua Una dimensin inevitable del fenmeno del exilio es el forzamiento de la lengua, aunque se juegue en el interior del mismo idioma las prcticas linguisticas con su multiplicidad inconsistente remiten al sujeto a una exterioridad repetida. Por otro lado el inconsciente obliga a los sujetos a una heterotopia intima que pone en entredicho las presuposiciones de identidad. Al situarse mas alla del plano de la identificacin, la prctica del inconsciente que es la cura analitica desconfia de toda reivindicacin de identidad individual o nacional. En suma el psicoanlisis es un dispositivo para desmaternalizar la lengua, para contrariar el estandarte del goce privado de un sujeto o un grupo. Nuestra proposicin es pensar que las instituciones psicoanalticas realojan las identificaciones y el goce que la cura pretendi desalojar. Pretendemos que el realojamiento se hace por medio del narcisismo y el amor bajo las insignias del ideal. En este trabajo intentaremos cernir esta defensa de las instituciones contra el exilio (defensa que exila de nuevo al sujeto respecto a la subjetividad de la poca) recorriendo sucintamente la historia del movimiento lacaniano en Espaa. Blanca Montevechio (Argentina) : Exiliados en la propia tierra A lo largo de la historia ha existido una forma de exilio de caractersticas masivas consecuencia de la apropiacin de vastos territorios que convirtieron a los nativos en extranjeros en su propia tierra. Espaa anticipa una de las lgicas ms fuertes de la modernidad en lo poltico cuando a fines del siglo XV busca la homogeneidad cultural : una lengua, un pueblo, una raza. Expulsa a los moros y a los judos no convertidos y conquista inmensos territorios en ultramar donde los pobladores son sometidos con la espada y con la cruz. Posteriormente la Revolucin Francesa cristaliza -en el ciudadano- el ideal del hombre universal y racional que en nombre de la civilizacin destruye la diversidad cultural de los pueblos "brbaros" y "salvajes". El nativo despojado ya de su tierra es obligado a renegar de su idioma, de su religin y de sus costumbres ancestrales y pasa a ser un "fuera de la ley" si no acepta el lugar que se le reserva de instrumento de un proyecto ajeno. Destruidos los anclajes identificatorios de sus culturas milenarias, estructura una identidad conflictiva ya sea por identificacin con el agresor, por resistencia pasiva o activa. Actualmente asistimos al despertar de pueblos que habiendo padecido ese tipo de exilio liberan fuerzas explosivas acumuladas a lo largo de siglos de dominacin. En Argentina despus de la "limpieza tnica" de los nativos que ya haba comenzado durante la colonia, las lites gobernantes quisieron hacer un pas europeo y abrieron la inmigracin a los expulsados por la revolucin industrial. Sus descendientes, nostlgicos de la tierra de sus ancestros, contribuyeron a construir el pas que, sin embargo, no llegan a sentir como propio. Un perodo de gran prosperidad inicial cre un falso optimismo, generando expectativas ilusorias que no se concretaron. Las dictaduras militares mesinicas quisieron hacer un pas homogneo y el resultado fue el incremento de la escisin y una secuela de desapariciones fsicas y exilios internos de quienes se

Page 13
opusieron. Otros entre ellos muchos psicoanalistas tomaron el camino de retorno a la Europa idealizada. Ramon Riera i Alibs (Espaa) : De Freiberg a Viena a los 3 aos del pequeo Freud : su posible repercusin en las teoras psicoanalticas Es muy extendida la creencia de que Freud vivi una infancia idlica, rodeado por los bellos parajes de Freiberg, hasta los 3 aos y medio, cuando la ruina familiar forz la emigracin a Viena. sta es la imagen que el mismo Freud tena de su propia infancia, y la imagen que sus bigrafos fieles se han encargado de transmitirnos. Es probable que aquella emigracin a una edad tan temprana favoreciera esta idealizacin. En cambio, una de las reciente biografas de Freud (Breger, 2000) nos muestra los importantes traumas psicolgicos que el pequeo Freud sufri en sus primeros tres aos de vida. En su auto-anlisis con Fliess, estas primeras experiencias traumticas quedaron disociadas, y en cambio el nfasis recay en la creacin de una espectacular teora universal (la teora Edpica) que tena que provocar un vuelco radical en la comprensin del alma humana. En la versin que Freud nos da de la historia de Edipo se produce la misma disociacin : el abandono traumtico de Edipo al nacer queda relegado, y el nfasis recae en la espectacular faceta parricida e incestuosa de Edipo. La fascinacin de Freud por la imagen de Edipo resolviendo el enigma de la esfinge (imagen que se ha convertido en el logotipo de nuestro gremio) nos corrobora lo importante que fue para Freud el verse como el gran descifrador del alma humana para sentirse as a salvo de las reminiscencias de su infancia traumtica. Tal como nos muestra la perspectiva intersubjetiva, las teoras psicoanalticas, lejos de tener un valor universal, estn inevitablemente entretejidas con la subjetividad de sus creadores. La investigacin de la relacin entre las teoras freudianas y la subjetividad de su creador nos ayuda a entender el nfasis que el psicoanlisis puso desde su inicio en el desvelamiento de las supuestas profundidades de un inconciente pulsional en ebullicin. Finalmente, en la experiencia del autor de esta comunicacin, la conexin emptica con los estados afectivos de sus pacientes ha quedado a menudo interferida por la enorme presencia de estas doctrinas pulsionales en los programas de formacin como psicoanalista. Gabriela Roth, Luis Minuchin (Argentina) : Las mltiples migraciones del vnculo entre Freud y V. Tausk El trabajo relata en forma dialogada un "encuentro imaginario" entre Freud y V. Tausk, a travs del cual replantean y discuten sobre los distintas apectos de la relacin personal y profesional que mantuvieron durante su vida y que culminaron con el suicidio de V. Tausk. En dicho dilogo se despliegan tanto las diferencias personales como las tericas, pudiendo percibirse en ese relato la rivalidad conciente e inconciente que se estableci entre ambos. A lo largo del trabajo se establecen las diferentes posiciciones conceptuales que planteaban frente al psicoanlisis como as tambin sus coincidencias, pudiendo entreveerse all los ncleos de distintos conceptos tericos que posteriormente fueron tomados y desarrollados por otros autores psicoanaliticos. En el trabajo presentado, se pueden apreciar las diversas etapas emocionales por las que atraves dicha relacin.

Page 14
Ana Rozenbaum de Schvartzman (Argentina) : Marie Langer, la psicoanalista maldita Se realiza un recorrido de la vida de Mara G. De Langer, psicoanalista fundadora de la Asociacin Psicoanaltica Argentina en 1942. Se utilizan como fuentes sus propios escritos autobiogrficos, testimonios de uno de sus hijos, de numerosos colegas que la conocieron y aceptaron rescatarla del olvido, como as tambin se hace referencia a su vasta obra. Adems se intenta una permanente articulacin con su entorno cultural e ideolgico, su medio social, y las condiciones poltica en las que tendra que vivir. Nacida en 1910 en Viena, vivi en Europa, donde se recibi como mdica, hasta 1939, ao en que estall la Segunda Guerra Mundial y debi emigrar hacia Amrica. Despus de un breve periodo en Uruguay, vivi en Argentina desarrollando una intensa actividad vinculada con el psicoanlisis. Renunci a la Asociacin Psicoanaltica Argentina en 1971, junto con un grupo de colegas, nucleados en los Grupos Plataforma y Documento. Pocos aos despus, y por motivos polticos, debi exiliarse a Mxico donde vivi casi hasta su muerte. Sus escritos abarcan un amplio espectro de intereses que se perfilan a travs de su historia, y atestiguan acerca de su estilo de intenso compromiso y profunda dedicacin Manfredo Teicher (Argentina) : La identificacin y sus vicisitudes en relacin con el fenmeno nazi Con el nazismo, un Ideal perverso toma el poder en Alemania. El sueo de la gratificacin narcisista bajo el principio del placer se impone a millones de criaturas que se encandilan con pasin. El ideal nazi sealaba lo que haba que reprimir : la compasin, el ideal de justicia, el amor compartido, para todo aquel que no perteneciera a la raza superior aria. El ario puro por el simple hecho de existir y de haber nacido, merece el respeto y la adoracin incondicional del resto de la Tierra. As quedaba definido el concepto de sublimacin y de justicia. Su meta : satisfacer el deseo del narcisismo infantil omnipotente, trasladado al grupo de pertenencia. Manfredo Teicher (Argentina) : Migraciones Cuando alguien decide (o se convence de) abandonar su entorno social y probar suerte' en otro, debe enfrentarse con el examen y el cuestionamiento de su identidad. El lugar al que se llega o el lugar que se abandona, es idealizado con signo positivo o negativo. O bien se suea con llegar al paraso perdido luego de dejar atrs el infierno, o bien se suea con haber sido echado del paraso para siempre. Entre los seres humanos, se producen distintos agrupamientos econmicos y polticos, grupos de poder que someten a los que pueden. Las migraciones son intentos de evitar el sometimiento a esos grupos de poder. Juan Tubert-Oklander (Mexico) : El exilio interior de Sndor Ferenczi La historia del movimiento psicoanaltico est llena de episodios en los que la expresin de una disidencia llev a una exclusin implcita o explcita del disidente. Esto equivala a un exilio interior, por el cual el transgresor

THE IAHP JOURNAL

resultaba desterrado por la comunidad psicoanaltica, perdiendo as todo contacto posible con sus anteriores colegas y amigos. Algunos de ellos, como Jung, optaron por cortar su relacin con el psicoanlisis. Otros, como Lacan, declararon que ellos eran los nicos verdaderos representantes del pensamiento freudiano. Finalmente, hubo otros, como Ferenczi, que simplemente se marchitaron y murieron. Este trabajo analiza el caso de Sndor Ferenczi, intentando identificar las causas intrapersonales, interpersonales y transpersonales de su exilio. Mucho se ha escrito acerca de los rasgos autoritarios de la personalidad de Freud y de la infantil exigencia de Ferenczi de recibir atencin y reconocimiento por parte de una figura paterna, al mismo tiempo que se rebelaba ante la misma, pero el autor del trabajo cree que las verdaderas causas eran mucho ms profundas. El desacuerdo de Ferenczi con Freud no fue fundamentalmente terico o tcnico, sino filosfico y epistemolgico. Ambos representaban dos concepciones de mundo diferentes e incompatibles. Por otra parte, el impacto del psicoanlisis sobre todas nuestras aparentes certidumbres es tan grande, que todos tendemos a aferrarnos a algunas de ellas, por miedo a volvernos locos, y esto engendra el dogmatismo. La actitud dogmtica se deposita a veces en nuestras teoras o rituales tcnicos psicoanalticos preferidos, y otras, en nuestras creencias filosficas, cientficas o ideolgicas. Muchas de nuestras discusiones psicoanalticas se refieren realmente a nuestras concepciones del mundo divergentes. En el caso de Ferenczi, su concepcin del mundo, del ser humano y de la naturaleza ltima del psicoanlisis eran diferentes de las de Freud. Pero tal vez el mayor conflicto con su maestro surgi de su reconocimiento implcito de que la propia existencia de la indagacin psicoanaltica haba demolido irremediablemente la concepcin de la ciencia del Siglo XIX, con la cual contaban tanto Freud como l mismo, para encontrar un terreno firme en el cual apoyarse.

German language groups

Eugenia Fischer, Ren Fischer, Hans-Heinrich Otto, Hans-J. Rothe (Deutschland) : Nikolaj Jegrafowitsch Ossipow der erste politische Emigrant in der Geschichte der PSA und sein Briefwechsel aus seinem Exil in Prag mit Sigmund Freud N.J. Ossipow wurde 1877 in Moskau geboren. Er studierte Medizin in Moskau, Deutschland und der Schweiz wo er auch promovierte. Nach seiner Rckkehr nach Moskau arbeitete er an der psychiatrischen Universittsklinik. Seit 1907 studierte er Freuds Arbeiten , die in Russland kaum bekannt waren und bersetzte sie in Russisch. Seit 1908 publizierte er sie. 1909 grndetet er zusammen mit N. Wyrubow die Zeitschrift Psychotherapia", wo russische (auch seine) und auslndische PSA Beitrge ihren festen Platz hatten. 1910 besuchte Ossipow S. Freud in Wien. 1911 grndete er mit Drosnes und Wyrubow die erste Moskauer PSA Gesellschaft. 1917 nach der Oktoberrevolution verlie er Moskau aus Ablehnung des Bolschewismus und nach langer Flucht ber Istanbul kam er 1921 nach Prag. Dort wurde ihm die Leitung der psychiatrischen Universittsklinik in Brnn angeboten, was er ablehnte Ossipow starb am 19.2.1934 in Prag.

THE IAHP JOURNAL

In dem 1921 beginnenden Briefwechsel mit S. Freud spiegeln sich die Umstnde seines Lebens im Exil Wieder. Wir sind im Besitz der Briefe von S. Freud und der Briefe von Ossipow. Die Texte haben ergeben, dass S. Freud Ossipow hoch schtzte, seine Arbeiten in Imago publizierte. Wir knnen den Gedankenaustausch zwischen den beiden verfolgen, die persnlichen Ansichten Freuds (z.B. ber Emigration, Tschechen, Bolschewismus) und an manchen Stellen die eindeutig psycho-therapeutische Bemhungen Freuds Ossipow nicht nur konkret zu helfen. Eugenia Fischer, Ren Fischer (Deutschland) : Die Geschichte der Psychoanalyse in der Tschechoslowakei whrend der Deutschen Okkupation 1939-1945 und das berleben der PSA unter dem totalitren kommunistischen Regime Wir kennen ein Teil dieser Geschichte aus familirer Kenntnis und das berleben der PSA unter totalitren Regime haben wir selbst miterlebt. 1936 wurde die Tschechoslowakische Gesellschaft fr das Studium der PSA auf dem 14. Internationalen PSA Kongress in Marienbad als Mitglied der IPV aufgenommen. In Prag befanden sich mehrere deutsche Psychoanalytiker (z.B. Annie Reich), nach dem Anschluss von sterreich kamen noch weitere dazu. O. Fenichel wurde nach Prag als Emissr von S. Freud geschickt. Nach dem Mnchener Abkommen" emigrierten viele Mitglieder ins Ausland. Die restlichen Mitglieder, die nach dem Einmarsch der deutschen Wehrmacht die das Land 1939 besetzte, wurden in KZ geschickt, wo sie starben Nach dem Kriegsende 1945 ist in dem ganzen Land als einziger berlebende nur Theodor (Bohodar) Dosuzkov geblieben. Whrend des 2. Weltkrieges sammelten sich im Untergrund um ihn die an der PSA interessierte Studenten, die u. a. Freuds Werke ins Tschechische bersetzten. Die Bltezeit der PSA bis zum kommunistischen Putsch 1948 war kurz.Von der Stalinisierung wurde auch die PSA Gesellschaft getroffen. Sie wurde dann 1952 offiziell aufgelst, aber die Ausbildung und Verbreitung der PSA funktionierte weiter illegal dank Dosuzkov und seiner Schler. Mit der Liberalisierung des Regime in den Sechzigem und mit Hilfe auslndischer Psychoanalytiker funktionierte die psychoanalytische Ausbildung gut, nach dem Zerschlagen des Prager Frhlings kam es nicht zur Krise, nur zum Verlust der Hoffnungen. Wir sind 1969 nach Deutschland geflchtet. Dosuzkov leitete die inoffizielle PSA Gesellschaft bis zu seinem Tod 1982 weiter. Dank gemeinsamen Interessen an der PSA habe die Gruppe bis zu der Wende 1989 berlebt. Seit 1991 war sie eine von der IPV anerkannte Study Group, die seit 1999 als provisorische Gesellschaft der IPV anerkannt ist. Hans-Joachim Rothe (Deutschland) : Karl Landauers Exil in Holland im Spiegel seines Briefwechsels mit Max Horkheimer Karl Landauer, geb. 1887 in Mnchen, stammte aus einer jdischen Bankiersfamilie. Er machte seine psychoanalytische Ausbildung bei Freud von 1912 bis 1914 und lie sich nach dem ersten Weltkrieg in Frankfurt am Main nieder. In seinen Arbeiten verband er das von Freud entwickelte Strukturmodell mit dessen frher Affekttheorie. Neben den neurotischen Einschrnkungen des Gefhlslebens beschrieb er die Psychodynamik der erworbenen Denkhemmung.

Page 15
Max Horkheimer, geb. 1895 bei Stuttgart, Geschichtsund Sozialphilosoph, war es daran gelegen mit Hilfe interdisziplinrer Zusammenarbeit von Philosophen, Sozialwissenschaftlern, konomen und Psychologen hinter der chaotischen Oberflche der Ereignisse eine dem Begriff zugngliche Struktur der herrschenden Mchte zu erkennen. Deshalb wandte er sich 1928 an Karl Landauer, um bei ihm das Erkenntnisinstrument der Psychoanalyse selber zu erfahren und machte eine Psychoanalyse bei ihm. Als Karl Landauer in Frankfurt am Main mit Heinrich Meng, Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, Erich Fromm und S.H. Foulkes das Frankfurter Psychoanalytische Institut (19291933) grndete, bekam es folgerichtig Gaststatus in dem von Horkheimer geleiteten Institut fr Sozialforschung. Als beide Institute aus politischen Grnden im Mrz 1933 geschlossen werden muten, emigrierte Karl Landauer nach Holland, wo durch seine und anderer Emigranten Ankunft ein lang schwelender Konflikt in der Hollndischen Psychoanalytischen Vereinigung ausbrach, der zu einer mehrjhrigen Spaltung fhrte. Karl Landauer wurde aber zu einem der wichtigsten Lehrer der hollndischen Psychoanalytiker in den dreiiger Jahren, da er die moderne an Ich und Abwehr orientierte Technik nach Holland brachte. Max Horkheimer hatte inzwischen durch gnstige Umstnde das Institut fr Sozialforschung nach New York an die Columbia Universitt verlegen knnen und setzte dort u.a. die Studien ber Autoritt und Familie und Vorurteile fort. Karl Landauer gelang die weitere Flucht in die USA nicht. Nach der Besetzung der Niederlande durch das nationalsozialistische Deutschland wurde er mit seiner Familie verhaftet Er starb im Januar 1945 im KZ BergenBelsen den Hungertod. Max Horkheimer kehrte nach dem Kriege wieder nach Frankfurt zurck und verankerte die kritische Theorie der Frankfurter Schule zusammen mit Th. W. Adorno im Bewutsein von Generationen deutscher Intellektueller. Der Briefwechsel Karl Landauers mit seinem frheren Analysanden Max Horkheimer gibt Einblick in die Weiterentwicklung der theoretischen Diskussion, die persnliche Situation der Emigranten und die Motive fr das tragische Zgern Landauers, ein weiteres Exil zu suchen.

French language groups

Judith Dupont (France) : L'exil avant l'exil Michael et Alice Balint, ont migr en Angleterre en janvier 1939, aprs lannexion de lAutriche par lAllemagne nazie, pour chapper latmosphre antismite de la Hongrie, menace elle aussi dtre submerge par une idologie fascisante. Cependant tous deux avaient dj vcu un premier exil : Alice dans sa petite enfance, Michael comme jeune adulte. Alice sest trouve spare de sa mre entre ses trois et onze ans, du fait de la grave maladie puis du divorce de celle-ci, prononc ses torts. Sa mre, la psychanalyste Vilma Kovcs, fut marie contre son gr lge de 15 ans, un homme beaucoup plus g quelle. Elle le quitta pour pouser lhomme de son choix. Ds lors elle ne put revoir ses trois enfants, dont Alice tait lane, quen cachette. La sparation prit fin lorsquAlice

Page 16
parvint senfuir de chez son pre pour rejoindre sa mre, emmenant avec elle ses deux cadets. Michael Balint a toujours eu des rapports difficiles et distants avec son pre, le Dr. Ignace Bergsmann. Ctait un homme svre, peu chaleureux, trs attach au judasme. Il avait par contre beaucoup de tendresse pour sa mre, une femme affectueuse et gnreuse. Michael pousa Alice et ils eurent un fils. Pour viter celui-ci dtre exclu de la possibilit de suivre des tudes universitaires, du fait du numerus clausus appliqu lpoque aux juifs, Michael se convertit la religion unitarienne et changea son patronyme juif en Balint, nom typiquement hongrois. Son pre lui en voulut, au point de refuser de jamais le revoir. Luvre dAlice et de Michael Balint porte la marque de ces ruptures ainsi que des tentatives faites pour gurir les blessures quelles ont laisses. Lexil britannique na fait que les redoubler. Nicolas Gougoulis (France) : L'exil dans la langue. Le cas de la Grce L'introduction de la psychanalyse en Grce est une histoire caractrise par une discontinuit influence par les tourments de la vie politique du pays. L'intelligentsia grecque a connu deux priodes d'exil pendant le dernier demi-sicle. La premire cause de la guerre civile (19461949) la deuxime pendant le rgime des colonels (19671974). Une des caractristiques des rgimes autoritaires de ces deux priodes tait l'attaque contre la langue et par consquent l'attaque contre toute pense libre, a fortiori la pense psychanalytique. Les exils et ceux qui ont du se former par la suite l'tranger ont fait la plupart du temps leur formation et leur analyse en langue trangre. L'auteur se propose d'examiner ce problme et ses rpercussions. Giancarlo Gramaglia (Italie) : Enqute sur Sigmund Freud et sur la Wiener Psychonalytische Vereinigung effectue par la diplomatie fasciste italienne en 1935 Lenqute, dj publie dans la Revue internationale dhistoire de la psychanalyse (n2, 1995), reprend des documents de la diplomatie et de la police fasciste italienne (OVRA) sur Sigmund Freud et la Socit psychanalytique de Vienne. Les informations recueillies par le fonctionnaire charg de lOVRA sont absurdes et fausses : il est effarant de voir quun tel ensemble de prjugs ait fait lobjet de procdures ministrielles. Les ministres italiens des Affaires extrieures et de lIntrieur eurent connaissance de ces documents ! Devant pareille horreur, et par-del lindignation comprhensible, il est juste et ncessaire de continuer se demander comment certaines choses ont pu arriver au XXe sicle, pourquoi certaines allgations ont pu prendre corps et circuler. Rsumons de manire par trop synthtique le document : Freud y est accus dtre juif, de soutenir les communistes et davoir migr en Amrique en 1934, aprs la chute du gouvernement social-dmocrate de Vienne. Quand on lexamine de plus prs, le document brille par la grossiret du langage et lignorance, mais comment ne pas tre daccord avec le fonctionnaire de la direction de la Police (OVRA), Carmine Senise quand il crivait quune association de ce type [i.e. la Socit psychanalytique de Vienne] sert dinstrument de pense des courants qui ne sont certainement pas favorables au fascisme ? Et comment ! Mais en ce cas, les fascistes avaient devin quelque chose ! La relecture de lenqute nous permettra de

THE IAHP JOURNAL

faire certaines considrations fondamentales, mais aussi de comprendre la fonction de lhistoire et de ses actes, tels que lexil, dans un processus de ds-idalisation. Quand viennent manquer les conditions permettant de penser, pour ainsi dire de respirer, il faut choisir. La pense est une activit, un travail, un acte. Pour Freud, lexil et t de rester Vienne ! Quand Freud, 82 ans, dcida de sinstaller en Angleterre et de la remercier de son hospitalit, il crivit : Je suis reconnaissant la chre et libre Angleterre de dcouvrir de nouveau ici que je peux me remettre parler, crire jallais dire, penser. Freud, qui nemploie pas les mots au hasard, ne sexile pas, tout en sachant bien que sa facult de penser dpend avant tout du dveloppement pulsionnel et de la norme adquate qui rgit sa vie psychique. Mais il sait aussi fort bien quaujourdhui comme hier, seul un tat libral et dmocratique permet la pense de salimenter et dchanger, bref daccomplir ce quen analyse nous appelons le travail dlaboration. Tout ce qui a pour effet de sous-valuer limportance de ce travail cre les conditions dune rptition du XXe sicle. Le vritable exil aurait t pour Freud de rester Vienne. La leon vaut pour chacun de nous. Florian Houssier (France), Monique Avant (France) : Erik Erikson et Peter Blos : le rle de l'immigration dans leur parcours Peter Blos et Erik Erikson ont migr aux Etats-Unis aprs avoir travaill ensemble pendant lessentiel de leur parcours Vienne, lorsquils ont exerc en tant que psychopdagogues dans l'cole exprimentale cre par A. Freud, D. Burlingham et E. Rosenfeld. P. Blos, arriv Vienne en 1925, introduit deux ans plus tard son ami, alors en pleine dtresse, lcole exprimentale dont il a t nomm directeur. Les liens de filiation thorique se nouent; A. Aichhorn devient leur mentor Vienne, aprs le pre de P. Blos pendant leur adolescence. A partir de limmigration, la trajectoire de deux hommes se sparent. P. Blos achve sa formation et sengage en tant que psychothrapeute puis psychanalyste une fois arriv New York la fin des annes trente, devenant progressivement un spcialiste de ladolescence. Limmigration entrine une srie de ruptures ponctuelles; celle avec A. Freud, en lien avec les dsaccords concernant la pratique psychopdagogique de lHietzing Schule; celle entre les deux hommes, E. Erikson ayant t prfr par A. Freud qui avait pris ce dernier en analyse. Pour E. Erikson, limmigration avait fait partie de son destin ds le dbut de sa vie. Cela lui permit de trouver demble un cho avec la socit amricaine et les difficults de sa jeunesse. A la fin de la vie dE. Erikson, la relation distendue entre les deux hommes se renoue loccasion de la maladie qui le touche. Sans avoir emprunt les mmes directions thoriques, ils ont chacun respect leur volution respective, sur laquelle ils sont rests silencieux afin de prserver leur amiti. Michle Moreau-Ricaud (France) : Exil d'un analyste hongrois lors de la Seconde Guerre mondiale : le cas de Michael Balint L'arrive des nazis met tous les analystes juifs d'Europe centrale en danger de mort. Certains Hongrois,

THE IAHP JOURNAL

dont Balint, se rsolvent alors, pendant l't 1938, et sur le conseil de John Rickman, envoy par L'A.P.I. pour les dcider prparer leur exil. Balint refuse le visa offert pour l'Australie et insiste pour migrer en GrandeBretagne. Jones lui trouve alors une possibilit d'installation Manchester. Balint y arrive en janvier 1939. Nous montrerons que cet exil est une exprience douloureuse, traumatique pour Balint, qui doit affronter toutes les difficults habituelles de l'exil, auxquelles vient s'ajouter la mort tragique de sa compagne de vie et de recherche, puis toute une srie de deuils familiaux, qui le laissent un temps dprim et inconsolable. Nanmoins, cet exil va devenir galement porteur de valeurs positives pour lui et le mouvement analytique. Sur le plan de sa production analytique, il apporte, dans la continuit des travaux de Ferenczi, des thories et pratiques nouvelles (l'attachement mre-enfant dit "amour primaire", la rgression comme "allie thrapeutique", le "dfaut fondamental = basic fault). Un autre apport est l'invention d'une mthode de formation des mdecins la relation thrapeutique (le "groupe Balint") dans le cadre de la clinique Tavistock et du National Health Service qui relance la mdecine dans le Royaume-Uni et va influencer praticiens et chercheurs franais qui vont se former auprs de lui et feront ensuite profiter les hpitaux franais de leur nouveau savoirfaire. De plus, Balint va jouer un rle cl dans la transmission des thories de l'cole de Budapest (Ferenczi surtout) et par la multiplicit des changes scientifiques dans la communaut analytique, en France en particulier, en Allemagne, mais aussi sur le continent amricain et australien, un agent actif du Mouvement analytique. Franco Quesito (Italie) : Psychanalystes Italiens en exil : Enzo Bonaventura En Italie les premiers dcrets raciaux ont t promulgus au moment de la grande crise de lAssociation Psychanalytique Internationale en 1938, alors quau congrs de Paris l'atmosphre tait inquitante et pleine d'incertitudes. Dans la Socit Psychanalytique Italienne (SPI), un grand nombre de ceux qui taient les plus engags dans la rception de la pense de Freud, taient Juifs : Edoardo Weiss, Emilio Servadio, Giuseppe Hirsch, L. Kvacs et Marco Levi-Bianchini. Tous durent sexiler. Entre 1939 et 1945 on ne parla pratiquement plus de psychanalyse en Italie. Les rares psychanalystes qui restrent se trouvrent compltement coups du mouvement psychanalytique mondial. Ceux qui nappartenaient pas la SPI subirent un sort semblable : Roberto Assagioli alla en Amrique, le jungien Ernst Bernhard vcut dans une pice ferme Rome comme Roberto Bazlen. Bien que ntant pas juif, Cesare Musatti dut se rfugier Ivrea, dans le Pimont, chez Olivetti. Parmi ceux-ci il faut citer Enzo Bonaventura, directeur de l'institut de Psychologie de lUniversit de Florence, qui avait publi aux ditions Mondadori en 1937 La Psychanalyse, un livre o il avait accueilli avec sympathie les thses d'une pense freudienne alors mconnue. Ses tudes sur la psychologie sociale, marques par son judasme, le conduiront en 1938 migrer Jrusalem l'universit hbraque. Il est rest un personnage central du dbat psychologique en Italie, mme aprs sa mort survenue en 1948, la suite d'un attentat accompli par des Arabes

Page 17
contre un convoi humanitaire dans lequel il se trouvait. Cette intervention voque le psychologue Enzo Bonaventura et tche d'valuer quel point la pense de Freud a t prsente chez cet Italien rudit qui na jamais t analys. Lya Tourn (France) : Freud exil Sintresser la place de lexil en psychanalyse implique avant tout de prendre acte dun fait historique et de sinterroger son propos : suite lexil de Freud et de bon nombre de ceux qui formaient la premire gnration danalystes, dans diffrents lieux de la plante et diffrentes poques, nombreux ont t les psychanalystes ayant connu, sous divers rgimes totalitaires, la condition dexils. Pourquoi des psychanalystes ? Lexil de Freud et de beaucoup de ses lves sous le IIIme. Reich - ceci est une vidence historique que nul noserait discuter - fut avant tout le rsultat nfaste de la perscution des Juifs par le rgime nazi. Mais linsistance montre par la suite par toutes les sortes de rgimes totalitaires non seulement pousser des psychanalystes lexil (soit-il extrieur ou intrieur) mais aussi bannir la psychanalyse, empche de tenir la condition juive pour seule raison possible et renvoie lincompatibilit fondamentale existant entre totalitarisme et psychanalyse. La pratique psychanalytique peut difficilement tre dissocie de la trame sociale qui la porte et la garantit. La ncessit dtouffer la capacit de penser librement, double de la volont dabolir la mmoire justifient suffisamment la profonde hostilit marque par ces rgimes lgard de luvre de culture {Kulturarbeit}, dont la psychanalyse fait minemment partie. La rcente histoire des dictatures en Amrique du Sud en offre dloquents exemples. Les nombreux exils qui ont marqu lhistoire de la psychanalyse depuis ses origines nont pas t sans effets sur sa pense et sur sa pratique. Mais ne peut-on pas considrer que la cration mme de la psychanalyse est place sous le signe de lexil ? Lexil de Freud Londres sinscrit dans une histoire signifiante o luvre de lauteur et son destin personnel savrent insparables : il ajoute, de manire tragique, un dernier trait son identification Mose, le personnage qui lavait poursuivi la vie durant . N dune mre dont la langue tait le yiddish, son ducation faisant de lui un Allemand, pour les Tchques majoritaires au sein de Freiberg, sa ville natale, Freud ne pouvait qutre identifi aux ennemis trangers. Ne peut-on pas penser que lexil de Freud, commenc bien avant son dpart de Vienne, cette ville o il ne sest jamais senti laise , ait marqu de manire indlbile son identit et la construction de sa pense ? Linterrogation identitaire qui culmine la fin de sa vie avec Lhomme Mose et la religion monothiste, ne vientelle pas rpondre cet exil que Freud avait rencontr trs tt dans le regard des autres ? Et au-del de ce qui fait identit entre lui, Mose et le peuple juif, lvnement de lexil et son assomption par Freud, nouvrent-ils pas sur un autre trait unique , celui dexil, runissant Freud et Mose avec lautre grande figure mythique de la psychanalyse, celle de lternel dipe ? Hlne Trivouss-Widlcher (France) : Allons enfants de lapatride, Victor N. Smirnoff (1919-1994), Wladimir Granoff (1924-2000)

Page 18
Wladimir Granoff nous raconte lun de ses souvenirs denfance : n Strasbourg dune brillante famille de juifs russes originaires dOdessa, venue en France aprs la rvolution, celui que ses professeurs appellent le petit bolchvique chante avec conviction et sa faon le premier vers de la Marseillaise Allons enfants de lapatride . Environ la mme poque, Victor Smirnoff, issu dune famille mdicale originaire de Petrograd rfugie Berlin, est un colier appliqu souvent dnomm le petit russe , qui chante avec la mme conviction Deutschland ber alles . Ils vont se rencontrer Paris au cours de leurs tudes de psychiatrie, et nouer une amiti pour la vie, totalement imbrique dans leur langue maternelle. Granoff commence sa formation analytique le premier, avec un didacticien de la Socit de Psychanalytique de Paris (SPP), M. Schlumberger, mais il dit se sentir tranger ce milieu quil considre conventionnel et dogmatique. Trs vite il se sent attir par linternationalisme culturel de J. Lacan, notamment par sa frquentation de personnalits marquantes telles que R. Jakobson ou A. Kojeve. Smirnoff, sur le conseil de son ami Granoff, entreprend une analyse avec Lacan. Les deux amis se retrouvent nouveau du mme ct la Socit Franaise de Psychanalyse (SFP) durant cette priode de bouillonnement culturel si fcond que nombre de ceux qui y participrent la nommrent lheure la plus belle de leur histoire . Granoff est lun des principaux artisans de la rupture avec Lacan en 1964, et de la cration de lAssociation Psychanalytique de France (APF). Tout en maintenant avec conviction leur place lAPF, Granoff et Smirnoff vont y assumer trs diffremment la position de ltranger . Granoff est un aristocrate de la psychanalyse, portant avec clat son identit dexil russe. En 1953, encore lve il quitte la SPP et suit Lacan puis prend ses distances surtout en rapport la pratique de celui-ci, il se tourne alors vers lAPI la recherche dun passeport international , analogue au Passeport Nansen, celui des apatrides de son enfance. Du par ce quil appelle le provincialisme de lAPF et les petits nationalismes mis bout bout de lAPI, il reprend avec force le chemin de lexil intrieur, pour suivre sa propre route. Dans limpossibilit doprer les confrontations quil souhaite faire entre le freudisme et le lacanisme, ce frontalier de la psychanalyse publie Filiations (1975), o il nous raconte une histoire pleine de bruit et de fureur , la sienne et celle de toute son poque. Cest la fois un ouvrage polmique, thorique ouvrant sur un lexique inconscient de luvre de Freud, et historique interrogeant le destin de la psychanalyse. Cest avant tout comme un voyageur Ein Wanderer dans la tradition culturelle germanique de ce mot que Smirnoff se dcrit dans son autobiographie. De ses annes passes New-York, il garde des relations trs fructueuses avec les milieux de la pdopsychiatrie et de la psychanalyse. Ses contacts avec les milieux anglo-saxons et allemands se prolongeront durant toute son existence, notamment travers sa participation rgulire aux rencontres de la Fdration Europenne (FEP) et de lAPI. Trs investi dans ses fonctions lAPF, il reste galement ouvert dautres socits, notamment le Quatrime Groupe. Il publie de nombreux travaux sur la psychanalyse de ladulte et de lenfant , dans un esprit douverture dpourvu de tout dogmatisme. Son livre La

THE IAHP JOURNAL

psychanalyse de lenfant a t traduit dans de nombreuses langues. Dans un article rest clbre De Vienne Paris - Sur les origines dune psychanalyse la franaise , il dcrit avec un humour dcapant les origines chauvines et racistes de certains pionniers du mouvement franais, comme les excs dun certain lacanisme virant au gallicanisme. Cest dailleurs contre cette tendance dite latine que stait inscrit le retour Freud , sa lecture en allemand, encourage par Lacan. La fraternit de Granoff et Smirnoff ne tenait-elle qu leurs origines communes, leur polyglottisme, leur intrt pour la traduction entranant la traverse des langues, la connaissance des textes trangers, lintroduction des pionniers de la psychanalyse ? Granoff a t le premier en France introduire S. Ferenczi et Smirnoff a t un grand lecteur de M. Klein. Ou bien plus secrtement encore, leur fraternit tenaitelle leur appartenance lintelligentsia, cette nbuleuse dapatrides, exils de Russie pris de libert, de gnrosit, de savoir, comme de savoir-vivre, des tres de passion. Chacun deux se rapprochait ainsi au plus prs de cet tre mythique que serait lhomo psychanalyticus .

REVIEWS OF BOOKS
Jan Abram (1996) The Language of Winnicott..., Karnak Books, translated by Cloptre Athanassiou Popesco, Le langage de Winnicott, Dictionnaire explicatif des termes winnicotiens, Presentation and preface by C. Athanassiou Popesco, Preface by Jan Abram, Introduction by Jonathan Pedder, Bibliographies by Knud Hjulmand and C. Athanassiou Popesco, Paris, Edition Popesco, 2001, 433 p. In this day and age of psychoanalytical dictionaries, essential for serious readers of the works of Freud and of his disciples, and before the publication of "the Mijolla" a totally new concept - let's take a look at this dictionary of Winnicott's familiar terms, in part modeled on that of Laplanche and Pontalis. Winnicott, who died in 1971, left an imposing body of work : nearly 600 articles written from 1931 to 1970. He had an unprecedented audience in France, through the relationships he maintained with our colleagues of the A. P.F., V. Smirnoff, etc., and his editor (and analyst), J.B. Pontalis. Even if his work as a pediatrician, according to M'Uzan, or as an analyst, according to many, is, unlike that of others, easy to read (it is said that he knew how to be understood by nannies, students and the radio audience, that's to say, to the layman, a bit like Franoise Dolto) this book makes it possible for nearly anyone to have a clear idea of the notions used - or invented - by Winnicott, often used in a vague or erroneous manner. These "catchy" expressions have had quite some success. They found their way into common language faster then "ego ideal" (Freud) or "primary love" (Balint) or "object a" (Lacan), but they lost their purity and often became annoying stereotypes. J. Abram has indexed 22 terms (rather than concepts), and studied them by alphabetical order : from aggression to holding, to anti-social tendency, creativity, dependence, depression, environment, the feeling of being, hate, play, mother, transitional phenomena, primary maternal

THE IAHP JOURNAL

concern - which might have been included, by the way, under the heading of "mother" - regression - which was the first term I consulted for my study group at the IVth Group - self, squiggle... A definition is given and, what is most interesting, instead of referring to the texts in which the terms are used, the texts are home delivered ! In excerpt form, of course. The notion of "self" is well fleshed out and useful, even for those who resist that Anglo-Saxon concept. And as for the term "spatula" - as in "spatula game" - in spite of my long years of reading Winnicott, I had absolutely no memory of such a thing ! I share C. Athanassiou-Popesco's enthusiasm, motivating her to translate this useful book, allowing us, according to her, to "authentically penetrate his thinking from the inside." And yet, a short biographical note on Winnicott (his analytical training, his filiations, his influence) would have been welcomed; but we will soon have such a note in the upcoming Dictionary of Authors, Concepts and Institutions... What's more, the historical aspect of the terms and concepts is absent ! "Good environment" and "good care giving," do not only come from Winnicott's practice as a pediatrician, but from a theory of the analytical cure based on the model of the mother-baby relationship that comes from the Budapest School ! These notions should have been noted and their history traced back to Klein, Rickman, Balint, and especially, Ferenczi - who had a nearly identical terminology - and finally, to Freud, with the notion of environment and the caregiver, which he mentions without going into further detail... That intellectual filiations, of course, do not diminish Winnicott. It's just the opposite ! His ideas are not the product of spontaneous generation, but they were borrowed from the theoretical body of works available, through the prism of his specificity or sensitivity as a pediatrician, or through his personal understanding, or through "reunion." Winnicott also gleaned his ideas in psychoanalytical practice, or in "control" analyses, as they said back then, that he underwent with Hungarian analysts or those affiliated with the Hungarian school. If he himself said that he didn't know where he borrowed this or that, the researcher, by positioning himself differently, can do what Winnicott urged therapists to do : "gain the capacity of play, that's to say being creative in analytical work" (p. 308) and editorial. (M. Moreau-Ricaud)

Page 19
Kestemberg Evelyne (2001), La psychose froide, Paris, PUF, 222 p. Luquet Pierre (2002), Les niveaux de pense, Paris, PUF, 188 p. Michel Andr (2002), Mes Moires, vol. V, Gentilly, Andr Michel, 300 p. Mijolla-Mellor Sophie de (2002), Le besoin de savoir. Thories et mythes magico-sexuels dans l'enfance, Paris, Dunod, 222 p. Universit Paris 7, Denis Diderot, Recherches en Psychanalyse , 2001-2002, 42 p.

Other Books Recieved

Assoun Paul-Laurent (2001), Le Freudisme, Paris, PUF, 182 p. Avron Ophlia (2001), La pense Scnique - Groupe et psychodrame, Ramonville Saint Agne, Ers, 208 p. Bodei Remo (2002), Logiques du dlire, trad. P.E.Dauzat, Paris, Aubier, 190 p. Castarde Marie-France (2002), Les vocalises de la passion, Paris, 178 p. Coll. (2001), Ers : Vingt ans de sciences humaines, Ramonville St Agne, Ers, 204 p. Dornes Martin (2002), Psychanalyse et Psychologie du premier ge, Paris, PUF. Freymann Jean-Richard, Patris Michel (2001), Du dlire au dsir, Strasbourg et Ramonville Saint Agne, Ers- Arcanes, 224 p. Kogan Ilany (2001), Le cri des enfants sans voix, trad. L. Flournoy, Lonay, Delachaux et Niestl, 224 p. Le Guen Annick (2001), De mres en filles, Paris, PUF, 120 p. Lck Helmut E., Mhlleitner Elke (1993), Psychoanalytiker in der karikatur, Mnchen, QUINTessenz, 202 p. Pedinielli Jean-Louis, Gimenez Guy (2002), Les psychoses de l'adulte, Paris, Nathan Universit. Quinodoz Danielle (2002), Des mots qui touchent, Paris, PUF, 202 p. Rand Nicholas (2001), Quelle psychanalyse pour demain ?, Ramonville St Agne, Ers, 148 p. Sauret Marie-Jean (2000), Psychanalyse et politique Huit questions de la psychanalyse la politique, Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 192 p. Torok Maria (2002), Une vie avec la psychanalyse, Paris, Aubier- Psychanalyse, 266 p. Valabrega Jean-Paul (2001), Les mythes, conteurs de l'Inconscient, Paris, Payot et Rivages, 182 p. Wallerstein Robert S. (1998), Lay Analysis. Life inside the controversy, Hillsdale, NJ, London, The Analytic Press, 512 p.

Books Published or Sent in by our Members

Grosskurth Phyllis (2001), Mlanie Klein, coll. Quadrige, trad. A. Cdric, Paris, PUF, 674 p.

Directeur de la Publication : Alain de Mijolla Rdacteur en chef : Bertrand Vichyn Mise en pages : Colette Curtil-Pailler Rdaction : Ren Fua de Camondo, Michel Maslyczyk, Michelle Moreau-Ricaud, Jean-Jacques Pailler, Christa von Petersdorff

Page 20

THE IAHP JOURNAL

International Dictionary of psychoanalysis

Concepts, Notions, Biographies, Works, Events, Institutions
After seven years in the making, the International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, Concepts, Notions, Biographies, Works, Events, Institutions, edited under my direction with the collaboration of an Editorial Committee composed of Bernard Golse, Sophie de Mijolla-Mellor and Roger Perron, was published in its Frenchlanguage version in April, 2002. It is in two volumes packed in a superb hardback jacket. It totals 2,018 pages and has 1,572 entries, nearly 900 of which are dedicated to Freudian and Post-Freudian, even Para-Freudian, notions (analytical psychology, individual psychology), more than 350 to the biographies of the most important psychoanalysts in the history of the psychoanalytical movement, 170 to their landmark writings and nearly 150 to the institutions, remarkable events and to the nations whose histories are studied in detail. The articles are presented in alphabetical order and followed by a brief bibliography which is developed at the end of the volume. Complementary information is also given, allowing the reader to find other articles in the dictionary containing supplementary data, but I advise the reader to leaf through these two thick volumes at their leisure. A glossary gives the translation of most of the notions included in five different languages, and there is a bibliography of nearly 3,500 references from the works of Freud and from those of the various authors quoted therein. Such an enormous volume represents an instrument of research and work for all the specialists of the human sciences, but will also be useful for a cultivated audience interested in going through a page by page living overview of psychoanalysis as it may be presented at the very beginning of the 21st Century. The history of psychoanalysis is particularly honored in this work, since a great number of its 460 authors belong to our association and because the most insistent order given to all, was to bestow a historical presentation on the articles that each of us was to write. German, Spanish and Italian language translations are already in the works. Other editions should follow soon in English and Portuguese, but nothing had yet been decided. The price settled on by the Calmann-Lvy publishing house for such a huge body of work is most attractive : 119 Euros, and it seems that its distribution has been particularly successful. And so, do not hesitate to buy it and to publicize it in your circles. Also, do not hesitate to write to us to point out typos and other errors that may have resisted our many rereadings and corrections. An Internet site connected to that of Calmann-Lvy (http://www.editions-calmann-levy.com) will allow us to publish the corrections that will go into the editions in other languages, or even, if possible, in a new edition if it should meet with your approval. You may also write to us by e-mail at dicopsy@calmann-levy.fr In short, everything has been done to make the administration of this dictionary interactive, and I thank you all in advance for your reactions, you help and your participation.. Alain de Mijolla