TCP/IP MODEL

TCP/IP is the most popular protocol stack, which consist of large no of protocol. According to the OSI model TCP/IP consist of only four layers. TCP/IP model is modified form of DOD (Department of Defense) model. A P S T TCP | UDP Internet Protocol N ARP| RARP | ICMP | IGMP | RIP | OSPF | BGP DL All common Lan/Wan Technologies Ph Network Access Internet Transport (Host to Host) Http Smtp Dns Ftp Tftp Telnet Ntp Snmp Ssl Rdp & many more 80 25 53 20 69 23 123 443 3389 pop3 imap Application

Application Layer
This layer contains a large no. of protocols. Each protocol is designed to act as server & client. Some of protocol will need connection oriented. TCP and others may need connection less UDP for data transfer. Application layer use port no.s to identity each application at Transport layer. This layer performs most of functions, which are specified by the Application, Presentation, and Session layer of OSI model.

Transport Layer
Two protocols are available on Transport layer 1) Transmission Control Protocol 2) User Datagram Protocol 1) Transmission Control Protocol TCP performs connection-oriented communication. Its responsibilities are: i) Error Checking ii) Acknowledgement iii) Sequencing iv) Flow Control v) Windowing

TCP Header (24 bytes) Bytes 4 Source port 16 bits ( Randomly generated) (1024) Sequence no. 32 bits (100) Acknowledgement no. 32 bits (500) Header length Reserved 4 bits 6 bits Checksum 16 bits Options 0 or 32 Data (varies) 2) User Datagram Protocol UDP is connection less protocol, which is responsible for error checking and identifying applications using port numbers. UDP Header (8 bytes) Bytes 4 4 Source port 16 bits Length 16 bits Data Destination port 16 bits Ckecksum 16 bits Code bits 6 bits Window 16 bits (512 bytes onwards 1024) Destination port 16 bits ( Fixed ) (80)

Bytes 4 4

4 4

Urgent 16 bits

Internet Layer
The main function of Internet layer is routing and providing a single network interface to the upper layers protocols. Upper or lower protocols have not any functions relating to routing. To prevent this, IP provides one single network interface for the upper layer protocols. After that it is the job of IP and the various Network Access protocols to get along and work together. The main protocols are used in Internet layer:1) Internet Protocol (IP) 2) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 3) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 4) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) 2

5) Proxy ARP Internet Protocol This protocol works at internet layer. It is responsible for logical addressing, defining type of service and fragmentation. IP Header (20 24 bytes) IP version (4bits) Header length (4) Flag (3) Protocol (8) Source IP (32) Destination IP (32) Options (0 or 32 bits if any) Segment data Type of service (8) Total length(16) Fragmentation offset (13) Header checksum (16)

Identification no (16) Time to live (8)