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+ + + (
(8)
This leads to the following star shap representation for a
two-dimensional Laplaces equation as shown in Figure 1(a)
1 2 3 4
0
V V V V
V
4
+ + +
= (9)
The voltage at the center is approximated as being the
averageof the voltages at the four tips of the star.
[4]
For the
three-dimensional case, the square is replaced with a cube and
a seven-point scheme is applied. In this case, the coefficient
1/4 in equation (9) is simply replaced with 1/6.
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. (a) The general five-point scheme, (b) The three-point scheme at the
corner.
However, in Poisson's equation, it will modify the charge
density that is to be evaluated at the central point (0). For the
special case of a corner point, this five point scheme has to be
modified to a three point one as shown in Figure 1(b). In this
case the principle of the average value simply gives
[4]
1 2
0
V V
V
2
+
= (10)
This principle can be applied iteratively for the computation
of the potential in the points of the square grid as shown in
Figure 2. This method is also called a relaxation method. After
computing the first iteration, we determine the potential at the
other points withinthe nine-point mesh. This will involve two
more iterations as shown in Figure 3. In the second iteration,
all of the potentials at the locations indicated by a solid circle
in Figure 3(a) are now known.
[6]
The values indicated by a
square are to be computed in this iteration using eqution (9).
In the third iteration, the values of the potential indicated by
the solid circles and squares are known fromthe previous
two iterations or as initial values in the calculation. Again
employing equation(9), the values of the potential at the
locations indicated by the diamonds can be computed. In this
mesh, it is assumed that the potentials at the boundaries are
alreadygiven in the statement of the problem, hence the
potentials at the locations indicated by the hollow circles are
also known as shown in Figure 3(b).
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue7- July 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3058
Figure 2. The square grid in two dimensions in Cartesian coordinates.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. The second and third iterations. (a) The values of the potential
indicated by the solid circles areknown. The values at the locations of the
solid squares are computed in the second iteration. (b) The potentials at the
boundaries indicated by the hollow circles are assumed to be known. The
potentials at the locations indicated by the diamonds are computed in the
third iteration.
This iterative procedure can continue until the computed
values at all of the points in the decreasing meshesbecome
closer to each other. The accuracyof the calculation can be
insured by repeating the calculation with a different initial
mesh size. A mesh with a shape and orientation that is
different than the one used here could also beemployed in a
numerical calculation.
[8]
This is particularly useful in
calculations involving unusual shapes. It is also possible to
scale the various dimensions in order to use this particular
mesh. A critical restrictionis also found on the square mesh
size in that the first point must be in the center of the square.
This point will be evaluated fromthe four boundaries of the
square. This will restrict the number of internal points N of the
square to contain the following number of points
1
2
; 3
2
; 7
2
, 15
2
; 31
2
63
2
; [2
N
-1]
2
(11)
This is called the array size.
III. METHOD OF MOMENT USING MATLAB
In the previous chapter, we found that the electric potential V
could be computed from a known charge distribution. This
was accomplished using integral
( )
( )
V
0 V
x',y',z' 1
V x,y,z dx'dy'dz'
4 R
V
=
tc
}}}
(12)
where R is the distance between the charge located at the
point (x,y,z) and the point of observation at the point (x,y,z).
If the charge distribution is known, then the potential can be
easily computed. We note that equation (12) can be converted
into a summation and hence the integral can be evaluated
numerically There are cases, however, where the potential
may actually be known and the charge distribution may be
unknown. Static fields abound with such problems. An
example would be the determination of an unknown surface
charge distribution on a conductor if the potential of the
conductor was specified. The technique that will be
introduced is called the Method of Moments and it will be
identified as MoMin the following discussion. This
technique will be very powerful in calculating the capacitance
of various metallic objects. It is also useful in calculating the
capacitance of a transmission line that will be encountered
later
.[9]
Finally, it is use determining the shapes of various
objects such as planes and rockets that may be impinging
upon a nation by correctly interpreting the reflected high
frequency signals fromthe objects by the observer.
Consider the configuration shown in Figure 3.
Four charges are located in space. A Cartesian coordinate
systemisalso introduced and the location of the centers of the
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue7- July 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3059
four charges are specified with reference to this coordinate
system. The potential at two of the charges (Q
1
and Q2) is
specified to be V
1
=V
2
=-1 and the potential atthe other two
(Q
3
and Q
4
) is specified to be V
3
=V
4
=+1. The value of the
individual charges is unknown. In order to obtain a unique
solution for the values, of these 4 charges, we must be able to
writedown 4 equations that will describe the potential at the 4
defined locations. We assume that the region is a vacuum and
we can use superposition. We writefour linear equations for
the potentials at the four points
Figure 3. Four charges distributed in space.The potential at the indicated
points are assumed to be
V =- 1 and V =+1.
3 1 2 4
0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
3 1 2 4
0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4
3 1 2 4
0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4
3 1 2 4
0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4
Q Q Q Q 1
1
4 r r r r r r r r
Q Q Q Q 1
1
4 r r r r r r r r
Q Q Q Q 1
1
4 r r r r r r r r
Q Q Q Q 1
1
4 r r r r r r r r
| |
= + + +
|
|
tc
\ .
| |
= + + +
|
|
tc
\ .
| |
+ = + + +
|
|
tc
\ .
| |
+ = + + +
|
|
tc
\ .
(13)
This can be written using the summation sign as
4
i j
j 1 0 i j
1 1
V .Q
4 r r =
=
tc
(14)
The four equations in (13) can also be written in matrix
notation. Remember that MATLAB was originally created in
order to solve problems of the type
[P][Q] =[V] (15)
where [V] is the column vector of the known potentials, [Q] is
the column vector of the unknown charges and [P] is the
square matrix of coefficients
| |
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4
0
3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4
4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4
1 1 1 1
r r r r r r r r
1 1 1 1
r r r r r r r r
1
P
1 1 1 1 4
r r r r r r r r
1 1 1 1
r r r r r r r r
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
tc
(
(
(
(
(
(16)
This matrix is symmetric because the potential between the
charge and the point of observation depends upon the
magnitudeof the distance R between the two points.
[11]
The diagonal terms of this matrix (i =j) appear to
give us problems since they become very large. These terms
are called singular.We remove this singularity with an
approximation.The approximation makes the assumption that
the potential at these singular points isevaluated at the edgeof
the spherical charge that has a radius a and not at the center. It
maintains that potential throughout the interior of the spherical
charge.
[13]
The diagonal elements of a matrix [P] are
i ,j
0
1
P
4 a
=
tc
(17)
This P matrix is helpful in determining the boundary
conditions prevailing in electromagnetics.
IV. CONCLUSION
Solving boundary value problems for potentials has led us to
certain general conclusions concerning the methodical
procedure. First, nature has given us certain physical
phenomena that can be described by partial or ordinary
differential equations. In many cases,these equations can be
solved analytically.Other cases may require numerical
International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) - Volume4 Issue7- July 2013
ISSN: 2231-5381 http://www.ijettjournal.org Page 3060
solutions. The analytical solutions contain constants of
integration. Nature also providesus with enough information
that will allow us to evaluate these constants and thus obtain
the solution for the problem.Assuming that neither
mathematical nor numerical mistakes have been made, we can
rest assured that this is the solution.
V. REFERENCES
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[2] IEEE Task Force, The effects of power system harmonics
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[3] A. Mansoor et. al, Predicting the net harmonic currents produced
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[4] J . Lai, D. Hurst, and T. Key, Switch-mode power supply power factor
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[5] R. Dwyer et. al, Evaluation of harmonic impacts from compact
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[6] F. V. Topalis, Efficiency of energy saving lamps and harmonic
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[7] Langsdorf, A.S., Theory of Alternating Current Machinery, New
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[8] Slemon, G.R.; Magnetoelectric Devices - Transducers, Transformers,
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[9] J . Stepina, Matrix Analysis of Space Harmonics ofAsymmetrical
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J uly 1987.
[10] N. Maki, Practical design of superconducting generator-electrical
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[11] S.-H. Lee, J.-P. Hong, J .-Y. Lee, Y.-K. Kwon, Y.-S. J o, S.-K. Baik,
and J .-D. Lee, Parametric design for superconducting synchronous
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[12] Z. Q. Zhu, D. Howe, E. Bolte, and B. Ackermann, instantaneous
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[13] K.J .BinnsandP.J .Lawrenson,Analysis and Computation of Electric and
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