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Fixed Pitch Propeller Advantages Disadvantages -Performance degrades rapidly at offdesign conditions, where the vessel (with -Simple construction and less broad operating profile, e.g. naval maintenance than CPPs. combatant) may operate majority of the -No support system needed. time. -Smaller propeller hub leading to -Potential cavitation, strength, & stability increased open water efficiency. issues at highly loaded off-design conditions. Controllable Pitch Propeller Advantages Disadvantages -Pitch schedule can be optimized over operational range. -Ability to mitigate and reduce cavitation and blade stress as well as increase overall efficiency. -Ability to produce forward or reverse thrust while continuing to rotate in the same direction. -Requires a support system to operate properly which will entail more electrical power and maintenance. -More complex and expensive than a FPP. -Larger propeller hub leading to decreased open water efficiency.
1500
1000 500 0
30 25
-There are significant differences between mechanical ships and all-electric ships (AES) that affect the propulsion system and the propeller design. -On mechanical ships, the propellers minimum revolution rate is typically 30 40% of the prime movers maximum speed, while an AES can operate the propeller from zero revolutions to the electric motors maximum rate, and therefore can be more efficient at very low RPMs.
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15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Vs (Knots) Ship Resistance FPP Power FPP Thrust CPP Power CPP Thrust Electric Motor Limit 140
0.72
0.70 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.62 0.60
100
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15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Vs (kn)
FPP Efficiency CPP RPM CPP Efficiency FPP Cav. Volume FPP RPM CPP Cav. Volume
-Development is still needed to enhance variable speed drives which control the revolution rate and torque output of the large electric propulsion motors for pairing with CPPs. -Other integration issues is the control of the pitch setting on the propeller to keep the blades at optimal pitch settings while at specific ship speeds. -Due to losses associated with all-electric systems, further work is needed on total fuel consumption and maintenance requirements for both propeller systems. -An investigation of off-design conditions (crashback, crashforward, etc.) is needed to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and efficiency of both systems. -Maintenance and reliability issues of the two propeller types is a major concern when determining which propeller to integrate. FPPs are relatively low maintenance, while its not uncommon to have an expensive systems overhaul of a hydraulically actuated CPP every couple of years requiring dry docking.