Gilbert, C., When Did A Man in The Renaissance Grow Old - #A2D6

When Did a Man in the Renaissance Grow Old? Author(s): Creighton Gilbert Source: Studies in the Renaissance, Vol.
14 (1967), pp. 7-32 Published by: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Renaissance Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2857158 . Accessed: 26/03/2013 00:03
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@ iR IS62. a with patent It Giacomo appoints issued Vignola, aby new the architect the Duke distinguished ofto Parma act in onassociation master 30 January who
Old? Grow Renaissance Did a Maninthe When

Krautheimer Ricardo suae aetatis anno perfecto septuagesimo
HE
of text the from emerge enquiry TERMS ofthis
The activities. building ofhis incharge been had long sonofGiacomo Vignola, is Giacinto newappointee reasons ofseveral Onecanthink assistant. hisfather's andpreviously it indicates case inany but ornow, then betaken, might a step why such andconcontent, him make Vignola, tokeep Dukewanted the that ofwork. style same the tinue explicitly patent the which reason isthe however, interest, Ourchief scemar age'('per father's his from labor tosubtract it iS 'inorder offers; tothis lead might reason same toothe Today delpadre').l all'eta fatiga load. inwork oranincrease inhealth a decline as alsomight action, senior whether skill, a personal having men with Weseeitparticularly ita to'take induced whoare gardeners, orhead inlawfirms partners the cirinonerespect But status. a coequal a son bygiving easier' little wefind when aswelearn completely, our habits diSer from cumstances today that argument beyond Itseems fifty-four. was then Vignola that work his toreduce anarchitect lilie someone for arrange not wewould age. ofadvancing byreason atfifty-four the whether question first we might discrepancy, this To resolve called falsely isbeing Vignola Perhaps itsays. what means really patent wasless which theappointment for reason thetrue old to conceal been, nothave Agemay nepotism. as a tooblatant such honorable, ofagehas excuse but the asnepotism, here a stimulus sostrong indeed, avoid must ina document excuse a false Evidently implications. further beaccept, readily will people what bysaying implausibility, extreme haveseemed must Thusoldageat fifty-four is true. it often cause to applicable if not even asanaverage, not outlandish oratleast normal
E g
I960) (Trieste, II Vigolola Casotti, 1 M. Walcher I, 265.
[7 ]
WHEN DID RENAISSANCE MAN GROW OLD?
Vignola. Ifthe offered reason ofoldage, onthe other hand, does not conceal, but is irrelevant toVignola because itmerely uses a routine clerk's formula, the same deduction follows. Whether itmeans to be true, ormeans tolie, ordoesn't care, the difference from our habits remains. Ifwestill wish todiscount it, the only apparent basis for doing so isthat itisa slip ofthe pen, anapproach which a study based on documents presumably would use only ifa mass ofother documents contradict this one. A kind oferror might bepresent ifthere were a mistake astoVignola's age. Itisquite true that Renaissance practise differs from ours in that people were often vague orinconsistent about their ownages, as wesllall see. For a man inthe fifties, a small sample suggests that one to five years were often added tohis ageand sometimes still more. However, there isindirect but attractive evidence that Vignola, aswell ashis sonandothers informed bythem, knew hisagewith rather unusual precision,2 so that the difficulty seems unlikely to be resolved along those lines. Here toosuch a hypothesis can apparently beentertained if other instances cast doubt onwhat seems tohave happened here. Thus wemust turn toother reports. Near the end ofthe account ofSalviati inhisLives, Vasari remarks that 'Francesco's death wasa tremendous hurt andloss tothe art, because, although hewasfifty-four years old, andunhealthy, hewasat anyrate continuously studying andworking.'3 Themiddle ofthat
2 I October I507, thedate which haseversince beenaccepted as Vignola's birth date, first appears in thefirst biography ofhim,written byIgnazioI)antiandpublished some thirteen years after thesubject's death. Dantigotmostofhisinformation from Giacinto Vignola, andthis itemis hardly likely to belongto theminority that he gotelsewhere; sincesixteenth-century biographers didnotgo to archival birth records, family knowledge or record is theonlynormal source of suchfacts, and,sincemostpeopledid not knowtheyearof their birth withassurance, it rarely appears in lives.It is hardly ever mentioned in Vasari's Lives, nor, interestingly enough, in thelivesofartists byBaglione (I642). Baglione had an activefeeling forchronology, arranging hisbiographies under thepontificates whentheartists cameto Rome,andnearly always giving age at death. But he seemsto givebirth datesonlyforVignola(taken from Danti) and forPietro Bernini, whosesonwasavailable tobe asked, suggesting that heliked tohavethem when he could.Fromthis it seems probable that Giacinto knewhisfather's birth date,which hisfather hadtoldhim,andthat their interest was unusual. Iftheir datewas wrong, the relationship to the I562 patent is notaffected, sinceall concerned presumably thought it was right. 3 G. Vasari, Le vite de'piu eccellenti pittori scultori edarchitettori, ed. G. Milanesi (Florence,I88I), VII, 39. (Allfurther references to Vasariareto this edition, and citevolume andpageonly.)'Fu la morte di Francesco di grandissima perdita all'arte, perche se bene aveva cinquantaquattro anni,ed era mal sano,ad ogni modo continuamente studiava e lavorava.'
CREIGHTON GILBERT
themore is thereby ofreinforcement, parenthesis a casual sentence, when andstudy towork attitude: anaccepted insuggesting valuable Again the usual expectation. isbeyond unhealthy, and one isfifty-four, Vignola's reduced with andconsistent today, ourapproach unlike sugdoubt outthe second towipe indeed seems this comment labors, hewasmisbecause oldonly that hewasthought inhiscase, gested than fifty-four. rather older considered takenly not might from ourviews distance this apparent however, Again, only unexpected were exertions Perhaps Salviati's what itsays. mean would beexpected and and poor health, years ofthe combined because from retirement of normal the age were present; one orthe other if only ordinary reading Although the ours. resemble would then perhaps labor on onedisability ispiling isthat Vasari tome, sentence, itseems ofthe still this second reasonable, vivid and surprise more tomake his another fresh isnot the sentence itisthat What disproves islegitimate. reading ofmonths earlier. A matter two pages another used restates here, but urged himto slowdown: Vasari hadverbally Salviati died, before complessionpoorly ("mal ("d'eta"), along inyears 'since hewasrich, seetoitthat more, heshould labor any good for and not much ato"), more illustrates retirement ofgrounds for This series quietly.'4 helived but donot adduptoone, arguments inwhich the the way effectively inour will recur two which being the four, two are'adabundantiam' is observation the conclusive but still bedoubted, This might sentence. both inthe other, and'fifty-four' inonesentence is'd'eta' that Salviati heis Since with others. bylinkage fact, notonly times asanisolated as upon before heislooked two pages inyears' upon as'along looked maturside ofworking declining isanageonthe fifty-four 'fifty-four,' the Thus isour concern.5 and that factor ofhealth, ofthe ity, regardless bea change and suggest converge, andSalviati ofVignola two cases ofanextent western 'cultures' twentieth-century sixteenthand tween cultures separated about reports ofanthropologists inthe more familiar inspace.
isunatfifty-four continued work that Salviati's Vasari's feeling 5 Byanoddquirk, asin hisbirth asin ISIo,hisdeath herecords atother points, when, usual hasa parallel usual agebeyond the hereached this a year before have died Salviati would I563. Thus ofage onreports inconsistency instance ofthe isa minor span (VII, 5, 40).This working case it from it.Inany be drawn should andnoconclusions below, that willbeexplored ourconcern tobe fifty-four, itmeant expressed viewofwhat Vasari's doesnotaffect at themoment.
4 VII, 3 6.
10
WHEN DID RENAISSANCE
MAN GROW OLD?
tosugcases, I would like a large number ofother Before surveying has todo would in turn lead. It towhich this pattern gest a further stage their towhom there is during birth date, with persons ofunknown in used byscholars tohelp asold, which hasbeen careers a reference it andSalviati areindicative, ofbirth. IfVignola guessing the year because evidence inaccurately wehave been using this would seem that which will apply. Anexample that our own attitudes sre have assumed de'Barbari. When hehadfor is the painter Jacopo be explored later Margaret ofthe Netherlands, artist tothe Regent some years been court 'debilitainrecognition ofhis inI5II/I2a 'pension' she awarded him for helpful point of departure This reference isthe one tion etviellesse.'6 iteasy to literature has found birth date. Specialized reconstructing his called I45o, i.e.that when between I440 and deduce that hewasborn his case is sixty-one.7 And yet have been atleast oldand weak hemust The less far along. andSalviati, or,ifanything, like that ofVignola we future, so that perhaps for hisworking inthe document provides work whose continued must suppose he wasnotas oldas Salviati, sugOther pointers toowill conflict with his years. seemed inunusual recordwhen his 'viellesse' was was less than fifty-four gest thatJacopo tothe sothat I hasten must expect incredulity, ed.Yetsuch a suggestion next cases. the toDomenico Boninsegni, wrote On2 MayI5I7,Michelangelo with contact patrons andhisday-to-day business agent ofhisMedici 'because I 'Besides,' hesays, ofthe pressures onhim. them, complaining tolet time over these marbles like losing somuch amold, I don't feel vecchio,' ducats.'8 Writing'sone orthree hundred t]le Pope gain by two ofhistime, hewasforty-two. hemust bejealous anddeducing that tohis kept oncalling attention a valetudinarian, and Michelangelo was fifty more years afterwards. point for nearly advanced years asa talking ofan hewasenough with hispatron, Notonly washenegotiating a more detached temperament interms which egoist toexpress self-pity
I925), p. 37. de'Barbari (Paris-Brussels, A. de Hevesy,Jacopo Kunstlerlexikon, betweenI440 'Barbari'in Thieme-Becker K[risteller], article Jacopo de' du siecle';L. Servolini, op.cit., p. 8, 'versle milieu aIld I450; A. de Hevesy, ofthese haveaccepted thestatements Blrbari (Padua,I944), p. 45, aboutI440. All others in the expression of doubtbriefly I anticipated thepresent sttlndard works, exceptthat (I964), VI, 44-46. biografico degli italiani article 'Barbari' in Dizionario of I875), p. 384; The Letters Le lettere, ed. Milanesi(Florence, 8 M. Buonarroti, I963), I, I05-I07, givestheannota(Stanford, Michc>langelo, tr.anded. E. H. Ramsden, tioncitedinfra. 6 7 P.
CREIGHTON GILBERT
would haverecognized as unpersuasive. Themost recent editor of Michelangelo's letters evidently found the remark so contrary tofact that itlleeded explanation orexcuse: 'He wasonly forty-two, but he undoubtedly felt oldbefore his time, owing tothe strain and the hardships hehad undergone.' But svas itout ofthe ordinary tocall oneself oldatsuch anage? Pietro Aretino was asaware ofthe effect ofhis words onpeople asMichelangelowasnot. Writing that the speed ofhisliterary composition has diminished, heknows where toassign the blame: 'Oldageisslowing down wits, andlove, which ought tostimulate them, is putting them tosleep; I used todoforty stanzas ina morning, nowI barely assemble one.'9 He wasforty-five. Thenoticeable smile ofthe selS conscious stylist here may make usunwilling totake his remark seriously. Yetitdoes have a marked parallel, complaining that hecan nolonger dosomany jobs, toMichelangelo's totally unsmiling one. Such overtones ofuncertainty seem absent inthe case ofanother individual, Erasmus. Hispoem 'On the Discomforts ofOld Age'was written when hewasforty ora few months less, during a journey to Italy inI 506. Itapplies both tohimself and asa general rule, and tothe present rather than the future:t
tny
ll
. . . How lately didyollseethis Fresh Erasmus blooming inmid-youth? Now,quickly turning about, he Begins tonotice the hurts ofpressing oldage, Andmovetoward a chmge, Unlike himself....
Noristhere any complication induced byErasmus's not having a firm idea ofhis own ageorbeing ill.A few lines previously hehas given us the general rule ofwhich heoffers himself asanillustration:
. . . Andsooner thm we clearly Experience ourselves as living, we,quickly Interrupted, cease tolive. Thefleet deer, md thechattering crow, live Andflourish for centuries.
9 Lettere sull'arte di Pietro Aretino, ed. Pertile (Milan, I959), III, Pt. One, I05. 'La veccnlala mlmp]grlsce 1mgegno.... 10 Tlle Poemsof Desiderius Erasmus, ed. C. Reedijk (Leiden, I956), pp. 28>290. Reedijk andthose citing him translate the title rather freely as'On the Approach ofOld Age'which perhaps reflects an unwillingness to believe it canbe meant literally. Yet neither the title, Carmen deSenectutis Incomodis, nor the text iscast inananticipatory mode.
1 * * .. . . ... .
12
sewnth atonce, after the Inman alone, complete, andat hardly Five year-span, strength. body's Dried-up oldageara the enough, but befbre Noristhat fivar-span life has turned the tenth The speeding fear toattack Itdoes not trom healren .... part otman, urought 1nelmmortal
r_11 * * r s s r s
comes anddeath thirty-five andfUrty, youth between Agereplaces the earlier Itconfirms links toothers. This text hasrich befbre fifty. the work; here itstires fbrties slows down age inthe early assertions that atthis didwhy agecame more than they Itsuggests body's strength.} statement after. Erasmuss fbllowed soon death point: itwasbecause that remarked one. Itiscommonly atfifiy wasa true that death came and that about fbrty years, Renaissancewas oflife inthe the expectation same continuance ofthe statistics, bythe although welack isconfirmed, as them. Butalmost when we have nineteenth century figure inthe to the low expectation by attributing the it is discounted commonly seems that averages. Yetit aff*ectq the of infant mortality's large extent separately. when considered more years did not have many infact adults emphahistory, duly onpopulation ofa recent monograph Theauthor that available sllggests that sthe material data, believes sizing the sparse Italy, seventeenthsixteenthzentury society, whether any agricultural toa defitends toadhere India, ornineteenth-century century France, anddeath ofbirth and movements inthe structure nite set ofpatterns seems to societies for numerous sall available information rates,' and that averatbirth generally life expectancy the 44agricultural'S indicate that whoreach the ageoffive Also those tothirty-five years. ages twenty beyond fifty.'ll ofsurviving have little chance Renaissance andmodern inonerespect suggests that This material ofold of the beginning roughly conceive docoinade. Both approaches making ageofdeath, less than the modal five toten years ag;e asa point Theagreeatsixtfive.la and inthe other atfbrty itbegin inonecase
Sstory of WOrS hpU>t108 (Baltimore} I962), pp. 78, The ESnotaic 11C. M. Cipolla, ageandthe the neolithic means everything between society} Cipolla 82.Bysagricultural tostudents ofRenaissance well-baed but not familiar anapproach industrial revolution, might minority ofcity dwellers whether the small the question thought. This stimulates in themid-fifties, discussed infra diedon average life span; theartists havea different variation. suggest a significant which does not though oldageat sixty-five} that people today begin study isassuming 12Thepresent may be most Yetour habit bya formal statement. hard toconfirm this itissurprisingly on statistics. work based evenin a sociological itemerges azidentally} striking when
CREIGHTON GILBERT
13
ment ofthe available statistics andthe social scientists' inferences with the remark of Erasmus onexpectation of life may reduce the incredulity natural asa response tothe passing remarks ofAretino and Vasari. Erastnus also has a link toother texts inhis comment onmid-youth giving way tooldageand thus excluding any reference tobeing middle-aged. This recurs inanother text, published inEngland inI534. Sir Thomas Elyot, best known for his pedagogical manual TheGovernor, wasconnected with the tradition ofErasmus's English friends, but liis book The Castle of Health isinevery sense far from the humanistic. Itisa popularizing medical handbook, which went through eleven editions; onemust suppose that itnot only influenced but reflected widespread attitudes, anditsadvice onherbs, diets andexercise certainly suggests that. Among many diagrammatic formulae inthe first book, on the body and its qualities, isone which begins: 'Ages befoure.' Itspecifies:l3
Adolescency toxxv yeres, hotte and moyst, inthe whiche time the body groweth Iuventute unto xlyeres hotte and drye, wherein the body isinperfyte growthe. Senectute, unto lxyeres, colde and drie, wherein the bodye beginneth todecreace. Agedecrepite, until the last time oflyfe, accidently moist, but naturally cold and dry, wherein the powers and strength ofthe body bemore and more minished.
'Senectute' atforty, when the 'bodye beginneth todecreace,'is certainly consistellt with the personal reports ofMichelangelo andtheothers quoted. Tobesure, Elyot's omission ofmiddle age might seem tomake his diagram rnore acceptable tousatthe cost ofreducing its substantial difference from us.TheRenaissance did call forty old, olle might infer, but when itsaid olditsimply meant what wemean bymiddle-aged, a term itdid not use. Such a view would seem tobesupported byElyot's inclusioll ofa later phase after 'senectute,' from sixty on, which indeed makes tlle phase before sixty sound middle-aged. Such isthe case, but it isequally the case that between forty and sixty, the Renaissance noticed most people stopped work anddied. That means 'old'aswe mean it.
ThusR. Tartler, inDas Alter inder modernen Gesellschaft (Stuttgart, I96I), doesnotfixthe yearwhenold age begins because, he says, it is variable andintangible (p. I I); thenhe specifies (p. I9) that histables arebasedon persons sixty-five andup! 13 TSleCastelof Helthe, FirstBook, sigs. Iob-IIa. Professor Mark Eccles kindly located this passage forme.
14
MAN GROW OLD?
Hence Renaissance 'senectute' equals our middle ageastothe count of years, but not astowhat happens during it, and sothe reports dohave significance. Possibly Elyot andothers described two kinds ofoldage because the earlier one, the usual time ofdeath, still didnot show the drastic bodily decline that might seem tobelong tothe term; that is reserved for 'agedecrepite.'l4 Slight traces ofthe concept 'middle-aged' canbefound inthe Renaissance, itshould bestipulated. Itseems tomean what itmeans today tothe extent that italways means 'less than old'andsointhe Renaissance means 'less than forty' ! InElyot's setofterms itwould match 'iuventute,' between twenty-five and forty. Thus the earliest report of the adjective 'middle-aged' bythe NewEnglish Dictionary, inI676, bya lucky chance issubject tocheck. Itrefers to'the admirable M.Leibnitz, scarce yet middle-aged.' TheNED doesnotpoint outthat in I676 Leibnitz reached thirty. Thenoun exists centuries earlier (the lack ofa adjective suggests that itwas not very common) both asa phrase and as
14 The reader who,likemyself, hasthought Shakespeare's seven ageswerethestandard number in theRenaissance, may wonderabout theprevailing patterns. Happily CesareRipa (Iconologia, I630 ed.,pp. 224-226)analyzes this matter withall thefullness alld references thatcouldbe desired in a modern study. He citesancient authors who dividelifeinto: three parts(Aristotle De Caelo); four(Hippocrates, Avicenna);five (Fernel, theFrench medicaland cosmological writer of theearlysixteenth century); six (Isidore of Seville);and seven(apparently PieroValeriano). He prefers four, which he callsthemost frequent andattributes to medical tradition. Thissounds likeElyot, but doesnotuse thesamefour parts, listing instead adolescence, youth, manhood, and old age. Onlythefivefold division divides old age in two.The six-andseven-fold divisions areobtained bysubdividing youth, andRiparightly says thevarious schemes do notconflict. He doesnot directly offer agesin years foreachpartoflife.He does say,in the sevenfold division, that infancy lasts seven years, boyhoodfourteen, andso on,butthis produces absurdities ifit is translated back (youth changes to manhood at forty-eight) alldRipaevidently doesnotdo so. Indeed hesays that theagesarenotmeasured byyears. But elsewhere in hisbook he does offer suchmeasurements; see below,n. 65. On the other handElyot's system isidentical with Dante'sin convivio, IV, 24. I amvery grateful to Professor AllanH. Gilbert forcalling myattention to this passage. Dante'sfour ages are adolescence, youth, old age (senettute), and senility (senio). While this is likeElyot further in theage whenyouth begins, twenty-five, theother agesdiffer; old age begins at forty-five andsenio at seventy. Ifwe now find forty-five a rather latepointto begin old age,Danteoffers several reasons. He first saysopinions differ, and then that he will disregard theviewsofthemedici and the filosofi (scientists or thelearned generally) and givehisownreason. It is that lifecomesto a peakat thirty-five, because Christ diedjust before decline might havebegun, andthat further youth must rise anddecline symmetrically, tenyears before andafter thirty-five. Sincethis abstract schema consciously rejects nledical ideas,it seems no special pleading to suppose that Dante'syearforstarting old age does not reflect contemporary socialattitudes. Yet it probably did influence later literature, andso might be reflected byElyotwith modifications influenced bythemedici.
CREIGHTON
GILBERT
15
to use seems ofit, Donne's the NED's citations word. Among a single thy spring, 'That allthy agemeant: calendar vague astothe beleast in middle-age, thy all thy summer, be spent in wantonness, youth, and youth spring, natural to match seem more It would ambition.' his than with uptotwenty-five 'adolescency,' with Elyot's wantotmess result the same produces former choice and the uptoforty, next Ullit, passage.15 asthe Leibnitz made vigorously century, fifteenth ofthe exists anassertion There of the beginning which sets himself, about bya speaker andatlength Itisalso notably toforty. thirty-five Erasmus's still than oldageearlier inpassing. than a remark rather keenest concerns author's close tothe systematic after all,tothe ofhiswork, most Villon devotes FranSois line famous first the following In The Testament, ofdeath. anticipation his 22-23 bring year, stanzas thirtieth poet isinhis that the announcing is ina man who surprising Itisscarcely that heisinoldage. insistence his will. writing
de majeunesse, Jeplainsle temps (Ouquelj'ay plus qu'autregalle de viellesse), Jusques a l'entree m'a cele.... Qui son partement Alle s'en est,etje demeure, Povrede senset de savoir, plusnoirque meure, Triste failly, n'avoir. Qui n'ay ne sens,rente,
part of'vielbeinthe latter ripe' must black than Onewhois 'more had ledanunofhim, Villon editor said And, asMichelangelo's lesse.' asreflecthis statement not accept soweneed hard life. Yeteven usually Itseems judgment. his ownequable oreven received attitude ing any
and thespanfrom makinga rare'middleage' equal iuventute 15 The same result, dicItalian offered by thelargest text from theone explicit to forty, results twenty-five age',(Eraun ofmiddle 'He was a youth s.v.eta).Boccacciowrites: tionary (Tommaseo, of a definition to thiscitation oddlyTommaseoattaches giovane di mezzaeta).Rather Dante'smezzodel note, As shown bytheprevious old andyoung'. mezzaetaas 'between whether this concept ofyouth; himthemidpoint is for vita at thirty-five cammin dinostra A setof here. be explored ofmiddle age cannot separate concept thesomewhat i nfluences Pietro dellaVecchia painter oftheagesofmanbytheseventeenth-century four paintings Museum,New York, is there (Paul Ganz Collection)on loan to the Metropolitan toour titles, natural ofthese MiddleAge,Old Age.Thethird Childhood, Youth, labeled: soldiers by black-bearded itscontent, dominated is wrong, as is obviousfrom outlook, by favored withthescheme consistent be Manhood(virilita), It should in encampment. pattern. four-part Ripa forhispreferred
16
bysome ofthe tobe rare orunique, andisinany case contradicted before. We are, after evidence above, a difficulty which has not arisen his impact byhyall, dealing with a great master ofthe grim, making virtue ofdefining perbole. But his lines may have for usthe incidental Itisa proper what statements onthe subject are and are not exaggerated. some ofthem are rejoinder tothe texts quoted here topropose that a theme are likely exaggerated. Indeed some ofthe statements onsuch But atleast the tObeexaggerated ones, sothat some must bediscarded. nost extreme are not those ofErasmus and Elyot. since there are none Obviously statistics are what one wishes for, but Onecan only collect onlife spans, none can behoped for onattitudes. tn the material that asmany instances aspossible; these cases, appearing from comes toanart historian, arehere presumed tobenotdiSerent butcertainly they too those that another investigator might collect, should beassembled.16 data, almost Itis, however, possible toconstruct some quasi-statistical ofthequestionnaire kind. Therawmaterial is theLives ofVasari, whose author apparently the largest group ofRenaissance biographies lives; tomaintain that used first-hand information rather than previous later biographies (in character, the following survey isrestricted tothe editio1l). The'quesvolumes five, six, and seven ofthe classic Milanesi ofthe death of tionnaire' rests onthe presumption that when wespeak of years orreach old someone who, weconsider, did not live a full span the point that age, weare likely toinclude inour expression ofsorrow natural tosay this ofa the death was untimely. Certainly today itseems for example.l7 The former cabinet member whodiedat sixty-two, ofVasari's commiserpresence orabsence ofthis phrase ina long series tobethe beginating reports ofdeaths may tell uswhat heconsidered the exact age, real or ning ofoldage, provided that each report includes
Thepresent enquiry, not 16 Further instances, proor con,areof course solicited. to them, seems to evince merely cutting across standard disciplines buthardly related Renaissance. Theproblem vividly theworth ofa journal concerned with Studies in tZle the better documentaalsoseems tobelong tothat epoch rather than tolater ones (when data seem tobetoo tion ofbirth dates undercuts the problem) ortoearlier ones inwhich them. SeeM. Bloch, FeMdal sparse tocombat any false assumptions oreven todevelop birth dates orages for any Society (Chicago, I964), pp. 72, 74, onthe absence there ofany remarks onshortness of persons except rulers, and the unreliability even ofthose. Bloch's asearly asmature adult life life andonthe fact that 'oldageseemed tobegin very early, with us'areofspecial interest. Truman: 'Theuntimely 17 ThelXtew York Times, 3 September I966, quoting President death ofHoward McGrath, anoldcolleague andfriend ....'
CREIGHTON GILBERT
17
inmost explicitly factor this include below listed cases the supposed; implicit. itisonly bementioned, aswill ina few, although cases, didindeed Vasari that alsobeshown itmust device, this Tojustify inyields readily work ofhis part Thesame habitually. phrase usethis loss 'the with: continues Vasari dies, Torri Bartolomeo When stances. 'Although hesays: Santacroce . . .'; ofGirolamo young while ofwhom when and his life, of point finest inthe usbydeath from snatched hewas ... young 'died . . .' . Cavazzola him from hoped were things greater washoped ofwhat a sample togive hewasbeginning when precisely young 'died younger the dai Libri age';Francesco atanolder him from a young at'such died daVinci Pierino expectation'; andofexcellent
age.'l8
the reports Vasari inwhich volumes three inthe cases Thethirty-odd consistent. thoroughly he is that show died hissubjects ageat which are they that a comment include ageregularly a certain before Deaths be may they ages, older atstill areneutral; that andafter untimely, years. advanced about a remark include ormay neutral in died daVinci, Pierino and Torri Bartolomeo artists, Twoofthe and on, commented was youth their quoted, Asalready twenties. their been. not if ithad strange have been certainly itwould and atthirty-one Cavazzola thirties. intheir died artists ofthe Four untimely their for regretted also are atthirty-five Santacroce Girolamo asdying above noticed artist fifth (The above. noticed asalso passing, age, ofa specific asbeing reported not was daiLibri, Francesco young, inthe twodeaths other Lives.) Butthe inthe occurrence a common being after atthirty-six died Parmigianino neutrally. are treated thirties ofhis the course He finished fever.... severe by a ... attacked 'finally isalso atthirty-seven death Zuccaro's I540.' Taddeo on23August life is which or not,19 untimely to being with respect neutrally treated last illness, ofhis accounts with atlength, itisdescribed since striking same the around artists ofother deaths the and tofriends, farewells his In ageasRaphael. same atthe hedied out that pointed Itiseven time. (inan death Raphael's treated hadconsistently Vasari co1lnection, that tohis noreference but with ofmourning inpages ,eneration) earlier On the epitaph. famous inRaphael's any Noristhere -oung.20 being Vasari which death, onRaphael's byCastiglione a poem hand other
18 VI, I6 19 V, 234
(Torri); v, 93 (Santacroce); v, 3I6 (Cavazzola); v, 333 (Libri); VI, (Parmigianino); VII, I04 (Zuccaro).
I30
(Vinci).
20 IV, 3 83-3 86.
18
quotes, alludes asa minor matter to'iuventa', anda letter writer had spoken of Raphael asa young man a few months before his death, when hewasthirty-six.21 Inaddition tothese remarks, Vasari mentions the living Veronese as 'giovane' atthirty-two.22 Nine deaths are reported of artists intheir forties, not one being called untimely, even though again many are lamented for various other reasons. To quote a typical example, Franciabigio's character ispraised at length, andthen; 'Finally, having acqviired much byworking much, since hehad not had much instinctive invention from nature other than what heacquired from long study, hedied inI524, atforty-two years ofage.'23This andallthe other accounts,withoutthosefigures, couldnot bedistinguished from those about much older men. Inseven ofthem, Andrea delSarto, Alfonso Lombardi, Franciabigio, Palma, Perino del Vaga, Genga and Sanseverino,24 the age inyears isgiven. Intwo, Rosso and Polidoro, itisnot, but allusions toteachers and historic events show that Vasari thought ofthem asdying intheir forties, inwhich hewas correct.25 The nearest weget toa contrary case iswithJan Calcar, who in modern studies isregularly said tohave died atforty-six.26 Vasari says hedied young, but innoway suggests even anapproximate age, and the modern figure isshaky besides. This indicates how far onemust go tofind Vasari calling a death inthe mid-forties untimely. Eight ofthe artists died intheir fifties. Seven are reported neutrally, i.e.ashaving died ata normal ageorfull span, andany divergence is toward a suggestion that they hadbegun todecline. Salviati hasbeen considered. Sogliani, 'atthe end, being tired andinpoor health, after
21 However, this appears ina rhetorical contrast between him anda 'senex . . . homo octogenarius.' (V. Golzio, Raffaello . . . nelle testimonianze delsuosecolo, Vatican, I946, p. 28I.) Of later references to Raphael's death themost interesting is by a Brabanter humanist whosays itoccurred when hewasabout forty andadds that hewould have gone still further hadhelived usque adsenectam. Among many later comments, twocall his death untimely, but neither shows knowledge ofhis age.(Op. cit., pp. 282, 285, 294.) Golzio's rich assemblage ofallusions toRaphael, whofor usisperhaps the best example in the Renaissance ofearly death, may be large enough topermit thegeneralization that such a viewpoint about him then existed distinctly butonly toa slight extent.
Therecurring introductory word finally may sound more asifVasari thinks heisreaching the endoflong lives than is actually the case. Itshould probably beread less as'atthe endofa long list ofevents' than as'this isthe last item toreport.' 24 V, 55 (Sarto); v,7I (Lombardi); v,248 (Palma); v,630 (Perino); VI, 330 (Genga); VI, 334 (Sanseverino). 25 V, I73 (Rosso); v, I52 (Polidoro). 26 VII, 582; for the report ofhisdying young, seethe text infra.
23 V, I98.
VI, 374-
CREIGHTON GILBERT
19
aged toGod, soul uphis gave stone, with the tormented tnuch being the ageof reached 'having Calabrese, Marco Less vividly, fifty-two.'27 to applies Thesame illness.'28 ofanordinary hislife ended fifty-six, da Daniele and Ghirlandaio, Benedetto Romano, Giulio Bagnacavallo, died tohave isheld Torbido, person, eighth Theexceptional Volterra. we again here his age; give did not Vasari But 'vecchiezza'.29 inoldage, by modern endorsed approximation apparent Vasari's find merely a qualificawith included Heisthus fifty-nine. him makes which study, pattern. tothe anexception tofind ittakes what a;ainsuggesting tion, Dosso. case, difllcult one include sixties the into Thehvesurvivals to anddeath birth both but links date, ordeath nobirth gives Vasari Ifboth tohim. not perhaps although tous, known ofdates e+rents other modern less, and orslightly atsixty died out Dosso followed are links elseVasari hand, the other On fifties. in his died he that kolds study hehad which event the hesurvived that implies inconsistently where is repeating worth details these makes What tohisdeath. linked first old, become already 'Having old. asdistinctly Dosso regards Vasari that Rondiothers, of the working....'30 without last years his hepassed while justatsixty, asdying reported areneutrally andBernardi nelli oldatsixty-one called are daCarpi Girolamo and Gallo daSan Antonio the Finally, respectively. andsixty-nine andcrotchety') besides, ('old, neutraltreated daUdine, are Giovanni seventy passed who artists two Thus given.31 ageisnot precise as old;Lotto's treated Lotto, ly,and andremarkably Erasmus with is consistent testimony whole Vasari's perhaps thirties, late inthe break sharp the making internally, consistent conscious than rather ofhabit a matter clearly so inbeing more the comuntil itwas study inthis emerge did not pattern the Lndeed notice. hewas when lives these wrote Vasari that itissuggestive Finally, plete. his years, our with isoldadvances ofwhat sense ifour fifty-five; about more impressive. isold'isthe 'forty anagethat atsuch certainty unregreat bythe isdiscounted evidence allsuch hand, other Ont]le
v, VII, 70 (Daniele); VI, 532 (Benedetto); v, 555 (Giulio); (Bagnacavallo); (Torbido). with Ariosto's simultaneous wasalmost birth Dosso's hadsaidthat 30 V, IOO. Vasari have hemust sothat byDukeAlfonso, hedied until hewassupported that (inI474) alld combeing cit.) a painting (loc. in I534. Yethealsoreports Dukedied the before died in I536. pleted e cagionevole'); vecchio 'pur v,469 (Sangallo, v,375 (Bernardi); 31 VI, 255 (Rondinelli); v,252 (Lotto). daUdine); VI, 564 (Giovanni V, I84 (GlrOlamO);
29 V, I79 295 27 V, I32; 28 V, 2t2.
complessionato. is mal health' 'inpoor
20
whowas himself, Vasari ages. about statements ofRenaissance liability altarearly four Raphael's described he that conscious so historically reHe neutrally mistakes. amazing makes order, correct inthe pieces at hadoccurred which at fifty, death Ghirlandaio's Benedetto ports in I500, justas corbirth Tribolo's reports He correctly thirty-nine. Hegives sixty-five. aged hedied says then inI550, and death his rectly it but atfifty-six, hisdeath for as authority epitaph tomb Gherardi's cases ofthese trend apparent The atforty-seven.32 hedied says and exists hismost Butpossibly below. to addto eachagewillbe explored he when eighteen been had Vasari, he, that isinsaying error egregious occur his family and speaker the about errors Such wastwenty-four.33 they that century fifteenth ofthe records tax Florentine inthe sooften about errors including directions, allpossible andtake norm, arethe age Rosselli's Cosimo group. age inany age of and subtractions children if but agree, third and first the times; three brother byhis isreported hewasthirty. when twenty-four him calls second the areright they a difsuggesting impossible, beconsidered would today anerror Such of brother Aninfant sense. anthropological inthe of'culture' ference then and as three apart, years three reports two on appears Baldovinetti been have should reports, previous from who, Anoldlady as four. years four inthe times; four appears Another sixty. iscalled forty-five, next inthe years, eleven aged she records second and first the separating aged nineteen next inthe and years, five proper the aged she years five reare one a correct and one, a toosmall change, A toolarge years. ten ofdocuments.34 number minimum inthe oneindividual for ported
VI, 533 (Benedetto ofVasari, edition inhis byMilanesi made were corrections 32 These was year birth forthecorrect source Vasari's VI, 55, 98, 99 (Tribolo; Ghirlandaio); who Ghirlandaio, Benedetto about error Thelarge VI, 244 (Gherardi). father); Tribolo's more about vagueness greater Vasari's exemplify may century, late fifteenth inthe lived here set the from excluded been have should Benedetto ground On this figures. remote attached place ina later appears biography his initbecause but heisretained assembled, later inthe offered data outtouseallthe set once Having relative. ofa younger tO that most tothe keeping him, toinclude case anambiguous insuch best itseemed volumes, results. ofthe value the statistical enhancing perhaps and thus ofchoice criteria mechanical hewasnine. in I523, when place took anevent says 6) Vasari (VII, 33 VI, 557. Again It is a hewasthirteen. in I524 when place took event in I523, butthe He wastwelve too years hehaditfour but toFlorence, ofhisgoing cause the life, inhis point turning of ora lack ofdrama, sake the for exaggeration a downward illustrates either This early. both. it,orperhaps ageasweknow ofone's a sense Art pub.byR. G. Mather, areindocuments reports andBaldovinetti 34 TheRosselli BeatoAngelico in S. Orlandi, xxx (I948), 45, 26; theold ladyofforty-five Bulletin cit., p. 54.R. G. art. inR. G.Mather, oldlady second the I964), pp. I76-I77, (Florence,
CREIGHTON GILBERT
21
ofconcern only a lack but isno trend, that there suggests Allthis to for trend oldmen bea specific may there But onage. precision about but his age, heknew wasfifty Brunelleschi When older. even appear at died Sansovino Jacopo sixty. hewasover hethought later sixyears son Jacopo's source, better a still and toVasari according ninety-three, they epitaph; hisfather's andwrote whowasa historian Francesco, inten tosixty forty from leaps Baldovinetti years. bynine exaggerated to fiftyforty-five from hewasgoing fact inprobable when years, it older, men oldish calling toward a trend is indeed Ifthere five.35 scholarship Renaissance of phenomenon on a light some throw would been tohave never but seems biographies, inparticular often arises that pattern. Castagno the becalled Itmay situation. asa recurring noticed it correct later and far tooearly, date a birth assign Init,biographers tolearn able been asI have So far data. ofbetter discovery the upon or two than ofnomore shifts (discounting cases nocontrary are there dal Andrea situation). toanother belong which way, either years three I920 as before inallliterature wascited instance, classic the Castagno, evifull onrather isnowunderstood inI390 orI4I0, but cither born obviously anerror Such I42I.36 inornear born been tohave dence
inthem lady appears this caution; svith beused andmust errors contain reports Mather's heisa painter group; sonarea family Sheandher mistake. ofaninteresting result asthe surprisingly not c. I469. Mather still living c. I424 and born diStefano, Francesco named was real name born in I422 whose a painter ofPesellino, tobethose records these took 'I have wrote He therefore hismother. with alone andwholived di Stefano Francesco the Butifhehadchecked in I457 tobeinaccurate.' hedied that statement the proved and document, found ittobea firm have died inI457, hewould that Pesellino statement ofname these factors sharing aretwomen there that realized then have probably would whodiedin I457 andthe Pesellino oftaxrecords, twosets with andcircumstances, willbe coincidence in I469. Thiscautionary whowasliving painter obscure second further. mentioned Mather, VII, 509 (Sansovino); Vasari, cit., 52-53 (Brunelleschi); art. 35 R. G. Mather, toevade ageinanattempt his advanced possibly Brunelleschi cit., 27 (Baldovinetti). art. exempt. were over sixty men which tax, from head the XLI (I959), Bultetin Art delCastagno', ofAndrea Works 'TheEarliest F.Hartt, 36 Cf. Bulletin Art dates', disputed three delCastagno, 'Andrea G.Corti, with F.Hartt I60, and agedsixin I427, which Castagno showing a taxrecord cites XLVIII (X966), 228. Hartt born been have hemay suggests Butheth'en before. than precisely more hisbirth fixes in offspring the ageoftheir tounderstate parents for 'itwascustomary because earlier, them for deduct they could when period happy the aspossible asmuch toprolong order must Castagno (I959, p. I60), that asteste' them topayfor having rather than as bocche in eighteen, over oradult asa testa, heappears because earlier twoyears born been have atfifteen, taxbegan that theadult hisI959 report altering I437 (I966, p. 229) wrongly Tuscan a close-fisted isthat toadvance nooneislikely that 'the onecontention andthat
22
tohim inother studies relating ofthe earlier the value makes usquestion artists. with other his relations of his art and development respects, the later four years date wasshifted birth Caravaggio's In theI920S also to that according more than previous date; to theusual (according whodiedat change in an artist an important studies), some earlier about wasshifted birth date Angelico's Inthe I950S Fra thirty-seven. paintofmany the status obviously affSecting later, again thirteen years inthe I950S a widework.37 Also his early had been considered ings that ten birth date shifted Carpaccio's ofdocuments rereading lyendorsed ofthe present state the onDosso summarizes A recent writer years later. the risk' rejecting any longer I think, would 'noone, question insaying: later.38 birth date a decade of his modern revision
the date may be toolate i.e.that unnecessarily,' ever have paid3 soldi montanaro would wrong make many hypothesis would Although this cannot be tooearly. butcertainly tenable. Dependents attractive, itisnot and istherefore consistent orrational records seem from of200 florins deduction for anunchanging atallages, andqualify remain bocche ages of between the onmale dependents, ortesta ispaid only Thehead tax capital worth. is (this double system tosixty inthe city andeighteen inthe country fifteen andseventy a Itisindeed father, a countryman). wrong for Castagno's ofHartt's change, the source income ofwage-earning aspaid out ofthe conceived amount, but isevidently respectable demonagewithout any ofunderstated the hypothesis athome. What makes sons living which it would age declarations is that themistaken most questionable strated cases extent tothe same with others showing appear mingled shown tooyoung) explain (boys errors ofother ages with tooold,people andgirls shown tooyoung, boys girls shown when this explanashown tooyoung cited above) boys and(aswith Vasari either way, phenomenon inoneway explaining the hypothesis requires Thus the tion isnot possible. inpattern for the other itsidentical willnotexplain instances, which for some ofthe etc., we cases ofgirls, for theother a second explanation than seeking stances. Rather tooyoung, toevade explains boys shown which only abandon the theory must evidently too and likely ageispositively a minimum that the and with itthe certainty the head tax, tax Gozzoli's errors appears inBenozzo ofthe case ofthe omnidirection young. A classic ten inhislast report years older than thirteen sonis shown record ofI480. Hisoldest which pattern barely subject totax(the andthus just making him eighteen years before, years ! only nine daughter hasaged while hisoldest could notoccur) inHartt's concept explanation. Fora guide seems the best error atsome stage cit., 4I-42.) Pure (Mather, art. I966), Bank(NewYork, Fallof the Medici TheRiseand see R. deRoover, tothe tax rules, see distinction ofheadtaxinthecountry, Catasto'; for the pp. 2I-3 I, 'TheFlorentine 43 i. d'Arte VII (I929), G.Poggi inRivista of the history (Paris; I959), pp. 2I, 2I6, 2I7, surveys Le Dossier Caravage 37 B.Joffroy, wellgiven way tothe I569 has generally I930 the olddate Although since this research. A remark (G. Bazin, itas I565 without still give in I958 could proven I573, a writer of S. review seeC. Gilbert, New York,I958, p. 30I). On Angelico History ofArt, XLVII (I965), 273. Art Bulletin Orlandi, op.cit., Venezia e l'Europa diVittore Carpaccio,' la data dinascita 'Proposte per 38 T. Pignatti, XVIII (I964), I9. Arte Veneta L. Puppi, DossoalBuonconsiglio, (I955), p. 224 f.;
CREIGHTON GILBERT
23
assumpfalse correcting documents show alterations isolated All these toforty-five-yearreferences Renaissance inturn reflected which tions, ofeighteencases the orelse sixty-five, tomean as'old'taken oldartists The twenty-five. tobeatleast taken shops with artists adult year-old not equally wehave which maturing, isearlier aging to earlier parallel Raphael and Mantegna by received the commissions account; into taken it Indeed notprodigious. but areimpressive, atseventeen as masters and bytwenty,39 established been tohave normal been tohave seems inthe artists allthe twenty-five; after prominence first toachieve rare careers intheir ofsuccess peak totheir come had paragraph preceding like masters late-flowering be any not to seem There thirty. before well hadnot whoatthirty-five orDe Kooning, Cezanne Goya,40 David, we bywhich ofwork kind tothe juvenilia imitative from turned yet found the norm, for habits own our taking wehave, Thus them. know estimate our confirmed recognition ageoffirst ofthe estimate our that hypothetomake seemed they together sothat oldagebegins, when of onthe errors were both they but infact indeed, firm dates birth sized inan beexploited might pattern Castagno isso,the Ifthis side. same Doubt dates. birth undocumented allour bychecking way, organized together: appear two factors when besignaled might accuracy oftheir
XVI, (I962), I53, briefly ArteVeneta WorkofPordenone', 'The Earliest 39 C. Gilbert, or thelike show them commissions, whosesignatures, listssome eightcases.Others Domenico dai Libri, are Girolamo or twenty at nineteen and recognized independent da delVaga,Pierino Perino Veronese, Moretto, Parmigianino, Correggio, Campagnola, to according Vinci,Vasari,Muziano.When Pierinoda Vinci died at twenty-three, he had been that butno one remarked death was paid to hisuntimely attention Vasari, who seem scholars, at suchan age,norhavemodern a career in developing exceptional willbe discussed in a waythat attitudes intoRenaissance unconsciously to haveentered buthas not reason, forthis dateas too late,perhaps thebirth rejected below. (Milanesi is: study, to thepresent parallel The broadquestion, specialists.) bylater beenconfirmed by maybe suggested be calleda man?An answer whencoulda boyin theRenaissance to alter laws of Veniceusedby Pignatti cited.The fifteenth-century already two texts realestate andselling buying for date(toc.cit.)makea maleresponsible birth Carpaccio's ofboysandthen andElyotin I534 (op. cit.,f.4I) speaks atfourteen, supervision withollt often most of painters Apprenticeships theage ofxiiiiyeres.' exceeding of'Yonge men, at of a workpainted tells withthat, consistent and Vasari, or fifteen, endedat fourteen withanother in competition byan artist right) he maynothavehadthat (though fifteen puerile;v, 596). Pending in boyhood'(:ianelt'eta already who had 'beenhiscompetitor have been must so-and-so that remark avoidthecommon certainly we must study, full commission. suchan important or so to receive twenty-two morethanthereported he 'wasno more old,'although in I787 'I havebecome to a friend 40 ButGoyawrote New York, Rococoto Revolution, (M. Levey, noticed observer as a recent forty-one' than as thestatemaybe as familiar hesitancy observer's I966, p. 208). By now themodern textto myattention. calledthis kindly W. Berger Robert Professor ment itself.
24
(I)
a birth date isbased ona reference tothe artist's general agerecorded decade later inhis life, and(2) the birth date thus fixed leaves anearly with ofhiscareer blank as to known activities, andfilled up either Itisnot attributed works only orthe inference that hematured late. hard tofind more instances. standard Bertoldo's career hasthe following fixed points incurrent works:4l (I) born about I420; (2) first recorded I460, as Donatello's garden and assistant; (3) 'old inthe I480S, when curator ofthe Medici point isthe mentor ofthe boy Michelangelo; (4) died I49I. Thethird should solebasis for the first, anditis nobasis atall.Thebirth date rather probably bemoved uptoabout I435, making him oldatfifty truly imthan sixty-five. This avoids the forty-year blank, which isthe tobe. plausible factor here, while oldageinthe fifties has only appeared as ThePisan painter Turino Vanni is uncontroversially presented often and follows:42 (I) bonn I349; (2) first recorded I390, after that an regularly; (3)1tlI427 reports his ageasseventy-eight; (4) receives point, order for a painting inI438. Ifweare willing todoubt the third but about andsuppose that hewasnotthe seventy-eight hethought ofan early sixty-five, we canbe extricated from thetwoproblems toeightycareer that only starts atforty-one and a late onecontinuing but ine. That both could have happened should atleast excite remark, been they have been accepted because tlle document has, as always, theblallk accepted as gospel. (Another difficulty, theobjection that is before ageforty-one might result from accidental lossofrecords, recurpossible, butinconsistent with their random andfairly thick rence thereafter.) Girolamo Savoldo isregularly described asborn about I480, onthe makes him sole ground ofa reference tohim as'decrepit' inI548. This appear tohave joined the painters' guild inFlorence attwenty-eight.43 A birth date some six years later isatleast equally likely. say hewas Jan Calcar has been mentioned briefly. Allmodern reports and (I) born I499 or I500. He was(2) first recorded I535 or I537, thereafter very often indeed; and(3)last reported alive inI545, when The visited byVasari, whosays that S0011 after this hedied 'you1zg.' to data strongly suggest revising the birth date to I5I0 orI5I5, both
p. 3I8; C. 41 J. Pope-Hennessy, Italian Renaissance Sculpture (Greenwich, I958), Seymour, Sculpture inItaly 1400 to1500 (Baltimore, I966), p. 259. 42 E. Carli, Pittura pisana del trecento, la seconda meta (Milan, I96I), pp. 808I. I956), 43 C. Gilbert, TheWorks ofGirolamo Savoldo ([diss.], University Microfilms, p. I4 ff.
C1E t! Tf ADltJtl
T T1iT 1 V1Y
fq TT 1) T!S% tJlDlJAl
25
tosuccess, a blank asirtfive from shift aslate implausible avoid the bya always tomean seems what Vasari with tobeconsistent and also of this set fifty. But than before rather irty five death, before youthfbl isnoeleway; there ina curious ones the previous diSers from reports biri date ofI499 orI500. Indeed, the orsupport toprove ment offered Nothing baffling. proved inthe literature emergence for its first a search Vasari tothe from early writers inthe biri appears toCalcar's relaiing literasparse modern inthe that matter} nor} for century, seventeenth item in asa standard itappears Instead articles.44 ture ofmonographic Wuro ofNagler} major ones the including ofbiography} dictionaries nothing in situation) rare although (a very and Thieme-Becker, bach, a provides bibliograpliies cited intheir inthe works nor their entries seems to date abletogo,the hasbeen asenquiry it.45 So far basis for ofthe inthe mlddle indictionaries generated spontaneously have been best seems the emerges, explanation Until a better century. eighteenth Calcar must that assumption from a conl7entional itstems tobe that for the commission thegreat he received when been smature} have in I538.46 illustrations Vesalius Thetrallreader. tothe occurred hasprobably ofTitian 1Ee case in I477, (2) first that he (I) was born runs account ofhislife tional five his ageasninety inI507; (3)recorded with a commission appears has ofcourse atninety-nine in I576. Thedeath in I572; and(4) died unlike all so that ariist's fame, with the along drawn attention, always iat the ohjection Gronau raised study. hz receved iis case the others until hewasthirty. waited tohave isunlikely first appearance Tiiian's
is when Calcar all begin sources} theearliest andSandrart, VanMander 44Vasari, Inhis life a primary source. century, not searenteenth inthe late Baldinucci adult, asdoes (F.Baldinucedition atleast ina later bya dash, isactually marked birth date the missing The modern I546'). 336- snato morto I8II , de' Proori daDisegno, ci} Notlzie ofitirv reference date, buttheasseriion thebirth notonly ignore spalized ariicles inL'art, H. Hymans b1ldde K"rt XI (I876), 375-379} J.WolSinZeitErflfiler works. often ofartists byOrlandi, dictonary pioneering inthe date issil absent Thebirth time} iwthe thefirst surely notfor Butit appears, century. in theeighteenth printed of A minority thereafter. andalways in I7852 issued inLondon dictionary anonynlous Ticozzi archivist with the outstanding beginning dictionaries early nineteenth-ceIltury out. current hasdied this guess 'born c. ISIo,}but intelligent the more inI8IS,oSer giver ofthe thle fact that the from would beappears such a concept 46 How unrealistic time. A vivid atthe twentySfive Vesalius, washimself anatomist the great commissioIl, that Vesalius, bythe fact issuggested unknown Calcar ofthe for hischoice explanaton twenty rlliles from Calcar} Calar came Wesel, while came from reveals, as hisname wii hisLansnann in Paduacan The meeting on theRhine. from Wesel downriver wellbe imagined.
45
XX (I883), 65.
26
MAN GROW OLD?
Gronau could haveknown, than is a stronger objection Indeed this andothers for Caravaggio ofbirth date the late shifts writing before hedidnot But emergence isunparalleled. that such late which indicate ninetythat hewas own statement who relied onTitian's convince those with because heagreed case wasweakened andGronau's five inIS72, Hetherehow oldhewas. have known that Titian must his opponents A toappeal for sympathy. waslying that Titian fore hadtosuggest allthe assembles which conveniently byF. L. Mather, counterarticle byan eighty-five-year-old an appeal easily replied that evidence,47 early the traditional impressive, andthus have been less would hardly in trying was equally lame though Mather survived, even birth date has apprenticethat a known bysupposing blank early years tofill upthe the aged weknow that Nowthat lasted sixyears. ship asa mosaicist inwhich like the sense of his age inanything a good witness Titian isnot the Among the documents, position alters. betoday, the anyone would Aretino byhis friend toTitian written isperhaps a letter most valuable current artist's ageasofthe allusion tothe itisthe f1rst inIS42, since ripeness ofoldage,'la that heisinthe remarks tohim date; Aretino attitudes, Assuming twentieth-century maturita dellavecchiezza.' tospeak besimply absurd' that it'would naturally reacted Mather quite that it cannowreport We onthe contrary inhis f1fties. so toa man inthe wastalking notice that, ifAretino andeven would benormal, cease to the term would inIS34byElyot, sense defined semitechnical the have usually accepted ofTitian Happily, students f1t after sixty. about ofa right instinct possibly because birth date, very later revised ofold Renaissance concept the factor ofthe even though allthe factors, still seem unfamiliar. agemight case. oSers anintricate atthe beginning, ashinted Jacopo de'Barbari, (2) iS first I450; inorbefore summary he(I) wasborn Inthe standard except one;(3) isdescribed every year I497, and thenin recordedin blank about I 5 I 5- The weak' inI 5 I I; and(4) died off1cially as'oldand because of than elsewhere, problem here are a more pressing early years diametric because ofthe length uptoageforty-seven, their remarkable seem to special students and because records thereafter, shift toconstant tocall certainly seems the blank. Allthis totry tofill have done nothing hasbeen date date totheI470S. Theearly ofthe birth for a revision and this has 'oldand weak', ofhis being bythe report supported solely asbeing mentioned isthat itisalways features. Thef1rst some curious
47
Bulletin xx Born?'Art 'Whenwas Titian
(I93 8), I2 i.
CREIGHTON GILBERT
27
I5I2, newstyle;48 to March corresponds itsdate of IS II, although the style, ofnew interms discussed arebeing dates other allthe since byoneyear. later bemoved terms canonthose date birth ofthe Thefunction important. ismore feature curious Thesecond a pension. him istogrant weak isoldand Jacopo inwhich document tohave seems and ofoldage, the suggestion toreinforce appears That an old-age to be students authoritative most bythe even assumed been ourpatterns. hasassumed again andiis reading Itis not, pension.49 by is 'payment ofpension meaning chief the when today, Yeteven DicOxford Concise the services,' ofpast inconsideration goverllment toenable etc., toartists, 'payment meaning as a second tzonary oSers actually the document What interest'. ofpublic onwork to carry them unfortunate Itisanother etprovision.' is a 'pension toJacopo assigns changed has 'pension' while that oferror, factor a third almost accident, 'penonly sothat obsolete, hasbecome 'provision' meaning, main its for salary word is theordinary 'Provision' noticed. been sion'11as for a post pay regular meanings), separable easily other, its from (apart a 'proreceived Raphael task; a single payfor from as distinguished paid being also while ofSt.Peter's, asarchitect the Pope from visione' available.50 areeasily of theterm Examples paintings. forspecific suggests, here words useofboth asthe a synonym, isalmost 'Pension'
I925, p. 37. (Paris-Brussels), de'Barbari A. de Hevesy,Jacopo (zwar) wasassuredly thatJacopo (II, I908, 46I) says inThieme-Becker Kristeller asbeing a pension with provided (da)inI 5 I I hewas I450 because I440 and between born useofitleaves this ofthe document, wording close tothe While keeping oldandfeeble. ofretirement, sense oldageinthe toreflect the pension assumed that Kristeller nodoubt work. future Jacopo's anticipating later clauses the discounted andthus a a monk in I4I7 a willassigns p. 29. InFlorence op.cit., seeGolzio, 50 On Raphael annual the more than masses, for saying a year florins oftwenty provisione overo salario source a clerical from income p. I80). A clerical op.cit., (Orlandi, ofa servant earnings towork byhiscontract wasrequired Ghiberti seebelow. bea pension; probably would Vite, ed.K. Frey, (Vasari, whoisa provisione asonedoes day, working onevery allday thefour salary: as a regular provisione ofthe examples many offers I, i, 354).Vasari stipendio the 'usual VIII (V, I38), byHenry daTreviso Girolamo paid scudi a year hundred bytheKingof Vasari offiered provisione (VII, 30),a gran paidto Salviati e provisione' ananecdote vividly most perhaps VII, 86)and (v,554; VI, 366; other cases (VII, 33), France of asarchitect work hedidallthe because He wasannoyed da Sangallo. Antonio about who oldretainer a dull-witted asoneMelighino, provisione same but hadthe St.Peter's for a Melighino thePopeasked When for him. to 'provide' thetitle given hadbeen and teased hewasbeing thought Antonio andothers, Antonio's with tocompare sketch 'Wewish wastold: but injest,' anarchitect isonly Melighino Father, 'Holy complained: imneatly Asthis the provisione.' from andyouseethat intruth, tobeanarchitect him stipend a regular ajob held, butfor a job done salary for notmean word does the plies, (v,47I). canbeincluded after retirement a pension which among any cause, for 48 49 P.
28
but can besubtly distinguished. A 'pension' isalso a regular stipend, but may not befor doing anything; clerical benefices, smecures, and scholarships seem toillustrate it.The'pensionnaires' ofthe Villa Medici are the young artists ongovernment grants. Luigi Lanzi received a 'pensione' onbecoming director ofantiquities inFloretlce, perhaps because hewasanabbe.5l Most often the distinction from salary seems lost, as with the pensionaries, city managers, found inDutch towns from the fifteenth century. A happy token ofthe distinction appears inRome in IS23.Michelangelo, carving thetombs ofthePope's relatives, was oSered his choice, with the explanation that the pension had the advantage that itwould continue after the patron died, but the disadvantage tllat the artist must take or orders and vownot tomarry. (Hetook the 'provisione.'52) Hewasthen 'old'atforty-eight, but obviously 110t thinking ofanold-age pension. Allofthis obviously has norelation to ageatall, and provisions are onrecord assigned tomen who could not work.53 Apparently inthe sixteenth century old-age pensions were so rare that noterm for itexisted. Thus among three apparent statements inJacopo's pension document two are not really init.Itdoes not say that inI 5I I hewas oldand weak and pensioned off, but that inISI2hewas oldand weak and granted an assured income. This also clarifies added clauses which have beell little emphasized, expressing the wish that hewill continue working asinthe past, and justifying the stipend onthe ground that his weakness precludes other earnings. Theweakness wasreal, aswecantell from the other documents, which aremedical bills, andfrom hisdeath three years later. Itmay have accelerated his age.Thus the birth date inthe ]470s seems more likely than the earlier one. Butthelastandmost spectacular complication is a painting, the
204.The wasfifty ducats a month. 53 Pope Sixtus IV gavethe painter L'Ingogno a provisione when he became blind (Vasari, III, 595), andthe DukeofFerrara gave onetoDossowhen, inhisfifties, hewas living outhis last years without working, asnoticed above, although inthe same passage Vasari contradicted himself by mentioning work donethen. An internlediate caseis Aristotile da Sangallo, whoinhissixties w-as given a provisione often scudi a month by the DukeofFlorence andtold llewould becalled for when needed, but wasnever asked towork (VI, 449). Thepatron's gracious gesture istosay itisnot charity but a post with a this story seems very similar toJacopo de'Barbari's case. Thus the text about Jacopo does notindicate that hewasworking orretired, butthe latter hasalways been supposed.
provisiofle prolJisione;
51 D. Bertolotti, 'Notizie intorno allavita . . . dell'Ab. Lanzi,' in:Lanzi, Storia pittorica dellaItalia(6th ed.,Milan, I823), p. Viii. 52 Sammlung ausgewaeSllter Briefe anMichelagniolo, ed.I(. Frey (Berlin, I899), pp. 20I,
CREIGHTON GILBERT
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theinscription signed with ofFraLucaPacioli, portrait remarkable of the'twenty-year-old' P. I495'.Thisreport Bar.vigennis 'Jaco. and oppose just reached, the conclusion seem tofit artist illI495 would two persons, tohypothesize itisusual Butinstead one. the traditional first painter who the other inI495 and was twenty Bar.' who the 'Jaco. oSers alsothe ofdoubles the hypothesis in I497. To besure, emerges later from the differs Pacioli portrait ofthe that thestyle argument itis when seems less forceful that point but of Jacopo de'Barbari, works became known; document the pension only after that itarose observed others without related tothe had been portrait that, the Pacioli before onthe entirely men depends are two view that there Thus the question. its great strength. illustrates sixty, and man isover that anold assumption of series alsoofanadded acceptance view requires two-man Forthe asoldagebeasimplausible though are possible, which coincidences,54 been would have certainly and which thought tobe, has been fore sixty links the Once itisremoved, support. without its out ofcourt thrown 'vigennis' ToidentifyJacopo can also reemerge.55 the paintings between seem uncomfortstill 'vieux' in I5I2 will indeed inI49SwithJacopo
partly summarized assumptions, the following requires oftwoJacopos 54 Theexistence for theonly them:(I) oneappears considering madewithout preceding, usually from the agein I497; (2) bothbelong appears atan older first in I495, andtheother time attwenty Pacioliwasin I495); (3) bothare in Venice(where ofthepainters to thesamesubgroup intellectuals, with mathematical intheir contact style, successful exponents ofthat superior An in documents. Pacioliin one case and Duererin theother;(4) onlyone appears named painters oftwoFlorentine existence bytheproved 'control' isprovided interesting di Stefano, citedabove,of thesameage,and boththeonlysonsof widows. Francesco for 'Barbari', 'Bar.' maynotstand common names, arevery andStefano WhileFrancesco as to names. But two ofcoincidence so that thetwo casesmayhavean equallikelihood in theother:(I) of thetwo Francasedo not reappear in theFrancesco factors found were artisan, whilebothJacopos obscure theother a completely cescos one wasnotable, menis much within whichwe mustlook fortwo similar so thatthefield successful, two setsof solvedby finding was fully ofthetwo Francescos (2) theproblem smaller; exists. documents butonlyone setofJacopo in thesamearchive, documents a involved, provides that there weretwopainters who believed Berenson, 55 Bernard ofthe Painters in style. His Venetian to each other closeness of their striking suggestion of thisschoolever of artists number of thelargest includes reproductions Renaissance artist. In themaxirelated artist to stylistically from arranged in a continnum collected, Thus theyare two 'Jaco.Bar.' andJacopode' Barbariare adjacent. muminventory, as thesamename.In general, aBl,vell thesameway ofworking menbuthavevirtually da Messina, ofAntonello in thelatetradition Bar.' a Venetian hasfound 'Jaco. criticism who had beenan in theorbitof AlviseVivarini, Venetian a slightly later and Barbari years between blankofsomefive Thuswitha known ofAntonello da Messina. imitator great; elsewhere seems notvery thetwopersons ofblending thediSlculty their paintings, works. intermediate thatseemto me thispersonality's two paintings I have discussed diL. Ve,tttlri (Rorre, I956), I, 284ff*. Studi inOnore e Compagni', See 'Alvise
30
WHEI!T DID REI!TAISSAI!ICE MAI!T GROW OLD?
able, andyetthecontemporary attitudes previously studied suggest various appropriate ways inwhich itcould have happened.56 Ifconventional wisdom remains the strongest power for rejection of these observations, they may inconclusion besupported bybnnging another convention totheir aid.Thus wewould certainly today call a notable person's retirement in the lateforties anddeath in the early fifties abnormal; told ofsomeone whoretired and died, with nomention ofunusual circumstances, wewould exclude those ages from our conception ofthe events. Yetitis equally habitual for ustothink of Shakespeare asanartist who had a full span of life, from early obscurity, tomaturity, and then inthe late style usually linked with TheTempest his period of'reposeful contemplation,'57 only after that retiring from work. Itisshocking torecall that Shakespeare wrote TheTempest and retired atforty-seven, and died five years later; yet Shakespeare himself had also remarked that a man atforty was old.58 Ina sense this study is intended only toinduce a conscious general application ofwhat wedo when wethink ofShakespeare inoldage, inhis forties.59 Nor isShakespeare exceptional. Tasso, who died atfifty, dwelt onhis 'infirmity and oldage'inanunusually autobiographical essay, according tothe unsurprised butalsounspecifying comment ofa distinguished scholar in
56 Theprevious survey suggests three waysinwhich a twenty-year-old might become an old manin seventeen years. (I ) Literally following those figures, he wasold at thirtyseven.Thisis notan absurdity, sinceit is stated by Erasmus, a Rotterdamer writing in ISo6,whopresumably heldthesame viewsas a Brabanter clerk in I5I2. (2) Vigennis does not meantwenty-year-old in theexclusive sense of a single year, butmight meansay twenty-three, a nounforwhichthere is apparently no Latinadjective. (3) Jacopowas mistaken abouthisage to thesameextent as Vasariand CosimoRosselli. Bothin their twenties misstated their agesbysixyears, onetoooldandonetooyoung. He wouldthen be twenty-six in I49S,anda respectably old forty-three in ISI2. Thesesuggestions reach theedgeofwhattheevidence permits, butnotbeyond it. (Thetraditional view,old age as a minimum of sixty, does that.)Perhaps mostplausibly, a partial presence of two factors wouldmakeJacopo vigennis twenty-three (either bya three-year error orbecause Vigennis means that)and old at forty. 57 The phrase of theanonymous editor of Shakespeare's Historical Plays(Everyman Edition, eleventh repr., London,I927), p. Vii. 58 In Sonnet Two, beginning 'When forty winters shallbesiege thybrow,'thethirteenth linewiththephrase 'whenthouartold' is certainly a recapitulation of thefirst, withthesamemeaning. 59 Whena poetdiedin I966 at fifty-three a fellow writer saidhe 'diedyoungish,' and thewordstrikes us as reasonable, buthasprobably never beenappliedto Shakespeare, who diedat fifty-two. The contrast suggests that we consider Shakespeare old and thus adopttheRenaissance attitude which, whenwe areconscious oftheage ofevena RenaissaIlce person,we exclude. (Dwight Macdonald,'Delmore Schwartz', New York Review ofBooks, 8 September I966, p. I6.)
CREIGHTOI!T GILBERT
31
at forty-one. this Tassowrote in Ig63.60 Renaissance in the Studies without lives, full lived ashaving weaccept whom ofpeople Inlists kings Renaissance terms, inour early are very deaths their that noticing ten outlived atfifty-six, died VIII, who Henry role. a large have might incenturies, sixteenth and fifteenth ofthe rulers English eleven ofthe outHealso atforty-nirle. died VI who Henry the interminable cluding the spanned reign long whose I (fifty-three), Francis rival great his lived his matching missed and just andPrimaticcio, ofLeonardo patronage their unusual; are not three These v (fifty-eight). Charles rival greater died atfifty-two, Maximilian, XII, and VII, Louis Henry predecessors, and allsix, respectively, months and ten years fifty-nine and fifty-three, turn This in in power. long being by mark their XII, left Louis except VIII Henry very young, throne tothe came normally they wasbecause again a fact v atnineteen, Charles I attwenty-one, Francis ateighteen, of andresulting atonce, power full took they tousbecause obscure to failure our Thus predecessors. oftheir the ageatdeath from course byourusual as we ought time, their before as dying ofthem think as predecessors ofthe tothink our failure from inpart derives standard, convention other our from inpart artists the aswith and young, dying two special has kings ofthe Thecase later. comes maturity ofassuming one that no dates birth had they one else every First, unlike advantages. from result not does spans full lived that they sense our sothat forgot, had a presumably they Second, orvagueness.61 mistakes contemporary atoldage arrival their sothat else, one than any of life expectation better themselves tooconsidered They others. for asa ceiling may betreated he because for weeping heapologized v abdicated Charles old.When members.'62 inallmy feeble was'oldand Nordid Popes. kingsthe outlived Renaissance inthe Onegroup be purposes our for may Popes twenty-one. at reigns their start they Renaissance Indeed bylongevity. selected as a group characterized older much ofbeing sense same oldinthe were today, like those Popes, iS I800 since ofPopes ageat death Theaverage people. other than of ageatdeath average the Simllarly, average. far above seventy-nine, bea mlght That average. far above also issixty-four, Popes Renaissance the periods, between change the toformulate which with offigures set
x, I75. Renaissance, inthe Studies ofPetrarch', D. Della Terza,'Tasso'sExperience intothe onlyslightly receded as they toocouldbe exaggerated Buttheagesofrulers of who livedat thecourt butCastiglione, ofUrbinodiedat sixty, past.Duke Frederick I, iii.) (Cortegiano, hisson,saidhe haddiedat sixty-five. in theEncyclopedia on Charles in thearticle remark is quotedwithout 62 The phrase
60 61 Britaslnica.
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WHEI!T DID REI!TAISSAI!ICE MAI!T GROW OLD?
since the Papacy has been nearly a constant. Other curious comparisons easily emerge: only three modern Popes died atseventy orless, only three Renaissance Popes attained that age. Themedian ageatelection of modern Popes is older than the median ageat death ofRenaissance Popes; the significance ofthis isthat our habit istothink ofboth asold inthe same marlner. Renaissance Popes were elected onaverage atfiftyfour (very old, a normal ageofdeath for kings) and had average reigns often years.63 That isclose totwentieth-century American presidents, fifty-four onaverage attheir first inaugurations and with a modal tenure ofeight years. Another formula thus might bethat, asthese two groups are alike inarithmetical age, their unlikeness incultura] orpsychological age(the onegroup held tobeatthe peak ofmaturity, the other venerable) isthe measure ofthe change. Themost recent historian ofthe Habsburgs alludes to Charles v's abdication speech and, asthe reason for his step, illhealth but not old age.64 Ifthat isa suppression because itseemed unreasonable, wemight instead prefer torecall that this Charles, whocalled fifty-five old, had been brought upinthe Flemish court atthe very time when the court painterJacopo de'Barbari got the 'pension' asanoldman that has been held toprove hewas over sixty. Evidently wemust use the data inrelation to the variety of situations,65 as when today the recipient of a Festschrift atseventy is understood tobe shifting from more routine labors toa more active concentration onhis research.
Brandeis University
CREIGHTON GILBERT
63 Of fifteen Renaissance Popes,onlytwolivedbeyond seventy-two. (Forthis purpose theRenaissance runs from theCouncilofConstance totheCouncilofTrent, I4IS-ISS-) Thiscasts an interesting sidelight on whatmust haveseemed fantastic in Michelangelo's survival, forinstance in ISS whenhe was seventy-five and was theonlylivingman included in thefirst edition ofVasari's Lives.Of course Vasari puthimthere in admiration, buthispatriarchal status must havemadeit seemmorenatural. Paul III, elected as one oftheoldest Renaissance Popesat sixty-six (beyond theaverage age at death of the others) livedto be theoldest at eighty-one, whichwouldbe normal today. His unique lont,evity also illuminates a passage in Vasari'slifeof Michelangelo thathas seemed peculiar. When Paul was electedMichelangelo resisted his attempts to employhim, saying he was 'so old' that perhaps he couldputhimoff*with words.But twelve years later he wasworking for him. 64 A. Wandruszka, TlleHouseofHabsburg (I!Tew York,I964), pp. 98-99. 65 A large shift halfway toward ourpatterns maypossibly haveoccurred in theseventeenth century. The twelve seventeenth-century Popeswereon average elected at sixtysixand diedat seventy-five, but thismayalso be a matter of post-Tridentine policies. Perhaps moreinteresting is the statement of CesareRipa thatvirilita runsfromage thirty-five to fifty, and old age from fifty to seventy. (Iconologia, Padua,I630, p. three, pp. I76, I46.) Thisstatement can be pinpointed to theyear1603; it doesnotappearin Ripa'sfirst edition of IS93,northesecond of I602 which is a reprint, butdoesappear in themuchaltered third of I603. (Professor AllanH. Gilbert kindly madethiscollation forme.)

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When Did a Man in the Renaissance Grow Old? Author(s): Creighton Gilbert Source: Studies in the Renaissance, Vol.

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