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Earthing of Power
Earthing
Syllabus
Connections to earth Types of system earthing Earthing system in Hong Kong Earth electrode
Earthing
References
BS7430:1998 EMSD : Code of Practice for the Electricity (Wiring) Regulations, 1997 F. Porges, The design of electrical services for buildings, 1989 IEE Wiring Regulations : amended 16th Edition, Dec.1994 (BS7671) J.C.F. Wong, Low Voltage Electrical Installation Handbook, 1992
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1.0 Introduction
11kV via Delta/Star connected Tx (up to 1500kVA) HV Supply cable : 3-core Al paper insulated, lead-sheathed and double steel tape armoured. 380/220V 3-phase 4-wire distribution winding 3-phase or single-phase
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Building (LV) :
1.0 Introduction
The primary purposes of the earthing system of a building are to ensure that a safe environment is maintained for the occupants and to protect equipment from damage in the event of a fault.
Earthing
Power generation, transmission and distribution Control of undesirable static electricity Lightning protection Telecommunications
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Purposes As reference potential Protect insulation under fault condition As return path for leakage current Complete circuit loop for each fault currents Reduce touch voltage (in some cases) Prevent electric shock Short-circuit protected structure Provide low resistance path for streamer Communication path As signalling path Reduce noise and cross-talks Stabilise battery potential and equipment potential Prevent electric shock Computer earth Reduce interference Stabilise equipment potential with respect to earth
2.
Low voltage equipment earthing Earthing of lightning protection system Functional earthing of equipment
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3. 4.
z z z
Earthing
System Earthing :
Installation + Source : Electrical System Essential to the proper operation of the system At least one point of a system is earthed Preserve security of system Protect associated electrical plant Potential of each conductor restricted to a value No conductor may rise to a potential greater than the insulation rating Direct connection to earth of the neutral (N) of a 3phase system or one pole of a single-phase system at the supply source
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Common or separate earths for LV system and Tx ? (Common earth : coupling between HV and LV systems) Consider :
Safety of human and property due to the potential raised by the resultant HV fault current.
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Only arises if the resistance of earth connection is not low enough (rare because earth electrode 1 ) Earth electrode : sized to withstand the HV fault current
Earthing
Tx substation earth bar : bonded the armouring of HV supply cables and metalwork Additional connection to earth : earth rod installed along HV cable trenches bonded to cable armouring and the earth bar Tx neutral : connected to earth bar system earth connection
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Only return path for HV fault currents Theoretical maximum current of a HV earth fault 18.4 kA [i.e. 350 MVA at 11kV (3-phase)] Complex including finite resistance of HV supply cable armouring and/or sheath, system earth electrodes and other earth connections Actual current carried by LV << Theoretical maximum But, HV earth fault possible consequences on step and touch voltage adjacent to LV earth electrode system
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For withstanding thermal effects in the earth electrode system (if it is the only return path for HV fault currents) :
HV system earth electrode resistance Characteristics of overcurrent protection of HV System, e.g. inverse time characteristic (fuses or relays)
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Electrical system :
Concerns the safety of personnel and plant A key function of equipment earthing is to provide a controlled method to prevent the build up of static electricity, thus reducing the risk of electrical discharge in potentially hazardous environments. Generally, a resistance to earth of less than 106 W will ensure safe dissipation of static electricity in all situations.
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Hong Kong :
Many of exposed parts of fixed equipment : metallic (switchboards, conduits, motor frames, ) ensure the safety of human life, animals and property Equipment Earthing
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Earthing :
X = bonding conductor between system earth and equipment earth (consumers earth) terminals.
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Effective and rapid operation of protective device in the event of earth fault current. Protect against danger to life through shock due to the exposed metalwork of the installation Against electric shock and fire risk : earthed equipotential bonding and automatic disconnection of supply Electricity Supply Regulations : Equipment Earthing little mentioned
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No any independent functional earthing electrodes International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee (CCITT) manual : operation requirements
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Safety of human being Protection of equipment Legal requirements Reduce cross-talks and noise
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Difficulties
Uncontrolled connections and galvanic couplings of various earth electrode Fire and danger to human life due to the potential difference of various earth electrodes connections. Currents flow through metal structures and cause corrosion.
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Solution Principle :
Keep all points earthed at the SAME potential Either Star or Mesh configuration
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Solutions
Star-shaped configurations
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Reduce circulating currents Increase effective conductor cross section for currents flowing towards the earth and no excessive voltage drops More practical and effective than bar type Easier and safer Prevent connecting to remote earths Because a noise and surge path introduced
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Mesh configuration
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First letter
Earthing arrangement at the source of energy (Supply side) T Direct connection of one or more points to earth I All live parts isolated from earth or one point connected to earth through an impedance
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A system have a separate neutral conductor and a separate protective earth conductor, the latter may be the metallic cover of the cable or a separate conductor.
The metallic covering of the cable supplying the installations or a separate conductor
Exposed conductive parts connected to PE via the main earthing terminal of the installation.
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Types of Electrical Systems by means of combination arrangement of earth connections at source and at load. Each type of system is identified by 2 capital letters. The first letter denotes the earthing arrangement at the source of energy (supply side), and T = direct connection of one or more points to earth I = all live parts isolated from earth or one point connected to earth through an impedance The second letter denotes the relationship of the exposed conductive parts of the installation to earth (load side), and T = direct electrical connection of the exposed conductive parts to earth, independently of the earthing of any point of the source of energy (independent earth) N = direct electrical connection of the exposed conductive parts to the earthed point of the source of energy. For a. c., it is usually the neutral point (dependent earth) A third and/ or a fourth letter are/is designated to each TN system to identify the relationship of the above electrical earth connection with neutral and protective conductors S = neutral and protective functions provided by separate conductors C = neutral and protective functions combined in a single conductor
Based on the definitions of T, I, N, S, C, try to draw the systems; and compare your answer with those diagrams in the following pages. Both H. K. Electric Co. and China Light & Power Co. recommend the use of TT system for their low voltage supply. But C.O.P. of EMSD makes installations perform effectively as TN-S systems in HK.
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Low earth loop impedance High earth fault current Fast operation of earth fault protective devices Maintain earth continuity when a main earth is broken (earth provided at consumer side) Cost saving for earth fault relays in smaller installations Higher earth fault level Earth fault has a low power factor of fault current
Disadvantages
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6.4 TT System
A system having one point of the source of energydirectly earthed, the exposed conductive parts of the installation being connection to other electrodes electrically independent of the earth electrodes of the source.
Exposed conductive parts connected to an earth electrode (electrically independent of the source earth).
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6.4 TT System
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6.4 TT System
Characteristics
High earth loop impedance Low earth fault current Power companies do not provide earthing for consumers Earth fault has a better power factor of fault current Saves bonding conductor Earth fault relays are frequently required Incurs cost of separate earth Higher touch voltage Create step voltage
Advantages Disadvantages
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6.5 IT System
A system having no direct connection between live parts and earth, the exposed conductive parts of the installation being earth.
Exposed conductive parts connected to an earth electrode. Source connected to earth via earthing impedance or isolated from earth.
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Draw path of Earth Fault Current in TN-C System. It utilizes the neutral as its return path. As performance of earth fault relay assume earth fault current cannot return through the CTs of the relay. Therefore, the return of fault current to the neutral may affect operation of the E/F relay.
Installation protected by its own electrodes Main earthing terminal of installation bonded to the earthing facilities of the power company
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Supply by transformer
A bonding terminal provided at supply side Exposed conductive parts of the underground supply cable
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Direct from power companys transformers Supplied from underground cable with exposed conductive part at the cable termination Supplied by overhead lines Supplied from underground cable without exposed conductive part at the cable termination
TT system (Rare)
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Impedance or resistance of the connection to earth Thermal capacity Potential gradients around electrodes Mechanical strength and resistance to corrosion
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The schematic above illustrates the key elements of an effective earthing system.
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Mechanical clamps
Where permanent connections are not appropriate, mechanical clamps offer the ideal solution. These are typically used on smaller scale installations where periodic disconnection for testing is required.
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Earthing
Q&A End of Topic Thank you !
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