SCIENCE 5 (Handout # 3) SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS BASIC SKILLS I. OBSERVING gathering information using all the five senses.

. types: a. QUALITATIVE OBSERVATION describing the characteristics or properties of an object or organism. EXAMPLE: 1. The ball is round. 2. The leaf has a smooth surface. b. QUANTITATIVE OBSERVATION an observation which include a reference to some standard unit of size, weight, temperature, etc. EXAMPLE: 1. nine centimetres tall 2. The diameter of the ball is 15 m. II. INFERRING interpreting or explaining observations. III. FORMULATING HYPOTHESES - making educated guesses based on evidence that can be tested through experimentation. HYPOTHESIS - has 2 parts: CONDITION and PREDICTION - It always starts with If or When EXAMPLE: 1. If there is no sunlight and air, <CONDITION> all living things will die. <PREDICTION> 2. When you put an egg in a glass half-filled with water, <CONDITION> the egg will float. <PREDICTION> IV. IDENTIFYING AND CONTROLLING VARIABLES - manipulating one factor to investigate the outcome of an event while other factors are held constant VARIABLES are factors or conditions that can affect the results of an experiment. Types: 1. CONSTANT or CONTROLLED VARIABLE a factor that is kept the same in the experiment. 2. TESTED or MANIPULATED VARIABLE a factor that is changed or varied in an experiment. 3. RESPONDING VARIABLE a result based from the manipulated variables. V. EXPERIMENTING - The process of testing the hypothesis. - It is the systematic way of obtaining information to confirm the hypothesis. SCIENTIFIC METHOD is the systematic and organized way of solving problems. Steps: 1. Identify or define the problem.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Formulate a hypothesis. Gather the materials needed. Identify the controlled and manipulated variables. Test your hypothesis through and experimentation. Record your observation in a table, chart, graph, etc. Analyze and interpret your data correctly. Make a conclusion. Verify your conclusion.

VI. COMMUNICATING THROUGH TABLES AND GRAPHS - Using the written and spoken work, graphs, demonstrations, drawings, diagrams, or tables to transmit information and ideas to others. GRAPH - is a chart or drawing that shows the relationship between changing things. - It contains a pair of variables: CONTROLLED and UNCONTROLLED or MANIPULATED CONTROLLED are represented by x-axis or the horizontal axis UNCONTROLLED are represented by the y-axis or vertical axis Types: 1. LINE GRAPH 2. BAR GRAPH 3. PIE CHART Steps in constructing a line graph: 1. Draw two lines with a right angle to form the border side of the graph.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Label the vertical line y-axis and the horizontal line x-axis. Mark the intersection of the horizontal and vertical axes. Number each axis at REGULAR intervals. Plot the data on your graph. Label your graph.

VII. PREDICTING forming an idea of an expected result not a guess but a belief of what will occur based upon the present knowledge and understandings, observations and inferences. - Telling what will happen in the future based on the pattern of changes. INTERPOLATION predicting within observed data. EXTRAPOLATION predicting beyond observed data. ACTIVITY: (Monday) THE COOLING RATE OF A CUBIC METER OF WATER TIME Temperature of Water 9:00 100 9:05 97 9:10 92 9:15 9:20 9:25 65 9:30 9:35 9:40

1. Which variable did the experiment directly control? _____________________________________ 2. Which variable did it not directly control? ______________________________________________ 3. By interpolating, predict the temperature of the water: a. at 9:30 _________________________________ b. at 9:20 _________________________________ 4. By extrapolating, predict the temperature of the water? a. at 9:30 _________________________________ b. at 9:20 _________________________________