Verb Well 2

The Verb Well
The Verb Well

A Thematic Introduction to Verbs, Verb Forms and Verb Use
by Chirawibha Sivell & John Sivell Illustrations by Cynthia DiSimone
Copyright 2001 FULL BLAST Productions
IN CANADA FB Productions Box 408 Virgil, Ontario L0S 1T0
IN THE UNITED STATES FB Productions Box 1297 Lewiston, New York 14092-8297
Phone: 905-468-7558 Fax: 905-468-5706 E-mail: fbp@vaxxine.com Website: www.fullblastproductions.com Photocopying rights are granted to the individual teacher or the single school purchasing the materials. A copy of this book purchased by an individual teacher is that teacher's property and can travel with her from school to school. A single copy of this book may not be kept at a resource center and used to service several schools. To be entitled to copy this book, a teacher in the school or the school itself must own an original copy. Please respect copyright. National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data
Sivell, Chirawibha, 1950The verb well : a thematic introduction to verbs, verb forms and verb use Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 1-895451-36-1 (v. 1).--ISBN 1-895451-38-8 (v. 2).-ISBN 1-895451-40-X (v. 3) 1. English language - Textbooks for second language learners.* 2. English language - Verb. I. Sivell, John, 1946- . II. DiSimone, Cynthia, 1959- . III. Title. PE1271.S58 2000 428.24 C00-932953-6
Printed in Canada.
ISBN 1-895451-38-8
INTRODUCTION
The design of this book
The Verb Well three-book series offers a carefully crafted set of verb-vocabulary materials to cover 450 frequent and useful verbs, 150 verbs per book. Each book in the reproducible series presents thirty easy-to-learn clusters of five verbs each, with each cluster organized according to meaning. Some share a common activity or setting e.g. "Garden": dig - harvest - plant - rake water. Others are governed by a key concept e.g. "Competition": compete - attack - fight - struggle - race. Either way, the organization has a thesaurus-like quality, in that the verbs always appear in a context created through inclusion of other related terms. This organizational plan has two important advantages. First of all, it helps students experience success with the crucial vocabulary-learning strategy of consistently grouping new words to be learned around an easily recalled center of meaning. Such an approach facilitates visualization, verbal-association, chaining, and other familiar memory-enhancement techniques that can definitely promote vocabulary learning. Secondly, the structure of the book is designed to underline the necessity of recognizing and mastering distinctions between words that may be generally similar in meaning but that cannot be substituted for each other. Thus, for instance, the "Etiquette" group includes both insult and snub, and the "Liquids" group includes pour, spill, and sprinkle. Introducing this fairly simple but nonetheless eye-opening level of semantic subtlety helps overcome learners' common tendency to take a one-word-fits-all approach to vocabulary learning; that short-sighted expedient can lead to learning just very general expressions which are then over-used and overextended to the detriment of precision and flexibility. The verbs presented in the Verb Well series were chosen for frequency and utility. Three major word-frequency lists were consulted: West's A General Service List of English Words (London: Longman, 1953, rep. 1983), Kucera and Francis' Computational Analysis of Present-Day American English (Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University Press, 1967), and Carroll, Davies and Richman's The American Heritage Word Frequency Book (New York: American Heritage Publishing Company, 1971). A methodical computer analysis was carried out to determine which verbs tended to appear among the more frequent items on those lists, and from that selection related items were assembled to form the core of each cluster, sometimes along with a few other high-utility verbs to round out the group. Of course, verbs make up only a part of the total word-store of any speaker, so that a selection of 450 verbs as in the entire three-book series represents a sub-set of a quite extensive vocabulary. Nevertheless, conscientious attention to frequency and utility has made it possible to bring together a very convincing and practical survey of verbs that really are worth either reviewing or learning from scratch.
The following groupings are found in Book 2 of the series:

1 - Housekeeping CLEAN - WASH - DRY - SWEEP - TIDY UP 2 - Managing money COST - EARN - AFFORD - SPEND - OWE 3 - Attaching things FASTEN - NAIL - PIN - TIE UP - WRAP 4 - Moving things around SEND - MAIL - PACK - TRANSPORT - LOAD 5 - Foot travel WALK - STEP - MARCH - SKIP - STROLL 6 - Going out GO OUT - ACCOMPANY - DRESS - TAKE IN - RESERVE 7 - Friends MEET - GET TOGETHER - QUARREL - BREAK UP - MAKE UP 8 - Conversations ASK - REQUEST - ANSWER - SPEAK - SAY 9 - Groups INCLUDE - EXCLUDE - PARTICIPATE - INVOLVE - ASSOCIATE 10 - Managing people ENCOURAGE - INFLUENCE - MANAGE - TRAIN - TREAT 11 - Winning and losing WIN - DEFEAT - BEAT - LOSE - GO DOWN 12 - Strategy CONTROL - DIRECT - GUARD - FOOL - TRAP 13 - Success and failure SUCCEED - ACCOMPLISH - COMPLETE - FAIL - FALL SHORT 14 - Things go wrong BREAK - BURST - BURN - EXPLODE - ROT 15 - Understanding things UNDERSTAND - REALIZE - DECIDE - RECOGNIZE - REMEMBER page 1
page
page
13
page
19
page
25
page
31
page
37
page
43
page
49
page
55
page
61
page
67
page
73
page
79
page
85
ii
16 - Spoiling things DESTROY - SPOIL - MESS UP - TEAR - WASTE 17 - Artistic activities ACT - DANCE - DRAW - PAINT - SING 18 - Appearances LOOK - SEEM - APPEAR - DISAPPEAR - BECOME 19 - Looking for things FIND - LOCATE - SEARCH - HUNT FOR - DISCOVER 20 - Getting things GET - OBTAIN - GAIN - RECEIVE - SEIZE 21 - Sizes ADD - EXPAND - EXTEND - REDUCE - REMOVE 22 - Senses HEAR - SEE - SMELL - TASTE - TOUCH 23 - Surprise, fear FRIGHTEN - FEAR - CRINGE - SURPRISE - STARTLE 24 - Emphatic expression DECLARE - SHOUT - EXCLAIM - REPEAT - WHISPER 25 - Publishing PRINT - PUBLISH - EDIT - ILLUSTRATE - POST 26 - Written communication WRITE - TYPE - READ - SPELL - SIGN 27 - Disbelief DOUBT - DISAGREE - REJECT - CRITICIZE - PROTEST 28 - Continuity CONTINUE - PERSIST - KEEP ON - PAUSE - CEASE 29 - Possibility COULD - MAY - MIGHT - WOULD - TEND 30 - Futurity WILL - WANT TO - PLAN - EXPECT - ANTICIPATE
page
91
page
97
page
103
page
109
page
115
page
121
page
127
page
133
page
139
page
145
page
151
page
157
page
163
page
169
page
175
ANSWER KEY
page 181 to 210
iii
Sections of the book and how to use them

Illustrations: Each verb cluster begins with an illustration capturing some thematic dimension of the group. The illustrations not only stimulate useful visualization but also underline the more general point that each lesson exemplifies the principle of learning vocabulary through a focus on patterns of meaning. As well, teachers can make use of the illustrations as jumping-off points for brainstorming activities before attacking the related verb cluster: students may be invited to suggest already-known verbs which are evoked by the illustration; then, when the actual lesson material is studied, those familiar verbs can help provide scaffolding to facilitate new learning. Definitions: The definitions have been written in a relatively informal style, with attention to assuring that the vocabulary of definitions never slips into complexities that are more demanding than the verbs actually being defined! A key feature is the careful ordering of verbs in each cluster, so that a useful verb that has already been defined can then be re-used as part of a subsequent definition. Additionally, it should be noted that one purpose of the example sentences (discussed below) is to extend the definition process by presenting the verbs in contexts further demonstrating their meaning. Verb Chart: Next, the principal parts of each verb are given. A concise overview of verb morphology is thus available for student reference; to the extent that teachers judge necessary, based on their knowledge of their own students, it can also be used by teachers as a platform for more extensive grammar teaching in relation to the verbs. While there is a basic expectation that students using this text will already be familiar with the general principles of subject-verb agreement, sequence of tenses and so on, it is also recognized that specific grammatical patterns such as the use, or not, of direct or indirect objects will have to be learned in relation to each new verb. Thus, not only the verb chart but also some of the following examples and exercises are intended to support relevant grammatical learning. Because meaning is central to the effective recall and use of new verbs, there is a strong focus on meaning in this series, but the grammatical dimension receives appropriate attention, too. In designing their own lessons around these materials, teachers will find support for both aspects of the learning challenge. Example sentences: Six example sentences for each verb demonstrate not only the various meanings of the verb but also a selection of different tenses. When there are diverse meanings, these are identified by letters. As well, these sentences demonstrate relevant grammatical patterns, such as the use where appropriate of direct or indirect objects. And each example sentence has been thoughtfully composed so as to be as short as possible while at the same time creating a vivid mini-context in which the meaning will be clear and memorable. It can certainly be helpful for teachers to encourage students to build on the example sentences by proposing their own personalized ones, which may well be even more memorable for them, but these need to be monitored very carefully and corrected where necessary for accuracy both in grammar and in meaning. Verb-use exercise: Students are given four opportunities to manipulate the various forms of the verbs and also to identify differing meanings according to the sentence-level context. As usual in these materials, while the grammar-morphology aspect is not ignored, there is always a strong focus on meaning. A good extension activity at this stage in the lesson is to ask students to go further and to create some of their own cloze-type verb-use sentences, to challenge their classmates.
iv
Related words: The final section on each verb is where available a short list of related words that can be derived from the verb by various different transformations. If grouping new words by meaning is the number-one principle of effective vocabulary acquisition, there is little doubt that the second most important rule is to maximize the benefit of new learning through awareness of related words that can easily be derived from items that have just been mastered. Thus, although straightforward past-participle/adjective derivations have been considered too obvious to be worth including, related nouns and adjectives unless they are very eccentric have been listed along with their own brief definitions. And this section not only provides a helpful increase in the number of words that will be learned; it also illustrates, as students work from verb to verb, the most common patterns of derivation that should be mastered and used. Review activities: The review activities at the end of each lesson covering all five verbs in the cluster begin with a table in which students must recognize the missing elements based on just one completed cell. Apart from rapidly revising that aspect of verb grammar, this table also presents the five semantically related verbs all together in one diagram, which offers a comparative-meaning overview as well. Choose the best verb: This review activity focuses primarily on meaning but, since the verbs are presented in various persons and tenses, there is a grammatical dimension as well. The exercise itself deliberately offers just three such review sentences, so that the multiple-choice aspect of the work remains challenging because all the verbs will need to be considered at least once, although only three will be applicable. However, teachers may well wish to extend this activity in a number of ways, for instance by: 1) 2) asking students to devise other multiple-choice sentence completions creating their own additional sentence-completion activities, using just a blank with no multiple-choice options (students refer to the five verbs in the group, select one, and adjust it for the correct number, tense and mood) combining verbs from more than one five-verb group in order to review a wider range of items, using either a multiple-choice or a simple gap-filling format.
3)
Write your own sentences using the prompts: In this final review exercise, students move from highly structured cloze or multiple-choice work to considerably freer guided writing. Since prompts are provided, there will be a general comparability among different learners' sentences, so that the scene is set for meaningful discussion. Still, a good deal of individual creativity remains possible. And, of course as noted above in the treatment of the Example sentences exercise there is always the option of expanding work like this even further, inviting students to devise their own illustrative sentences without prompts. Your own list of words with similar meanings: Each lesson ends with this extension exercise, which directs attention out from the five-verb group to students' broader vocabulary knowledge and interests. This exercise can be done individually if desired, but it will usually be most fruitful when performed as a brainstorming activity either with the whole class working together or probably better with a number of three- or four-student groups first brainstorming their own lists of associated words, which are then presented to the entire class for discussion, amendment, and adoption in the form of a final version comprising the best of all the suggestions. This activity serves the important purpose of leaving students with a legitimate sense of being able to assimilate new verbs to their existing vocabulary store and thus of being in control of the learning process. In a word, the goal is commitment or ownership. v
A final note on the choice of verbs

Although no special attempt was made to include verbs artificially, teachers may be interested to reflect on the fact that in the course of giving practical information in this Introduction the following fifty verbs from Book 1 and Book 2 of the Verb Well series naturally came into use: appear, ask, associate, attack, begin, bring, build, can, compare, complete, compose, consider, control, correct, create, design, differ, direct, encourage, end, expand, extend, follow, gain, give, go, guide, help, illustrate, include, know, lead, make, make up, may, offer, organize, plan, provide, receive, recognize, relate, share, suggest, take, tend, will, would and write. This list would of course have been longer if the third Book had also been taken into account, but the point is already clear: these verbs really do come in handy, and your students will benefit from gaining a firm command of them!
vi
1: Housekeeping
Clean
Wash
Dry
Sweep
Tidy up
Clean
Definition: Clean Clean: (a) Remove dirt or marks from something; (b) CLEAN UP, make a place, person or thing neat and/or free of dirt. Verb Chart: Clean
Infinitive: to clean Present: I clean Present Continuous: I am cleaning Future: I will clean Past: I cleaned Past Continuous: I was cleaning Present Perfect: I have cleaned Past Perfect: I had cleaned
Example sentences 1) It's not easy to clean large windows. (a) 2) Al always cleans up the kitchen after he cooks. (b) 3) Claire is cleaning up her apartment before her mother's visit. (b) 4) Osamu cleaned the heads on his VCR with a special tape. (a) 5) If I do the dishes, will you clean up the living room after the guests leave? (b) 6) I did not come inside right away because I was still cleaning my muddy shoes. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) Lina ____________ the plastic pots before putting them into the recycling bin. 2) (Pres. Cont.) The students ____________ the class for the Thanksgiving party. 3) (Past) Louis ____________ his garden last autumn. 4) (Pres. Perf./negative) I ____________ my contact lenses since last Saturday. Related words Cleaner (noun) Either a liquid or powder used for cleaning things, or a person who cleans things; also, a shop where clothes are cleaned: "the cleaner" or "the cleaners", or else "the dry cleaner" or "the dry cleaners".
1: Housekeeping
Clean
Wash
Dry
Sweep
Tidy up
Wash
Definition: Wash Wash: Use water (and soap) to clean something. Verb Chart: Wash
Infinitive: to wash Present: I wash Present Continuous: I am washing Future: I will wash Past: I washed Past Continuous: I was washing Present Perfect: I have washed Past Perfect: I had washed
Example sentences 1) Jeff washes his clothes at the laundromat. 2) Joanne held a towel for me while I was washing the baby. 3) Maria washed her jeans twice but they were still stained. 4) Now we are washing our dishes with a new detergent, and it's great! 5) Little children do not always remember to wash their hands. 6) If you can find a mop, Phan will gladly wash the floor. Use the forms of the verb. 1) (Inf.) It s not my turn ____________ the dishes today. 2) (Present) Blanca ____________ her face several times a day. 3) (Pres. Cont.) Ali ____________ the car for his mother. 4) (Past) The chef ____________ the vegetables thoroughly before cooking them. Related words Washer (noun) dishes. Usually, a machine used to wash clothes, but a "dishwasher" is used to wash
1: Housekeeping
Clean
Wash
Dry
Sweep
Tidy up
Dry
Definition: Dry Dry: (a) Cause something that is wet to lose the moisture in it; (b) lose moisture and not be wet any more (sometimes, DRY OUT). Verb Chart: Dry
Infinitive: to dry Present: I dry Present Continuous: I am drying Future: I will dry Past: I dried Past Continuous: I was drying Present Perfect: I have dried Past Perfect: I had dried
Example sentences 1) Check the clothesline to see if the sheets have dried. (b) 2) Be careful. If you don t water the garden, it will soon dry out. (b) 3) Jay dried the dishes with a tea towel. (a) 4) I usually dry my hair right after I get out of the shower. (a) 5) Magda was drying basil leaves to keep them for later. (a) 6) It was so hot that my bathing suit had dried completely before I left the beach. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) After painting the chair, leave it outside; it _____________ within an hour or so. 2) (Past Cont.) The lab technician ____________ the apparatus when the telephone rang. 3) (Inf.) The farmer cuts the hay and then leaves it ____________ in the sun. 4) (Past) Lilia ____________ her clothes in an electric dryer at the laundromat yesterday. Related words Dryer (noun) a machine used to dry things.
1: Housekeeping
Clean
Wash
Dry
Sweep
Tidy up
Sweep
Definition: Sweep Sweep: Either (a) clean a floor or some other flat surface by brushing it with a broom, or (b) use your hand or anything else to clear an area in a way that is like using a broom; also, (c) move swiftly through an area. Verb Chart: Sweep
Infinitive: to sweep Present: I sweep Present Continuous: I am sweeping Future: I will sweep Past: I swept Past Continuous: I was sweeping Present Perfect: I have swept Past Perfect: I had swept
Example sentences 1) The enemy army was sweeping through the countryside. (c) 2) Koide swept the snow off his car with his arm. (b) 3) After we finish sawing all the wood, Karl will sweep the workshop. (a) 4) The big storm swept along the valley and broke several trees. (c) 5) Mai and Thu have already swept the floor and dusted all the furniture. (a) 6) Marla is sweeping the leaves off the lawn chairs with a branch. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) They ____________ the patio before they let the children play on it. 2) (Future) Joseph ____________ the garbage off the kitchen floor before his wife comes home. 3) (Past) We ____________ the food off the table and changed the table cloth. 4) (Present) Strong waves ___________ along the shoreline, causing more erosion. Related words Sweeper (noun) A person whose job is to sweep the floor.
1: Housekeeping
Clean
Wash
Dry
Sweep
Tidy up
Tidy Up
Definition: Tidy up Tidy up: (a) Make a person, a place or a thing neat; (b) finish a job. Verb Chart: Tidy up
Infinitive: to tidy up Present: I tidy up Present Continuous: I am tidying up Future: I will tidy up Past: I tidied up Past Continuous: I was tidying up Present Perfect: I have tidied up Past Perfect: I had tidied up
Example sentences 1) I want to tidy up the house before the real estate agent comes. (a) 2) Tomomi was just tidying up the last of her homework when her boyfriend called. (b) 3) They tidied up the locker room to make it nice for the visiting team. (a) 4) I have not tidied up all the work that the boss left for me; so, I think I'll stay late. (b) 5) Hank tidies up his room every night before he goes to bed. (a) 6) If you agree, we'll tidy up the rest of our business over a meal at the restaurant. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) Laura found her lost book while she ____________ the book shelf. 2) (Past Perf.) Don ____________ his presentation a few days before it was due. 3) (Future) I ____________ the garage before the winter comes so that we can park the car inside. 4) (Past) We ____________ the last few things in the contract; then, we presented it to the clients.
1: Housekeeping
Clean
Wash
Dry
Sweep
Tidy up
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence was cleaning have dried had swept be prepared to justify your choice am washing tidy up
1) I think I'll wash/sweep/tidy up those dirty clothes. 2) Somebody will have to clean/dry/sweep the marks off the bathtub. 3) Please wash/dry/sweep the sand off the sidewalk. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (dry / hands) 2) (sweep / hand) 3) (clean / computer screen) 4) (tidy up / desk) 5) (wash / cups) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
2: Managing Money
Cost
Earn
Afford
Spend
Owe
Cost
Definition: Cost Cost: (a) When something has been bought for a certain price, or when it could be bought for that price, that is what it costs; (b) sometimes, COST also refers to the trouble or work that is required in order to get something. Verb Chart: Cost
Infinitive: to cost Present: it costs Present Continuous: it is costing Future: it will cost Past: it cost Past Continuous: it was costing Present Perfect: it has cost Past Perfect: it had cost
Example sentences 1) If he loses this debate, it may cost him support in the election next month. (b) 2) A sports car usually costs more than a van. (a) 3) I'm keeping the business going, but it is costing me many sleepless nights! (b) 4) Each World War cost many people their lives (b) 5) How much will tickets to that concert cost? (a) 6) I gave up that expensive apartment because it was costing me over $1,500 a month. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) A garage usually____________ a few hundred dollars less if you build it yourself. 2) (Pres. Cont.) My car accident ____________ me my reputation as a good driver! 3) (Past) Sandra s new boots ____________ $150. 4) (Pres. Perf.) Working very late every night ____________ Mark a lot of sleep. Related words Cost (noun) The amount that something costs (in either of the two senses, above). Expensive (in either of the two senses, above)
Costly (adjective)
2: Managing Money
Cost
Earn
Afford
Spend
Owe
Earn
Definition: Earn Earn: (a) Receive money for work that you do; (b) get and deserve a particular result because of something that you have done (usually either praise or a benefit of some sort, for good work). Verb Chart: Earn
Infinitive: to earn Present: I earn Present Continuous: I am earning Future: I will earn Past: I earned Past Continuous: I was earning Present Perfect: I have earned Past Perfect: I had earned
Example sentences 1) Valia earns good commissions at the advertising company. (a) 2) His excellent batting average is earning that player much praise. (b) 3) Because Kaoru was always in class, she earned extra marks for attendance. (b) 4) Pedro has almost earned enough money for a holiday on the coast. (a) 5) Don't become a teacher if you want to earn a big salary! (a) 6) Just keep working like that, and your efforts will earn you a promotion. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) If you want ____________ good grades, you have to study more. 2) (Present) Dominika ____________ over $1000 each month by investing wisely in the stock market. 3) (Pres. Cont.) High quality work and punctuality ____________ that company trust from clients. 4) (Past) Rex s sense of humor ____________ him a lot of popularity among the first-year students. Related words Earnings (noun) Earner (noun) The money that a person earns. A person who earns money (usually in the expression, "wage earner"). 8
2: Managing Money
Cost
Earn
Afford
Spend
Owe
Afford
Definition: Afford Afford: (a) Have enough money to pay for something; (b) be in a position to do something or to take a risk, without having to worry. Note: for these meanings, AFFORD is used only in the infinitive form. Verb Chart: Afford
Infinitive: to afford Present: ---------------Present Continuous: ---------------Future: ---------------Past: ---------------Past Continuous: ---------------Present Perfect: ---------------Past Perfect: ---------------Example sentences 1) We fly first class whenever we can afford it. (a) 2) She is so good at tennis that she may be able to afford skipping some practice sessions. (b) 3) Since he was new at the company, Thomas could not afford to make his boss angry. (b) 4) I can afford the course fees but the textbooks will be too much for me. (a) 5) Angela was unable to afford a new camera. (a) 6) They could afford to leave that car outside all winter since they had a better one in the garage. (b) Use the verb matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the definition it
1) If we can ___________ a house this year, we should move. 2) Carlos could not ____________ to gain weight because of his diabetes. 3) Alicia can ____________ to eat candies every day because she is very slender. 4) I was so broke that I could not ____________ a Christmas present for my spouse. Related word Affordable (adjective) Not too expensive (in the sense of the first meaning, above).
2: Managing Money
Cost
Earn
Afford
Spend
Owe
Spend
Definition: Spend Spend: (a) Use your money to pay for things; (b) use your time, work or care etc. in order to achieve something. Verb Chart: Spend
Infinitive: to spend Present: I spend Present Continuous: I am spending Future: I will spend Past: I spent Past Continuous: I was spending Present Perfect: I have spent Past Perfect: I had spent
Example sentences 1) Cheng disliked that big car because he was spending too much on gas each week. (a) 2) Eileen has spent a huge amount of time and effort on helping her brother. (b) 3) This summer, I will spend all my time enjoying myself at the beach! (b) 4) Preeda spent a lot of time on his class project. (b) 5) Cathy spends very little on food because she lives at home. (a) 6) This has to stop! We are spending all of our money and saving nothing. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) Lina ____________ a few days checking the prices everywhere before buying her computer. 2) (Future/negative) I ____________ my money on that car! It s ridiculously expensive. 3) (Past) We ____________ a lot of time and effort improving the garden. 4) (Present) The government ____________ millions of dollars each year on the health system. Related word Spender (noun) A person who likes to spend money (often, "a big spender").
10
2: Managing Money
Cost
Earn
Afford
Spend
Owe
Owe
Definition: Owe Owe: Have a duty to give money in order to (a) pay for something you have bought, or (b) return money that you have borrowed; (c) feel that you should do something or give something in order to thank somebody. Verb Chart: Owe
Infinitive: to owe Present: I owe Present Continuous: ---------------Future: I will owe Past: I owed Past Continuous: ---------------Present Perfect: I have owed Past Perfect: I had owed
Example sentences 1) After all your help, I owe you a debt of gratitude. (c) 2) She has almost paid for her car but she still owes $1,000. (a) 3) By the time he went bankrupt, he owed the bank more than $550,000. (b) 4) Sally has owed that money to her sister for over a year. (b) 5) Gerry hates to think that he owes his success to anyone. (c) 6) If I buy all that furniture now, I will owe payments to the store for eighteen months. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) We are very careful with our money because we don t want ____________ the finance company too much. 2) (Past Perf.) Nick ____________ money on his student loan for years before he went overseas. 3) (Future) If you pay $150 now, you ____________ the store only $50 next month. 4) (Past) Donna was aware that she ____________ her life to the person who had donated her new heart.
11
2: Managing Money
Cost
Earn
Afford
Spend
Owe
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: had cost be prepared to justify your choice have owed earned to afford spend
Choose the best verb for each sentence
1) A beautiful house like that could easily cost/afford/owe a half a million dollars. 2) Can we earn/afford/spend to stay at a luxury hotel? 3) Because she had such a good job, Agnes cost/earned/owed more than $4,000 a month. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (afford / arrive late) 2) (cost / her friendship) 3) (owe / too much) 4) (earn / respect) 5) (spend / salary) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
12
3: Attaching Things
Fasten
Nail
Pin
Tie up
Wrap
Fasten
Definition: Fasten Fasten: Join one thing to another, or one part of a thing to another part, in order to keep them together (a) permanently or (b) temporarily. Verb Chart: Fasten
Infinitive: to fasten Present: I fasten Present Continuous: I am fastening Future: I will fasten Past: I fastened Past Continuous: I was fastening Present Perfect: I have fastened Past Perfect: I had fastened
Example sentences 1) Can we fasten those pieces of wood together with glue? (a) 2) I usually fasten my notes together with a paper clip until I need to use them. (b) 3) They are fastening the posters to the wall with thumb tacks. (b) 4) Naomi fastened her scarf with a gold broach. (b) 5) She will fasten the sheets of paper with tape until they can be stapled. (b) 6) We were fastening the iron rods together by welding them. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) Silicone ________________ the glass walls of the aquarium together. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Abdul ________________ bundles of firewood with string. 3) (Inf.) I used an elastic band _______________ the top of the plastic bag. 4) (Pres. Perf.) We ________________ all the loose shingles to the roof with tar. Related word Fastener (noun) Something (a clip, a button, a zipper, etc.) that is used to fasten something.
13
3: Attaching Things
Fasten
Nail
Pin
Tie up
Wrap
Nail
Definition: Nail Nail: Fasten two things (usually wood) together permanently with a metal spike that goes through both of them. Verb Chart: Nail
Infinitive: to nail Present: I nail Present Continuous: I am nailing Future: I will nail Past: I nailed Past Continuous: I was nailing Present Perfect: I have nailed Past Perfect: I had nailed
Example sentences 1) Kevin holds the boards in place and Angela nails them. 2) The carpenters are nailing plywood to the beams. 3) Steve nailed the mailbox to a post near the front door. 4) Jane has nailed the house number to the gate. 5) Should I nail this birdhouse to the telephone pole? 6) We will nail the new deck together when my cousin gets here to help. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Inf.) Pine is not very difficult ____________. 2) (Present/negative) We ____________ the tiles to the floor; we use glue. 3) (Pres. Cont.) John ____________ the new planks onto the fence and Mary is painting them. 4) (Past) Mrs. Green ____________ a Beware of the Dog sign to the maple tree in front of her house. Related word Nail (noun) A metal spike used to nail things together.
14
3: Attaching Things
Fasten
Nail
Pin
Tie up
Wrap
Pin
Definition: Pin Pin: (a) Temporarily fasten two things (one or both are usually cloth or other fabric) together with a straight piece of thin steel wire that goes through both; also (b) PIN DOWN, limit a person's freedom of action. Verb Chart: Pin
Infinitive: to pin Present: I pin Present Continuous: I am pinning Future: I will pin Past: I pinned Past Continuous: I was pinning Present Perfect: I have pinned Past Perfect: I had pinned
Example sentences 1) I have finally pinned the mayor down! She agreed to come to the reception. (b) 2) Will you sew the flowers to the dress or just pin them on? (a) 3) Each skater in the competition pinned a number on her costume. (a) 4) Whenever they have a parade, soldiers pin all their medals onto their uniforms. (a) 5) The tailor was still pinning my new suit together when I arrived at the shop. (a) 6) Our army had pinned down the enemy in a valley outside town. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) I ____________ the pattern to the material for you and then you can cut it. 2) (Past Cont.) Joe ____________ decorations onto the display when the electricity went off. 3) (Present/passive) If he ____________, he will become even more aggressive. 4) (Past) Janine always ________________ the cloth together before using the sewing machine. Related words Pin (noun) A straight piece of thin steel wire that holds two pieces of cloth or paper together by going through both of them.
15
3: Attaching Things
Fasten
Nail
Pin
Tie up
Wrap
Tie up
Definition: Tie up Tie up: Strongly attach (a) a parcel or bundle or (b) a person or animal, with string or rope; also (c) occupy a person's time and prevent them from doing other things (often, BE TIED UP). Verb Chart: Tie up
Infinitive: to tie up Present: I tie up Present Continuous: I am tying up Future: I will tie up Past: I tied up Past Continuous: I was tying up Present Perfect: I have tied up Past Perfect: I had tied up
Example sentences 1) That job was tying up all my time; so, I simply had to get away from it. (c) 2) The robbers had tied up both of the tellers at the bank. (b) 3) After I roll the carpet, I will tie it up with a strong rope. (a) 4) Albert tied up his co-workers with all sorts of silly questions. (c) 5) Please tie up the package very carefully because it has to go all the way to Singapore. (a) 6) She is tying up the dog in the back garden. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf./passive) Rabab ____________ with her work last night; so, she got home after 10 pm. 2) (Future) If I don't remind my little brother to use ribbons, I bet he ____________ his Christmas presents with ordinary string again this year! 3) (Past) The cowboy ____________ his horse at the hitching post. 4) (Present) Nid ____________ her vegetables in small bundles and takes them to the market every day.
16
3: Attaching Things
Fasten
Nail
Pin
Tie up
Wrap
Wrap
Definition: Wrap Wrap: Cover a parcel or other object on all sides with paper, cloth, plastic or some similar material. Sometimes WRAP UP. Verb Chart: Wrap
Infinitive: to wrap Present: I wrap Present Continuous: I am wrapping Future: I will wrap Past: I wrapped Past Continuous: I was wrapping Present Perfect: I have wrapped Past Perfect: I had wrapped
Example sentences 1) We normally wrap airmail parcels in strong paper. 2) Don't come in! I am still wrapping your birthday present.
3) Pierre wrapped the cheese in a white cloth. 4) I'm not cold any more. I've wrapped myself up in a warm coat. 5) My mother says you should wrap potatoes in aluminum foil before baking them. 6) When I pack my suitcase, I will wrap this pretty plate in a sweater to keep it safe. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Past Cont.) I broke one of the glasses when I ____________ them in newspaper. 2) (Past Perf.) Khanh ____________ the bottle of fish sauce carefully before putting it in his car. 3) (Future) If you buy a gift from that store, they ____________ it for you. 4) (Past) Barb ____________ her baby in a warm blanket before she carried it to the bus station. Related words Wrapper (noun) The paper or plastic package used to protect an object (e.g. a candy bar).
17
3: Attaching Things
Fasten
Nail
Pin
Tie up
Wrap
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence had pinned be prepared to justify your choice was nailing have tied up will fasten wrapped
1) The carpenter will fasten/pin/nail plywood to the roof before he puts shingles on it. 2) The meat wasn t fastened/tied up/wrapped properly before it was put into the fridge. 3) You should pin/nail/tie up a plastic sheet on the table in order to stop it from getting wet. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (fasten / flag) 2) (nail / name plate) 3) (pin / flowers) 4) (tie up/ dog) 5) (wrap / tablecloth) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
18
4: Moving Things Around
Send
Mail
Pack
Transport
Load
Send
Definition: Send Send: (a) Cause something or somebody to be taken away or delivered to a place that you choose; (b) ask or order a person to go somewhere. Verb Chart: Send
Infinitive: to send Present: I send Present Continuous: I am sending Future: I will send Past: I sent Past Continuous: I was sending Present Perfect: I have sent Past Perfect: I had sent
Example sentences 1) Sometimes parents have to send their children to school by bus. (a) 2) The office usually sends all its mail by courier. (a) 3) Our club is sending members to ask for funding from businesses all around town. (b) 4) The manager sent me to Tokyo to set up a new factory there. (b) 5) If you commit a crime, the judge will send you to jail. (a) 6) Pedro's team was angry because their opponents were sending spies to watch them practice. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) They ____________ newsletters to everybody on the mailing list. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Mrs. Cook ____________ little Jimmy to get milk from the corner store. 3) (Past) I ____________ my books back home by surface mail two weeks ago. 4) (Pres. Perf.) The company ____________Tom to demonstrate the new product in all the hospitals in this area. Related word Sender (noun) A person who sends something (usually through the mail).
19
Send
Mail
Pack
Transport
Load
Mail
Definition: Mail Mail: Send a letter or parcel through the postal service. Verb Chart: Mail
Infinitive: to mail Present: I mail Present Continuous: I am mailing Future: I will mail Past: I mailed Past Continuous: I was mailing Present Perfect: I have mailed Past Perfect: I had mailed
Example sentences 1) Jessie and his wife mail over 100 cards every Christmas. 2) I cannot mail anything on Sunday because the Post Office is closed. 3) Betty mailed her mother a letter every week for the whole year when she was away. 4) I have already mailed the check. You should receive it soon. 5) We mail fewer letters now because we have e-mail. 6) I'll mail you a postcard when I am on holiday. Use the forms of the verb. 1) (Inf.) Sompon promised ____________ the package to me when he arrived in America. 2) (Present) The company ____________ a TV guide to my home every week. 3) (Pres. Cont.) Maria ____________ a birthday gift to her son who is studying in France. 4) (Past) They ____________ the business proposal on the day before the deadline. Related word Mail (noun) Things that have been mailed ("the mail").
20
Send
Mail
Pack
Transport
Load
Pack
Definition: Pack Pack: (a) Fill a bag or suitcase in preparation for a journey; (b) wrap something or put it in a box in order to sell it; (c) wrap something or put it in a box in order to keep it safe (often PACK UP); (d) completely fill a container, a room, etc. Verb Chart: Pack
Infinitive: to pack Present: I pack Present Continuous: I am packing Future: I will pack Past: I packed Past Continuous: I was packing Present Perfect: I have packed Past Perfect: I had packed
Example sentences 1) That last big snowfall came after we had already packed up all our warm clothes! (c) 2) I'm not leaving until after the weekend but I will pack tonight. (a) 3) The room was packed with fans who wanted to meet the movie star. (d) 4) Before taking them to the market, Marsha packs her chocolates in beautiful boxes. (b) 5) Chris was packing his briefcase with books to use for his essay. (d) 6) I have packed up the Christmas decorations for another year. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) Akiko ____________ her suitcase this weekend. 2) (Past Cont.) We ____________ the pickup truck with all kinds of furniture when it started to rain. 3) (Present) They ____________ each item in a strong cardboard box before selling it. 4) (Past) Vern ____________ his Persian carpets in a wooden box with some mothballs in it. Related word Package (noun) Something that has been packed up so that it can be sent or stored; also, the container in which something is packed to that it can be sent or stored.
21
Send
Mail
Pack
Transport
Load
Transport
Definition: Transport Transport: Move things or people from one place to another (usually over a long distance), especially when this is done using vehicles or animals. Verb Chart: Transport
Infinitive: to transport Present: I transport Present Continuous: I am transporting Future: I will transport Past: I transported Past Continuous: I was transporting Present Perfect: I have transported Past Perfect: I had transported
Example sentences 1) In the 1850s merchants were still transporting their goods on wagons. 2) We had transported several loads of gravel to the building site before we learned that the project was off. 3) That airline will transport all of Maddalena's possessions to the USA when she moves. 4) Riccardo transported everyone to the game in his big van. 5) That bus company transports workers in and out of the city every day. 6) You need a special permit if you are transporting dangerous products. Use the forms of the verb. 1) (Past Perf.) They ____________ the piano to the concert hall a few days before the musician arrived. 2) (Future) The store ____________ your purchase to your house if you spend $300 or more. 3) (Past) They ____________ food and blankets to the flood victims by helicopter. 4) (Present) Some farmers still ____________ their products to the market by buggy. Related word Transportation (noun) The action of transporting something.
22
Send
Mail
Pack
Transport
Load
Load
Definition: Load Load: (a) Put things to be transported into a vehicle or onto an animal that will carry them; put either (b) things to be carried or (c) worries or responsibilities onto a person. Verb Chart: Load
Infinitive: to load Present: I load Present Continuous: I am loading Future: I will load Past: I loaded Past Continuous: I was loading Present Perfect: I have loaded Past Perfect: I had loaded
Example sentences 1) Load your suitcases into the back of the minibus, please. (a) 2) The workers are loading big boxes onto the train. (a) 3) The tired travellers loaded the porter with all of their luggage. (b) 4) Poor Omar has been loaded with worries since the first day I met him. (c) 5) Parvin does not like to load her husband with parcels when they are shopping because he has a bad back. (b) 6) A good boss will not load employees with more work than they can handle. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) Al ____________ gravel into the wheelbarrow when its front wheel broke. 2) (Past Perf.) Farideh ____________ the moving van with heavy furniture before she drove away. 3) (Future) Some teachers ____________ their pupils with more homework than is necessary. 4) (Past) My mother ____________ me with tons of food when I went camping with my friends. Related word Load (noun) The amount that is (or should be) loaded into the vehicle or onto the animal that carries it; the actual things that are loaded into a vehicle or onto an animal.
23
Send
Mail
Pack
Transport
Load
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: had sent be prepared to justify your choice was mailing am packing transport to load
1) Julia mailed/transported/packed wedding invitations to her guests three months before the ceremony. 2) The company will send/transport/load the new oven to my mother before the New Year holiday. 3) Yang is mailing/sending/packing steamed bread into a box for his assistant to deliver to the store. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (send / doll) 2) (mail / brochure) 3) (pack / suitcase) 4) (transport / bricks) 5) (load / new information) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
24
25
5: Foot Travel
Walk
Step
March
Skip
Stroll
Walk
Definition: Walk Walk: Move about on foot at a slow or moderate speed. Verb Chart: Walk
Infinitive: to walk Present: I walk Present Continuous: I am walking Future: I will walk Past: I walked Past Continuous: I was walking Present Perfect: I have walked Past Perfect: I had walked
Example sentences 1) Dina likes to walk beside the river in the evening when there are cool breezes. 2) My children walk to school each day because it is not far. 3) Fuyuki is walking in the park with his girlfriend. 4) We are really tired now because we walked ten kilometres in the country on the weekend. 5) I need exercise; when the holidays come, I will walk for at least thirty minutes every day. 6) They saw a traffic accident when they were walking to the corner store. Use the forms of the verb. 1) (Present) Masako ____________ forty minutes from her home to school every day. 2) (Pres. Cont.) The students ____________ to the auditorium in single file. 3) (Past) Somchai ____________ to the counter when the clerk called out his name. 4) (Pres. Perf.) We ____________ to the lake quite often; so, we know a short cut. Related words Walk (noun) A short journey on foot, for pleasure (as in the expression, "go for a walk"). The action of leaving the workplace in order to make a protest.
Walk-out (noun)
25
5: Foot Travel
Walk
Step
March
Skip
Stroll
Step
Definition: Step Step: (a) Lift one foot and place it on the ground in front of the other foot; (b) STEP UP or STEP UP TO is sometimes used to mean WALK in the direction of; also (c) STEP UP, increase. Verb Chart: Step
Infinitive: to step Present: I step Present Continuous: I am stepping Future: I will step Past: I stepped Past Continuous: I was stepping Present Perfect: I have stepped Past Perfect: I had stepped
Example sentences 1) Step up to the microphone and tell everyone what you think! (b) 2) The factory is stepping up production because demand is strong. (c) 3) Naghmeh stepped over the puddle and continued on her way. (a) 4) Why is the boss complaining about us? He has never stepped into our work area even once! (a) 5) The band leader invited me to step up and make a request for a song. (b) 6) If you leave your books on the floor, someone will surely step on them. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) I don t think it s a good idea ____________ into that fast-moving stream. 2) (Present) The company ____________ its crude oil imports whenever the market is good. 3) (Past Cont.) Wanda ____________ onto the ice when her foot started to slip. 4) (Past) Roberto ____________ the shrub where the rustling noise came from. Related word Step (noun) A place where you should put your foot when going up a ladder or a staircase; also, a stage in a process.
26
5: Foot Travel
Walk
Step
March
Skip
Stroll
March
Definition: March March: (a) Walk in a very exact way, with each step of the same length, and stepping at the same time as others in a group; (b) walk in a very formal or determined way. Verb Chart: March
Infinitive: to march Present: I march Present Continuous: I am marching Future: I will march Past: I marched Past Continuous: I was marching Present Perfect: I have marched Past Perfect: I had marched
Example sentences 1) The army had marched for three days by the time it reached the capital city. (a) 2) At the graduation ceremony, each student will march across the stage to receive a diploma. (b) 3) Serena marched into her boss's office and demanded a raise, just like that! (b) 4) Boy Scouts and Girl Guides sometimes march in parades. (a) 5) I got sore feet when I was marching with the Army Reserve on Saturday. (a) 6) Those new recruits have never marched in formation before. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) My son ____________ in his school parade tomorrow; he is very excited. 2) (Past Cont.) Miss Swamp ____________ down the hallway toward the group of bullies. 3) (Present) The Mayor ____________ with the war veterans on Remembrance Day every year. 4) (Past) Little Keith ____________ up to the principal to report what he had seen on the playground. Related word March (noun) The action of marching from one place to another; a kind of music designed to be played for soldiers when they are marching.
27
5: Foot Travel
Walk
Step
March
Skip
Stroll
Skip
Definition: Skip Skip: (a) Walk in a happy, youthful way, jumping from one foot to the other; (b) leave out one or more parts of a process or a procedure; (c) play a game in which you jump over a rope that swings under your feet. Verb Chart: Skip
Infinitive: to skip Present: I skip Present Continuous: I am skipping Future: I will skip Past: I skipped Past Continuous: I was skipping Present Perfect: I have skipped Past Perfect: I had skipped
Example sentences 1) The children were skipping home happily on the last day of school. (a) 2) The program I wrote for my computer project crashed because I had accidentally skipped one section. (b) 3) When we discuss the test, we'll skip any answers that everyone got right. (b) 4) When the farmer opened the barn door, the calves skipped out into the field. (a) 5) Sometimes boxers skip in order to increase their stamina. (c) 6) This CD player has not been repaired right: it is still skipping from time to time. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past) The gym teacher ____________ first, before giving out ropes to the whole class. 2) (Future) I ____________ the first two parts and let you work on them at home. 3) (Past) Charles rarely ____________ any chance to get exercise because he wanted to stay healthy. 4) (Present) My daughter ____________ all the way to the dentist's office because she never has any cavities.
28
5: Foot Travel
Walk
Step
March
Skip
Stroll
Stroll
Definition: Stroll Stroll: Walk in restful way, for pleasure only and with no urgent business or destination. Verb Chart: Stroll
Infinitive: to stroll Present: I stroll Present Continuous: I am strolling Future: I will stroll Past: I strolled Past Continuous: I was strolling Present Perfect: I have strolled Past Perfect: I had strolled
Example sentences 1) I don't like the way Bob strolls into most meetings ten minutes late. 2) By eight pm in my town, many people are strolling home from cafs around the square. 3) Sonia strolled over to her friend's house for a chat. 4) My parents have strolled in the park almost every afternoon since my father retired. 5) If I have time I will stroll along the edge of the river this morning. 6) Would you like to stroll into town with me this afternoon? Use the forms of the verb. 1) (Past Cont.) Majdi ____________ along the sidewalk when he heard a woman scream. 2) (Past Perf.) I ____________ along that old trail for years before they put up the fence. 3) (Future) We ____________ around the neighbourhood to look at the Halloween decorations. 4) (Past) Naomi ____________ home from work because the weather was very nice. Related word Stroll (noun) Similar to WALK, but more relaxed: a short journey on foot, for pleasure (as in the expression, "go for a stroll").
29
5: Foot Travel
Walk
Step
March
Skip
Stroll
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice am walking will step skipped was strolling march
1) Geraldo didn t want his daughter to step/skip/stroll because her leg was still sore. 2) Sueko was skipping/walking/stepping on the suitcase to help her husband close it. 3) For the past month I have strolled/marched/walked to work because I m trying to lose weight. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (walk / office) 2) (step / ditch) 3) (march / street) 4) (skip / healthy) 5) (stroll / lake) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
30
6: Going Out
Go out
Accompany
Dress
Take in
Reserve
Go out
Definition: Go out Go out: (a) Leave your home in order to participate in social events like movies, concerts, or parties; (b) GO OUT WITH sometimes means go to social events with a boyfriend or girlfriend. Verb Chart: Go out
Infinitive: to go out Present: I go out Present Continuous: I am going out Future: I will go out Past: I went out Past Continuous: I was going out Present Perfect: I have gone out Past Perfect: I had gone out
Example sentences 1) Gianluca likes to go out but he rarely does so now because he has so much homework. (a) 2) People who go out a lot need plenty of money. (a) 3) Who is he going out with these days? (b) 4) I did go out with Masami last night but she's not really my girlfriend. (a) 5) Parvin hopes that Alex will go out with her regularly. (b) 6) We reached their house just as they were going out to the theatre. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present/negative) Lisa ____________ much because she cannot afford it. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Mr. and Mrs. Oshida ____________ to play bridge. 3) (Past) Tracy ____________ Steve quite a lot last summer. 4) (Pres. Perf.) Fatima ____________ George since she was 18.
31
6: Going Out
Go out
Accompany
Dress
Take in
Reserve
Accompany
Definition: Accompany Accompany: Go places and spend time with another person, for social or business purposes. Verb Chart: Accompany
Infinitive: to accompany Present: I accompany Present Continuous: I am accompanying Future: I will accompany Past: I accompanied Past Continuous: I was accompanying Present Perfect: I have accompanied Past Perfect: I had accompanied
Example sentences 1) The accountant accompanies the manager to all important meetings. 2) The executive director is going to a conference in Hawaii but unfortunately nobody else is accompanying her! 3) I accompanied my mother to the airport when she left for her holiday. 4) Janos has often accompanied his children to the doctor or the dentist. 5) Glenda wants to accompany her brother when he goes to see the lawyer. 6) I will certainly accompany you to the party if you want me to. Use the forms of the verb. 1) (Inf.) Do you want me ____________ you to the hospital? 2) (Present) Franco ____________ his grandparents to church every Sunday morning. 3) (Pres. Cont.) Claire ____________ one of her clients to the women s shelter. 4) (Past) The police officer ____________ the witness to court. Related word Companion (noun) lot. A person who lives with another person or a friend who is with another person a
32
6: Going Out
Go out
Accompany
Dress
Take in
Reserve
Dress
Definition: Dress Dress: (a) Put your clothes on, or (b) put clothes on another person; (c) put on especially formal or beautiful clothes (often DRESS UP). Verb Chart: Dress
Infinitive: to dress Present: I dress Present Continuous: I am dressing Future: I will dress Past: I dressed Past Continuous: I was dressing Present Perfect: I have dressed Past Perfect: I had dressed
Example sentences 1) Mona will be down soon; she is still dressing (a) 2) We had fun when we dressed up for the big party. (c) 3) I have dressed the baby but I'm not ready yet myself! (b) 4) With four young children, it takes us a long time to dress them for school each morning. (b) 5) First give me time to take a shower. Then, I will dress. (a) 6) Karoly is really eccentric: he never dresses, even for very formal events. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) Laura ____________ as a princess for a Valentine party tonight. 2) (Past Cont.) Marvin ____________ the twin babies while his wife was preparing their bottles. 3) (Present) They always ____________ nicely when they go to church. 4) (Past) Yesterday I ____________ casually for work because we had to do a big clean-up at the office. Related word Dresser (noun) A piece of bedroom furniture with a mirror and with drawers to keep clothing.
33
6: Going Out
Go out
Accompany
Dress
Take in
Reserve
Take in
Definition: Take in Take in: Be present, either at a social gathering such as a party or at a public event such as a ceremony or a performance. Take in
Infinitive: to take in Present: I take in Present Continuous: I am taking in Future: I will take in Past: I took in Past Continuous: I was taking in Present Perfect: I have taken in Past Perfect: I had taken in
Example sentences 1) I could not go to the play because I was already taking in a reception and a party that evening. 2) Until he heard the music again on a CD, he forgot that he had taken in that group's very first concert. 3) Ken says he will take in the exhibition some time next week. 4) When Blanka was Dean of her Faculty, she took in several university events every week. 5) The Mayor takes in as many municipal celebrations as possible. 6) I am not taking in any more hockey games until I can afford better seats. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Past Perf.) I ____ already ___________ that orchestra once, even before they performed here. 2) (Future/negative) Po Kwun ____________ the graduation ceremony because she must go back to China next week. 3) (Past) Michael ____________ the baseball game in Brooklyn last month. 4) (Present) Our Member of Parliament ____________ the town festival every year.
34
6: Going Out
Go out
Accompany
Dress
Take in
Reserve
Reserve
Definition: Reserve Reserve: (a) Make an arrangement so that you or someone else will have a ticket or a place at an event, a room at a hotel, or a seat on an airplane, etc.; (b) agree to keep a ticket, a place, a room or a seat, etc. for somebody (often, BE RESERVED). Verb Chart: Reserve
Infinitive: to reserve Present: I reserve Present Continuous: I am reserving Future: I will reserve Past: I reserved Past Continuous: I was reserving Present Perfect: I have reserved Past Perfect: I had reserved
Example sentences 1) Babak never reserves a hotel room when he travels, but it always seems to work out fine. (a) 2) Yes, madame, I am reserving the table beside the window for you and your group. (b) 3) We reserved first class seats on the flight to Los Angeles. (a) 4) Every cabin on the ship is already reserved. (b) 5) Please ask Hotta to reserve tickets for us, too, when she looks after her own. (a) 6) I am sure the tour guide will reserve places for us on the day trip. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) I only learned of the price increase when I ____________ my ticket for the flight. 2) (Past Perf.) Eva ____________ rooms at the resort before letting us know about the surprise trip. 3) (Future/passive) The front row ____________ for distinguished guests. 4) (Past) John ____________ two seats at the theatre for his parents on their anniversary. Related words Reservation (noun) The arrangement that reserves a seat, a room, or a ticket, etc.
35
6: Going Out
Go out
Accompany
Dress
Take in
Reserve
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice went out was dressing accompany am reserving to take in
1) We dressed/accompanied/went out to the movies at two in the afternoon. 2) Bruno could not take in/reserve/accompany the concert last night because he was too busy. 3) The waiter dressed/reserved/accompanied a big table for Angela s group. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (go out with / girlfriend) 2) (accompany / Zack) 3) (dress / school dance) 4) (take in / jazz festival) 5) (reserve / play) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
36
7: Friends
Meet
Get together
Quarrel
Break up
Make up
Meet
Definition: Meet Meet: (a) Be introduced to a person for the first time; (b) encounter a person you already know, either by an appointment or by chance; (c) come together to do business. Verb Chart: Meet
Infinitive: to meet Present: I meet Present Continuous: I am meeting Future: I will meet Past: I met Past Continuous: I was meeting Present Perfect: I have met Past Perfect: I had met
Example sentences 1) The rules say that the committee has to meet at least once a month. (c) 2) Simin usually meets her friends in the cafeteria after class. (b) 3) Who is that man? I have never met him. (a) 4) What do you know?! I met my old grade two teacher at the mall today! (b) 5) The council will not meet again until the autumn. (c) 6) I got a headache at the party because I was meeting so many new people that I could not remember all of their names. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) Pat ____________ her neighbours at the shopping center every Friday. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Maya ____________ her professor twice a week to work on her thesis. 3) (Past) Scot ____________ his wife in Japan. 4) (Pres. Perf.) I ____________ Ferdinando but not his family. Related word Meeting (noun) A gathering at which a committee, etc. does its business.
37
7: Friends
Meet
Get together
Quarrel
Break up
Make up
Get together
Definition: Get together Get together: (a) All come to the same place for a social occasion; also, (b) come together to do business (similar to the last meaning of MEET, above). Verb Chart: Get together
Infinitive: to get together Present: I get together Present Continuous: I am getting together Future: I will get together Past: I got together Past Continuous: I was getting together Present Perfect: I have got together Past Perfect: I had got together
Example sentences 1) My whole family usually gets together for supper on weekends. (a) 2) The class is getting together next Friday for a party. (a) 3) Once we had each prepared our part of the plan, we got together to compare notes. (b) 4) Team members have been getting together to celebrate New Years for as long as I can remember. (a) 5) We ought to get together in order to solve this problem. (b) 6) The company executives will get together soon to study the sales figures. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) Pablo likes ____________ for lunch with his friends from time to time. 2) (Present) The sales managers ____________ once a month to discuss their marketing plans. 3) (Pres. Cont.) The Oil Ministers ____________ to determine their export policies. 4) (Past) Betty and her classmates ____________ at a bowling club last Friday. Related word Get-together (noun) A gathering of people, usually for social purposes.
38
7: Friends
Meet
Get together
Quarrel
Break up
Make up
Quarrel
Definition: Quarrel Quarrel: Fight with another person, sometimes quite strongly but using only words not physical violence. Verb Chart: Quarrel
Infinitive: to quarrel Present: I quarrel Present Continuous: I am quarrelling Future: I will quarrel Past: I quarrelled Past Continuous: I was quarrelling Present Perfect: I have quarrelled Past Perfect: I had quarrelled
Example sentences 1) We should move them to different parts of the company because they are always quarrelling. 2) Wilf will quarrel with anyone who disagrees with his way of doing things. 3) The good thing is that, in ten years of working together, we never quarrelled even once. 4) Margaret rarely quarrels with anyone but, if she does, watch out! 5) The two pupils were quarrelling when the teacher came in. 6) He is so easy-going that he has never quarrelled with anybody. Use the forms of the verb. 1) (Future) ________ they ________ if we seat them at the same table? 2) (Past Cont.) I grew up in a house where my parents ____________ all the time. 3) (Present) Mel is a good player, but he constantly ____________ with his teammates. 4) (Past) Jeeyan ____________ with her teacher because neither one of them seemed to be aware of cultural differences. Related word Quarrel (noun) The action of quarrelling.
39
7: Friends
Meet
Get together
Quarrel
Break up
Make up
Break up
Definition: Break up Break up: (a) End a romantic or other relationship with another person; (b) end a meeting or other gathering. Verb Chart: Break up
Infinitive: to break up Present: I break up Present Continuous: I am breaking up Future: I will break up Past: I broke up Past Continuous: I was breaking up Present Perfect: I have broken up Past Perfect: I had broken up
Example sentences 1) The meeting was just breaking up by the time we got there. (b) 2) I hear Ava has broken up with Ben. (a) 3) If business does not improve, we will break up the company. (b) 4) The party did not break up until 3 am. (b) 5) The Chairperson usually breaks up the meeting after ninety minutes or so. (b) 6) More marriages are breaking up now than in the past. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) Farid ____________ with his girlfriend before he came to Canada. 2) (Future) If we continue to grow apart, I know that one day we ____________. 3) (Past) The auction ____________ at about 3 pm. 4) (Present) The tropical fish club meeting always ____________ before 10 pm. Related words Break-up (noun) The end of a romantic relationship; the end of a company or partnership.
40
7: Friends
Meet
Get together
Quarrel
Break up
Make up
Make up
Definition: Make up Make up: (a) Become friends again with another person after an argument; (b) MAKE UP YOUR MIND, make a decision about something. Verb Chart: Make up
Infinitive: to make up Present: I make up Present Continuous: I am making up Future: I will make up Past: I made up Past Continuous: I was making up Present Perfect: I have made up Past Perfect: I had made up
Example sentences 1) Once Vera makes up her mind, she does not change. (b) 2) So, are you coming or not? I'm still making up my mind. (b)
3) Sam did make up with Ellen, but I doubt they will stay together much longer. (a) 4) Have you made up with your brother after that quarrel yesterday? (a) 5) Because of their big fight, they just could not make up again. (a) 6) Peymon will not make up his mind about the contract until he has all the information. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) I couldn t give you an answer until I ____________ about the cost. 2) (Pres. Perf.) Blanca ____________ to sell all her possessions and leave. 3) (Future) Probably Reg ____________ with his parents again after he calms down. 4) (Past) They finally ____________ on Valentine s Day.
41
7: Friends
Meet
Get together
Quarrel
Break up
Make up
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice have met had made up will quarrel broke up get together
1) Greg met/broke up/got together with his girlfriend because she had forgotten his birthday. 2) A drunken man was breaking up/quarrelling/getting together with the shopkeeper when the police arrived. 3) The chess team quarrels/makes up/meets every third Thursday at 8 pm. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (meet / parents) 2) (get together / play bridge) 3) (quarrel / different opinion) 4) (break up / misunderstand) 5) (make up / happy) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
42
43
8: Conversations
Ask
Request
Answer
Speak
Say
Ask
Definition: Ask Ask: (a) Use words to try to find out about something; (b) express a desire that someone will do something; (c) ASK FOR, express a desire to have something. Verb Chart: Ask
Infinitive: to ask Present: I ask Present Continuous: I am asking Future: I will ask Past: I asked Past Continuous: I was asking Present Perfect: I have asked Past Perfect: I had asked
Example sentences 1) I'd rather not ask him to help. (b) 2) In many classes, the teachers ask all the questions, and the students give the answers. (a) 3) My colleague is always asking for extra time. (c) 4) Akio asked his boss for a raise (c) 5) Lilia will ask her sister if she knows when that CD came out. (a) 6) They were asking their neighbors to join the party. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) When the students do not understand, they ____________ questions. 2) (Future) I bet Chip ____________ Rose to make a sandwich for his lunch tomorrow. 3) (Past) Sada ____________ Yoshio how to make tempura, but he did not know. 4) (Pres. Perf.) We ____________ a big room at the Lions Club for our club party.
43
8: Conversations
Ask
Request
Answer
Speak
Say
Request
Definition: Request Request: Similar to the second and third meanings of ASK/ASK FOR, above: (a) express a desire that someone will do something for you; (b) express a desire to have something. Verb Chart: Request
Infinitive: to request Present: I request Present Continuous: I am requesting Future: I will request Past: I requested Past Continuous: I was requesting Present Perfect: I have requested Past Perfect: I had requested
Example sentences 1) Ehab requested that we visit him for supper in his new apartment. (a) 2) We're not requesting much, just a small change in the rules. (b) 3) Parvin requested that I turn off the radio so that she could read. (a) 4) Nobody had requested any more food; so, we closed the restaurant. (b) 5) The next patient came in before I had time to request more information from the doctor. (b). 6) In future I will request assistance as soon as any problem comes up. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) I want ____________ another blanket; I think it ll be very cold tonight. 2) (Present) Many people ____________ application forms from our office every day. 3) (Pres. Cont.) Malee ____________ that the teacher bring the book to school tomorrow. 4) (Past) Fred ____________ that we change his schedule. Related word Request (noun) The action of requesting, or the words used to request something, in either of the two senses above.
44
8: Conversations
Ask
Request
Answer
Speak
Say
Answer
Definition: Answer Answer: (a) reply to a question, a request, a message, or a greeting, by words or actions; (b) react to the sound of a telephone or pager, a knock at the door, etc. Verb Chart: Answer
Infinitive: to answer Present: I answer Present Continuous: I am answering Future: I will answer Past: I answered Past Continuous: I was answering Present Perfect: I have answered Past Perfect: I had answered
Example sentences 1) That's fine: you have answered all of our questions. (a) 2) Don't worry. I'll answer as soon as you call. (b) 3) Elva answered the phone on the first ring. (b) 4) Taher was answering our request for help as generously as he could. (a) 5) She answered my greeting with a wave. (a) 6) He said that no one had answered the door. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) We ____________ all the letters that come before the end of June. 2) (Past Cont.) Emily knew she ____________ the questions in her interview very fluently. 3) (Present) Usually Wes is the one who ____________ the telephone in our office. 4) (Past/negative) Her parents knocked at the door but the little girl ____________. Related word Answer (noun) above. The action of answering, or the words used to answer, in either of the two senses
45
8: Conversations
Ask
Request
Answer
Speak
Say
Speak
Definition: Speak Speak: (a) Communicate by talking; (b) give a lecture or an address to a group. Verb Chart: Speak
Infinitive: to speak Present: I speak Present Continuous: I am speaking Future: I will speak Past: I spoke Past Continuous: I was speaking Present Perfect: I have spoken Past Perfect: I had spoken
Example sentences 1) The Mayor was speaking at a meeting of the Town Council. (b) 2) I had never spoken to Judith until I met her at the party yesterday. (a) 3) Sandor will speak to his brother about a job for you. (a) 4) The new champion spoke to all the sponsors for 30 minutes after lunch. (b) 5) Just before the curtain went up, the playwright spoke to audience about her play. (b) 6) Have you spoken with them since the baby was born? (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) At the assembly, the principal ____________ about bullying in the school yard. 2) (Future) The Queen ____________ on TV on Christmas Day. 3) (Past/negative) Hui-E ____________ to her boyfriend for three days. 4) (Present) Sudabeh ____________ very softly; so, it s difficult to hear her. Related word Speech (noun) The pronunciation of words when speaking, in the first sense above; a lecture, in the second sense above.
46
8: Conversations
Ask
Request
Answer
Speak
Say
Say
Definition: Say Say: (a) Express an opinion or a fact by speaking; (b) promise to do something or give your word that something is true; (c) express an opinion or a fact in print. Verb Chart: Say
Infinitive: to say Present: I say Present Continuous: I am saying Future: I will say Past: I said Past Continuous: I was saying Present Perfect: I have said Past Perfect: I had said
Example sentences 1) Lorenzo says he will be there at 8:00 pm, sharp. (b) 2) I was just saying that rain was likely when the storm began. (a) 3) The electric sign said the parking lot was full. (c) 4) Geraldine has already said a lot about her plans. (a) 5) What does the cookbook say about ways to roast chicken? (c) 6) We will not say we will help unless we are sure about it. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) Paul ____________ that a car could not get through there; it had to be a truck. 2) (Past Perf.) The Prime Minister ____________ that the housing problem would be dealt with promptly. 3) (Present) The new law ____________ that there must be a minimum wage. 4) (Past) The soldiers were forced to retreat, but the general ____________, We will return . Related word Saying (noun) A proverb.
47
8: Conversations
Ask
Request
Answer
Speak
Say
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice answered will speak to ask request am saying
1) Ibrahim said/spoke/requested that they drove on the left in his country. 2) Nina will speak/ask/answer her professor to postpone the deadline of the assignment. 3) The guest is saying/answering/requesting an extra bed in Room 305. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (ask / go out) 2) (request / more food) 3) (answer / tough questions) 4) (speak / crowd) 5) (say / snow) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
48
9: Groups
Include
Exclude
Participate
Involve
Associate
Include
Definition: Include Include: (a) Allow others to join your group; (b) consider that someone or something is part of a larger group; (c) contain something inside a larger thing. Verb Chart: Include
Infinitive: to include Present: I include Present Continuous: I am including Future: I will include Past: I included Past Continuous: I was including Present Perfect: I have included Past Perfect: I had included
Example sentences 1) The new team should include all players who are not on any of the other teams. (a) 2) Continental Europe includes all members of the Common Market except Britain. (c) 3) The tableware set included bowls as well as plates. (c) 4) The club is including us as members now that we have applied. (a) 5) When I speak of students, I am including people who study either part-time or full-time. (b) 6) For most people, the idea of 'fruit' does not include tomatoes, although scientists say that tomatoes really are a kind of fruit. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) Our package ____________ a video cassette that demonstrates how to install the equipment. 2) (Pres. Cont.) They ____________ the whole team in the photo. 3) (Past/negative) In the past, the company insurance policy ____________ spouses. 4) (Pres. Perf.) Arthur _______ quickly ________ his Thai daughter-in-law as part of the family. Related word Inclusion (noun) Inclusive (noun) The action of including, in any of the senses above. Including everyone or everything, in any of the senses above. 49
9: Groups
Include
Exclude
Participate
Involve
Associate
Exclude
Definition: Exclude Exclude: (a) Refuse to allow others to join your group; (b) stop somebody or something from entering a place; (c) consider that someone or something is not part of a larger group. Verb Chart: Exclude
Infinitive: to exclude Present: I exclude Present Continuous: I am excluding Future: I will exclude Past: I excluded Past Continuous: I was excluding Present Perfect: I have excluded Past Perfect: I had excluded
Example sentences 1) Because that is an amateur competition, professional players are excluded. (a) 2) My definition of farmers excludes people who own land but do not work on it. (c) 3) The doorman excluded anyone who had not bought a ticket. (b) 4) That restaurant has always excluded people who were wearing no shoes or no shirt. (b) 5) I think the law against speeding should exclude fire trucks going to emergencies. (c) 6) The new class is only for complete beginners. We will exclude others. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) It s easy to see that the new rules ____________ new immigrants from the profession. 2) (Present) The $50 price of the meal ____________ alcoholic drinks. 3) (Pres. Cont.) This cinema ________ now _________ people who want to smoke. 4) (Past) My very strict diet ____________ every kind of fat. Related words Exclusion (noun) The action of excluding someone or something; also, someone or something that is named as being excluded, in any of the senses above. Exclusive (adjective) Very selective, so that many are excluded. 50
9: Groups
Include
Exclude
Participate
Involve
Associate
Participate
Definition: Participate Participate: Take part in a project or activity along with others. Verb Chart: Participate
Infinitive: to participate Present: I participate Present Continuous: I am participating Future: I will participate Past: I participated Past Continuous: I was participating Present Perfect: I have participated Past Perfect: I had participated
Example sentences 1) Mirko had never participated in an amateur play until last year. 2) We will gladly participate in the fund raising drive if there is anything for us to do. 3) Some people participated by giving money, others by doing work. 4) Irma participates actively in class and so she learns quickly. 5) I could not join you that weekend because I was participating in a first aid course. 6) That party has participated in every election for the past 50 years. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Future) When they hear about the contest, I'm sure they ________________. 2) (Past Cont.) Maria ____________ in a national conference last week. 3) (Present) Teachers and parents ____________ in an open house ceremony every September. 4) (Past) Last year, Richard ____________ in several projects with the Science Club. Related words Participation (noun) Participant (noun) The action of participating. A person who participates in something.
51
9: Groups
Include
Exclude
Participate
Involve
Associate
Involve
Definition: Involve Involve: (a) Encourage somebody to participate in a project or activity; (b) require or entail; (c) BE INVOLVED or GET INVOLVED, participate. Verb Chart: Involve
Infinitive: to involve Present: I involve Present Continuous: I am involving Future: I will involve Past: I involved Past Continuous: I was involving Present Perfect: I have involved Past Perfect: I had involved
Example sentences 1) In order to make the concert a success, Dan was involving more and more members of the community. (a) 2) Mary has been involved with the project from the beginning. (c) 3) If you join the club, it will involve coming to a meeting every week. (b) 4) I did not take that job because it involved too much travel. (b) 5) Those gangsters soon get involved in every new form of crime. (c) 6) Over the years, the hospital volunteer service had involved over 500 people. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) There was a rumor that Nick ____________ in a serious crime. 2) (Future) Having a baby ____________ more time and expense, neither of which we can afford right now. 3) (Past) Their parents ___________ them in music and dance when they were very young. 4) (Present) Political parties usually ____________ business people in their planning. Related word Involvement (noun) The action of being involved (third meaning, above).
52
9: Groups
Include
Exclude
Participate
Involve
Associate
Associate
Definition: Associate Associate: (a) Regularly spend time with another person or group; (b) BE ASSOCIATED, have a connection with a group, a thing, or a cause; (c) say or think that one thing or person is connected with another. Verb Chart: Associate
Infinitive: to associate Present: I associate Present Continuous: I am associating Future: I will associate Past: I associated Past Continuous: I was associating Present Perfect: I have associated Past Perfect: I had associated
Example sentences 1) Our real estate agent is associated with the big company on Main street. (b) 2) I don't like the way he is associating intelligence only with education. (c) 3) At university, Bert associated with people who became his business colleagues later on. (a) 4) Paola has been associated with that law office since she became a lawyer. (b) 5) When I was small, my mother did not let me associate with very many other children. (a) 6) If you are wise, you will not associate being happy just with being rich. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past) Because Noi ____________ sunshine with warm temperatures, she was amazed by the bright winter weather in Canada. 2) (Past Perf.) I ____________ with a lot of tourists before I moved to the Tourism Office. 3) (Future) In his new job, Lee ____________ with computer experts from all across the country. 4) (Inf./negative) Jurors must ____________ with anybody while the court case is in progress. Related words Association (noun) A club, a group of people who are associated (second meaning, above); a connection that you say or think exists between two people or two things (third meaning, above). 53
Associate (noun)
A person who works with another person or a group (second meaning, above).
54
9: Groups
Include
Exclude
Participate
Involve
Associate
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: had included be prepared to justify your choice will exclude involved participate to associate
1) Carbohydrates exclude/include/associate starches and sugars. 2) His job associated/participated/involved irregular hours, hard work, and low pay. 3) In North America we involve/associate/include spring with seeing the year's first robin. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (include / tax) 2) (exclude / dental service) 3) (participate / play) 4) (involve / Rotary Club) 5) (associate / hometown) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
55
10: Managing People
Encourage
Influence
Manage
Train
Treat
Encourage
Definition: Encourage Encourage: (a) Speak or act in a way that makes a person feel able to do something; (b) speak or act in a way that promotes a particular kind of behavior. Verb Chart: Encourage
Infinitive: to encourage Present: I encourage Present Continuous: I am encouraging Future: I will encourage Past: I encouraged Past Continuous: I was encouraging Present Perfect: I have encouraged Past Perfect: I had encouraged
Example sentences 1) Parents try to encourage their children to do well at school. (a) 2) Although writing novels is very difficult, Giustino always encourages his sister to continue. (a) 3) By leaving your office unlocked, you are encouraging theft. (b) 4) We could see that giving more freedom to the workers encouraged creativity. (b) 5) Whenever I feel like giving up, I know my friend will encourage me to keep trying. (a) 6) By setting a good example, Lynette was encouraging her little brother to be more polite. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) The friendly ESL teacher ____________ her students to speak English in class. 2) (Pres. Cont.) His boss ____________ him to consider taking a management course. 3) (Past) Butterfly bushes ____________ a lot of butterflies to come into our garden last summer. 4) (Pres. Perf.) The new parking rate ____________ people to use public transportation more often. Related word Encouragement (noun) The act of encouraging (in either sense, above).
55
10: Managing People
Encourage
Influence
Manage
Train
Treat
Influence
Definition: Influence Influence: Speak or act in a way that has an effect (a) on another person's thinking or actions, or (b) on the outcome of an event. Verb Chart: Influence
Infinitive: to influence Present: I influence Present Continuous: I am influencing Future: I will influence Past: I influenced Past Continuous: I was influencing Present Perfect: I have influenced Past Perfect: I had influenced
Example sentences 1) Careful parents influence their children in many ways. (a) 2) Do you think the economic crisis has influenced the outcome of the election? (b) 3) The cold weather influenced the crop negatively. (b) 4) Stan's friendship with Marla is influencing his study habits for the better. (a) 5) The wind speed can influence the time of a runner in a race. (b) 6) If I can, I will influence my co-workers to consider moving to the new building. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) One way ____________ your children is to spend a lot of time with them. 2) (Present) Droughts ____________ farm productivity in the Northeastern part of the country. 3) (Pres. Cont.) The new technology ____________ commercial fishing in the Great Lakes. 4) (Past) Louis Armstrong's music style ____________ musicians for generations. Related word Influence (noun) The power a person or thing has to influence another person or an event.
56
10: Managing People
Encourage
Influence
Manage
Train
Treat
Manage
Definition: Manage Manage: (a) Lead or control the behavior of a person or group, by psychological influence rather than force; (b) be in charge of a group or a process. Verb Chart: Manage
Infinitive: to manage Present: I manage Present Continuous: I am managing Future: I will manage Past: I managed Past Continuous: I was managing Present Perfect: I have managed Past Perfect: I had managed
Example sentences 1) Bill had managed that section of the company for a year. (b) 2) You will have great results if you can manage that athlete's temper effectively. (a) 3) Toshiro managed the panicky group so as to get everyone out of the burning building. (a) 4) Annette manages her brothers and sisters very well whenever there is an argument to resolve. (a) 5) Dominika was managing her own business by the time she was nineteen. (b) 6) I have now managed three different branches of the bank. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) Winston ____________ the construction company when his father retires next year. 2) (Past Cont.) Donna ____________ the tension between her husband and her family quite well. 3) (Present) The students ____________ the co-op while the teachers act as consultants. 4) (Past) We ____________ to change the Director s mind about where to hold the exhibition. Related word Manager (noun) A person who manages a group or a process (second meaning, above).
57
10: Managing People
Encourage
Influence
Manage
Train
Treat
Train
Definition: Train Train: (a) Teach a person or animal to perform certain actions, or make a plant grow in a certain shape; (b) prepare yourself or another person to become qualified to take on certain responsibilities; (c) exercise yourself or another person so as to get into good physical condition. Verb Chart: Train
Infinitive: to train Present: I train Present Continuous: I am training Future: I will train Past: I trained Past Continuous: I was training Present Perfect: I have trained Past Perfect: I had trained
Example sentences 1) I saw Donna when she was training for the competition. (c) 2) We thought we had trained enough staff for the whole office. (b) 3) The psychologist will train the white rats to go through the maze. (a) 4) Jerome trained as a lifeguard. (b) 5) Parents train their children to obey them. (a) 6) The coach is training the team for greater stamina. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) Peter ____________ for the fencing competition for many months. 2) (Future) Against all her family's wishes, Stephanie ____________ to become a registered nurse. 3) (Past) Bob ____________ the trumpet vines to grow along the arbor. 4) (Present) Anita s kennel ____________ dogs of all breeds and ages. Related words Trainer (noun) A person who trains animals or people (in the first or second senses, above).
Training (noun) The action of training an animal or a person, or the action of becoming trained (in any of the senses, above).
58
10: Managing People
Encourage
Influence
Manage
Train
Treat
Treat
Definition: Treat Treat: (a) Deal with a person in a particular good or bad way (often, BE TREATED); (b) provide a special reward or pleasure. Verb Chart: Treat
Infinitive: to treat Present: I treat Present Continuous: I am treating Future: I will treat Past: I treated Past Continuous: I was treating Present Perfect: I have treated Past Perfect: I had treated
Example sentences 1) Gloria treats her dog with a dog biscuit. (b) 2) The host family is treating the visiting student very well. (a) 3) The boss treated most employees harshly. (a) 4) We have treated the children to an ice cream cone every night this week. (b) 5) Kris would treat his colleagues with more consideration if he were not so worried. (a) 6) If you pick up your toys, I'll treat you to a new video game. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past) The clerk ____________ me nicely when I bought my plane ticket. 2) (Past Perf./passive) The dog ____________ very cruelly before it came to our home. 3) (Future) My parents ____________ me to a great meal at a restaurant on my birthday. 4) (Present) After each game, Mr. Brown ____________ the team members if they win. Related words Treatment (noun) Treat (noun) Good or bad way of behaving towards another person (first meaning, above).
A special reward or pleasure (second meaning, above).
59
10: Managing People
Encourage
Influence
Manage
Train
Treat
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice encouraged was training have treated will manage to influence
1) The budget cuts encouraged/managed/influenced the workload of everybody in our company. 2) He has managed/trained/treated the difficult egos in that office for six solid years. 3) Her warm personality encouraged/trained/influenced the patient to speak more about what had troubled him in the past. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (encourage / ants) 2) (influence / result of the test) 3) (manage / sheep farm) 4) (train / jeweller) 5) (treat / cookies and a milkshake) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
60
11: Winning and Losing
Win
Defeat
Beat
Lose
Go down
Win
Definition: Win Win: (a) Be victorious in a game, sport, competition, argument, war, etc.; (b) succeed in getting a result that you really want. Verb Chart: Win
Infinitive: to win Present: I win Present Continuous: I am winning Future: I will win Past: I won Past Continuous: I was winning Present Perfect: I have won Past Perfect: I had won
Example sentences 1) She is working hard because she wants to win praise from her boss. (b) 2) Betty wins most arguments with her mother. (a) 3) By producing excellent bread, the bakery is winning more and more new customers. (b) 4) Jonah won a long round of applause for his performance in the play. (b) 5) If the team trains hard, it will win its next game. (a) 6) He was winning the race when they cancelled it because a thunderstorm began. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) I rarely ________________ when I play table tennis against my daughter. 2) (Pres. Cont.) At this point in the game, it looks like the visiting team ________________. 3) (Past) They ________________ many compliments on the service at their restaurant. 4) (Pres. Perf.) We ________________ three large orders for the company this week. Related word Winner (noun) A person who wins (mainly the first meaning, above).
61
Win
Defeat
Beat
Lose
Go down
Defeat
Definition: Defeat Defeat: (a) Win a victory over another person or group in a game, sport, competition, argument, war, etc; (b) prevent something from happening. Verb Chart: Defeat
Infinitive: to defeat Present: I defeat Present Continuous: I am defeating Future: I will defeat Past: I defeated Past Continuous: I was defeating Present Perfect: I have defeated Past Perfect: I had defeated
Example sentences 1) His lazy work habits defeat every effort to help him pass that course. (b) 2) Look at Harry! He's defeating the best chess player in the tournament. (a) 3) Tomomi defeated all my attempts to convince her family to move into the city. (b) 4) Our home team has defeated last year's champions! (a) 5) Politicians need a strong campaign if they expect to defeat their opponents. (a) 6) They are working hard to solve the problem, but I think their late start will defeat them. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) My mother didn t mean ____________ my diet plan, but she loved to cook good food for me. 2) (Present) Janna always ____________ me in squash, but I am better than her in swimming. 3) (Pres. Cont.) Our school debating team ____________ the opposing team in this round. 4) (Past) The director s mismanagement ____________ his own project of improving the office. Related word Defeat (noun) A failure to get a victory (especially in the first sense, above).
62
Win
Defeat
Beat
Lose
Go down
Beat
Definition: Beat Beat: (a) Win a victory over a person or group in a game, sport or competition (partly similar to the first meaning of DEFEAT, above, but more narrow); (b) have better results than another person or group; (c) overcome a problem or obstacle. Verb Chart: Beat
Infinitive: to beat Present: I beat Present Continuous: I am beating Future: I will beat Past: I beat Past Continuous: I was beating Present Perfect: I have beaten Past Perfect: I had beaten
Example sentences 1) We knew Alain was a great athlete after he had beaten several high-ranking competitors. (a) 2) Some musicians who learn to play late in life will still beat the odds and become excellent players. (c) 3) Toni beat the sales records of everyone else in her section. (b) 4) He has a chance to do very well if he beats his addiction to drugs. (c) 5) By half-time, our team was already beating the other team very easily. (a) 6) I hear that car has beaten all others in the area of customer satisfaction. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) Going at this speed, Penny _______ soon _________ the other two bikers who are ahead of her now. 2) (Past Cont.) Last year our research group ____________ everybody else at the lab. 3) (Present) My brother always ____________ me when we play hockey. 4) (Past) Wei ____________ her problem with oral tests by practicing a lot.
63
Win
Defeat
Beat
Lose
Go down
Lose
Definition: Lose Lose: (a) Be defeated or beaten by another person or group; also, not have something any more, either because (b) you do not know where it is or (c) it has been taken away from you. Verb Chart: Lose
Infinitive: to lose Present: I lose Present Continuous: I am losing Future: I will lose Past: I lost Past Continuous: I was losing Present Perfect: I have lost Past Perfect: I had lost
Example sentences 1) Giselle knew she was losing the tennis match when her opponent won three games to love. (a) 2) I think I have lost my glove somewhere. I can't find it. (b) 3) If you leave your bicycle outside overnight without a lock, you will lose it. (c) 4) We lost the game, six goals to five. (a) 5) My little brother is very careless: he loses things all the time. (b) 6) Wilf lost his seniority at the factory when he took a year off work. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) Alf ____________ his keys for a week but then he found them on his desk. 2) (Future) Genevive knows that she _____ probably __________ in the skating competition this year, but she wants to participate so as to gain experience. 3) (Past) I ____________ my job when the company decided to streamline its workforce. 4) (Present) Farmers around here sometimes ____________ a few sheep for weeks on end because the flocks roam freely. Related word Loss (noun) A time when you lose something, or the experience of losing something (in any of the three senses, above).
64
Win
Defeat
Beat
Lose
Go down
Go down
Definition: Go down Go down: (a) Be defeated (often, GO DOWN TO DEFEAT); (b) become smaller or less valuable, important or effective. Verb Chart: Go down
Infinitive: to go down Present: I go down Present Continuous: I am going down Future: I will go down Past: I went down Past Continuous: I was going down Present Perfect: I have gone down Past Perfect: I had gone down
Example sentences 1) The price of gold usually goes down whenever the stock market is very strong. (b) 2) It looks like the visiting team is going down to our side. (a) 3) Ken did lose the game, but he only went down by a single point. (a) 4) Laura's prestige in the company has gone down since she lost that big contract. (b) 5) As our children grow older, it is normal for our influence on them to go down. (b) 6) If you do not practice more, you will surely go down to defeat in the next competition. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) The number of new students ____________ even before the university raised its fees. 2) (Past Perf.) Our cricket team ____________ several times before we decided to look for a new coach. 3) (Future) Your computer skills ____________ if you don t keep up with new technology. 4) (Past) Mel ____________ to his opponent in badminton last night because he didn t have time to practice.
65
Win
Defeat
Beat
Lose
Go down
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice was winning have beaten defeated am losing go down
1) He has often won/beaten/lost his car key because he doesn t put it back in the same place. 2) My brother goes down/beats/loses me when it comes to keeping the bedroom neat and tidy. 3) The lack of funding defeated/won/went down the town council s plan to improve the park. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (win / prize) 2) (defeat / opportunity) 3) (beat / last champion) 4) (lose / wallet) 5) (go down / service) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
66
12: Strategy
Control
Direct
Guard
Fool
Trap
Control
Definition: Control Control: (a) Have complete power over somebody or something, so as to make things happen exactly the way you wish; (b) make something happen less than would otherwise be the case. Verb Chart: Control
Infinitive: to control Present: I control Present Continuous: I am controlling Future: I will control Past: I controlled Past Continuous: I was controlling Present Perfect: I have controlled Past Perfect: I had controlled
Example sentences 1) It is not easy to control a big, strong dog on a leash. (a) 2) Greta controls her emotions perfectly. (a) 3) He is controlling his intake of sugar as well as possible. (b) 4) She controlled the amount of time her son spent on video games because at first it was far too much. (b) 5) If Phil can buy just a few more shares in the company, he will control it. (a) 6) We were controlling the flow of water over the dam, to reduce damage during floods. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) This thermostat ____________ the temperature in the laboratory. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Although we feel that we should not have lost the match, we ____________ our frustration as best we can. 3) (Past) The army ____________ the number of losses from its warehouses quite effectively. 4) (Pres. Perf.) I ____________ the cash flow in the business ever since I got this new job. Related word Control (noun) Power to make things happen the way you want, or to make things happen less than would otherwise be the case (either of the two meanings, above).
67
12: Strategy
Control
Direct
Guard
Fool
Trap
Direct
Definition: Direct Direct: (a) Have influence over somebody or something, so as to make things happen the way you wish, but with the idea that you may or may not succeed completely (somewhat similar to the first meaning of CONTROL, above, but less strong); (b) give somebody advice or guidance. Verb Chart: Direct
Infinitive: to direct Present: I direct Present Continuous: I am directing Future: I will direct Past: I directed Past Continuous: I was directing Present Perfect: I have directed Past Perfect: I had directed
Example sentences 1) Leona directs the flow of documents through the whole office. (a) 2) He really likes tourists and he is always directing them when they get lost. (b) 3) Since I did not know what to do, Hassan directed me to take a little time off and think things through. (b) 4) Our boss has directed the company for almost forty years. (a) 5) It is really nice to have someone who can direct you when you face a big problem. (b) 6) When the stop lights are broken, a police officer will usually direct the traffic. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) Students are hired ____________ people to their seats in the concert hall. 2) (Present) My brother ____________ plays on Broadway. 3) (Pres. Cont.) The lawyer ____________ her client on what to say in the court case. 4) (Past) Maura ____________ the girls to get plenty of sleep during the long canoe trip. Related words Director (noun) A person who directs some process (the first meaning, above), especially a person in charge of making a movie or staging a play. Direction (noun) The power exercised by a director; also, advice.
68
12: Strategy
Control
Direct
Guard
Fool
Trap
Guard
Definition: Guard Guard: Watch over a person or thing in order to make sure (a) that no harm, loss or damage happens, (b) that the person does not escape, or (c) that the thing is not taken away. Verb Chart: Guard
Infinitive: to guard Present: I guard Present Continuous: I am guarding Future: I will guard Past: I guarded Past Continuous: I was guarding Present Perfect: I have guarded Past Perfect: I had guarded
Example sentences 1) The prisoner would not have escaped if you had guarded him better. (b) 2) They will guard the shipment of gold when it is on the train. (c) 3) The beautiful archeological site was guarded day and night. (a) 4) Jewellers guard their valuable wares by putting everything in a safe at night. (c) 5) Four soldiers were guarding the captives. (b) 6) That secret agent has guarded the President for over a year now. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) Our dog ____________ the house while we are away at work. 2) (Past Cont.) Two police officers ____________ the convict while he was being moved to another prison. 3) (Inf.) Parents try ____________ their children from unpleasant experiences. 4) (Past) They carefully ____________ the money until it was safely in the bank. Related word Guard (noun) A person who guards someone or something.
69
12: Strategy
Control
Direct
Guard
Fool
Trap
Fool
Definition: Fool Fool: Act dishonestly in order to make another person or group mistake the truth. Verb Chart: Fool
Infinitive: to fool Present: I fool Present Continuous: I am fooling Future: I will fool Past: I fooled Past Continuous: I was fooling Present Perfect: I have fooled Past Perfect: I had fooled
Example sentences 1) He was successfully fooling everyone until his identity was revealed. 2) She had fooled me several times before I caught on to what she was doing. 3) I doubt that disguise will fool anyone! 4) I changed my voice on the phone and fooled my mother into thinking I was someone else. 5) Smart packaging fools many consumers. 6) You're not fooling us with that sob story! Use the forms of the verb 1) (Past Perf.) He ____________ his boss quite a few times before he got caught. 2) (Future) I don t think this document ____________ the investigator. 3) (Past) His straight-faced lie ____________ me completely. 4) (Present) Dishonest advertisements sometimes ____________ buyers. Related word Fool (noun) A person who is easily fooled.
70
12: Strategy
Control
Direct
Guard
Fool
Trap
Trap
Definition: Trap Trap: (a) Use a physical device to catch an animal or sometimes a person; (b) use a clever plan to catch or expose a person. Verb Chart: Trap
Infinitive: to trap Present: I trap Present Continuous: I am trapping Future: I will trap Past: I trapped Past Continuous: I was trapping Present Perfect: I have trapped Past Perfect: I had trapped
Example sentences 1) The police trap some criminals by listening in on their phone calls. (b) 2) Her detailed study of the evidence trapped the murderer. (b) 3) We trapped the burglar in a room and locked the door. (a) 4) The game wardens have trapped six wild turkeys so as to move them to a new area. (a) 5) If they can, they will trap the person taking the money by auditing the books very carefully. (b) 6) I hope I can trap the racoon that has been living in my attic. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) W hen I knew him, he ________________ mink for a living. 2) (Past Perf.) I heard that the detective ________________ the kidnappers when they tried to collect the ransom. 3) (Future) Be careful when you play chess with her, or she ________________ your pieces in a corner of the board. 4) (Past) He tried to cheat at the casino but a surveillance camera ________________ him. Related words Trap (noun) A thing or a trick used to trap a person or animal. A person who traps animals (first meaning, above, only).
Trapper (noun)
71
12: Strategy
Control
Direct
Guard
Fool
Trap
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice have fooled had trapped directed control am guarding
1) It is not always easy to guard/fool/trap a person who is cheating at cards. 2) They do everything possible to control/guard/trap the humidity in the art gallery. 3) Whenever we put fruit outside to dry in the sun, we direct/guard/fool it from the birds. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (control / disappointment) 2) (direct / movie) 3) (fool / teacher) 4) (guard / mine) 5) (trap / robbers) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
72
13: Success and Failure
Succeed
Accomplish
Complete
Fail
Fall short
Succeed
Definition: Succeed Succeed: (a) Make things happen the way you plan or wish; (b) happen the way a person plans or wishes. Verb Chart: Succeed
Infinitive: to succeed Present: I succeed Present Continuous: I am succeeding Future: I will succeed Past: I succeeded Past Continuous: I was succeeding Present Perfect: I have succeeded Past Perfect: I had succeeded
Example sentences 1) Fumiko hopes to make her plan succeed. (b) 2) He often runs into problems but most often he succeeds despite them. (a) 3) She was having a lot of trouble last week but now she is finally succeeding. (a) 4) Ted's project succeeded because he worked very hard. (b) 5) If you're both careful and lucky, your new business will succeed. (b) 6) By the time I got there to help them, they were already succeeding on their own. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present/negative) Unfortunately, most new companies ________________. 2) (Pres. Cont.) After much effort, we can now say that our garden ________________ wonderfully. 3) (Past) They ________________ in their plan far better than they had expected. 4) (Pres. Perf.) I think I ______ finally ___________ in training that crazy puppy! Related words Success (noun) The action of succeeding, or something that succeeds. Somebody or something that succeeds is successful.
Successful (adjective)
73
Succeed
Accomplish
Complete
Fail
Fall short
Accomplish
Definition: Accomplish Accomplish: Succeed in doing something (usually, something difficult or important). Verb Chart: Accomplish
Infinitive: to accomplish Present: I accomplish Present Continuous: I am accomplishing Future: I will accomplish Past: I accomplished Past Continuous: I was accomplishing Present Perfect: I have accomplished Past Perfect: I had accomplished
Example sentences 1) Hard workers accomplish a lot in a single hour. 2) Now that I have some experience, I am accomplishing more than before. 3) By swimming across the lake, she accomplished something she had always wanted to do. 4) Hamid has accomplished many things since he joined the company. 5) Sudabeh's parents hope that her education will help her accomplish things they could never do. 6) The new team is so weak that I expect it will accomplish far less than the old one. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Inf.) Each day we try ________________ everything we hoped to do. 2) (Present) They ________________ much because they work together. 3) (Pres. Cont.) Do you think the government ________________ its agenda effectively? 4) (Past) Honestly, I ________________ more when I was younger and more energetic. Related words Accomplishment (noun) Accomplished (adjective) Something (difficult or important) that has been accomplished. Very expert, skilful, or successful.
74
Succeed
Accomplish
Complete
Fail
Fall short
Complete
Definition: Complete Complete: (a) Bring a piece of work or a project to a successful end; (b) add the necessary parts so that something is whole. Verb Chart: Complete
Infinitive: to complete Present: I complete Present Continuous: I am completing Future: I will complete Past: I completed Past Continuous: I was completing Present Perfect: I have completed Past Perfect: I had completed
Example sentences 1) I thought I had completed my essay but in fact I still had to make it more detailed. (a) 2) If Regis can buy just one more Picasso, he will complete his collection of modern paintings. (b) 3) The house painters came back on the weekend and completed their work. (a) 4) Ellen always completes her assignments on time. (a) 5) We are slowly completing our set of crystal ware by finding matching glasses in the market. (b) 6) Have you completed the puzzle? Use the forms of the verb definition it matches Yes, I put in the final pieces this morning. (b)
after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) I ________________ tidying up the house tomorrow morning. 2) (Inf.) Several pieces were missing from the set of building blocks; so, the child could not ________________ the castle. 3) (Present) Here's how we work: I put up the drywall and my partner ________________ the job by painting or papering the surface. 4) (Past) We ________________ the pattern with a few new tiles where we did not have enough old ones. Related word Completion (noun) The action of completing something, or the part that completes something.
75
Succeed
Accomplish
Complete
Fail
Fall short
Fail
Definition: Fail Fail: (a) Be unsuccessful (opposite of either of the meanings of SUCCEED, above); (b) become inadequate, unimportant or ineffective; (c) stop working. Verb Chart: Fail
Infinitive: to fail Present: I fail Present Continuous: I am failing Future: I will fail Past: I failed Past Continuous: I was failing Present Perfect: I have failed Past Perfect: I had failed
Example sentences 1) I thought Suzie's plan was failing but she somehow made it work. (a) 2) By the time the doctors arrived, her heart had failed. (c) 3) If you drive the car too hard, the engine will fail. (c) 4) His strength failed near the end of the long race. (b) 5) If Tim fails the examination, he will just take it again. (a) 6) The politician's influence is failing because his party lost the election. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) Our business ________________ even before the economic depression began. 2) (Future) If you lack patience, you ______ surely _____________ to convince her. 3) (Past) Our oxygen supply ________________ before we could explore the whole shipwreck. 4) (Present) You can use the guarantee if the equipment ________________ in the first two years. Related word Failure (noun) Somebody or something that fails, or the action of failing (in any of the three meanings, above).
76
Succeed
Accomplish
Complete
Fail
Fall short
Fall short
Definition: Fall short Fall short: Be unsuccessful (generally similar to the first meaning of FAIL, above) because of too low quality or effectiveness. Verb Chart: Fall short
Infinitive: to fall short Present: I fall short Present Continuous: I am falling short Future: I will fall short Past: I fell short Past Continuous: I was falling short Present Perfect: I have fallen short Past Perfect: I had fallen short
Example sentences 1) Franoise is a great worker; she never falls short. 2) The quality control team says that our products are no longer falling short of the standard. 3) This delivery of transistors falls short of our expectations. 4) Their effort has fallen short of what we need from committee members. 5) This challenge is very great; so, you should realize there is a real chance of falling short. 6) Bruce will not fall short if he continues playing as hard as right now. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Past Cont.) He knew the factory's productivity ________________, but he did not know what to do about it. 2) (Present Perf.) We will sell off that section of the business because this year it ______ regularly ___________ short of projected earnings. 3) (Future) If the economic boom continues, production at the plant ________________ of demand. 4) (Past) Her school work only ________________ when she got distracted by family responsibilities.
77
Succeed
Accomplish
Complete
Fail
Fall short
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice have failed succeeded will complete accomplish to fall short
1) Usually, people succeed/complete/fail when they prepare well. 2) I was discouraged because my work was accomplishing/completing/falling short. 3) It's always nice to accomplish/fail/fall short more than you expected. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (succeed / scholarship) 2) (accomplish / plan) 3) (complete / homework) 4) (fail / driving test) 5) (fall short / wishes) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
78
14: Things Go Wrong
Break
Burst
Burn
Explode
Rot
Break
Definition: Break Break: (a) Make something come apart in a way that damages it; (b) come apart in that same damaging way; (c) stop functioning (especially with large machines, BREAK DOWN). Verb Chart: Break
Infinitive: to break Present: I break Present Continuous: I am breaking Future: I will break Past: I broke Past Continuous: I was breaking Present Perfect: I have broken Past Perfect: I had broken
Example sentences 1) Gillian was careful not to break the mirror when moving it. (a) 2) Early in the winter, the ice on the river breaks easily. (b) 3) He is breaking wood into small pieces to build a fire. (a) 4) Archie's car broke down when he was on the way home for the holidays. (c) 5) Your watch will break if you allow water or dust to get into it. (c) 6) There was so much fruit on the branch that it was breaking. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) Cheap earrings ________________ easily. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Stop! You ________________ the windows. 3) (Past) The truck ________________ because it needed oil. 4) (Pres. Perf.) Oh no! I ________________ my pencil again.
79
14: Things Go Wrong
Break
Burst
Burn
Explode
Rot
Burst
Definition: Burst Burst: (a) Put pressure on the inside of something until it suddenly breaks open; (b) suddenly break apart in that same way. Verb Chart: Burst
Infinitive: to burst Present: I burst Present Continuous: I am bursting Future: I will burst Past: I bursted Past Continuous: I was bursting Present Perfect: I have bursted Past Perfect: I had bursted
Example sentences 1) Soap bubbles float in the air for a moment and then they burst. (b) 2) That jacket is really too small for you. Haven't you burst any of the seams yet? (a) 3) Lamis nearly had an accident when a tire on her car unexpectedly burst. (b) 4) The warm spring weather was bursting the buds on all the trees. (a) 5) Those beautiful fireworks are designed to burst high up in the sky. (b) 6) Don't let John blow up the balloons; he will burst too many of them. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) If they freeze, those pipes may ________________. 2) (Present) Plastic bags often ________________ when they are too full. 3) (Pres. Cont.) The two teams are kicking the ball so hard that they ________________ one almost every few minutes! 4) (Past) The flood ________________ the dam.
80
14: Things Go Wrong
Break
Burst
Burn
Explode
Rot
Burn
Definition: Burn Burn: (a) Make something catch fire; (b) catch fire or be on fire; (c) destroy something with fire; (d) be destroyed by a fire (for buildings, often BURN DOWN); (e) hurt in a way that feels like the effect of fire. Verb Chart: Burn
Infinitive: to burn Present: I burn Present Continuous: I am burning Future: I will burn Past: I burned, I burnt Past Continuous: I was burning Present Perfect: I have burned, I have burnt Past Perfect: I had burned, I had burnt
Example sentences 1) Keiko has burned all the letters that I sent to her! (c) 2) Iron will not burn, even if you put it in a fire. (b) 3) How many buildings burned down in the big fire? (d) 4) Jake burns wood to heat his house. (a) 5) My knee was burning where I had fallen down on the gravel path. (e) 6) Had all of the trees burned before the fire crew could reach that part of the forest? (d) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) I'm afraid the forger ________________ the documents before the police arrive. 2) (Past Cont.) We ________________ the last of our coal when the new supply arrived. 3) (Present) Paper ________________ more easily than wood. 4) (Past) The old apartment block is gone. It ________________ last winter.
81
14: Things Go Wrong
Break
Burst
Burn
Explode
Rot
Explode
Definition: Explode Explode: (a) Cause something to burst with a very loud noise and with damage not only to the thing itself but sometimes also to nearby people or things; (b) burst in that same noisy and dangerous way; (c) make a gas burn quickly and dangerously; (d) burn quickly in that same dangerous way. Verb Chart: Explode
Infinitive: to explode Present: I explode Present Continuous: I am exploding Future: I will explode Past: I exploded Past Continuous: I was exploding Present Perfect: I have exploded Past Perfect: I had exploded
Example sentences 1) The bombs were exploding with a loud roar. (b) 2) Sometimes tins of food explode when they go bad. (b) 3) Gasoline fumes will explode if they come into contact with any kind of flame. (d) 4) Somebody lit a match and exploded the gas in the room. (c) 5) Engineers know how to explode old buildings in order to remove them quickly. (a) 6) The water tank got so hot that it exploded. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Pres. Perf.) That model of boiler is so strong that none ________ ever ____________. 2) (Future) The soldiers ________________ the bridge so as to stop the enemy from crossing. 3) (Past) In the old days, the hydrogen-filled balloons on air ships sometimes ________________ . 4) (Present) Ordinary batteries ________________ if they are recharged. Related words Explosion (noun) Explosive (noun) The action of exploding. Something used to cause explosions. Likely to explode.
Explosive (adjective)
82
14: Things Go Wrong
Break
Burst
Burn
Explode
Rot
Rot
Definition: Rot Rot: (a) Slowly become soft and then break into small pieces because of the effect of water, bacteria, etc.; (b) go bad because of poor refrigeration or packaging. Verb Chart: Rot
Infinitive: to rot Present: it rots Present Continuous: it is rotting Future: it will rot Past: it rotted Past Continuous: it was rotting Present Perfect: it has rotted Past Perfect: it had rotted
Example sentences 1) Wood often rots if it is not painted. (a) 2) Fernando did not notice that the floorboards of his house were rotting. (a) 3) The peaches rotted because I left them in this warm room for too long. (b) 4) I'm afraid that all the potatoes have rotted in that damp cellar. (b) 5) It is dangerous to eat meat if it has started to rot. (b) 6) Nahid lets the dead leaves stay on her garden so that they will rot and improve the soil. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont./negative) The compost _________________ because it was too dry. 2) (Inf.) That hole in the roof will make the rafters ________________. 3) (Past) The cheese ________________ because it was out of the refrigerator for a whole month. 4) (Future) When you make pickles, they ________________ if the bottles are not perfectly clean. Related words Rot (noun) The process or the result of rotting. Damaged by rot; also, very bad.
Rotten (adjective)
83
14: Things Go Wrong
Break
Burst
Burn
Explode
Rot
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: have broken had bursted be prepared to justify your choice was burning will explode to rot
1) The engine burst/burned/rotted because the pressure inside it was too great. 2) The stumps in the field are rotting/breaking/exploding because of the rain. 3) The truck was so heavy that it exploded/burned/broke the bridge. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (break / wheelbarrow) 2) (burst / radiator) 3) (burn / barn) 4) (explode / tire) 5) (rot / fish) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
84
15: Understanding Things
Understand Realize Decide Recognize Remember
Understand
Definition: Understand Understand: (a) Get the true meaning of a situation or of something that a person says; (b) think that something is true based on information you have received, but without direct personal knowledge. Verb Chart: Understand
Infinitive: to understand Present: I understand Present Continuous: I am understanding Future: I will understand Past: I understood Past Continuous: I was understanding Present Perfect: I have understood Past Perfect: I had understood
Example sentences 1) That teacher's lessons are very difficult to understand. (a) 2) I understand that Panida will return to Toronto in a few weeks. (b) 3) Reza says he is understanding his job better now. (a) 4) We never understood why they closed that factory. (a) 5) You will understand everything as soon as you have the rest of the information. (a) 6) She understood that the bus would be on time, but in fact it was late. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) We ________________ that the movie starts at 7:00 pm. Is that correct? 2) (Inf.) With a good teacher, algebra can be quite easy ________________. 3) (Past) I ________________ they were going to take a holiday in California. 4) (Pres. Perf.) I ______ not often _____________ why she does things, but she has usually been right. Related words Understanding (noun) Ability to understand (in the first sense, above), or a belief concerning the truth about something (in the second sense, above). Understanding (adjective) Ready and willing to understand another person's problems.
85
Realize
Definition: Realize Realize: Come to understand something that you did not fully understand before. Verb Chart: Realize
Infinitive: to realize Present: I realize Present Continuous: I am realizing Future: I will realize Past: I realized Past Continuous: I was realizing Present Perfect: I have realized Past Perfect: I had realized
Example sentences 1) Now I realize that the plan could never have worked. 2) We were slowly realizing that the airplane must have been delayed. 3) Carmen realized at last that her friend would not be able to come. 4) I have just realized that I forgot my glasses in the restaurant. 5) It is really unpleasant to realize that a colleague has let you down. 6) Do you think Korblarb will ever realize how much work we did to help him? Use the forms of the verb 1) (Inf.) You must ________________ that the more expensive model is far better than the cheaper one. 2) (Present) We ________________ that you are very tired. 3) (Future) They ________________ how nice the hotel is as soon as they see their room. 4) (Past) The boss raised my salary when she ________________ how much I had contributed to the project. Related words Realization (noun) Action of realizing, or the fact that is understood when you realize something.
86
Decide
Definition: Decide Decide: (a) Make a choice about what you will do, with the strong intention of doing it; (b) say which person or group is the winner of a competition, etc. Verb Chart: Decide
Infinitive: to decide Present: I decide Present Continuous: I am deciding Future: I will decide Past: I decided Past Continuous: I was deciding Present Perfect: I have decided Past Perfect: I had decided
Example sentences 1) Muriel had already decided to take the job before she even knew the salary. (a) 2) Total sales over the next six months will decide which one of you is promoted. (b) 3) Ahmad and his fiance decided to get married as soon as they had enough money. (a) 4) At the end of each figure skating event, the judges decide who is the winner. (b) 5) They stored their furniture while they were deciding where to live. (a) 6) I expect the jury has decided the verdict in the case by now. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) We ________________ whether to buy the car after we have taken it for a test drive. 2) (Inf.) Two entries in the flower show were so good that the panel could not ________________ between them. 3) (Present) My problem is that I often ________________ what to do too hastily. 4) (Past) Since the match was tied, they ________________ the outcome by taking penalty kicks. Related words Decision (noun) above). The action of deciding, or the outcome of that action (in either of the two senses,
87
Recognize
Definition: Recognize Recognize: (a) Understand that a person, thing or situation is already known to you; (b) understand the importance of a person, thing, situation or event (similar to REALIZE, above). Verb Chart: Recognize
Infinitive: to recognize Present: I recognize Present Continuous: I am recognizing Future: I will recognize Past: I recognized Past Continuous: I was recognizing Present Perfect: I have recognized Past Perfect: I had recognized
Example sentences 1) By the 1980s, most drivers were recognizing the value of seatbelts in cars. (b) 2) Norman had never recognized the part his mother played in his success. (b) 3) I'm sure you will recognize her when you see her. (a) 4) I'm sorry; I did not recognize you at first. (a) 5) Margie recognizes that she will have to work harder in physics. (b) 6) This is a great homecoming party. Every few minutes I'm recognizing another old friend! (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) It is important ________________ the contributions of co-workers. 2) (Future) You ______ easily _____________ your seat in the auditorium because there are name tags on all of them. 3) (Past) We ________________ him immediately, but not his wife. 4) (Present) Successful language learners usually ________________ the value of their own language as well as of their new one. Related word Recognition (noun) The action of recognizing (in either of the two senses, above).
88
Remember
Definition: Remember Remember: (a) Keep a person, fact or event in mind and not forget it; (b) call a fact, person or event back into your mind after having temporarily forgotten it. Verb Chart: Remember
Infinitive: to remember Present: I remember Present Continuous: I am remembering Future: I will remember Past: I remembered Past Continuous: I was remembering Present Perfect: I have remembered Past Perfect: I had remembered
Example sentences 1) I don't remember how to put this machine back together. (b) 2) At the school's Memorial Day service, all the children are remembering the men and women who died in wars to keep their country safe. (b) 3) Maureen always remembered the advice her parents had given her. (a) 4) He has remembered that story since the very first time his grandmother told it to him. (a) 5) It is important to remember the safety rules all the time. (a) 6) It may take time but I think Nick will finally remember what I told him. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) The accident victim ______ slowly ___________ what had happened. 2) (Past Perf./negative) I would have missed the plane if I ________________ the change in the schedule just before calling the airport taxi. 3) (Future) They ____ always _______________ the help they received when times were tough. 4) (Past) W e ________________ to get some exercise every day while we were on holiday. Related word Memory (noun) The power to remember things, or something that is remembered (in either of the two meanings, above).
89
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence had decided be prepared to justify your choice understood am realizing to recognize remember
1) She did not realize/decide/recognize her brother in his masquerade costume. 2) Please understand/decide/remember if you would like to go on the excursion tomorrow. 3) I understand/realize/remember that the price will soon go up. Is that right? Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (understand / friendship) 2) (realize / expensive) 3) (decide / leave) 4) (recognize / quality) 5) (remember / birthday) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
90
16: Spoiling Things
Destroy
Spoil
Mess up
Tear
Waste
Destroy
Definition: Destroy Destroy: (a) Break an object completely and make it useless or valueless; (b) remove unwanted plants or animals by killing them; (c) completely stop a person or group from functioning, from being optimistic, or from making efforts. Verb Chart: Destroy
Infinitive: to destroy Present: I destroy Present Continuous: I am destroying Future: I will destroy Past: I destroyed Past Continuous: I was destroying Present Perfect: I have destroyed Past Perfect: I had destroyed
Example sentences 1) Our offense was quickly able to destroy the other team's defense. (c) 2) The farmer will have to destroy the diseased cows. (b) 3) Acid rain is destroying the stone statues in front of the town library. (a) 4) The bomb destroyed the bridge in a huge explosion. (a) 5) This pesticide will destroy the insects eating farmers' crops. (b) 6) The governing party was destroying all opposition in the parliament. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) This chemical ________________ every weed in a lawn. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Constant problems and complaints ________________ the team spirit in our company. 3) (Past) The battle totally ________________ the western section of the city. 4) (Pres. Perf.) It seems that the fire ________________ the electrical system in the house. Related words Destruction (noun) The action or the result of destroying. Able to destroy something or somebody.
Destructive (adjective)
91
16: Spoiling Things
Destroy
Spoil
Mess up
Tear
Waste
Spoil
Definition: Spoil Spoil: (a) Damage a thing in a way that makes it less useful or less valuable (somewhat similar to the first meaning of DESTROY, above, but less complete); (b) take away the pleasure, happiness or success of an event, situation or plan; (c) go bad. Verb Chart: Spoil
Infinitive: to spoil Present: I spoil Present Continuous: I am spoiling Future: I will spoil Past: I spoiled Past Continuous: I was spoiling Present Perfect: I have spoiled Past Perfect: I had spoiled
Example sentences 1) Milk spoils if it is not chilled. (c) 2) I'm afraid Harold is spoiling his new golf clubs by leaving them out in the rain. (a) 3) The sudden rainstorm spoiled our picnic. (b) 4) I think Agnes has spoiled the blade of this knife by sharpening it incorrectly. (a) 5) The children did not let the cold water spoil their fun at the swimming pool. (b) 6) Fish is delicious but it spoils easily. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) Don't let unreasonable criticisms ________________ your enthusiasm. 2) (Present/negative) Dried fruit is good for a camping trip because it ________________. 3) (Pres. Cont.) Many people feel that commercialization ________________ the beauty of Niagara Falls. 4) (Past) W hen the electricity went off, it almost ________________ the party.
92
16: Spoiling Things
Destroy
Spoil
Mess up
Tear
Waste
Mess up
Definition: Mess up Mess up: (a) Make a thing or a place disorganized or untidy; (b) prevent a piece of work from being successful; (c) spoil an event, situation or plan; (d) fail in an attempt to do something. Verb Chart: Mess up
Infinitive: to mess up Present: I mess up Present Continuous: I am messing up Future: I will mess up Past: I messed up Past Continuous: I was messing up Present Perfect: I have messed up Past Perfect: I had messed up
Example sentences 1) Mirco was always messing up the kitchen until we insisted that he clean it himself. (a) 2) Letting them join the party will mess up the whole evening. (c) 3) He got the job but then he messed up and was fired. (d) 4) Poor organization is what messes up most of Gloria's projects. (b) 5) Confusions about party policy are messing up the debates at the convention. (c) 6) She read a good book about children, and so she has never messed up as a parent. (d) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future/negative) If you let me play goal, you can be sure that I ________________. 2) (Past Cont.) The high wind ________________ her elegant hair-do. 3) (Present) Nervous parents often ________________ the wedding receptions that they plan to please their children. 4) (Past) Poor production values ________________ the otherwise very interesting television program. Related word Mess (noun) A disorganised, untidy or unsuccessful situation, event or thing.
93
16: Spoiling Things
Destroy
Spoil
Mess up
Tear
Waste
Tear
Definition: Tear Tear: (a) Pull a piece of cloth, leather, etc. apart into two or more pieces by force; or (b) come apart in that same way; also, (c) travel very quickly, often with a risk of danger. Verb Chart: Tear
Infinitive: to tear Present: I tear Present Continuous: I am tearing Future: I will tear Past: I tore Past Continuous: I was tearing Present Perfect: I have torn Past Perfect: I had torn
Example sentences 1) The sports car was tearing down the track. (c) 2) Oops! I've torn my sleeve on that nail! (a) 3) If you pull the plastic sheet too hard, it will tear. (b) 4) Pam tore into the office, five minutes late. (c) 5) Silk tears more easily than linen. (b) 6) Travis is tearing newspapers into small pieces to start the fire. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) When I got my jacket back, I found that he ________________ the pocket. 2) (Future) Probably the very high wind ________________ the flag. 3) (Past Cont.) Fire trucks ________________ along the street on their way to the fire. 4) (Present) I like this shirt, but it ________________ a little more each time I wear it. Related words Tear (noun) Damage caused by tearing (a tear).
94
16: Spoiling Things
Destroy
Spoil
Mess up
Tear
Waste
Waste
Definition: Waste Waste: (a) Use something unwisely, so that the supply is reduced or ended with no worthwhile result; (b) completely defeat your opponents in a sport or competition. Verb Chart: Waste
Infinitive: to waste Present: I waste Present Continuous: I am wasting Future: I will waste Past: I wasted Past Continuous: I was wasting Present Perfect: I have wasted Past Perfect: I had wasted
Example sentences 1) We need modern vehicles that do not waste gasoline. (a) 2) By the halfway point in the game, our team was wasting the other side. (b) 3) Bao was so good at squash that he wasted every player who went up against him. (b) 4) I have already wasted too much time on this impossible problem. (a) 5) Alicia is careful never to waste money on luxuries. (a) 6) If you practice hard, you will waste everyone who plays against you in the bridge tournament. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) Until she twisted her ankle, she ________________ her opponent. 2) (Past Perf.) By the time he gave up on that project, he ________________ over $1000. 3) (Future/negative) We _________________ any more energy on this project unless you agree to help. 4) (Past) I did well until the last round of the competition, and then the other player really ________________ me. Related words Waste (noun) The result of wasting something. Likely or certain to cause waste.
Wasteful (adjective)
95
16: Spoiling Things
Destroy
Spoil
Mess up
Tear
Waste
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice was spoiling have torn will destroy wasted mess up
1) If you catch your pant-leg in your bicycle chain, you will probably destroy it/mess it up/tear it. 2) Several guests arrived late and so the dinner party was spoiled/torn/wasted. 3) She was determined not to destroy/spoil/waste her love on an ungrateful partner. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (destroy / friendship) 2) (spoil / day) 3) (mess up / assignment) 4) (tear / glove) 5) (waste / bread) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
96
17: Artistic Activities
Act
Dance
Draw
Paint
Sing
Act
Definition: Act Act: (a) Perform a part in a play or a film; (b) behave in a particular way (with a suggestion that you are not being completely honest). Verb Chart: Act
Infinitive: to act Present: I act Present Continuous: I am acting Future: I will act Past: I acted Past Continuous: I was acting Present Perfect: I have acted Past Perfect: I had acted
Example sentences 1) Viviana's ambition is to act in feature movies. (a) 2) They always act that way, but it doesn't mean anything. (b) 3) Don't you think he's acting rather strange these days? (b) 4) Richard Burton acted on both stage and screen. (a) 5) She will probably act surprised, but she already knows what prize she is going to receive. (b) 6) Have you acted that part before? (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) In fact she's very nice, although sometimes she ________________ a bit tough. 2) (Pres. Cont.) I'm very busy this winter because I ________________ in two different plays. 3) (Past) How _____ he __________ when he heard the news? 4) (Past Perf.) I did not know that you ________________ in commercials as well as movies. Related word Actor (noun) A person who acts in plays, movies, etc.
97
Act
Dance
Draw
Paint
Sing
Dance
Definition: Dance Dance: (a) Move your body and feet in time with music, either alone or with a partner; or, for things other than people, (b) move in a way that is like dancing. Verb Chart: Dance
Infinitive: to dance Present: I dance Present Continuous: I am dancing Future: I will dance Past: I danced Past Continuous: I was dancing Present Perfect: I have danced Past Perfect: I had danced
Example sentences 1) I think Domenico dances superbly. (a) 2) The poplar leaves are dancing in the breeze. (b) 3) Butterflies danced in the air over the flowers. (b) 4) A squirrel was dancing along the branch. (b) 5) June loves to dance every chance she has. (a) 6) If possible, I will dance in the show my class is putting on. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) The wind made the flag ________________ on the flagpole. 2) (Present) For some reason, he always ________________ badly no matter how much he practices. 3) (Past Cont.) As we watched the count of the votes in the election, the numbers ________________ back and forth between election and defeat. 4) (Past) She ________________ with different partners all evening. Related words Dance (noun) Dancer (noun) A style of dancing, or a social event at which people dance. A person who is dancing, or a person who dances as a hobby or a profession.
98
Act
Dance
Draw
Paint
Sing
Draw
Definition: Draw Draw: (a) Make lines on a piece of paper or other surface in order to create a picture or design; (b) produce on paper or on a computer screen either a map, or else a plan for the construction of a machine, a building, etc. Verb Chart: Draw
Infinitive: to draw Present: I draw Present Continuous: I am drawing Future: I will draw Past: I drew Past Continuous: I was drawing Present Perfect: I have drawn Past Perfect: I had drawn
Example sentences 1) They chose Suchat for the job because he had drawn building plans for many years. (b) 2) Will you draw me a picture of your new car? (a) 3) Rieko drew a remarkable portrait of her brother on a T-shirt for him. (a) 4) I draw maps for the Geography Department. (b) 5) We were still drawing the blueprints for the house when the owner suddenly decided to change everything! (b) 6) The child has drawn something on the page but I can t figure out what it is supposed to be. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) The company ________________ the manufacturing patterns as part of the contract. 2) (Past Cont.) In those days, he ________________ at least one big picture per day. 3) (Present) She ________________ designs for wallpaper and ceramic tiles. 4) (Past) They ________________ a simple map for me, so that I could find their house.
99
Act
Dance
Draw
Paint
Sing
Paint
Definition: Paint Paint: (a) Make a picture or design with a brush on paper, canvas or some other surface; or, (b) use a brush or spray-gun to color a surface. Verb Chart: Paint
Infinitive: to paint Present: I paint Present Continuous: I am painting Future: I will paint Past: I painted Past Continuous: I was painting Present Perfect: I have painted Past Perfect: I had painted
Example sentences 1) The artist was painting a village scene. (a) 2) They had painted the walls of the room dark purple! (b) 3) I expect Fay will paint pictures of the whole family. (a) 4) Nat painted his bicycle to protect it from rust. (b) 5) He paints houses for a living. (b) 6) I hear you are painting a large mural at the City Hall. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) I don't think she _______ ever __________ a portrait before she took that commission. 2) (Future) What color ________ you _________ the front door? 3) (Past) Who ________________ that landscape you just bought? 4) (Present) They usually ________________ that shed once every two or three years. Related words Paint (noun) Painter (noun) A colored liquid used for painting. A person who paints, in either of the two senses, above.
100
Act
Dance
Draw
Paint
Sing
Sing
Definition: Sing Sing: (a) Make musical sounds with your voice, either for your own pleasure or as a performance; or, for things other than people, (b) make a pleasant sound that is a little like singing. Verb Chart: Sing
Infinitive: to sing Present: I sing Present Continuous: I am singing Future: I will sing Past: I sang Past Continuous: I was singing Present Perfect: I have sung Past Perfect: I had sung
Example sentences 1) Sahnaz sings in the chorus with her brother. (a) 2) The telephone wires are singing in the wind. (b) 3) Terry sang the main masculine role in the opera. (a) 4) Have you ever sung in the shower? (a) 5) When I came in, I heard the kettle singing on the stove. (b) 6) When it matures, that canary will sing wonderfully. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) Birds ________________ in the trees near the house. 2) (Past Perf.) They knew that song because they ________ often __________ it before. 3) (Future) We ________________ the national anthem before the meeting. 4) (Present/negative) Ducks ________________; they just quack. Related words Singer (noun) Song (noun) A person who sings. A piece of music that is sung.
101
Act
Dance
Draw
Paint
Sing
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: had acted be prepared to justify your choice drew was singing am dancing to paint
1) I really enjoyed acting/drawing/singing in the play King Lear. 2) She went to music school in order to learn to draw/paint/sing. 3) Best of all he likes to act/dance/paint the waltz. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (act / mature) 2) (dance / tango) 3) (draw / landscapes) 4) (paint / fence) 5) (sing / blues) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
102
18: Appearances
Look
Seem
Appear
Disappear
Become
Look
Definition: Look Look: Give an impression of having a certain emotion, personality, skill, age, identity etc., based on details that can be observed from the outside. Verb Chart: Look
Infinitive: to look Present: I look Present Continuous: I am looking Future: I will look Past: I looked Past Continuous: I was looking Present Perfect: I have looked Past Perfect: I had looked
Example sentences 1) Why do you want to look older than you are? 2) That cake looks delicious. 3) Babak is still sick but he is looking a lot better. 4) The old house looked very frightening. 5) That dress will look great when you finish it. 6) Carol was looking tired. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Present) That car ________________ pretty expensive. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Your project ________________ good. 3) (Past) She ________________ very pleased with the results of her examinations. 4) (Pres. Perf.) I think he ________________ a little worried for a few days now. Related word Look (noun) The way someone or something looks.
103
18: Appearances
Look
Seem
Appear
Disappear
Become
Seem
Definition: Seem Seem: Give an impression of having a certain emotion, personality, skill, age, identity etc., based on details that can be observed from the outside (similar to LOOK, above). Verb Chart: Seem
Infinitive: to seem Present: I seem Present Continuous: ---------------Future: I will seem Past: I seemed Past Continuous: ---------------Present Perfect: I have seemed Past Perfect: I had seemed
Example sentences 1) This seems to be the right apartment for me. 2) She said that Josh had seemed a bit strange to her. 3) Yoko seemed delighted with her gift. 4) My tooth has seemed to be fine since it was filled. 5) That hat makes you seem a lot younger. 6) That salary will probably not seem very good after a year or so. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Inf.) The high wind caused the temperature ________________ lower than it really was. 2) (Present) The roast ________________ to be done. 3) (Pres. Perfect/negative) Since the accident he ________________ completely right. 4) (Past) They ________________ to be very happy together.
104
18: Appearances
Look
Seem
Appear
Disappear
Become
Appear
Definition: Appear Appear: (a) Give an impression of having a certain emotion, personality, skill, age, identity etc., based on details that can be observed from the outside (similar to LOOK or SEEM, above); (b) become visible; (c) begin to exist. Verb Chart: Appear
Infinitive: to appear Present: I appear Present Continuous: I am appearing Future: I will appear Past: I appeared Past Continuous: I was appearing Present Perfect: I have appeared Past Perfect: I had appeared
Example sentences 1) Itsumi has never appeared so confident as she did today. (a) 2) When you go around that corner, the house will appear on the left. (b) 3) The problem first appeared a week ago. (c) 4) What appears to be the matter? (a) 5) A huge ship suddenly appeared in the fog. (b) 6) We think this new model is fine: we have tested for months and no cracks or bends have appeared. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) If you give in on that point, you ________________ weak. 2) (Pres. Cont.) They ________________ angrier every day, but I do not understand why. 3) (Present) Shadows ________________ as soon as I tune the television to channel 3. 4) (Past) Not a single complaint ________________ until we changed the system. Related word Appearance (noun) The way something appears (first meaning, above), or the action of appearing (any of the three meanings, above).
105
18: Appearances
Look
Seem
Appear
Disappear
Become
Disappear
Definition: Disappear Disappear: (a) Stop being visible; (b) stop existing or become extinct. Verb Chart: Disappear
Infinitive: to disappear Present: I disappear Present Continuous: I am disappearing Future: I will disappear Past: I disappeared Past Continuous: I was disappearing Present Perfect: I have disappeared Past Perfect: I had disappeared
Example sentences 1) Until we started a conservation plan, wild animals were disappearing almost every year. (b) 2) My comb has disappeared from my pocket. I wonder what I did with it. (a) 3) If you frighten that bird, it will quickly disappear into the hollow tree. (a) 4) The dodo is an extinct bird that disappeared about a century ago. (b) 5) When the sun comes up the moon disappears. (a) 6) The pain is disappearing now because I have been getting massage therapy. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) If you take the right steps, that problem ________________ permanently. 2) (Past Cont.) The trees ________________ into the mist. 3) (Past) Wild turkeys almost ________________ from some parts of North America, but now their numbers are increasing again. 4) (Present) It's a funny thing: he ________________ every time there is work to be done! Related word Disappearance (noun) Action of disappearing.
106
18: Appearances
Look
Seem
Appear
Disappear
Become
Become
Definition: Become Become: Change in appearance, identity etc., so as to have some new aspect that was not there before. Verb Chart: Become
Infinitive: to become Present: I become Present Continuous: I am becoming Future: I will become Past: I became Past Continuous: I was becoming Present Perfect: I have become Past Perfect: I had become
Example sentences 1) The longer I carry it, the heavier this briefcase becomes! 2) The noise here is becoming a problem. 3) Gradually, Sheyma became the best player on her team. 4) My little brother has become taller and taller. 5) Les wants to become an American citizen, so that he can live in Florida. 6) At this rate, she will become a skilled programmer in no time. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Past Cont.) The wind ________________ stronger and stronger. 2) (Past Perf.) He _______ already ____________ a lot thinner even before beginning a diet. 3) (Future) That little puppy ________________ a huge dog in a few more months. 4) (Past) Most people ________________ richer when the economy improved.
107
18: Appearances
Look
Seem
Appear
Disappear
Become
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice was looking seemed will appear disappear to become
1) The big, juicy hamburger looked/disappeared/became delicious. 2) All at once a speeding truck looked/seemed/appeared out of the darkness. 3) The wooly mammoth seemed/disappeared/became millions of years ago. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (look / interested) 2) (seem / problem) 3) (appear / optimistic) 4) (disappear / water) 5) (become / hungry) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
108
19: Looking for Things
Find
Locate
Search
Hunt for
Discover
Find
Definition: Find Find: (a) Get or see something that you did not have before, either by chance or by looking for it; (b) learn a piece of information that you did not know before (may also be FIND OUT); (c) have a feeling about the nature or desirability of a person or a thing. Verb Chart: Find
Infinitive: to find Present: I find Present Continuous: I am finding Future: I will find Past: I found Past Continuous: I was finding Present Perfect: I have found Past Perfect: I had found
Example sentences 1) Wild mushrooms are hard to find in the forest. (a) 2) Gilles will be happy when he finds out that you are here. (b) 3) Does Marnie like her new teacher? Yes, I think she's finding that he's quite nice. (c)
4) I found the cake a little too sweet for my taste. (c) 5) Don't worry. I will find your lost keys for you. (a) 6) We have never found out what happened to the car. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) How ______ you __________ your new apartment? 2) (Pres. Cont.) This job is very complicated. I ________________ unexpected aspects of it all the time. 3) (Past) We ________________ the dog in a park on the other side of town. 4) (Pres. Perf.) ________ they already ____________ the name of the person who moved in next door?
109
Find
Locate
Search
Hunt for
Discover
Locate
Definition: Locate Locate: (a) Find the place where a person or thing is; (b) decide on where something should be put or built, and put it there; (c) BE LOCATED, exist in a certain place. Verb Chart: Locate
Infinitive: to locate Present: I locate Present Continuous: I am locating Future: I will locate Past: I located Past Continuous: I was locating Present Perfect: I have located Past Perfect: I had located
Example sentences 1) The Vatican is located in Rome. (c) 2) That's no good! They are locating the flower garden in the shade under the trees. (b) 3) Gabor finally located his long-lost brother. (a) 4) Mireille has planned her house carefully; for instance, she has located a lovely patio along the south wall. (b) 5) In this town, good restaurants are not easy to locate. (a) 6) Where is the library? rooms. (c) I'm not sure but I suppose it will be located somewhere near the lecture after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
Use the forms of the verb definition it matches
1) (Inf.) I'd like ________________ my business on a busy street with lots of passers-by. 2) (Present) Our company ________________ second-hand books for people who want to buy them. 3) (Past Cont.) We had already got some glasses ready while they ______ still ______________ a bottle of wine. 4) (Past) The factory ________________ near the railway line. Related word Location (noun) The place where a thing or a person is located.
110
Find
Locate
Search
Hunt for
Discover
Search
Definition: Search Search: Carefully examine a place, a thing, a person's clothing or a document in order to find something. Verb Chart: Search
Infinitive: to search Present: I search Present Continuous: I am searching Future: I will search Past: I searched Past Continuous: I was searching Present Perfect: I have searched Past Perfect: I had searched
Example sentences 1) We had searched almost the whole house before we found the lost ring. 2) I will search my pockets again, but I'm sure I gave your house key back to you already. 3) Gina searched for her glasses in her handbag. 4) The customs officers search some passengers from each flight. 5) They had no time last spring because they were so busy searching for a new house. 6) Dale has searched through the whole book, trying to find that date. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Future) If you ask, the librarian ________________ the catalog for books on your topic. 2) (Past Cont.) The miners ________________ for gold in the bottom of the stream. 3) (Present) People often ________________ for happiness in faraway places, when it is really close to home. 4) (Past) The guards ________________ the whole building after the bomb scare. Related words Search (noun) The action of searching. Suitable to be used for searching (in words or expressions like searchlight or
Search (adjective) search party).
111
Find
Locate
Search
Hunt for
Discover
Hunt for
Definition: Hunt for Hunt for: Carefully examine a place, a thing or a document in order to find something (similar to SEARCH, above, but usually without the idea of examining clothing). Verb Chart: Hunt for
Infinitive: to hunt for Present: I hunt for Present Continuous: I am hunting for Future: I will hunt for Past: I hunted for Past Continuous: I was hunting for Present Perfect: I have hunted for Past Perfect: I had hunted for
Example sentences 1) Thierry was still hunting for his tie when I came to take him to the party. 2) Although we had hunted for a new apartment for months, we never found one. 3) If you let him know I am here, he will hunt for me until he finds me. 4) The two of them went out and hunted for rabbits all afternoon long. 5) Gwen often hunts for antiques at garage sales on the weekend. 6) She is still hunting for the perfect job. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Past Perf.) They ________________ that treasure for years before finding it. 2) (Future) If the parking lot is full, I ________________ a spot along the side of the street. 3) (Past) The children ________________ berries under the leaves of the strawberry plants. 4) (Present) We only ________________ wild chestnuts in the autumn. Related word Hunt (noun) Hunter (noun) The action of hunting, or a time when someone is hunting for something or somebody. A person who hunts or who is hunting.
112
Find
Locate
Search
Hunt for
Discover
Discover
Definition: Discover Discover: (a) Be the very first person to see a place, to find something, or to learn a fact; (b) find a person, place or thing that has some importance for you, but without being the first person to do so; (c) realize something. Verb Chart: Discover
Infinitive: to discover Present: I discover Present Continuous: I am discovering Future: I will discover Past: I discovered Past Continuous: I was discovering Present Perfect: I have discovered Past Perfect: I had discovered
Example sentences 1) Tropical biologists quite often discover new insects. (a) 2) Jemma is discovering that Paris is not always a wonderful city. (c) 3) We did not discover that restaurant until Kees told us about it. (b) 4) The director has discovered an excellent actor for the leading role in the play. (b) 5) It is very agreeable to discover that you have succeeded where you thought you might fail. (c) 6) Most astronomers hope they will discover a new planet or star. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) You're leaving? I thought you ________________ that you liked the job quite well. 2) (Past Perf.) He said he ________________ an especially sunny and quiet bench in the park. 3) (Future) When you go abroad to study, you ________________ many unfamiliar customs. 4) (Past) Can we really say that Columbus ___________ America if there were already many people there? Related word Discovery (noun) discovered. The action of discovering something or someone, or the thing or person
113
Find
Locate
Search
Hunt for
Discover
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: had found be prepared to justify your choice searched will discover locate to hunt for
1) After thinking about it a lot, we decided to find/locate/discover the table beside the window. 2) I found/hunted for/searched that the meal was delicious. 3) The police located/searched/discovered the suspect's clothing for clues. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (find / good friend) 2) (locate / city hall) 3) (search / car) 4) (hunt for / business) 5) (discover / reliable) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
114
20: Getting Things
Get
Obtain
Gain
Receive
Seize
Get
Definition: Get Get: (a) Take ownership or control of something, either by effort or by chance; also, (b) become; (c) begin to have a medical condition. Verb Chart: Get
Infinitive: to get Present: I get Present Continuous: I am getting Future: I will get Past: I got Past Continuous: I was getting Present Perfect: I have got Past Perfect: I had got
Example sentences 1) As soon as I have enough money, I want to get a new car. (a) 2) Joachim gets angry very quickly. (b) 3) I have a fever; I think I'm getting a cold. (c) 4) Meni got a splendid birthday present from her grandparents. (a) 5) If you don't wear a warm coat in winter, you will get the flu. (c) 6) It was getting hotter out; so, we went into the house. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) Butter ________________ soft when it is not in the refrigerator. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Finally the new boss ________________ respect from the workers. 3) (Past) All of my brothers and sisters ________________ the mumps when they were little. 4) (Pres. Perf.) Let's stop fishing. W e ________________ enough fish now.
115
20: Getting Things
Get
Obtain
Gain
Receive
Seize
Obtain
Definition: Obtain Obtain: Get ownership or control of something (similar to the first meaning of GET, above, but with the added suggestion that you had to make a special effort). Verb Chart: Obtain
Infinitive: to obtain Present: I obtain Present Continuous: I am obtaining Future: I will obtain Past: I obtained Past Continuous: I was obtaining Present Perfect: I have obtained Past Perfect: I had obtained
Example sentences 1) Roy will be really happy when he finally obtains his driving licence. 2) I like this job because I am obtaining a lot of satisfaction from it. 3) Clara obtained her doctorate from Harvard. 4) Have you obtained her parents' permission to marry your fiance? 5) Building permits can be difficult to obtain in this city. 6) By continuous work I expect she will obtain the position she wants in the company. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Inf.) He is struggling ________________ a scholarship. 2) (Present) She usually ________________ high grades. 3) (Pres. Cont.) Even though its budget has been cut, the gallery ______ still ___________ great art. 4) (Past) What we could not take by force we ________________ by persuasion.
116
20: Getting Things
Get
Obtain
Gain
Receive
Seize
Gain
Definition: Gain Gain: (a) Get some object or some honor by working for it; (b) become heavier; (c) become better or stronger in comparison to others (often GAIN ON). Verb Chart: Gain
Infinitive: to gain Present: I gain Present Continuous: I am gaining Future: I will gain Past: I gained Past Continuous: I was gaining Present Perfect: I have gained Past Perfect: I had gained
Example sentences 1) I knew I had to do something when I had gained four more kilos. (b) 2) Our sales people will gain on the competition when our new products come out. (c) 3) Greer gained a lot of respect by working late in her office most evenings. (a) 4) Francisco gains weight every Christmas. (b) 5) Two race cars were clearly in the lead, but a third one was gaining. (c) 6) They have gained power and influence by making many friends. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) Your marks are low now, but you ________________ the other students if you study every night. 2) (Past Cont.) I thought my weight was steady but, when I got on the scales, I saw that I ________________. 3) (Present) Political parties frequently ________________ supporters at the time of an election. 4) (Past) In the old days, many sailors ________________ wealth and fame by trading far from home. Related words Gains (noun) Money or other desirable things that a person has gained (often in the expression, ill-gotten gains).
117
20: Getting Things
Get
Obtain
Gain
Receive
Seize
Receive
Definition: Receive Receive: Get something that is given, sent, or paid to you, etc. Verb Chart: Receive
Infinitive: to receive Present: I receive Present Continuous: I am receiving Future: I will receive Past: I received Past Continuous: I was receiving Present Perfect: I have received Past Perfect: I had received
Example sentences 1) When I worked there, I was receiving a salary of $2800 a month. 2) We found that Teodoro had received all his mail despite the postal strike. 3) They will probably receive a lot of praise for their work. 4) Jenny received a telephone call from her brother, Jed. 5) Children often receive many presents on their birthday. 6) Unfortunately, our office is receiving a lot of complaints. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Present Perf.) Please let me know when you ________________ the parcel. 2) (Future) After your first year with the company, you ________________ a better salary. 3) (Past) I ________________ an e-mail message about the meeting. 4) (Present) Students who work hard usually ________________ excellent grades. Related word Reception (noun) The action of receiving something.
118
20: Getting Things
Get
Obtain
Gain
Receive
Seize
Seize
Definition: Seize Seize: (a) Get something for yourself because you are strong enough to take it; (b) take something away from another person or group by using a rule or a law. Verb Chart: Seize
Infinitive: to seize Present: I seize Present Continuous: I am seizing Future: I will seize Past: I seized Past Continuous: I was seizing Present Perfect: I have seized Past Perfect: I had seized
Example sentences 1) Customs officers sometimes seize drugs at the border. (b) 2) The police are seizing stolen goods from the bandits' hideout. (b) 3) A robber seized the old lady's handbag and ran away with it. (a) 4) I have never seized any advantage that I did not deserve. (a) 5) When property taxes are not paid, the law permits the city to seize a house or a store. (b) 6) If the forwards are not careful, the other team will seize the ball. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) Rebels ________________ territory in the south of the country. 2) (Past Perf.) I did not know that the bankruptcy court ________________ your company. 3) (Future) If any pupil brings a dangerous weapon to school, the teacher ________________ it. 4) (Past) The little boy ________________ a toy from his playmate and would not give it back. Related word Seizure (noun) The action of seizing something.
119
20: Getting Things
Get
Obtain
Gain
Receive
Seize
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence had received be prepared to justify your choice was gaining am getting to obtain seize
1) In the mail this morning I obtained/received/seized a postcard from Spain. 2) I believe she got/gained/received arthritis a few years ago. 3) If I eat all of that chocolate, I will surely obtain/gain/receive 5 pounds. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (get / well) 2) (obtain / divorce) 3) (gain / prestige) 4) (receive / gift) 5) (seize / wallet) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
120
21: Sizes
Add
Expand
Extend
Reduce
Remove
Add
Definition: Add Add: (a) Find the complete size, number, weight, etc. of something by calculating the total of all the parts (also, ADD UP); (b) bring one or more extra items or parts so as to make something bigger than before; (c) do something or change something so as to increase the effectiveness of a plan or other arrangement. Verb Chart: Add
Infinitive: to add Present: I add Present Continuous: I am adding Future: I will add Past: I added Past Continuous: I was adding Present Perfect: I have added Past Perfect: I had added
Example sentences 1) The accounts are not quite finished: I still have to add up the conference expenses. (a) 2) Including a few roses adds to the attractiveness of any bouquet. (c) 3) Jeff is adding daisies and chrysanthemums to the flowers that are already in the garden. (b) 4) It was a great pot-luck meal. We brought roast chicken and vegetables, and the other guests added a salad and a desert. (b) 5) Conchita's extra course in accounting will add a lot to her business skills (c) 6) To get the total distance, just add the number of kilometres for each leg of the journey. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) We ________________ new paintings to our collection every year. 2) (Pres. Cont.) I ________________ the calories in this menu in order to see if it suits my diet. 3) (Past) The happy shopkeeper ________________ all the profits from the day's business. 4) (Pres. Perf.) Bringing in that player ________________ to the team's goal-scoring power. Related word Addition (noun) The act of adding; also, something that has been or could be added to something else (as in the second or third meanings, above).
121
21: Sizes
Add
Expand
Extend
Reduce
Remove
Expand
Definition: Expand Expand: (a) Make an object become bigger without adding any extra part to it (for instance, by stretching or inflating it), or (b) become bigger in that way; (c) make a plan, program, etc. have a wider influence or a more complete service, or (d) become bigger in that way. Verb Chart: Expand
Infinitive: to expand Present: I expand Present Continuous: I am expanding Future: I will expand Past: I expanded Past Continuous: I was expanding Present Perfect: I have expanded Past Perfect: I had expanded
Example sentences 1) Air expands when it is heated. (b) 2) The airline is expanding to include flights all over Asia. (d) 3) We expanded the elastic band until it would go around the wide mouth of the jar. (a) 4) The hospital has expanded its services to include long-term care. (c) 5) You can expect a sponge to expand when it is placed in water. (b) 6) The impact of these new regulations will expand as soon as the public realizes how helpful they can be. (d) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) Garth wants ________________ his travel agency to serve schools and companies as well as individuals. 2) (Pres. Perf.) Sonia's job in the company ________________ a lot since she was promoted. 3) (Pres. Cont.) The stormy area ________________. 4) (Past) They ________________ the plastic film so as to cover the open top of the box. Related words Expansion (noun) The act or the result of expanding. Very wide; also, ambitious (for example, an expansive plan or vision).
Expansive (adjective)
122
21: Sizes
Add
Expand
Extend
Reduce
Remove
Extend
Definition: Extend Extend: (a) Make an object become longer or wider either by unfolding it or by adding something to it, or (b), become longer or wider in that same way (may be EXTEND ITSELF); (c) make a plan, program, etc. have a wider or, especially, a longer influence (partly similar to the third meaning of EXPAND, above), or (d), become wider or longer in that same way (may be EXTEND ITSELF) (partly similar to the fourth meaning of EXPAND, above). Verb Chart: Extend
Infinitive: to extend Present: I extend Present Continuous: I am extending Future: I will extend Past: I extended Past Continuous: I was extending Present Perfect: I have extended Past Perfect: I had extended
Example sentences 1) Has the space station extended all of its solar panels yet? (a) 2) In summer I expect that the ventilation problem will extend itself to include the entire building. (d) 3) They extended their business hours from 9:00 to 5:00 to 8:00 to 7:00. (c) 4) A barrier extends across the entrance of the garage until you swipe your access card. (b) 5) Rosaria was extending her arm to warn the oncoming traffic to stop. (a) 6) I hear Chinh has extended his house. Use the forms of the verb definition it matches Yes, he added two new bedrooms at the back. (a)
1) (Future) The town council ________________ Main Street all the way to the railway station. 2) (Past Cont.) She said she ________________ the deadline for another week. 3) (Inf.) The paralysis may ________________ to both of the sick person's legs. 4) (Past) The growing branch ________________ in front of the window. Related words Extension (noun) The act or the result of extending. Very complete or very thorough.
Extensive (adjective)
123
21: Sizes
Add
Expand
Extend
Reduce
Remove
Reduce
Definition: Reduce Reduce: (a) Make something smaller in size, weight, price, effectiveness, etc.; (b) make something simpler. Verb Chart: Reduce
Infinitive: to reduce Present: I reduce Present Continuous: I am reducing Future: I will reduce Past: I reduced Past Continuous: I was reducing Present Perfect: I have reduced Past Perfect: I had reduced
Example sentences 1) Thu was reducing her explanation to its very simplest form, to make it easy to understand. (b) 2) We were disappointed because two of our best customers had reduced their orders. (a) 3) Poor quality gasoline will reduce the mileage you can get with this car. (a) 4) I reduced the complicated rules to a clear diagram without leaving out anything important. (b) 5) They are both university professors but, when talking to their children, they usually reduce their language to very short sentences. (b) 6) Toru looks as if he is still reducing his weight. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) The arranger ________________ the musical score to a level where children could play it. 2) (Future) If the number of passengers goes down, the bus company ________________ service. 3) (Past) We ________________ the weight of our packs before starting on that long hike. 4) (Present) Many advertisements ________________ consumer needs to just sex or greed! Related word Reduction (noun) The action or the result of reducing.
124
21: Sizes
Add
Expand
Extend
Reduce
Remove
Remove
Definition: Remove Remove: (a) Take something away from where it was and put it somewhere else; (b) get rid of something or somebody. Verb Chart: Remove
Infinitive: to remove Present: I remove Present Continuous: I am removing Future: I will remove Past: I removed Past Continuous: I was removing Present Perfect: I have removed Past Perfect: I had removed
Example sentences 1) Chuck removed his keys from his pocket and turned on the ignition. (a) 2) The butcher is removing the tenderloin and setting it aside to make steaks. (a) 3) The dentist removed Ella's tooth because it was badly decayed. (b) 4) I have removed the pot from the stove. Where do you want me to put it now? (a) 5) You have to remove the thorns from a cactus fruit before eating it. (b) 6) If people try to prevent the band from playing, the ushers will remove them. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) Workers ________________ any trees that were too close to the road. 2) (Past Perf.) I ________________ the few good shirts from the box before I threw out the rest. 3) (Future) We ________________ all our possessions from the house when we leave. 4) (Past) They ________________ all protesters from the meeting. Related word Removal (noun) The act of removing.
125
21: Sizes
Add
Expand
Extend
Reduce
Remove
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence have added had reduced be prepared to justify your choice expanded will extend to remove
1) Try to extend/reduce/remove your costs by buying fewer new clothes. 2) If we advertise more, our business will add/expand/extend. 3) I expanded/reduced/removed the chairs from the patio and piled them in a corner. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (add / value) 2) (expand / importance) 3) (extend / highway) 4) (reduce / problems) 5) (remove / splinter) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
126
22: Senses
Hear
See
Smell
Taste
Touch
Hear
Definition: Hear Hear: (a) Be aware of a sound; (b) pay attention to something that is said; (c) learn something by being told (may be HEAR ABOUT); (d) receive a written or oral message from a person. Verb Chart: Hear
Infinitive: to hear Present: I hear Present Continuous: I am hearing Future: I will hear Past: I heard Past Continuous: I was hearing Present Perfect: I have heard Past Perfect: I had heard
Example sentences 1) The music is hard to hear in this bar because there is so much talking. (a) 2) Cara will let us know if she hears about a house for rent. (c) 3) Are you still hearing from your old school friends from time to time? (d) 4) I did warn him but I doubt he heard much of what I was trying to say. (b) 5) I'm sure we will hear from her as soon as she gets settled in her new city. (d) 6) Is Preeda back from his holiday yet? Use the forms of the verb definition it matches I don't know; I didn't hear. (c)
1) (Present) Wait! Listen... I think I ________________ a strange noise! 2) (Pres. Cont./negative) You ________________ a word of what I am telling you! 3) (Past) I ________________ they were going to close that cinema. 4) (Pres. Perf./negative) I ________________ from them in ages! Related words Hearing (noun) Ability to hear (in the first sense, above).
127
22: Senses
Hear
See
Smell
Taste
Touch
See
Definition: See See: (a) Be aware of something by vision; (b) visualize something with the imagination; (c) understand something. Verb Chart: See
Infinitive: to see Present: I see Present Continuous: I am seeing Future: I will see Past: I saw Past Continuous: I was seeing Present Perfect: I have seen Past Perfect: I had seen
Example sentences 1) Did you see that little boat on the horizon a moment ago? (a) 2) I think that Manami is finally seeing things my way. (c) 3) So, I just cannot come this Saturday. Yes, I see. (c)
4) I have never seen a tennis player as good as Shyvan. (a) 5) Close your eyes and try to see what the house will be like when completely redecorated. (b) 6) Few drivers see themselves having an accident, even if the road conditions are very poor. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) If you want to win, you must learn ________________ yourself crossing the finish line first. 2) (Present/ negative) I ________________ why we have to work so late on Fridays. 3) (Pres. Cont.) I think maybe you ________________ hallucinations! 4) (Past) They ________________ the book in a store and so they bought it. Related word Sight (noun) The ability to see; something that is seen.
128
22: Senses
Hear
See
Smell
Taste
Touch
Smell
Definition: Smell Smell: (a) Be aware of a scent or odor; (b) check something with your nose; (c) have a particular scent or odor; (d) guess something that is not obvious or that is being hidden. Verb Chart: Smell
Infinitive: to smell Present: I smell Present Continuous: I am smelling Future: I will smell Past: I smelled Past Continuous: I was smelling Present Perfect: I have smelled Past Perfect: I had smelled
Example sentences 1) I had smelled gas several times but there was no warning on the day of the explosion. (a) 2) That perfume will smell better on your wrist than in the bottle. (c) 3) Marco smelled trouble when the supervisor started to look angry. (d) 4) Wine experts always smell a wine before drinking it. (b) 5) Ilsa decided to throw out the cheese because it was smelling dreadful! (c) 6) The dog is smelling the ground in order to follow the tracks. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) If the meat goes bad, you _______ soon ____________ it. 2) (Past Cont.) He ________________ the different colognes so as to choose one. 3) (Present) I think fresh bread ________________ wonderful. 4) (Past) She ________________ an opportunity to make a good deal. Related words Smell (noun) Odor. Having a bad smell.
Smelly (adjective)
129
22: Senses
Hear
See
Smell
Taste
Touch
Taste
Definition: Taste Taste: (a) Be aware of a flavor; (b) check something by putting some in your mouth; (c) have a particular flavor; (d) experience something for the first time. Verb Chart: Taste
Infinitive: to taste Present: I taste Present Continuous: I am tasting Future: I will taste Past: I tasted Past Continuous: I was tasting Present Perfect: I have tasted Past Perfect: I had tasted
Example sentences 1) My mother kept asking me questions while I was tasting the pie she had made. (b) 2) We could not continue using a typewriter once we had tasted the convenience of a computer. (d) 3) If there is anything wrong with the water, Janice will taste it right away. (a) 4) On moving into the university residence, Cal finally tasted real independence. (d) 5) This new cola tastes great! (c) 6) A judge is tasting the different jams in the competition. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) He said it was the best fruit he _______ ever __________. 2) (Future) Those soft drinks ________________ better when they have been chilled. 3) (Past) The soldiers ________________ battle just a week after the war began. 4) (Present) She always ________________ the stew before seasoning it. Related words Taste (noun) Flavor. With a good flavor.
Tasty (adjective)
130
22: Senses
Hear
See
Smell
Taste
Touch
Touch
Definition: Touch Touch: (a) Accidentally come into contact with something with some part of your body; (b) deliberately put your hand, finger, foot, etc. on a thing in a gentle way; (c) be in physical contact with another thing; also, (d) create an emotion in a person. Verb Chart: Touch
Infinitive: to touch Present: I touch Present Continuous: I am touching Future: I will touch Past: I touched Past Continuous: I was touching Present Perfect: I have touched Past Perfect: I had touched
Example sentences 1) Every time Andy watches the last scene of Hamlet, it touches him very much. (d) 2) Be careful. The box is so small that the bottles are touching each other. (c) 3) My foot touched a starfish while I was walking in the shallow water. (a) 4) Has Jenny ever touched the skin of a snake? (b) 5) You should lightly touch the brake pedal in order to flash your brakelights for following cars. (b) 6) The electrical wires will touch each other if you do not join them properly. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) Be careful not ________________ the wet paint on the door. 2) (Past Perf.) There was a mark on the car door where it ________________ the cement wall. 3) (Future) If it is too dark for you to see, I ________________ your shoulder at the corner. 4) (Past) The story ________________ me because it was so sad. Related words Touch (noun) Touch (noun) The action of touching (as in the second meaning, above). Ability to feel an object by touching (as in the first or second meanings, above). Able to create an emotion in another person.
Touching (adjective)
131
22: Senses
Hear
See
Smell
Taste
Touch
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice have smelled will see am tasting to hear touch
1) If we get home in time, we'll be able to hear/see/taste that radio program. 2) They saw/tasted/touched the logic of my suggestion after thinking about it a bit. 3) Let me know right away if you smell/taste/touch any risk of trouble. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (hear / news) 2) (see / light) 3) (smell / smoke) 4) (taste / cake) 5) (touch / chair) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
132
23: Surprise, Fear
Frighten
Fear
Cringe
Surprise
Startle
Frighten
Definition: Frighten Frighten: (a) Make a person or animal feel afraid; also, FRIGHTEN AWAY, (b) make a person or animal so afraid that they leave. Verb Chart: Frighten
Infinitive: to frighten Present: I frighten Present Continuous: I am frightening Future: I will frighten Past: I frightened Past Continuous: I was frightening Present Perfect: I have frightened Past Perfect: I had frightened
Example sentences 1) The children wanted to frighten me with their Halloween costumes. (a) 2) Valerio frightens the squirrels away from his garden with a plastic owl. (b) 3) The run-down condition of the store is probably frightening customers away! (b) 4) Lilia frightened me when she said she had had an accident. (a) 5) If you go too near to the feeding station, you will frighten the birds away. (b) 6) The big dog was frightening the cat. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) The idea of getting a needle ________________ some children. 2) (Pres. Cont.) I think the icy roads ____________ many people ________ from going out to bars or restaurants tonight. 3) (Past) The scarecrow ________________ all the birds. 4) (Pres. Perf.) Earlier tests ________________ him so much that he is really studying hard for this one! Related word Fright (noun) The feeling of being afraid.
133
23: Surprise, Fear
Frighten
Fear
Cringe
Surprise
Startle
Fear
Definition: Fear Fear: Be afraid of a person, animal, thing or situation. Verb Chart: Fear
Infinitive: to fear Present: I fear Present Continuous: -----------Future: I will fear Past: I feared Past Continuous: -----------Present Perfect: I have feared Past Perfect: I had feared
Example sentences 1) Most parents fear nothing when it comes to protecting their children. 2) He has no reason to fear police officers, but they make him nervous all the same. 3) Krista feared snakes so much that she would hardly even go for a walk in the woods. 4) I have feared spiders ever since I was a little child. 5) Don't hesitate. There's nothing to fear! 6) After the painful experience he had, I expect that Long will fear dentists even more in future! Use the forms of the verb 1) (Inf.) There is much ________________ when investing a large sum of money. 2) (Present) He is careful when he does electrical wiring because he ________________ getting a shock. 3) (Pres. Perf.) She ________ always ____________ losing her job if the company has trouble. 4) (Past) There was no word from the lost airplane for over a week, and so we ________________ the worst. Related words Fear (noun) The feeling of being afraid. Very afraid. Not afraid at all.
Fearful (adjective) Fearless (adjective)
134
23: Surprise, Fear
Frighten
Fear
Cringe
Surprise
Startle
Cringe
Definition: Cringe Cringe: (a) Physically pull back from a person, animal, thing or situation because of being afraid or disgusted; also, CRINGE FROM, (b) feel unable to do something because of being afraid or disgusted. Verb Chart: Cringe
Infinitive: to cringe Present: I cringe Present Continuous: I am cringing Future: I will cringe Past: I cringed Past Continuous: I was cringing Present Perfect: I have cringed Past Perfect: I had cringed
Example sentences 1) I had always cringed from firing an employee if I had any other option. (b) 2) I'm sure Oscar will cringe when he sees how dirty his new office is. (a) 3) Kazuko cringed at the thought of facing the enormous dog. (a) 4) Responsible parents cringe from punishing their children too harshly. (b) 5) The inspectors are cringing at the bad smell in the factory. (a) 6) Until now the city council has cringed from raising taxes, but there seems to be no alternative any more. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) Although they are angry, I know they ________________ doing anything unfair. 2) (Inf.) The sight of the terrible accident made us ________________. 3) (Present) That excellent musician ________________ at the sound of an off-key note. 4) (Past) I ________________ telling them the bad news because they already seemed so unhappy.
135
23: Surprise, Fear
Frighten
Fear
Cringe
Surprise
Startle
Surprise
Definition: Surprise Surprise: (a) Cause a person or animal to feel amazement by doing something unexpected; (b) see or meet somebody at a time when they do not expect it. Verb Chart: Surprise
Infinitive: to surprise Present: I surprise Present Continuous: I am surprising Future: I will surprise Past: I surprised Past Continuous: I was surprising Present Perfect: I have surprised Past Perfect: I had surprised
Example sentences 1) The excellent living conditions in his new city were surprising Kosro more and more each day. (a) 2) We knew she was getting ready for an examination of some sort because we had surprised her in the library several times. (b) 3) That card will surprise Mitra because she has told nobody that her birthday is coming up. (a) 4) The police surprised the robber as he was leaving the store. (b) 5) Your lack of good manners really surprises me! (a) 6) The army plans to surprise the enemy by night. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) We didn t trust those guards after we ________________ them sleeping on the job one night. 2) (Future) If possible, they ________________ the other team with a sudden attack. 3) (Past) Yesterday she got home from work early and ________________ her husband when he was wrapping her birthday present for her. 4) (Present) The large size of this store ________________ most customers. Related word Surprise (noun) A feeling of amazement.
136
23: Surprise, Fear
Frighten
Fear
Cringe
Surprise
Startle
Startle
Definition: Startle Startle: Do something unexpected that causes a person or animal to feel so surprised or frightened that they make a (real or imaginary) sudden little movement of shock. Verb Chart: Startle
Infinitive: to startle Present: I startle Present Continuous: I am startling Future: I will startle Past: I startled Past Continuous: I was startling Present Perfect: I have startled Past Perfect: I had startled
Example sentences 1) Hiroki walks so quietly that he sometimes startles me when he appears in the room. 2) The new team's high level of play is startling everyone. 3) Katalin was startled by the noisy engine of the car she had bought. 4) The speed of that microwave oven has startled many people when they first used it. 5) A wise lion tamer is careful never to startle the animals. 6) After that warm spell, the unusually cold weather will startle you when you go out this morning. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Past. Cont.) By the end of the first lap, the yellow race car's very long lead ________________ every other driver. 2) (Inf.) The twenty-one gun salute may ________________ people who do not expect it. 3) (Future) Try it, but be careful. No doubt the extra power ________________ you. 4) (Past) The river's strong current ________________ me as soon as I jumped in.
137
23: Surprise, Fear
Frighten
Fear
Cringe
Surprise
Startle
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice have feared cringed will startle frighten to surprise
1) I don't want to frighten/fear/cringe the children by telling them too much about the accident. 2) They were so greedy that they never feared/cringed from/startled taking advantage of any other company's problems. 3) The unexpected news cringed/feared/startled her so badly that she spilled her tea. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (frighten / horses) 2) (fear / flying) 3) (cringe / blood) 4) (surprise / mother) 5) (startle / friend) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
138
24: Emphatic Expression
Declare
Shout
Exclaim
Repeat
Whisper
Declare
Definition: Declare Declare: (a) Make your idea or opinion known very strongly; (b) make a public and/or formal announcement about something. Verb Chart: Declare
Infinitive: to declare Present: I declare Present Continuous: I am declaring Future: I will declare Past: I declared Past Continuous: I was declaring Present Perfect: I have declared Past Perfect: I had declared
Example sentences 1) Istvan says he will declare his love to his girlfriend in the restaurant this evening. (a) 2) I would like to be present when the company president declares the new policy on exports. (b) 3) Listen to the radio! They are declaring the winners of the lottery. (b) 4) Gail declared that she just had to find a new job. (a) 5) If there has been any cheating, the judges will declare those competitors disqualified. (b) 6) The flames appeared at the same time as the architect was declaring to the new owners that the building was fireproof! (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) Once you ________________ that you don't trust a person, you should not expect them to cooperate with you any more. 2) (Inf.) At the airport customs, we got into the "Nothing ________________" line. 3) (Past) I did not believe him although he ________________ that the $100 bill was good. 4) (Pres. Perf.) Our supervisor ________________ that any latecomers will lose pay. Related word Declaration (noun) The action of declaring; a statement that has been declared.
139
Declare
Shout
Exclaim
Repeat
Whisper
Shout
Definition: Shout Shout: Say something in a very loud voice. Verb Chart: Shout
Infinitive: to shout Present: I shout Present Continuous: I am shouting Future: I will shout Past: I shouted Past Continuous: I was shouting Present Perfect: I have shouted Past Perfect: I had shouted
Example sentences 1) Dao is very soft-spoken: she never shouts. 2) The captain is shouting to team members who are already on the field. 3) Gregorio shouted to his friend on the other side of the river. 4) The drill sergeant's voice is hoarse because he has been shouting orders all afternoon. 5) When there is a danger of avalanches, it is risky to shout. 6) I'll shout to let you know if I find anything. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Inf.) It is not polite ________________ inside a building. 2) (Present) Cowboys often ________________ when guiding their herds. 3) (Pres. Cont./negative) We ________________; we are singing! 4) (Past) She ________________ with delight whenever she scored a point. Related word Shout (noun) Words that are shouted.
140
Declare
Shout
Exclaim
Repeat
Whisper
Exclaim
Definition: Exclaim Exclaim: Say something suddenly and/or loudly as a result of a strong emotion such as anger, surprise, or fear. Verb Chart: Exclaim
Infinitive: to exclaim Present: I exclaim Present Continuous: I am exclaiming Future: I will exclaim Past: I exclaimed Past Continuous: I was exclaiming Present Perfect: I have exclaimed Past Perfect: I had exclaimed
Example sentences 1) They have exclaimed shock at the budget cuts but now they seem willing to live with them. 2) If you say that you are not happy with him, he'll exclaim that he had no idea there was a problem. 3) "Ouch!" exclaimed James when he hit his finger with the hammer. 4) Linda exclaims that she is sorry every time anything goes wrong, even if it is not her fault. 5) My brother came in just when my parents were exclaiming how delighted they were with his gift. 6) We were very pleased because she had exclaimed her satisfaction with our work several times. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Future) I have given up waiting for the day when he ________________ his appreciation for anything I do for him! 2) (Pres. Perf.) She is so self-controlled that she ________ never ____________ any emotional reaction to events around her. 3) (Present) Most children ________________ their excitement when given new toys. 4) (Past) We often ________________ how beautiful the scenery was while we were driving through the mountains. Related word Exclamation (noun) Words that are exclaimed.
141
Declare
Shout
Exclaim
Repeat
Whisper
Repeat
Definition: Repeat Repeat: (a) Say or do the same thing more than once; (b) say or do the same thing that somebody else has said or done. Verb Chart: Repeat
Infinitive: to repeat Present: I repeat Present Continuous: I am repeating Future: I will repeat Past: I repeated Past Continuous: I was repeating Present Perfect: I have repeated Past Perfect: I had repeated
Example sentences 1) The company was repeating the sales campaign that had succeeded so well the year before. (a) 2) Aroonee had repeated the same stage performance for many nights. (a) 3) Don't tell him anything that you do not want to be repeated. (b) 4) Khalil very carefully did not repeat anything that was said in the confidential meeting. (b) 5) The baby just repeats "Orange Juice!" until somebody brings some! (a) 6) If you explain your plan to us, you can be sure we will not repeat it to anyone else. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) I ________________ all the steps several times, but the computer still would not work. 2) (Future/negative) I feel sure she ________________ what she overheard in the elevator. 3) (Past) We ________________ our greeting several times until we finally got a response. 4) (Present) He often ________________ things that have been told to him as a secret. Related words Repetition (noun) The action of repeating something, or the thing that is repeated. With many repetitions.
Repetitious or Repetitive (adjective)
142
Declare
Shout
Exclaim
Repeat
Whisper
Whisper
Definition: Whisper Whisper: (a) Talk very quietly, usually so as to let one person hear you but not others; (b) criticize a person behind their back, or make secret plots. Verb Chart: Whisper
Infinitive: to whisper Present: I whisper Present Continuous: I am whispering Future: I will whisper Past: I whispered Past Continuous: I was whispering Present Perfect: I have whispered Past Perfect: I had whispered
Example sentences 1) If you want to tell me anything during the movie, please whisper. (a) 2) The employees are whispering about their new boss. (b) 3) Some unhappy competitors whispered that the winner had cheated. (b) 4) Has Lina whispered any good ideas into your ear yet? (a) 5) The dictator was afraid that people who opposed him might begin to whisper. (b) 6) Ezra knows that his aides will whisper suggestions to him during the meeting. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) The teacher was angry because some students ________________ to each other during the examination. 2) (Pres. Perf.) People ________________ that the last election was corrupt. 3) (Present) Be sure you ________________ if you have anything to say during the ceremony. 4) (Past) Revolutionaries ________________ their plans in small cafs around the city. Related word Whisper (noun) A tone of voice suitable for whispering.
143
Declare
Shout
Exclaim
Repeat
Whisper
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: had declared be prepared to justify your choice was shouting will repeat whispered exclaim
1) The mayor declared/shouted/whispered the building program a success. 2) Some members of the political party are likely to shout/exclaim/repeat what was agreed at the conference. 3) The first person to reach the top of the hill declared/shouted/exclaimed back down to those still at the bottom. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (declare / open) 2) (shout / welcome) 3) (exclaim / fright) 4) (repeat / gossip) 5) (whisper / secret) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
144
25: Publishing
Print
Publish
Edit
Illustrate
Post
Print
Definition: Print Print: (a) Make copies of a text or picture by pressing a stamp on paper, cloth etc., or by using computer equipment for the same effect; also, (b) write by hand with letters that are not joined together. Verb Chart: Print
Infinitive: to print Present: I print Present Continuous: I am printing Future: I will print Past: I printed Past Continuous: I was printing Present Perfect: I have printed Past Perfect: I had printed
Example sentences 1) You have to print your information on the application, to make sure it is easy to read. (b) 2) Our company prints advertizing flyers. (a) 3) Zohra is printing the homework assignment on the blackboard. (b) 4) The picture on the T-shirt was printed in three colours. (a) 5) The newspaper will not print your letter unless you sign your name. (a) 6) Edgar was still printing the menus when the first patrons entered the new restaurant. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) We usually ________________ our own greeting cards on the computer. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Who ________________ the posters for the conference? 3) (Past) The child ________________ a page of letters in order to practice the alphabet. 4) (Past Perf.) The letter might not have got lost if you ________________ the address. Related words Print (noun) Printer (noun) Print-out (noun) An artistic picture created by hand printing. A person who prints things for a living; also, a machine that prints things. A page printed by a computer printer.
145
25: Publishing
Print
Publish
Edit
Illustrate
Post
Publish
Definition: Publish Publish: (a) Print material on paper and then make it public by selling it or by distributing it in some other way; (b) more generally, make information known publicly. Verb Chart: Publish
Infinitive: to publish Present: I publish Present Continuous: I am publishing Future: I will publish Past: I published Past Continuous: I was publishing Present Perfect: I have published Past Perfect: I had published
Example sentences 1) The Lottery Corporation always publishes the names of grand prize winners. (b) 2) Now we are publishing the newspaper every day. (a) 3) Shakespeare's plays were first published in the seventeenth century. (a) 4) Have they published the results of the entrance examination yet? (b) 5) The media are not allowed to publish the names of children involved in crimes. (b) 6) As soon as the manuscript is finished, we will publish the book. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) Nowadays, it is easy ________________ information on the Worldwide Web. 2) (Present) Big universities often ________________ academic books. 3) (Pres. Cont.) My favorite author ________ now ______________ her novels with a different company. 4) (Past /negative) The police completed the investigation all right, but they ________________ the outcome. Related words Publisher (noun) Publication (noun) A person who has published something, or who publishes things for a living. The act of publishing something, or something that is published.
146
25: Publishing
Print
Publish
Edit
Illustrate
Post
Edit
Definition: Edit Edit: (a) Make a text, map or diagram ready to be printed and published by checking and correcting it; (b) do the same for a film or video before it is made public; (c) also, correct your own written work before passing it to a teacher, manager, etc. Verb Chart: Edit
Infinitive: to edit Present: I edit Present Continuous: I am editing Future: I will edit Past: I edited Past Continuous: I was editing Present Perfect: I have edited Past Perfect: I had edited
Example sentences 1) Connie admitted that she had not edited her essay very well before submitting it. (c) 2) In his new job, Zane will edit novels for a big publishing house. (a) 3) They edited the map in order to make it simpler to read. (a) 4) Excellent writers always edit their own work thoroughly. (c) 5) The team was editing the video before using it in the advertisement. (b) 6) Have you ever edited films for television or the cinema? (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) I'm sure they ________________ the text before publishing it. 2) (Past Cont.) Publication of the book was delayed while they ________________ the diagrams. 3) (Present) She ________________ movies in Hollywood. 4) (Past) He ________________ his report carefully before giving it to the boss. Related words Editor (noun) Edition (noun) A person who has edited something, or who edits things for a living. All the identical copies of a book (etc.) that are printed at the same time.
147
25: Publishing
Print
Publish
Edit
Illustrate
Post
Illustrate
Definition: Illustrate Illustrate: (a) Provide pictures, maps or diagrams to go with a written text; (b) make what you say or write clearer by giving examples. Verb Chart: Illustrate
Infinitive: to illustrate Present: I illustrate Present Continuous: I am illustrating Future: I will illustrate Past: I illustrated Past Continuous: I was illustrating Present Perfect: I have illustrated Past Perfect: I had illustrated
Example sentences 1) I started writing the next story while my partner was still illustrating the last one. (a) 2) Your talk would have been clearer if you had illustrated it with better examples. (b) 3) The next time I make a report to the board, I will illustrate my points with exact numbers. (b) 4) Katsuko also illustrated all the children's books that she wrote. (a) 5) Reza illustrates most of his public lectures with very witty personal stories. (b) 6) The artist is illustrating a book about the trees of South America. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) She said that she ________ never ____________ a textbook before. 2) (Future) I hope you ________________ what you mean with practical examples. 3) (Past) He ________________ his argument with actual cases. 4) (Inf.) In this company, we usually hire people ________________ the books we publish. Related words Illustrator (noun) Illustration (noun) A person who has illustrated something, or who illustrates things for a living. A picture, map, example, etc. used to illustrate something.
148
25: Publishing
Print
Publish
Edit
Illustrate
Post
Post
Definition: Post Post: (a) Put up a printed advertisement or announcement on a wall or in some other public place so that people will see it; (b) more generally, announce an employment opportunity, etc. publicly; also, (c) make information publicly available on the Internet. Verb Chart: Post
Infinitive: to post Present: I post Present Continuous: I am posting Future: I will post Past: I posted Past Continuous: I was posting Present Perfect: I have posted Past Perfect: I had posted
Example sentences 1) As a company policy, we post all employment opportunities on the Worldwide Web. (c) 2) I believe they will post that job opening soon. (b) 3) We posted notices all over town to announce the concert. (a) 4) Ilka has posted information about her lost cat in the stores near her house. (a) 5) Some people think companies should be obliged to post changes in their stock prices. (b) 6) Probably Brian will post his research results on his website. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) I heard they ________________ announcements of the student election on every bulletin board. 2) (Past Perf.) We were surprised at the small number of applications because we _____ ___________ the job advertisement on the company website. 3) (Future) ______ they ____________ the name of the person who gets hired? 4) (Past) The circus people ________________ announcements about their show a few days before they got into town. Related word Poster (noun) A paper announcement that can be posted on a wall, etc.
149
25: Publishing
Print
Publish
Edit
Illustrate
Post
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice was editing have posted am printing will publish illustrated
1) I hope to publish/edit/post the story of my travels in a book. 2) It is usually best to print/illustrate/post a lesson with interesting examples. 3) That company prints/edits/illustrates the grammar and style of advertizing copy. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (print / map) 2) (publish / magazine) 3) (edit / poetry) 4) (illustrate / encyclopedia) 5) (post / sign) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
150
26: Written Communication
Write
Type
Read
Spell
Sign
Write
Definition: Write Write: (a) Use a pen, pencil or other such tool to put letters or words on a surface such as paper; (b) plan and create a written document; also WRITE DOWN, (c) record specific information on paper. Verb Chart: Write
Infinitive: to write Present: I write Present Continuous: I am writing Future: I will write Past: I wrote Past Continuous: I was writing Present Perfect: I have written Past Perfect: I had written
Example sentences 1) I can already speak Persian but I would like to be able to write it, too. (a) 2) Geraldine writes manuals for computer programs. (b) 3) We have written down the directions to our house so that you can find us easily. (c) 4) Timothy wrote down the serial number for future reference. (c) 5) I hope she will write an account of her interesting travels in Central Africa. (b) 6) His letter is difficult to read because his ballpoint pen skipped a lot while he was writing. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) Why ______ you always ____________ in red ink? 2) (Pres. Cont.) The research is complete but I ______ still ____________ my report on it. 3) (Past) He ________________ his telephone number on a slip of paper for me. 4) (Pres. Perf.) ______ you ever ____________ a poem? Related words Writer (noun) Writing (noun) The person who wrote something, or a person who writes things for a living. Letters written on a page or other such surface (as in the first meaning, above).
Handwriting (noun) Letters written by hand on a page or other such surface, or a person's style of writing (both as in the first meaning, above).
151
Write
Type
Read
Spell
Sign
Type
Definition: Type Type: (a) Write by using a machine with a keyboard and hammers that print the letters on paper, although very often TYPE now also refers to using the keyboard of a computer with a wordprocessing program; also TYPE UP, (b) use either method of typing to create a finished document from notes written by hand or from a recording. Verb Chart: Type
Infinitive: to type Present: I type Present Continuous: I am typing Future: I will type Past: I typed Past Continuous: I was typing Present Perfect: I have typed Past Perfect: I had typed
Example sentences 1) I usually type all of my reports. (a) 2) He often listens to the radio while he is typing up his notes. (b) 3) It was Germaine who typed the announcements. (a) 4) Have you typed up the minutes of the meeting? (b) 5) Marcel has a rough draft of his essay but he still needs to type it up. (b) 6) She will probably type the final chapter of her book next week. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) Your notes are so difficult to read that it takes a long time ____________ them ______. 2) (Present) She ________________ every homework assignment she submits. 3) (Pres. Cont.) He ________________ a summary of the article. 4) (Past) I listened to the tape and ________________ a transcript of the conversation. Related words Typist (noun) A person who types things for a living.
Typewriter (noun) A machine with a keyboard and hammers, used for typing (as in the first part of the first definition, above).
152
Write
Type
Read
Spell
Sign
Read
Definition: Read Read: (a) Understand the meaning of written or printed material; (b) speak the words of written or printed material out loud; also, more generally, (c) get the meaning of any complicated thing, action or situation that requires skilled observation. NOTE: persons who cannot see are said to READ braille material with their fingertips, in either of meanings (a) or (b). Verb Chart: Read
Infinitive: to read Present: I read Present Continuous: I am reading Future: I will read Past: I read Past Continuous: I was reading Present Perfect: I have read Past Perfect: I had read
Example sentences 1) In this course we have read six textbooks so far! (a) 2) Mario will read a poem at the assembly. (b) 3) Khalifa won the golf tournament because she read the greens better than any other player. (c) 4) I read a lot. (a) 5) Everyone was silent while two students were reading a scene from Racine. (b) 6) They had read the behavior of the lion and they knew it might attack. (c) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) We ________________ that novel next term. 2) (Past Cont.) The phone rang while I ________________ the newspaper. 3) (Present) You will understand those instructions better if you ________________ them aloud. 4) (Past) I ________________ the tone of the meeting and it was clear that I should not make any suggestions at that time.
153
Write
Type
Read
Spell
Sign
Spell
Definition: Spell Spell: (a) Know and use the correct letters to write words; (b) say out loud the correct letters to write a word. Verb Chart: Spell
Infinitive: to spell Present: I spell Present Continuous: I am spelling Future: I will spell Past: I spelled Past Continuous: I was spelling Present Perfect: I have spelled Past Perfect: I had spelled
Example sentences 1) How do you spell the name of your street? (a) 2) Whoops! I spelled a couple of words wrong in this paragraph. (a) 3) If her little brother has trouble writing any long words, Margo will spell them for him. (b) 4) When placing that order by telephone, I spelled my name for the agent. (b) 5) Even native speakers do not know how to spell every single word in English. (a) 6) Julio does not know French; so, I am spelling the words for him and he is just typing them. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Pres. Perf.) Congratulations! You ________________ every word on the test correctly. 2) (Future) I ________________ the scientific name of the plant for you. 3) (Past) I could not get into the website because I ________________ the password wrong. 4) (Inf.) The winner of the contest will have ________________ several very difficult words. Related words Spelling (noun) Speller (noun) The way a word is spelled. A children's book that teaches how to spell.
154
Write
Type
Read
Spell
Sign
Sign
Definition: Sign Sign: (a) Write your name on a letter or other document, in order to show that it is yours or that you agree with it; also, (b) show letters, words or phrases by hand movements, so as to make communication possible for people who cannot speak and/or hear. Verb Chart: Sign
Infinitive: to sign Present: I sign Present Continuous: I am signing Future: I will sign Past: I signed Past Continuous: I was signing Present Perfect: I have signed Past Perfect: I had signed
Example sentences 1) The chief accountant signs all large checks for the company. (a) 2) An interpreter is signing for audience members who are deaf. (b) 3) Irandukht signed her name on the contract. (a) 4) Have you signed the application form? (a) 5) Those students are learning to sign in American Sign Language. (b) 6) If a deaf person is involved in a trial, the judge will contact Istvan, who will sign for them. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) The newspaper does not publish any letter unless the sender ________________ it. 2) (Pres. Perf.) That experienced interpreter ________________ at various events for more than ten years. 3) (Future/negative) I ________________ if I do not agree with the terms of the deal. 4) (Past) A representative from the Hearing Foundation ________________ for anyone who requested it at the conference. Related words Signature (noun) A person's name signed on a document (as in the first meaning, above), or the way a person signs their name.
155
Write
Type
Read
Spell
Sign
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice was typing have spelled had signed read am writing
1) Oh dear! I forgot to write/spell/sign the back of my new credit card. 2) In the evening, I often write/type/read a magazine. 3) Basically, I wrote the address correctly but I read/spelled/signed the name of the city slightly wrong. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (write / memo) 2) (type / letter) 3) (read / recipe) 4) (spell / technical word) 5) (sign / greeting card) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
156
27: Disbelief
Doubt
Disagree
Reject
Criticize
Protest
Doubt
Definition: Doubt Doubt: (a) Feel unsure about whether or not to believe something you see or hear, etc.; (b) feel unsure about what is best or possible to do. Verb Chart: Doubt
Infinitive: to doubt Present: I doubt Present Continuous: I am doubting Future: I will doubt Past: I doubted Past Continuous: I was doubting Present Perfect: I have doubted Past Perfect: I had doubted
Example sentences 1) Mansour was beginning to doubt that he should change jobs at that point in his career. (b) 2) I doubt the home team will win the championship. (a) 3) At first Ella was almost certain the jewelry box was genuine, but now she is doubting it more and more. (a) 4) We doubted it would be worth staying to the end of the movie, and so we went home. (b) 5) If the house is not re-painted, buyers will doubt they should pay what you are asking for it. (b) 6) Until then, the board of directors had never doubted the word of the manager. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) She ________________ she will pass that examination. 2) (Pres. Cont.) Why is he hesitating? Do you think he ________________ our promise to him? 3) (Past) We ________________ you would appreciate a visit from us at that time. 4) (Pres. Perf.) I ______ never ____________ that you could be trusted. Related words Doubt (noun) The feeling of doubting something. Causing somebody to feel doubt, because of being uncertain or unreliable.
Doubtful (adjective)
157
27: Disbelief
Doubt
Disagree
Reject
Criticize
Protest
Disagree
Definition: Disagree Disagree: (a) Think that what somebody says or suggests is incorrect or unwise; (b) say that what somebody says or suggests is incorrect or unwise; (c) quarrel with somebody. Verb Chart: Disagree
Infinitive: to disagree Present: I disagree Present Continuous: I am disagreeing Future: I will disagree Past: I disagreed Past Continuous: I was disagreeing Present Perfect: I have disagreed Past Perfect: I had disagreed
Example sentences 1) Stephanie may not have said anything, but I'm sure she disagrees. (a) 2) Why are you disagreeing so loudly with company policy. (b) 3) What happened? They disagreed and he just walked out! (c)
4) They don't seem to be talking to each other. Have they disagreed again? (c) 5) Ren may not exactly disagree with the idea, but I do not think he supports it very strongly. (a) 6) I will not disagree with you publicly, but I think your plan is wrong. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) Committee members must not ________________ with group decisions once they have been announced. 2) (Present) If you ________________ with any part of the program, please say so right away. 3) (Pres. Cont.) He is so bad-tempered that he ______ always ____________ with someone. 4) (Past) Perhaps she did have doubts about the contract, but she never ________________ with it publicly. Related words Disagreement (noun) The action of disagreeing, especially as in the first meaning, above; or, a quarrel (third meaning above). Disagreeable (adjective) Unpleasant.
158
27: Disbelief
Doubt
Disagree
Reject
Criticize
Protest
Reject
Definition: Reject Reject: (a) Refuse to accept a proposed explanation or plan with which you disagree; (b) refuse to accept a proposed gift or offer of service; (c) remove and/or throw away something because you judge that is has no real quality or usefulness. Verb Chart: Reject
Infinitive: to reject Present: I reject Present Continuous: I am rejecting Future: I will reject Past: I rejected Past Continuous: I was rejecting Present Perfect: I have rejected Past Perfect: I had rejected
Example sentences 1) Laetitia claimed that she had rejected the excuse because it was unbelievable. (a) 2) We will have to reject your offer of help unless you can arrange your own transportation. (b) 3) Many birds do not reject artificial eggs that are added to their nests. (c) 4) Because my boss wants to be impartial, she nicely but firmly rejects presents from employees. (b) 5) The quality control section rejected any products that did not meet company standards. (c) 6) Khalil's request for research funding has been rejected again. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) I know she ________________ my proposal of marriage if I do not have a job. 2) (Past Cont.) Last year it seemed that the company ________________ almost all employee suggestions for increased efficiency. 3) (Present) That charity ________________ donations from tobacco companies. 4) (Past) They sorted all the recycled materials and ________________ any they could not use. Related words Rejection (noun) The action of rejecting something, or the experience of being rejected.
159
27: Disbelief
Doubt
Disagree
Reject
Criticize
Protest
Criticize
Definition: Criticize Criticize: (a) Comment on what you think are the bad actions, features, appearance, etc. of a person or thing; (b) look carefully at a person or thing, so as to give an expert judgement. Verb Chart: Criticize
Infinitive: to criticize Present: I criticize Present Continuous: I am criticizing Future: I will criticize Past: I criticized Past Continuous: I was criticizing Present Perfect: I have criticized Past Perfect: I had criticized
Example sentences 1) Preeda would be a more effective organizer if he was not always criticizing everything. (a) 2) He said he received a low grade because he had criticized his teacher. (a) 3) I have to criticize either Romeo and Juliet or The Tempest in my literature essay. (b) 4) We criticized the team for playing poorly, not for losing. (a) 5) As a movie reviewer, Samira criticizes films in the newspaper every Tuesday and Friday. (b) 6) The program evaluator is criticizing the good and bad aspects of our operations. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) They ______ usually ____________ my successes and failures in a fair way. 2) (Future) He ________________ you for sure if you do not take his advice. 3) (Past) She ________________ the course for being boring. 4) (Present) Good managers ________________ their own performance in order to improve it. Related words Critic (noun) Somebody who criticizes. The action of criticizing, or (only in the first sense, above) a reason for criticizing. Giving criticism; also, very important, or essential.
Criticism (noun) Critical (adjective)
160
27: Disbelief
Doubt
Disagree
Reject
Criticize
Protest
Protest
Definition: Protest Protest: (a) Strongly say that you think some thing or idea is wrong or unsatisfactory; (b) take some action to make it known that you do not agree with some thing or idea. Verb Chart: Protest
Infinitive: to protest Present: I protest Present Continuous: I am protesting Future: I will protest Past: I protested Past Continuous: I was protesting Present Perfect: I have protested Past Perfect: I had protested
Example sentences 1) On the radio news a politician said, "I protest the reduction in school funding!" (a) 2) Parents and children held a march to protest the reduction in school funding. (b) 3) The government protested that it had no more money for school funding. (a) 4) Those people with signs are protesting the reduction in school funding. (b) 5) We have protested against the school funding cuts in every committee meeting. (a) 6) If school funding is not increased, people will likely protest in the streets. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) We passed the factory, where striking workers ________________ their low wages. 2) (Past Perf.) The plan was approved, even though I ________________ that it would not work. 3) (Future) They ______ probably ____________, but I bet there will be no change in the policy. 4) (Past) Environmentalists ________________ against logging in that area by chaining themselves to trees. Related words Protest (noun) Words or actions meant to protest, or an event meant to protest. A person who protests (especially as in the second meaning, above).
Protester / Protestor (noun)
161
27: Disbelief
Doubt
Disagree
Reject
Criticize
Protest
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence had rejected be prepared to justify your choice will doubt protested to disagree criticize
1) Most spectators doubted/disagreed/rejected with the referee s judgement. 2) It may be necessary to disagree/criticize/protest against the decision if it is unreasonable. 3) I only doubt/reject/criticize my colleagues when I think that they could improve their performance. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (doubt / capacity) 2) (disagree / suggestion) 3) (reject / apology) 4) (criticize / novel) 5) (protest / new road) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
162
28: Continuity
Continue
Persist
Keep on
Pause
Cease
Continue
Definition: Continue Continue: (a) Stay the same as before, or not stop doing the same thing as before; (b) still exist. Verb Chart: Continue
Infinitive: to continue Present: I continue Present Continuous: I am continuing Future: I will continue Past: I continued Past Continuous: I was continuing Present Perfect: I have continued Past Perfect: I had continued
Example sentences 1) We expect that great family to continue for many generations (b) 2) Yasser will surely be hired full-time if he continues to be so productive. (a) 3) This strange weather has already continued without change for more than a month. (a) 4) Various administrative problems continued all through the time when he was the manager. (b) 5) Journalists are wondering if the government will continue for another year. (b) 6) They were pleased to see that Potjanee was continuing to do excellent work. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) Those cornflakes ________________ to be the best-selling brand. 2) (Pres. Cont.) I understand that the company ________________ to earn record profits. 3) (Past) A strong market for the Beatles music ________________ from the 1970's into the new century. 4) (Pres. Perf.) The reign of the King of Thailand ________________ for more than fifty years now. Related words Continuation (noun) Continuity (noun) Something that comes after another thing and makes it continue.
The quality of continuing in a regular way.
163
28: Continuity
Continue
Persist
Keep on
Pause
Cease
Persist
Definition: Persist Persist: (a) Refuse to stop doing something, or refuse to change, even when the situation seems to make it difficult to continue; (b), refuse to stop or change, even though you are causing inconvenience or anger. Verb Chart: Persist
Infinitive: to persist Present: I persist Present Continuous: I am persisting Future: I will persist Past: I persisted Past Continuous: I was persisting Present Perfect: I have persisted Past Perfect: I had persisted
Example sentences 1) My mother persists in treating me like a baby, even though I've asked her to stop. (b) 2) The work is very difficult but Kendra is persisting in her studies. (a) 3) Those naughty children have persisted in stealing apples from our garden. (b) 4) Despite the low probability of finding survivors, the rescue party's optimism persisted. (a) 5) Brad is known for his willingness to persist when the going gets tough. (a) 6) I hope you will not persist in blowing that horn. It's driving me crazy! (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Inf.) How can anybody expect employee loyalty ________________ when the company treats its workers so badly? 2) (Present) Do you hear me? If you ________________, you will be punished! 3) (Pres. Cont.) We have asked him to stop, but he ________________ all the same. 4) (Past) They earned a lot of respect because they ________________ so courageously. Related word Persistence (noun) Ability or willingness to persist.
164
28: Continuity
Continue
Persist
Keep on
Pause
Cease
Keep on
Definition: Keep on Keep on: (a) Refuse to stop doing something, even when the situation seems to make it difficult for you to continue; (b), refuse to stop, even though you are causing inconvenience or anger (similar to the two meanings of PERSIST, above, but with a focus only on actions). Verb Chart: Keep on
Infinitive: to keep on Present: I keep on Present Continuous: I am keeping on Future: I will keep on Past: I kept on Past Continuous: I was keeping on Present Perfect: I have kept on Past Perfect: I had kept on
Example sentences 1) They have kept on criticizing their boss for so long that I'm sure some revenge will follow. (b) 2) I have not succeeded yet but I will keep on trying. (a) 3) We kept on pushing the car until we got it out of the mud. (a) 4) Cory keeps on calling her, but I'm afraid he is just making her angrier. (b) 5) They complained because the store was keeping on sending them junk mail. (b) 6) When things look impossible, Geeta's usual reaction is to keep on looking for ways to solve the problem. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) We anticipate that she ________________ re-taking the test until she passes. 2) (Past Cont.) They were annoyed at their neighbour, who ________________ playing the radio full blast after midnight. 3) (Present) If I ________________ making suggestions, I think he'll simply get annoyed. 4) (Past) He ________________ re-mounting the horse each time he was thrown off its back.
165
28: Continuity
Continue
Persist
Keep on
Pause
Cease
Pause
Definition: Pause Pause: (a) Stop doing something for a short time before starting again; (b) wait for a short time before doing something, in order to decide if it is a good idea, or how to do it. Verb Chart: Pause
Infinitive: to pause Present: I pause Present Continuous: I am pausing Future: I will pause Past: I paused Past Continuous: I was pausing Present Perfect: I have paused Past Perfect: I had paused
Example sentences 1) The scary thought of a wild ride on the roller coaster made me pause before getting on. (b) 2) The manager was unhappy with me because I had paused a few times during my shift. (a) 3) Will you pause here a moment for a cool drink before continuing on your way? (a) 4) He paused briefly and then started to climb the dangerous cliff. (b) 5) She usually pauses quite a long time before making each of her moves in the game. (b) 6) My homework is not finished yet; I'm just pausing to think about the next question. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Pres. Perf.) This is heavy work. ________ you ____________ yet for a breather? 2) (Future) Watch! The acrobat ________ hardly ____________ before jumping into the air. 3) (Past) Every election candidate's campaign ________________ on the national holiday. 4) (Inf.) We should probably let the contestants ________________ before answering each question. Related word Pause (noun) A time of pausing.
166
28: Continuity
Continue
Persist
Keep on
Pause
Cease
Cease
Definition: Cease Cease: Stop doing something, with the idea of not starting again. Verb Chart: Cease
Infinitive: to cease Present: I cease Present Continuous: I am ceasing Future: I will cease Past: I ceased Past Continuous: I was ceasing Present Perfect: I have ceased Past Perfect: I had ceased
Example sentences 1) If Hendrik ceases practicing now, he will never become an excellent guitarist. 2) We're just taking a break, we're not ceasing entirely. 3) Petra ceased having nightmares when she bought a new mattress. 4) Has the monsoon season now ceased for this year? 5) The teacher in the classroom next door insisted that we cease making so much noise. 6) I will not cease trying to catch the winning fish until the day the competition ends. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Past Cont.) I heard you ________________ taking piano lessons. Is that so? 2) (Past Perf.) For some reason he still kept his shotgun long after he ________________ going hunting. 3) (Future) I wonder when the thunderstorm ________________. 4) (Past) They ________________ asking questions but I think they were still worried. Related word Cessation (noun) The action of ceasing.
167
28: Continuity
Continue
Persist
Keep on
Pause
Cease
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice persisted was pausing continue am ceasing to keep on
1) It is important to continue/persist in/cease doing strenuous work if you develop heart trouble. 2) He often keeps on/pauses/ceases before diving from the high board. 3) She persisted in/paused/ceased practicing on her violin even though we had asked her to stop for a while. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (continue / to play) 2) (persist / interfering) 3) (keep on / driving) 4) (pause / lesson) 5) (cease / annoying) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
168
29: Possibility
Could
May
Might
Would
Tend
Could
Definition: Could Could: This modal verb gives the idea that something is possible, but with a suggestion that (a) there is a little doubt about the possibility, or (b) the possibility requires that some other condition be met. Also, COULD is sometimes used as (c) a more polite substitute for CAN (see Book I). Verb Chart: Could
Infinitive: ---------Present: could Present Continuous: ---------Future: ---------Past: could Past Continuous: ---------Present Perfect: ---------Past Perfect: ---------Example sentences 1) Could I please have more cake? (c) 2) I could be here again tomorrow, but only if there is no ice storm overnight. (b) 3) Lek said he could go but he sounded somewhat uncertain about it. (a) 4) Do you think you could move your chair forward a bit? (c) 5) We could invest more money in the plan if we had more details. (b) 6) I'm not sure; perhaps I could help. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) I'm sure he ________________ contribute a lot, if only he would make a commitment. 2) (Present) ________________ I sit at this table? 3) (Past) We found that, when she took her time, she ________________ do excellent work. 4) (Present) It's nice and sunny now but clouds ________________ come over at any moment.
169
29: Possibility
Could
May
Might
Would
Tend
May
Definition: May May: This modal verb gives the idea either (a) that something is permitted, or (b) that something is possible. Verb Chart: May
Infinitive: ---------Present: may Present Continuous: ---------Future: ---------Past: might Past Continuous: ----------Present Perfect: ----------Past Perfect: -----------Example sentences 1) She said she might be here if the weather was good. (b) 2) May I have this dance? (a) 3) It may be stormy again tonight. (b) 4) Each day last week, we thought there might be a test. (b) 5) My neighbours said I might use their swimming pool whenever I wanted. (a) 6) I may borrow my brother's bicycle so long as I let him know in advance. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) ________________ we come in? 2) (Present) I bought good seeds; so, we ________________ have an excellent crop. 3) (Past) There were no streetlights and we were worried that the car ________________ hit a pothole. 4) (Present) You ________________ have as many refills of coffee as you wish. Related word Maybe (adverb) Perhaps.
170
29: Possibility
Could
May
Might
Would
Tend
Might
Definition: Might Might: This modal verb gives the idea that something is either (a) permitted (but with less firm permission than the first meaning of MAY, above), or (b) possible (but with less probability than the second meaning of MAY, above). Verb Chart: Might
Infinitive: ---------Present: might Present Continuous: -----------Future: ---------Past: ---------Past Continuous: ----------Present Perfect: ---------Past Perfect: ---------Example sentences 1) You might at least have the courtesy to close the door! (b) 2) Might I take another chocolate? (a) 3) Wow! I hear there might be a hurricane! (b) 4) Even though there has been no damage for fifty years, we still need lightning rods on the house because lightning just might strike. (b) 5) Might we take the liberty of inviting you to join us at our table? (a) 6) Might my friend come with us to the party? (a) Use the verb matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the definition it
1) What ________________ happen if war broke out? 2) ________________ I look at the vase more closely? 3) If you look after your health very carefully, you ________________ live to one hundred. 4) The bridge looks solid but it ________________ break at any moment.
171
29: Possibility
Could
May
Might
Would
Tend
Would
Definition: Would Would: This modal verb (a) gives the idea that something definitely will happen if a certain condition is met (stronger than the second meaning of COULD, above); also, (b) it is used to make polite requests or offers. Verb Chart: Would
Infinitive: ---------Present: would Present Continuous: ---------Future: ---------Past: would Past Continuous: ---------Present Perfect: ---------Past Perfect: ---------Example sentences 1) We would gladly be more helpful if only you explained things better! (a) 2) Would you like me to take your coat? (b) 3) Would you please move your chair a little? (b) 4) The restaurant would do better if the menu were more varied. (a) 5) Would these seats be suitable, sir? (b) 6) I knew they would be happier with the house when the patio was finished. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past) We tidied up the living room because we thought my parent ________________ be more comfortable that way. 2) (Present) You ________________ be warmer if you wore a thicker coat. 3) (Present) ________________ you kindly turn the CD player down, please? 4) (Present) What ________________ you like to drink?
172
29: Possibility
Could
May
Might
Would
Tend
Tend
Definition: Tend Tend: Be likely to do something, either by habit or by preference. Verb Chart: Tend
Infinitive: to tend Present: I tend Present Continuous: I am tending Future: I will tend Past: I tended Past Continuous: I was tending Present Perfect: I have tended Past Perfect: I had tended
Example sentences 1) We both tend to drive to work on the highway these days. 2) I'm not sure about that contract but I'm tending to suspect it may not be a good idea. 3) It is no surprise that Yuri was fired. He always tended to be late with his reports. 4) Normally we have tended to be lenient with speeding, but 30 miles over the limit is ridiculous! 5) Mitzi likes things to be very clear; so, she may tend to be unsympathetic to such a vague plan. 6) When given a choice of holiday destinations, I will always tend to select the one with fewer people around. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Past Cont.) I thought the boss ________________ to see things my way, but then everything changed! 2) (Past Perf.) They ________________ to overlook their child's misbehavoir until that major problem arose. 3) (Future) Those supports ________________ to break if they are twisted. 4) (Present) Most people ________________ to eat too much at Christmas, and then they have to diet. Related word Tendency (noun) Something that a person or thing is likely to do on account of the character of the person or the quality of the thing.
173
29: Possibility
Could
May
Might
Would
Tend
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence be prepared to justify your choice was tending could would may might
1) Yes, you could/may/would have the new computer you have been wanting for so long. 2) In the morning, he could/would/tends to eat very little. 3) I heard that the company might/would/tends expand next year, but it does not seem likely to me. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (could / melt) 2) (may / take) 3) (might / cook) 4) (would / stay) 5) (tend / rush) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
174
30: Futurity
Will
Want to
Plan
Expect
Anticipate
Will
Definition: Will Will: This modal verb gives the idea of (a) the future, sometimes with the added suggestion (b) that you are determined to do something or that you insist that something must be the case. Verb Chart: Will
Infinitive: ---------Present: will Present Continuous: ---------Future: ---------Past: would Past Continuous: ---------Present Perfect: ---------Past Perfect: ---------Example sentences 1) They want me to stop, but I will continue anyway. (b) 2) Today the sun will set at 8:26 pm. (a) 3) When did you say the coffee would be ready? (a) 4) Stop arguing: I've decided that Karen will stay on the team whether you like it or not! (b) 5) Hugh promised that he would come, even if the roads were bad. (b) 6) With all this homework to do, I'm afraid I will be here for at least another hour. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Present) We ________________ probably arrive before 9:00 am. 2) (Present/negative) He is so stubborn that he ________________ give up. 3) (Past) I knew the train ________________ be late. 4) (Present) There is no point in trying to escape this tough assignment. The boss says you ________________ accept it, and that's that!
175
30: Futurity
Will
Want to
Plan
Expect
Anticipate
Want to
Definition: Want to Want to: Have a desire to do something. Verb Chart: Want to
Infinitive: to want to Present: want to Present Continuous: am wanting to Future: will want to Past: wanted to Past Continuous: was wanting to Present Perfect: have wanted to Past Perfect: had wanted to
Example sentences 1) They could not go to that class but I still want to. 2) The more I hear about Brazil, the more I'm wanting to get on a plane and go there! 3) We all knew that Rajkumar wanted to move into an apartment. 4) Sawolak has wanted to live in the capital city for a long time, but it has never been possible. 5) It is unwise to want things that may end up doing you harm rather than good. 6) When consumers know more about this product, I'm sure most of them will want to buy it. Use the forms of the verb 1) (Inf.) I guess I should ________________ earn a lot of money, but in fact I don't. 2) (Present) Who ________________ come for a ride in my new car? 3) (Past Perf.) He ________________ get that promotion for almost a year before it came to him. 4) (Past /negative) We invited her to join us but she said she ________________.
176
30: Futurity
Will
Want to
Plan
Expect
Anticipate
Plan
Definition: Plan Plan: (a) Figure out in detail how to do something or to cause something to happen; (b) have an intention to do something or to cause something to happen. Verb Chart: Plan
Infinitive: to plan Present: I plan Present Continuous: I am planning Future: I will plan Past: I planned Past Continuous: I was planning Present Perfect: I have planned Past Perfect: I had planned
Example sentences 1) That was the most complicated project we had ever planned. (a) 2) If you give me the list of places you want to visit, I will plan your trip. (a) 3) Evelyn was very busy and so she planned to keep her office door closed all afternoon. (b) 4) We plan to take a few days off next week. (b) 5) I believe the company was planning to expand that branch if demand stayed strong. (b) 6) Jaffar has already planned several big shows and so this one should be easy for him. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Future) ______ you ____________ the reception for me, please? 2) (Past Cont.) He said he ________________ to have a surprise party for his wife. 3) (Present) She ________________ to retire early. 4) (Past Perf.) The concert turned out even better than we ________________. Related words Plan (noun) An idea or a document about how to do or make something (as in the first meaning, above), or about what should be done (as in the second meaning, above). Planner (noun) A person who plans something or who makes official plans for a living.
177
30: Futurity
Will
Want to
Plan
Expect
Anticipate
Expect
Definition: Expect Expect: (a) Think that something is very likely to happen sooner or later; (b) wait for something to happen quite soon. Verb Chart: Expect
Infinitive: to expect Present: I expect Present Continuous: I am expecting Future: I will expect Past: I expected Past Continuous: I was expecting Present Perfect: I have expected Past Perfect: I had expected
Example sentences 1) Raoul said he expected that the dam would eventually burst. (a) 2) They had expected me to arrive as late as March or April; so, when I got there in January, they were quite surprised. (a) 3) People who buy stocks that are already rising will usually expect quick profits. (b) 4) Nora was expecting to leave for Denmark when she learned that her cousin was sick. (b) 5) We cannot expect that every little acorn will grow into a mighty oak. (a) 6) I am expecting a letter from the bank any day now. (b) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Perf.) The noise was louder than I ________________. 2) (Future) Once you get your office set up, I ________________ you to start work. 3) (Past) They ________________ their car to wear out, of course, but not in the first year! 4) (Pres. Cont.) We ________________ a visit from our children. Related word Expectation (noun) Something that a person expects.
178
30: Futurity
Will
Want to
Plan
Expect
Anticipate
Anticipate
Definition: Anticipate Anticipate: (a) Think that something is going to happen; (b) do something yourself in advance of something else that you expect will happen. Verb Chart: Anticipate
Infinitive: to anticipate Present: I anticipate Present Continuous: I am anticipating Future: I will anticipate Past: I anticipated Past Continuous: I was anticipating Present Perfect: I have anticipated Past Perfect: I had anticipated
Example sentences 1) Meteorologists anticipate that the earth will become warmer. (a) 2) Up-to-date protection software will anticipate attacks by most computer viruses. (b) 3) Andrew had anticipated that the company might close. (a) 4) Rasa anticipated the cold snap by getting out her thickest sweater. (b) 5) I hope the company will take measures to anticipate the risk of an economic slump. (b) 6) They are anticipating the party with great excitement. (a) Use the forms of the verb definition it matches after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the
1) (Past Cont.) The optimistic shopkeeper ________________ a very good year. 2) (Inf.) They built ponds for water storage as a way ________________ the drought that would surely come one year or another. 3) (Present) Usually, students ________________ doing a certain amount of homework every evening. 4) (Past) We ________________ the enemy attack by increasing our fortifications. Related word Anticipation (noun) The feeling of anticipating something (as in the first meaning, above).
179
30: Futurity
Will
Want to
Plan
Expect
Anticipate
Review Activities
Complete the table Infinitive: Present: Present Continuous: Future: Past: Past Continuous: Present Perfect: Past Perfect: Choose the best verb for each sentence had planned be prepared to justify your choice would will want to to expect anticipate
1) The team wants to/plans/expects hold a farewell party at the end of the season. 2) I said that I would/wanted to/anticipated donating money to the hospital. 3) You should plan/expect/anticipate to have a few problems whenever you install new software. Write your own sentences using the prompts 1) (will / buy) 2) (want to / play) 3) (plan / vacation) 4) (expect / trouble) 5) (anticipate / snowstorm) Write your own list of words with similar meanings
180
Housekeeping
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Clean 1) cleans (a) 2) are cleaning up (b) 3) cleaned up (b) 4) have not cleaned (a) Wash 1) to wash 2) washes 3) is washing 4) washed Dry 1) will dry (b) 2) was drying (a) 3) to dry (b) 4) dried (a) Sweep 1) had swept (a) 2) will sweep (a) 3) swept (b) 4) sweep (c) Tidy up 1) was tidying up (a) 2) had tidied up (b) 3) will tidy up (a) 4) tidied up (b) Review Complete the table Clean: to clean, clean, am cleaning, will clean, cleaned, was cleaning, have cleaned, had cleaned Wash: to wash, wash, am washing, will wash, washed, was washing, have washed, had washed Dry: to dry, dry, am drying, will dry, dried, was drying, have dried, had dried Sweep: to sweep, sweep, am sweeping, will sweep, swept, was sweeping, have swept, had swept Tidy up: to tidy up, tidy up, am tidying up, will tidy up, tidied up, was tidying up, have tidied up, had tidied up Choose the best verb 1) wash 2) clean 3) sweep may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
181
Managing Money
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Cost 1) costs (a) 2) is costing (b) 3) cost (a) 4) has cost (b) Earn 1) to earn (b) 2) earns (a) 3) is earning (b) 4) earned (b) Afford 1) afford (a) 2) afford (b) 3) afford (b) 4) afford (a) Spend 1) had spent (b) 2) will not spend (a) 3) spent (b) 4) spends (a) Owe 1) to owe (b) 2) had owed (b) 3) will owe (a) 4) owed (c) Review Complete the table Cost: to cost, cost, am costing, will cost, cost, was costing, have costed, had costed Earn: to earn, cost, am costing, will cost, costed, was costing, have costed, had costed Afford: to afford, -----, -----, -----, -----, -----, ----Spend: to spend, spend, am spending, will spend, spent, was spending, have spent, had spent Owe: to owe, -----, am owing, will owe, owed, -----, have owed, had owed Choose the best verb 1) cost 2) afford 3) earned may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
182
Attaching Things
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Fasten 1) fastens (a) 2) is fastening (b) 3) to fasten (b) 4) have fastened (a) Nail 1) to nail 2) do not nail 3) is nailing 4) nailed Pin 1) will pin (a) 2) was pinning (a) 3) is pinned down (b) 4) pinned (a) Tie up 1) had been tied up (c) 2) will tie up (a) 3) tied up (b) 4) ties up (a) Wrap 1) was wrapping 2) had wrapped 3) will wrap 4) wrapped Review Complete the table Fasten: to fasten, fasten, am fastening, will fasten, fastened, was fastening, have fastened, had fastened Nail: to nail, nail, am nailing, will nail, nailed, was nailing, have nailed, had nailed Pin: to pin, pin, am pinning, will pin, pinned, was pinning, have pinned, had pinned Tie up: to tie up, tie up, am tying up, will tie up, tied up, was tying up, have tied up, had tied up Wrap: to wrap, wrap, am wrapping, will wrap, wrapped, was wrapping, have wrapped, had wrapped Choose the best verb 1) nail 2) wrapped 3) pin may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
183
Moving Things Around
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Send 1) send (a) 2) is sending (b) 3) sent (a) 4) has sent (b) Mail 1) to mail 2) mails 3) is mailing 4) mailed Pack 1) will pack (a) 2) were packing (d) 3) pack (b) 4) packed (c) Transport 1) had transported 2) will transport 3) transported 4) transport Load 1) was loading (a) 2) had loaded (a) 3) will load (c) 4) loaded (b) Review Complete the table Send: to send, send, am sending, will send, sent, was sending, have sent, had sent Mail: to mail, mail, am mailing, will mail, mailed, was mailing, have mailed, had mailed Pack: to pack, pack, am packing, will pack, packed, was packing, have packed, had packed Transport: to transport, transport, am transporting, will transport, transported, was transporting, have transported, had transported Load: to load, load, am loading, will load, loaded, was loading, have loaded, had loaded Choose the best verb 1) mailed 2) send 3) packing may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
184
Foot Travel
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Walk 1) walks 2) are walking 3) walked 4) have walked Step 1) to step (a) 2) steps up (c) 3) was stepping (a) 4) stepped up to (b) March 1) will march (a) 2) was marching (b) 3) marches (a) 4) marched (b) Skip 1) skipped (c) 2) will skip (b) 3) skipped (b) 4) skips (a) Stroll 1) was strolling 2) had strolled 3) will stroll 4) strolled Review Complete the table Walk: to walk, walk, am walking, will walk, walked, was walking, have walked, had walked Step: to step, step, am stepping, will step, stepped, was stepping, have stepped, had stepped March: to march, march, am marching, will march, marched, was marching, have marched, had marched Skip: to skip, skip, am skipping, will skip, skipped, was skipping, have skipped, had skipped Stroll: to stroll, stroll, am strolling, will stroll, strolled, was strolling, have strolled, had strolled Choose the best verb 1) skip 2) stepping 3) walked may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
185
Going Out
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Go out 1) does not go out (a) 2) are going out (a) 3) went out with (b) 4) has gone out with (b) Accompany 1) to accompany 2) accompanies 3) is accompanying 4) accompanied Dress 1) will dress or will dress up (a) 2) was dressing (b) 3) dress (c) 4) dressed (a) Take in 1) had taken in 2) will not take in 3) took in 4) takes in Reserve 1) was reserving (a) 2) had reserved (a) 3) will be reserved (b) 4) reserved (a) Review Complete the table Go out: to go out, go out, am going out, will go out, went out, was going out, have gone out, had gone out Accompany: to accompany, accompany, am accompanying, will accompany, accompanied, was accompanying, have accompanied, had accompanied Dress: to dress, dress, am dressing, will dress, dressed, was dressing, have dressed, had dressed Take in: to take in, take in, am taking in, will take in, took in, was taking in, have taken in, had taken in Reserve: to reserve, reserve, am reserving, will reserve, reserved, was reserving, have reserved, had reserved Choose the best verb 1) went out 2) take in 3) reserved may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
186
Friends
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Meet 1) meets (b) 2) is meeting (c) 3) met (a) 4) have met (a) Get together 1) to get together (a) 2) get together (b) 3) are getting together (b) 4) got together (a) Quarrel 1) Will quarrel 2) were quarrelling 3) quarrels 4) quarrelled Break up 1) had broken up (a) 2) will break up (a) 3) broke up (b) 4) breaks up (b) Make up 1) had made up my mind (b) 2) has made up her mind (b) 3) will make up (a) 4) made up (a) Review Complete the table Meet: to meet, meet, am meeting, will meet, met, was meeting, have met, had met Get together: to get together, get together, am getting together, will get together, got together, was getting together, have got together, had got together Quarrel: to quarrel, quarrel, am quarrelling, will quarrel, quarrelled, was quarrelling, have quarrelled, had quarrelled Break up: to break up, break up, am breaking up, will break up, broke up, was breaking up, have broken up, had broken up Make up: to make up, make up, am making up, will make up, made up, was making up, have made up, had made up Choose the best verb 1) broke up 2) quarrelling 3) meets may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
187
Conversations
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Ask 1) ask (a) 2) will ask (b) 3) asked (a) 4) have asked for (c) Request 1) to request (b) 2) request (b) 3) is requesting (a) 4) requested (a) Answer 1) will answer (a) 2) was answering (a) 3) answers (b) 4) did not answer (b) Speak 1) was speaking (b) 2) will speak (b) 3) did not speak (a) 4) speaks (a) Say 1) was saying (a) 2) had said (b) 3) says (c) 4) said (b) Review Complete the table Ask: to ask, ask, am asking, will ask, asked, was asking, have asked, had asked Request: to request, request, am requesting, will request, requested, was requesting, have requested, had requested Answer: to answer, answer, am answering, will answer answered, was answering, have answered, had answered Speak: to speak, speak, am speaking, will speak, spoke, was speaking, have spoken, had spoken Say: to say, say, am saying, will say, said, was saying, have said, had said Choose the best verb 1) said 2) ask 3) requesting may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
188
Groups
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Include 1) includes (c) 2) are including (a) 3) did not include (b) 4) has included (b) Exclude 1) will exclude (a) 2) excludes (c) 3) is excluding (b) 4) excluded (c) Participate 1) will participate 2) was participating 3) participate 4) participated Involve 1) was involved or got involved (c) 2) will involve (b) 3) involved (a) 4) involve (a) Associate 1) associated (c) 2) had associated (a) 3) will be associated (b) 4) associate (a) Review Complete the table Include: to include, include, am including, will include, included, was including, have included, had included Exclude: to exclude, exclude, am excluding, will exclude, excluded, was excluding, have excluded, had excluded Participate: to participate, participate, am participating, will participate, participated, was participating, have participated, had participated Involve: to involve, involve, am involving, will involve, involved, was involving, have involved, had involved Associate: to associate, associate, am associating, will associate, associated, was associating, have associated, had associated Choose the best verb 1) include 2) involve 3) associate may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
189
10
Managing People
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Encourage 1) encourages (a) 2) is encouraging (a) 3) encouraged (b) 4) has encouraged (b) Influence 1) to influence (a) 2) influence (b) 3) is influencing (b) 4) influenced (a) Manage 1) will manage (b) 2) was managing (a) 3) manage (b) 4) managed (a) Train 1) had trained (c) 2) will train (b) 3) trained (a) 4) trains (a) Treat 1) treated (a) 2) had been treated (a) 3) will treat (b) 4) treats (b) Review Complete the table Encourage: to encourage, encourage, am encouraging, will encourage, encouraged, was encouraging, have encouraged, had encouraged Influence: to influence, influence, am influencing, will influence, influenced, was influencing, have influenced, had influenced Manage: to manage, manage, am managing, will manage, managed, was managing, have managed, had managed Train: to train, train, am training, will train, trained, was training, have trained, had trained Treat: to treat, treat, am treating, will treat, treated, was treating, have treated, had treated Choose the best verb 1) influenced 2) managed 3) encouraged may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
190
11
Winning and Losing
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Win 1) win (a) 2) is winning (a) 3) won (b) 4) have won (b) Defeat 1) to defeat (b) 2) defeats (a) 3) is defeating (a) 4) defeated (b) Beat 1) will beat (a) 2) was beating (b) 3) beats (a) 4) beat (c) Lose 1) had lost (b) 2) will lose (a) 3) lost (c) 4) lose (b) Go down 1) was going down (b) 2) had gone down to defeat (a) 3) will go down (b) 4) went down (a) Review Complete the table Win: to win, win, am winning, will win, won, was winning, have won, had won Defeat: to defeat, defeat, am defeating, will defeat, defeated, was defeating, have defeated, had defeated Beat: to beat, beat, am beating, will beat, beat, was beating, have beaten, had beaten Lose: to lose, lose, am losing, will lose, lost, was losing, have lost, had lost Go down: to go down, go down, am going down, will go down, went down, was going down, have gone down, had gone down Choose the best verb 1) lost 2) beats 3) defeated may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
191
12
Strategy
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Control 1) controls (a) 2) are controlling (b) 3) controlled (b) 4) have controlled (a) Direct 1) to direct (b) 2) directs (a) 3) is directing (b) 4) directed (b) Guard 1) will guard (a) 2) were guarding (b) 3) to guard (a) 4) guarded (c) Fool 1) had fooled 2) will fool 3) fooled 4) fools Trap 1) was trapping (a) 2) had trapped (b) 3) will trap (b) 4) trapped (a) Review Complete the table Control: to control, control, am controlling, will control, controlled, was controlling, have controlled, had controlled Direct: to direct, direct, am directing, will direct, directed, was directing, have directed, had directed Guard: to guard, guard, am guarding, will guard, guarded, was guarding, have guarded, had guarded Fool: to fool, fool, am fooling, will fool, fooled, was fooling, have fooled, had fooled Trap: to trap, trap, am trapping, will trap, trapped, was trapping, have trapped, had trapped Choose the best verb 1) trap 2) control 3) guard may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
192
13
Success and Failure
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Succeed 1) do not succeed (b) 2) is succeeding (b) 3) succeeded (a) 4) am succeeding (a) Accomplish 1) to accomplish 2) accomplish 3) is accomplishing 4) accomplished Complete 1) will complete (a) 2) complete (b) 3) completes (a) 4) completed (b) Fail 1) had failed (a) 2) will fail (a) 3) failed (b) 4) fails (c) Fall short 1) was falling short 2) has fallen short 3) will fall short 4) fell short Review Complete the table Succeed: to succeed, succeed, am succeeding, will succeed, succeeded, was succeeding, have succeeded, had succeeded Accomplish: to accomplish, accomplish, am accomplishing, will accomplish, accomplished, was accomplishing, have accomplished, had accomplished Complete: to complete, complete, am completing, will complete, completed, was completing, have completed, had completed Fail: to fail, fail, am failing, will fail, failed, was failing, have failed, had failed Fall short: to fall short, fall short, am falling short, will fall short, fell short, was falling short, have fallen short, had fallen short Choose the best verb 1) succeed 2) falling short 3) accomplish may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
193
14
Things Go Wrong
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Break 1) break (b) 2) are breaking (a) 3) broke down (c) 4) have broken (a) Burst 1) burst (b) 2) burst (b) 3) have burst (a) 4) burst (a) Burn 1) will burn (c) 2) were burning (a) 3) burns (b) 4) burned down or burnt down (d) Explode 1) has exploded (b) 2) will explode (a) 3) exploded (d) 4) explode (b) Rot 1) was not rotting (a) 2) rot (a) 3) rotted (b) 4) will rot (b) Review Complete the table Break: to break, break, am breaking, will break, broke, was breaking, have broken, had broken Burst: to burst, burst, am bursting, will burst, burst, was bursting, have burst, had burst Burn: to burn, burn, am burning, will burn, burned/burnt, was burning, have burned/burnt, had burned/burnt Explode: to explode, explode, am exploding, will explode, exploded, was exploding, have exploded, had exploded Rot: to rot, rot, am rotting, will rot, rotted, was rotting, have rotted, had rotted Choose the best verb 1) burst 2) rotting 3) broke may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
194
15
Understanding Things
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Understand 1) understand (b) 2) to understand (a) 3) understood (b) 4) have understood (a) Realize 1) realize 2) realize 3) will realize 4) realized Decide 1) will decide (a) 2) decide (b) 3) decide (a) 4) decided (b) Recognize 1) to recognize (b) 2) will recognize (a) 3) recognized (a) 4) recognize (b) Remember 1) was remembering (b) 2) had not remembered (b) 3) will remember (a) 4) remembered (a) Review Complete the table Understand: to understand, understand, am understanding, will understand, understood, was understanding, have understood, had understood Realize: to realize, realize, am realizing, will realize, realized, was realizing, have realized, had realized Decide: to decide, decide, am deciding, will decide, decided, was deciding, have decided, had decided Recognize: to recognize, recognize, am recognizing, will recognize, recognized, was recognizing, have recognized, had recognized Remember: to remember, remember, am remembering, will remember, remembered, was remembering, have remembered, had remembered Choose the best verb 1) recognize 2) decide 3) understand may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
195
16
Spoiling Things
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Destroy 1) destroys (b) 2) are destroying (c) 3) destroyed (a) 4) has destroyed (a) Spoil 1) spoil (b) 2) does not spoil (c) 3) is spoling (a) 4) spoiled (b) Mess up 1) will not mess up (d) 2) was messing up (a) 3) mess up (c) 4) messed up (b) Tear 1) had torn (a) 2) will tear (a) 3) were tearing (c) 4) tears (b) Waste 1) was wasting (b) 2) had wasted (a) 3) will not waste (a) 4) wasted (b) Review Complete the table Destroy: to destroy, destroy, am destroying, will destroy, destroyed, was destroying, have destroyed, had destroyed Spoil: to spoil, spoil, am spoiling, will spoil, spoiled, was spoiling, have spoiled, had spoiled Mess up: to mess up, mess up, am messing up, will mess up, messed up, was messing up, have messed up, had messed up Tear: to tear, tear, am tearing, will tear, tore, was tearing, have torn, had torn Waste: to waste, waste, am wasting, will waste, wasted, was wasting, have wasted, had wasted Choose the best verb 1) tear it 2) spoiled 3) waste may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
196
17
Artistic Activities
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Act 1) acts (b) 2) am acting (a) 3) did act (b) 4) had acted (a) Dance 1) dance (b) 2) dances (a) 3) were dancing (b) 4) danced (a) Draw 1) will draw (b) 2) was drawing (a) 3) draws (a) 4) drew (b) Paint 1) had painted (a) 2) will paint (b) 3) painted (a) 4) paint (b) Sing 1) were singing (b) 2) had sung (a) 3) will sing (a) 4) do not sing (b) Review Complete the table Act: to act, act, am acting, will act, acted, was acting, have acted, had acted Dance: to dance, dance, am dancing, will dance, danced, was dancing, have danced, had danced Draw: to draw, draw, am drawing, will draw, drew, was drawing, have drawn, had drawn Paint: to paint, paint, am painting, will paint, painted, was painting, have painted, had painted Sing: to sing, sing, am singing, will sing, sang, was singing, have sung, had sung Choose the best verb 1) acting 2) sing 3) dance may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
197
18
Appearances
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Look 1) looks 2) is looking 3) looked 4) has looked Seem 1) to seem 2) seems 3) has not seemed 4) seemed Appear 1) will appear (a) 2) are appearing (a) 3) appear (b) 4) appeared (c) Disappear 1) will disappear (b) 2) were disappearing (a) 3) disappeared (b) 4) disappears (a) Become 1) was becoming 2) had become 3) will become 4) became Review Complete the table Look: to look, look, am looking, will look, looked, was looking, have looked, had looked Seem: to seem, seem, -----, will seem, seemed, -----, have seemed, had seemed Appear: to appear, appear, am appearing, will appear, appeared, was appearing, have appeared, had appeared Disappear: to disappear, disappear, am disappearing, will disappear, disappeared, was disappearing, have disappeared, had disappeared Become: to become, become, am becoming, will become, became, was becoming, have become, had become Choose the best verb 1) looked 2) appeared 3) disappeared may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
198
19
Looking for Things
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Find 1) do find (c) 2) am finding (b) 3) found (a) 4) Have found out (b) Locate 1) to locate (b) 2) locates (a) 3) were locating (a) 4) was located (c) Search 1) will search 2) were searching 3) search 4) searched Hunt for 1) had hunted for 2) will hunt for 3) hunted for 4) hunt for Discover 1) were discovering (c) 2) had discovered (b) 3) will discover (b) 4) discovered (a) Review Complete the table Find: to find, find, am finding, will find, found, was finding, have found, had found Locate: to locate, locate, am locating, will locate, located, was locating, have located, had located Search: to search, search, am searching, will search, searched, was searching, have searched, had searched Hunt for: to hunt for, hunt for, am hunting for, will hunt for, hunted for, was hunting for, have hunted for, had hunted for Discover: to discover, discover, am discovering, will discover, discovered, was discovering, have discovered, had discovered Choose the best verb 1) locate 2) found 3) searched may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
199
20
Getting Things
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Get 1) gets (b) 2) is getting (a) 3) got (c) 4) have got (a) Obtain 1) to obtain 2) obtains 3) is obtaining 4) obtained Gain 1) will gain on (c) 2) was gaining (b) 3) gain (a) 4) gained (a) Receive 1) have received 2) will receive 3) received 4) receive Seize 1) were seizing (a) 2) had seized (b) 3) will seize (b) 4) seized (a) Review Complete the table Get: to get, get, am getting, will get, got, was getting, have got, had got Obtain: to obtain, obtain, am obtaining, will obtain, obtained, was obtaining, have obtained, had obtained Gain: to gain, gain, am gaining, will gain, gained, was gaining, have gained, had gained Receive: to receive, receive, am receiving, will receive, received, was receiving, have received, had received Seize: to seize, seize, am seizing, will seize, seized, was seizing, have seized, had seized Choose the best verb 1) received 2) got 3) gain may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
200
21
Sizes
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Add 1) add (b) 2) am adding up (a) 3) added up (a) 4) has added (c) Expand 1) to expand (c) 2) has expanded (d) 3) is expanding (b) 4) expanded (a) Extend 1) will extend (a) 2) was extending (c) 3) extend itself (d) 4) extended (b) Reduce 1) had reduced (b) 2) will reduce (a) 3) reduced (a) 4) reduce (b) Remove 1) were removing (b) 2) had removed (a) 3) will remove (a) 4) removed (b) Review Complete the table Add: to add, add, am adding, will add, added, was adding, have added, had added Expand: to expand, expand, am expanding, will expand, expanded, was expanding, have expanded, had expanded Extend: to extend, extend, am extending, will extend, extended, was extending, have extended, had extended Reduce: to reduce, reduce, am reducing, will reduce, reduced, was reducing, have reduced, had reduced Remove: to remove, remove, am removing, will remove, removed, was removing, have removed, had removed Choose the best verb 1) reduce 2) expand 3) removed may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
201
22
Senses
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Hear 1) hear (a) 2) are not hearing (b) 3) heard (c) 4) have not heard (d) See 1) to see (b) 2) do not see (c) 3) are seeing (a) 4) saw (a) Smell 1) will smell (a) 2) was smelling (b) 3) smells (c) 4) smelled (d) Taste 1) had tasted (a) 2) will taste (c) 3) tasted (d) 4) tastes (b) Touch 1) to touch (a) 2) had touched (c) 3) will touch (b) 4) touched (d) Review Complete the table Hear: to hear, hear, am hearing, will hear, heard, was hearing, have heard, had heard See: to see, see, am seeing, will see, saw, was seeing, have seen, had seen Smell: to smell, smell, am smelling, will smell, smelled, was smelling, have smelled, had smelled Taste: to taste, taste, am tasting, will taste, tasted, was tasting, have tasted, had tasted Touch: to touch, touch, am touching, will touch, touched, was touching, have touched, had touched Choose the best verb 1) hear 2) saw 3) smell may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
202
23
Surprise, Fear
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Frighten 1) frightens (a) 2) are frightening away (b) 3) frightened away (b) 4) have frightened (a) Fear 1) to fear 2) fears 3) has feared 4) feared Cringe 1) will cringe from (b) 2) cringe (a) 3) cringes (a) 4) cringed from (b) Surprise 1) had surprised (b) 2) will surprise (a) 3) surprised (b) 4) surprises (a) Startle 1) was startling 2) startle 3) will startle 4) startled Review Complete the table Frighten: to frighten, frighten, am frightening, will frighten, frightened, was frightening, have frightened, had frightened Fear: to fear, fear, -----, will fear, feared, -----, have feared, had feared Cringe: to cringe, cringe, am cringing, will cringe, cringed, was cringing, have cringed, had cringed Surprise: to surprise, surprise, am surprising, will surprise, surprised, was surprising, have surprised, had surprised Startle: to startle, startle, am startling, will startle, startled, was startling, have startled, had startled Choose the best verb 1) frighten 2) cringed from 3) startled may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
203
24
Emphatic Expression
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Declare 1) declare (a) 2) to Declare (b) 3) declared (a) 4) has declared (b) Shout 1) to shout 2) shout 3) are not shouting 4) shouted Exclaim 1) will exclaim 2) has exclaimed 3) exclaim 4) exclaimed Repeat 1) had repeated (a) 2) will not repeat (b) 3) repeated (a) 4) repeats (b) Whisper 1) were whispering (a) 2) have whispered (b) 3) whisper (a) 4) whispered (b) Review Complete the table Declare: to declare, declare, am declaring, will declare, declared, was declaring, have declared, had declared Shout: to shout, shout, am shouting, will shout, shouted, was shouting, have shouted, had shouted Exclaim: to exclaim, exclaim, am exclaiming, will exclaim, exclaimed, was exclaiming, have exclaimed, had exclaimed Repeat: to repeat, repeat, am repeating, will repeat, repeated, was repeating, have repeated, had repeated Whisper: to whisper, whisper, am whispering, will whisper, whispered, was whispering, have whispered, had whispered Choose the best verb 1) declared 2) repeat 3) shouted may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
204
25
Publishing
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Print 1) print (a) 2) is printing (a) 3) printed (b) 4) had printed (b) Publish 1) to publish (b) 2) publish (a) 3) is publishing (a) 4) did not publish (b) Edit 1) will edit (a) 2) were editing (a) 3) edits (b) 4) edited (c) Illustrate 1) had illustrated (a) 2) will illustrate (b) 3) illustrated (b) 4) to illustrate (a) Post 1) were posting (a) 2) had posted (c) 3) Will post (b) 4) posted (a) Review Complete the table Print: to print, print, am printing, will print, printed, was printing, have printed, had printed Publish: to publish, publish, am publishing, will publish, published, was publishing, have published, had published Edit: to edit, edit, am editing, will edit, edited, was editing, have edited, had edited Illustrate: to illustrate, illustrate, am illustrating, will illustrate, illustrated, was illustrating, have illustrated, had illustrated Post: to post, post, am posting, will post, posted, was posting, have posted, had posted Choose the best verb 1) publish 2) illustrate 3) edits may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
205
26
Written Communication
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Write 1) do write (a) 2) am writing (b) 3) wrote down (c) 4) Have written (b) Type 1) to type up (b) 2) types (a) 3) is typing (a) 4) typed up (b) Read 1) will read (a) 2) was reading (a) 3) read (b) 4) read (c) Spell 1) have spelled (a) 2) will spell (b) 3) spelled (a) 4) to spell (b) Sign 1) signs (a) 2) has signed (b) 3) will not sign (a) 4) signed (b) Review Complete the table Write: to write, write, am writing, will write, wrote, was writing, have written, had written Type: to type, type, am typing, will type, typed, was typing, have typed, had typed Read: to read, read, am reading, will read, read, was reading, have read, had read Spell: to spell, spell, am spelling, will spell, spelled, was spelling, have spelled, had spelled Sign: to sign, sign, am signing, will sign, signed, was signing, have signed, had signed Choose the best verb 1) sign 2) read 3) spelled may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
206
27
Disbelief
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Doubt 1) doubts (b) 2) is doubting (a) 3) doubted (b) 4) have doubted (a) Disagree 1) disagree (b) 2) disagree (a) 3) is disagreeing (c) 4) disagreed (b) Reject 1) will reject (a) 2) was rejecting (a) 3) rejects (b) 4) rejected (c) Criticize 1) had criticized (b) 2) will criticize (a) 3) criticized (a) 4) criticize (b) Protest 1) were protesting (b) 2) had protested (a) 3) will protest (a) 4) protested (b) Review Complete the table Doubt: to doubt, doubt, am doubting, will doubt, doubted, was doubting, have doubted, had doubted Disagree: to disagree, disagree, am disagreeing, will disagree, disagreed, was disagreeing, have disagreed, had disagreed Reject: to reject, reject, am rejecting, will reject, rejected, was rejecting, have rejected, had rejected Criticize: to criticize, criticize, am criticizing, will criticize, criticized, was criticizing, have criticized, had criticized Protest: to protest, protest, am protesting, will protest, protested, was protesting, have protested, had protested Choose the best verb 1) disagreed 2) protest 3) criticize may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
207
28
Continuity
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Continue 1) continue (a) 2) is continuing (a) 3) continued (b) 4) has continued (b) Persist 1) to persist (a) 2) persist (b) 3) is persisting (b) 4) persisted (a) Keep on 1) will keep on (a) 2) was keeping on (b) 3) keep on (b) 4) kept on (a) Pause 1) Have paused (a) 2) will pause (b) 3) paused (a) 4) pause (b) Cease 1) were ceasing 2) had ceased 3) will cease 4) ceased Review Complete the table Continue: to continue, continue, am continuing, will continue, continued, was continuing, have continued, had continued Persist: to persist, persist, am persisting, will persist, persisted, was persisting, have persisted, had persisted Keep on: to keep on, keep on, am keeping on, will keep on, kept on, was keeping on, have kept on, had kept on Pause: to pause, pause, am pausing, will pause, paused, was pausing, have paused, had paused Cease: to cease, cease, am ceasing, will cease, ceased, was ceasing, have ceased, had ceased Choose the best verb 1) cease 2) pauses 3) persisted in may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
208
29
Possibility
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Could 1) could (b) 2) Could (d) 3) could (b) 4) could (a) May 1) May (a) 2) may (b) 3) might (b) 4) may (a) Might 1) might (b) 2) Might (a) 3) might (b) 4) might (b) Would 1) would (a) 2) would (a) 3) Would (b) 4) would (b) Tend 1) was tending 2) had tended 3) will tend 4) tend Review Complete the table Could: -----, could, -----,-----, could,-----,-----,----May: -----, may,-----,-----, might,-----,-----,----Might: -----, might, -----,-----,-----,-----,-----,----Would: -----, would, -----,-----, would,-----,-----,----Tend: to tend, tend, am tending, will tend, tended, was tending, have tended, had tended Choose the best verb 1) may 2) tends 3) might may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
209
30
Futurity
ANSWER KEY
Use the forms of the verb Will 1) will (a) 2) will not (b) 3) would (a) 4) will (b) Want to 1) want to 2) wants to 3) had wanted to 4) did not want to Plan 1) Will plan (a) 2) was planning (b) 3) plans (b) 4) had planned (a) Expect 1) had expected (a) 2) will expect (b) 3) expected (a) 4) are expecting (b) Anticipate 1) was anticipating (a) 2) to anticipate (b) 3) anticipate (a) 4) anticipated (b) Review Complete the table Will: -----, will, -----,-----, would,-----,-----,----Want to: to want to, want to, am wanting to, will want to, wanted to, was wanting to, have wanted to, had wanted to Plan: to plan, plan, am planning, will plan, planned, was planning, have planned, had planned Expect: to expect, expect, am expecting, will expect, expected, was expecting, have expected, had expected Anticipate: to anticipate, anticipate, am anticipating, will anticipate, anticipated, was anticipating, have anticipated, had anticipated Choose the best verb 1) wants to 2) anticipated 3) expect may depend slightly on imagined context; suggested best choices:
210
211

Verb Well 2

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Verb Well 2

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

The Verb Well

The Verb Well

by Chirawibha Sivell & John Sivell Illustrations by Cynthia DiSimone

Copyright 2001 FULL BLAST Productions

IN CANADA FB Productions Box 408 Virgil, Ontario L0S 1T0

The following groupings are found in Book 2 of the series:

page 181 to 210

Sections of the book and how to use them

A final note on the choice of verbs

Choose the best verb for each sentence

4: Moving Things Around

4: Moving Things Around

4: Moving Things Around

4: Moving Things Around

4: Moving Things Around

4: Moving Things Around

Choose the best verb for each sentence

Choose the best verb for each sentence

10: Managing People

10: Managing People

10: Managing People

10: Managing People

10: Managing People

A special reward or pleasure (second meaning, above).

10: Managing People

11: Winning and Losing

11: Winning and Losing

11: Winning and Losing

11: Winning and Losing

11: Winning and Losing

11: Winning and Losing

13: Success and Failure

13: Success and Failure

13: Success and Failure

after writing each sentence, identify which specific part of the

13: Success and Failure

13: Success and Failure

13: Success and Failure

14: Things Go Wrong

14: Things Go Wrong

14: Things Go Wrong

14: Things Go Wrong

14: Things Go Wrong

14: Things Go Wrong

Choose the best verb for each sentence

15: Understanding Things

Understand Realize Decide Recognize Remember

15: Understanding Things

Understand Realize Decide Recognize Remember

15: Understanding Things

Understand Realize Decide Recognize Remember

15: Understanding Things

Understand Realize Decide Recognize Remember

15: Understanding Things

Understand Realize Decide Recognize Remember

15: Understanding Things

Understand Realize Decide Recognize Remember

16: Spoiling Things

16: Spoiling Things

16: Spoiling Things

16: Spoiling Things

16: Spoiling Things

16: Spoiling Things