Tooth Anatomy

 Tooth Anatomy
Academic Knowledge
Canal conguration Ave length Apex forms

Radiographic
Is a canal system centered in the root ? Is a rapid change in radio-opacity ?
fast break

Canal curvature

Clinical presentation
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Anatomy of The Root Canal System: Apical Constriction

Five anatomical variation in constriction form
Traditional Tapering Multiple Parallel Closed

45% 30% 19% <5%

<5%

Dummer et al. Int Endod J 17:192-8,1984

Anatomy of The Root Canal System: Apical Constriction

Five anatomical variation in constriction form
Traditional Tapering Multiple Parallel Closed

45% 30% 19% <5%

<5%

Dummer et al. Int Endod J 17:192-8,1984

Apical Constriction
Kuttler JADA 1955

18 -25 yrs
Even CDJ
0.306 mm

55 & plus yrs

Even CDJ
0.274 mm

Apical CDJ
0.298 mm

Apical CDJ
0.268mm

Coronal CDJ
0.327 mm

Coronal CDJ
0.285 mm

Tooth Length in mm
MAXILARY
Tooth CI
LI Cuspid 1PM 2PM 1M 33.3 22.3 27.3 25.8 26.4 25 2M CI

MANDIBULAR
LI 25 21 Cuspid 1PM 2PM 27.4 24.6 26 24.2 25 1M 25 19.3 22 2M 25.8 19 21.7 25.2 25.1

Max 27.3 26 Min 21.5 19.2 Av

23.7 23.1

18.8 16.7 19.6 20.1 19.4

21.2 19.3 22.9 22.3

22.3 22.3 22.3 22.2 21.8 23.3

BJORNDAL &SKIDMORE UNIVERSITY IOWA PRESS 1983

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MAXILLIA
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Maxillary First Premolar

8-26 % one canal system 74-92% two canal systems 5-6 % three canal systems

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Maxillary Second Premolar

55% one canal system 45% two canal systems 1 % three canal systems Large degree of variation in canal systems
one canal splitting into two canal systems then rejoining

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The Maxillary First Molar The MB root

MB root of the maxillary 1st molar has a large degree of canal variation. Major cause of persistent periradicular disease 26-45% one complete canal system 27-95.2% two canal systems common apical foramen 18-30% two complete canal systems Additional canal systems have also been identied in relation to the disto-buccal and palatal roots.

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7.05 mm 0.83 mm

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Maxillary Second Molar

Can have 1- 4 roots with variable canal systems 3 % one large canal system 7 % two canal systems in two separate roots 9% two canal systems with three roots
Buccal roots are fused with a separate palatal

57 % three canal systems in three separate roots 23-55% four canal systems in three separate roots
2 canals in the MB

1.5 % four separate canals in four separate roots

Frequently two palatal canals

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Mandibular
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Mandibular
Central Incisor Two canal systems 30-43% Lateral Incisor Two canal systems 25-43% Canine Two canal systems 22%
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Mandibular Premolar
First Premolar
69-76% one canal system 25.5-30% two canal systems 0.5-1% three canal systems C-shaped canals 14%

Second Premolar
84.5-99% one canal system 1-11% two canal systems 0.5-1% three canal systems 30% have ramication 83% major foramen not located at the RT
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Mandibular First Molar

7% two canal systems 64% three canal systems 29% four canal systems Mesial root
12% one canal system 88% two canal systems 30-45% one common foramen

Distal root
70% one canal system 30% two canal systems 13-25% one common foramen

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1st Mandibular Molar RDT

Berutti E. Fedon G. J Endod 1992 Montgomery S. J Endod 1985

RDT mesial roots Md 1st molars

15 teeth 1.2mm 1.5mm

RDT mesial root Md molars

Un-instrumented canal 30 teeth 1.09mm 0.96mm 0.23mm
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C-shaped canal
Mandibular second molar
Mandibular rst premolars, rst molars, maxillary rst and second molars.

Mandibular second molar range

2.7% to 8% in mixed populations 4.7% to 34.6% in Asians

One root has a much higher incidence

Approximately 60% of the time 84% apical deltas 89.5% Foramen away from the radiographic apex
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