Você está na página 1de 4

Theoritical Statistics

Example 1: (a) Find the correlation between these two variables. r = -0.2013
Relationship Between First Exam and Final Exam
180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 110.00

Final Exam Score

120.00

130.00

140.00 First Exam Score

150.00

160.00

170.00

(b) Relationship between these two variables is weak. Does your calculation of the correlation support this statement? Explain your answer. The interesting part is that the relationship seems to be negative, most likely caused by the extra ordinary student. Lets remove that point and recalculate r. Without the outlier the r value is now 0.3222, which says that the association while very weak it is positive. Should we eliminate that student? How likely is it that a person can get the worst score on the first and then score the highest on the final? What are we interested in displaying the possible outcomes on the majority of the group or all of the group. You can again see that r is not resistant to outliers thus, we should be careful when outliers appear, and decide whether we need to eliminate them to get a better understanding of the entire group and not just the unusual point. First Final 153 144 162 149 127 118 158 153 145 140 145 170 145 175 170 160
175

Final exam Score

165 155 145 135 125 125

135

145 First Exam Score

155

165

(a) Find the correlation between these two variables. r = 0.5194

(b) The relationship between these two variables is stronger than the relationship between the two variables in the previous exercise. How do the values of the correlations that you calculated support this statement? Explain your answer.

The variation about a straight line seems to be less and as the second exam score increases there is a larger increase in the average value of the final exam score. Yet one can still see a quite a lot of variation about the average trend line, thus the reason for the correlation value of 0.5194.

200 190

Score on Final

180 170 160 150 140 130 130

140

150

160

170

180

Score for Second Exam

Example 2: Refer to the previous exercise. Add a ninth student whose scores on the second test and final exam would lead you to classify the additional data point as an outlier. Recalculate the correlation with this additional case and summarize the effect it has on the value of the correlation. Second Final 1 158 145 2 162 140 3 144 145 4 162 170 5 136 145 6 158 175 7 175 170 8 153 160 9 200 200 The ninth student gets two perfect scores on the second and the final (assuming that 200 is the most one can score). The corresponding r value is 0.8015. This is quite a large change from r = 0.5194.

200 190

Score on Final

180 170 160 150 140 130 130

140

150

160

170

180

190

200

210

Score for Second Exam

Example 3: Make a scatterplot find the correlation r. Explain why r is close to zero despite a strong relationship between speed and gas used.

Chart Title 25
Fuel Spent (l/100km)

The value of r = -0.1716

20 15 10 5 0 0 50 100 Speed (km/h) 150 200

The value of r only measures how close our data follows a linear relationship, which this situation does not.
Fuel Linear (Fuel)

Notice r = 0 despite the fact that we do not have a straight line. This shows the importance of looking at the scatterplot.

Example 4:What's wrong? Each of the following statements contains a blunder. Explain in each case what is wrong. (a) "There is a high correlation between the gender of American workers and their income." Gender is a categorical variable. The correlation value r is only to be used to indicate linear association between two quantitative variables. (b) "We found a high correlation (r = 1.09) between students' ratings of faculty teaching and ratings made by other faculty members."

The r value can only be a number in the interval [-1, 1].

(c) "The correlation between planting rate and yield of corn was found to be r = 0.23 bushel." The statistic r is a unitless number, thus the statement above, was found to be r = 0.23 bushel." attaches a unit to r which is not correct. The correlation r does not depend on the unit of the measurement.

Você também pode gostar