INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Mechanics is a science that deals with motion and deformation of bodies under the action of forces. Its essential ingredients are axioms, theorems, proofs, definitions, principles, but at the heart of it, what mechanics really consist of, are problems and solutions.

STATICS, UNITS, CALCULATIONS & PROBLEM SOLVING Todays Objectives: Students will be able to: a) Identify what is mechanics/statics. b) Round the final answer appropriately. d) Apply problem solving strategies.

Tutorial and Homework Tasks

Review Vectors
Dot Product Cross Product

TEAM EXERCISE AND HOMEWORK: Solve Problems in the Textbook at the back of Chapters 1 and 2.
How many? Try at least 3-4 Problems from each section!

EXERCISE 1
Based on what you know from Physics design the cables A and B required to support the weight of 100 kN. (i.e. find the required cross-sectional area for cables A and B? The cables are made from steel and the maximum steel stress is 300 MPa)
y FAj 45o FBj FB 45o FBi Cable B

Introduction
Designing & constructing devices/structures:
Understand the physics underlying the designs Use mathematical models to predict their behaviour Learn how to analyse & predict the behaviors of physical

Cable A

FA

FAi

FAj + FBj = 100 FAj = FBj = 50 [kN] FA = FB = 50/(cos 45o) FA = FB = 70.7 [kN]
Stress = Force/Area Area = Force/Stress Area = 70.7 x 103/300 = 235.7 [mm2]

systems by studying mechanics

100 kN

Engineering & Mechanics

Knowledge of previous designs, experiments, ingenuity &

Engineering & Mechanics

Elementary Mechanics the study of forces & their

effects

creativity to develop new designs.

Develop mathematical equations based on the physical

Statics the study of objects in

equilibrium

characteristics of the device/structures designs: Predict the behavior Modify the design Test the design prior to actual construction

Dynamics the study of objects in

motion

Engineering & Mechanics

Applications in many fields of engineering:

EXERCISE 2
1. The subject of mechanics deals with what happens to a body when ______ is / are applied to it. a) magnetic field b) heat c) forces d) neutrons e) lasers 2. ________________ still remains the basis of most of todays engineering sciences. a) Newtonian Mechanics b) Relativistic Mechanics c) Euclidean Mechanics d) Greek Mechanics

Statics: equilibrium equations

Designing structures (mechanical & civil)

Dynamics: motion equations

Analyse responses of buildings to earthquakes (civil) Determine trajectories of satellites (aerospace)

WHAT IS MECHANICS??
Study of what happens to a thing (the technical name is body) when FORCES are applied to it. Either the body or the forces could be large or small.

BRANCHES OF MECHANICS
Mechanics
Rigid Bodies
(Things that do not change shape)

Deformable Bodies (Things that do change shape)

Fluids

Statics

Dynamics

Incompressible

Compressible

What may happen if static's is not applied properly?

SYSTEMS OF UNITS Four fundamental physical quantities. Length, mass, time, force. One equation relates them, F = m x a. We use this equation to develop systems of units. Units are arbitrary names we give to the physical quantities.

EXERCISE 3
Evaluate the situation, in which mass (kg), force (N), and length(m) are the base units and recommend a solution. a) A new system of units will have to be formulated b) Only the unit of time have to be changed from second to something else c) No changes are required d) The above situation is not feasible

EXERCISE 4
Give the most appropriate reason for using three significant figures in reporting results of typical engineering calculations.
a) Historically slide rules could not handle more than three significant figures. b) Three significant figures gives better than one-percent accuracy. c) Telephone systems designed by engineers have area codes consisting of three figures. d) Most of the original data used in engineering calculations do not have accuracy better than one percent

PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY:

1. INTERPRET: Read carefully and determine what is given and what is to be found/ delivered. Ask, if not clear. If necessary, make assumptions and indicate them. 2. PLAN: Think about major steps (or a road map) that you will take to solve a given problem. Think of alternative/creative solutions and choose the best one. 3. EXECTUTE: Carry out your steps. Use appropriate diagrams and equations. Estimate your answers. Avoid simple calculation mistakes. Reflect on / revise your work.

EXERCISE 5
For a statics problem your calculations show the final answer as 12345.6 N. What will you write as your final answer?
a) 12345.6 N b) 12.3456 kN c) 12 kN d) 12.3 kN e) 123 kN

VECTORS

2D VECTORS

2D VECTOR ADDITION
Todays Objective: Students will be able to : a) Resolve a 2-D vector into components b) Add 2-D vectors using Cartesian vector notations.

EXERCISE 6
1) Which one of the following is a scalar quantity? a) Force b) Position c) Mass d) Velocity 2) For vector addition you have to use ______ law. a) Newtons Second b) the arithmetic c) Pascals d) the parallelogram

APPLICATION OF VECTOR ADDITION

SCALARS AND VECTORS

Scalars
Examples
mass, volume it has a magnitude (positive or negative) simple arithmetic

Vectors
force, velocity it has a magnitude and direction

There are four concurrent cable forces acting on the bracket. How do you determine the resultant force acting on the bracket ?

Characteristics

Addition rule Special notation

Parallelogram law

none

bold font, a line, an arrow or a carrot

VECTOR OPERATIONS

VECTOR ADDITION USING EITHER THE PARALLELOGRAM LAW OR TRIANGLE

Parallelogram Law:

Scalar Multiplication and Division

Triangle method (always tip to tail):

How do you subtract a vector? How can you add more than two concurrent vectors graphically ?

RESOLUTION OF A VECTOR
Resolution of a vector is breaking up a vector into components. It is kind of like using the parallelogram law in reverse.

CARTESIAN VECTOR NOTATION

We resolve vectors into components using the x and y axes system Each component of the vector is shown as a magnitude and a direction. The directions are based on the x and y axes. We use the unit vectors i and j to designate the x and y axes.

For example, F = Fx i + Fy j or F' = F'x i + F'y j

ADDITION OF SEVERAL VECTORS

Step 1 is to resolve each force into its components Step 2 is to add all the x components together and add all the y components together. These two totals become the resultant vector.

The x and y axes are always perpendicular to each other. Together, they can be directed at any inclination.

Step 3 is to find the magnitude and angle of the resultant vector.

Example of this process,

You can also represent a 2-D vector with a magnitude and angle.

EXERCISE 7
Given: Three concurrent forces acting on a bracket. Find: The magnitude and angle of the resultant force.

EXERCISE 7

EXAMPLE

F1 = 15 sin 40 i + 15 cos 40 j = 9.642 i + 11.49 j kN Procedure: a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components. b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector. c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components. F3 = 36 cos 30 i 36 sin 30 j = 31.18 i 18 j kN F2 = -(12/13)26 i + (5/13)26 j = -24 i + 10 j kN

EXERCISE 7
Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get, FR = (9.642 24 + 31.18) i + (11.49 + 10 18) j = 16.82 i + 3.49 j [kN] y FR = ((16.82)2 + (3.49)2)1/2 = 17.2 [kN] FR

EXERCISE 8
1. Can you resolve a 2-D vector along two directions, which are not at 90 to each other? a) Yes, but not uniquely. b) No. c) Yes, uniquely. 2. Can you resolve a 2-D vector along three directions (say at 0, 60, and 120)? x a) Yes, but not uniquely. b) No. c) Yes, uniquely.

= tan-1(3.49/16.82) = 11.7

EXERCISE 9
Given: Three concurrent forces acting on a bracket Find: The magnitude and angle of the resultant force. Procedure: a) Resolve the forces in their x-y components. b) Add the respective components to get the resultant vector. c) Find magnitude and angle from the resultant components.

EXERCISE 9

F1 = (4/5) 850 i - (3/5) 850 j = 680 i - 510 j [N] F2 = -625 sin(30) i - 625 cos(30) j = -312.5 i - 541.3 j [N] F3 = -750 sin(45) i + 750 cos(45) j = -530.3 i + 530.3 j [N]

EXERCISE 9
Summing up all the i and j components respectively, we get, FR = (680 312.5 530.3) i + (-510 541.3 + 530.3) j = - 162.8 i - 521 j [N]

QUIZ EXERCISE 10 1. Resolve F along x and y axes and write it in vector form. F = { ___________ } N y a) 80 cos (30) i - 80 sin (30) j b) 80 sin (30) i + 80 cos (30) j c) 80 sin (30) i - 80 cos (30) j 30 F = 80 N d) 80 cos (30) i + 80 sin (30) j

FR = ((162.8)2 + (521)2) = 546 N = tan1(521/162.8) = 72.64 or

from positive x axis = 180 + 72.64 = 253

FR

2. Determine the magnitude of the resultant (F1 + F2) force in N when F1 = { 10 i + 20 j } N and F2 = { 20 i + 20 j } N . a) 30 N d) 60 N b) 40 N e) 70 N c) 50 N

3D VECTORS

Objectives: Students will be able to : a) Represent a 3-D vector in a Cartesian coordinate system b) Find the magnitude and coordinate angles of a 3-D vector c) Add vectors (forces) in 3-D space

EXERCISE 11
1. Vector algebra, as we are going to use it, is based on a ___________ coordinate system.
a) Euclidean b) left-handed c) Greek d) right-handed e) Egyptian

APPLICATIONS

Many problems in real-life involve 3-Dimensional Space.

2. The symbols , , and designate the __________ of a 3-D Cartesian vector.

a) unit vectors b) coordinate direction angles c) Greek societies d) x, y and z components

How will you represent each of the cable forces in Cartesian vector form?

EXAMPLES
Given the forces in the cables, how will you determine the resultant force acting at D, the top of the tower?

A UNIT VECTOR
For a vector A with a magnitude of A, an unit vector is defined as UA = A / A . Characteristics of a unit vector:
a) Its magnitude is 1. b) It is dimensionless. c) It points in the same direction as the original vector (A).

The unit vectors in the Cartesian axis system are i, j, and k. They are unit vectors along the positive x, y, and z axes respectively.

3-D CARTESIAN VECTOR TERMINOLOGY

Consider a box with sides AX, AY, and AZ meters long. The vector A can be defined as A = AX i + AY j + AZ k

The direction or orientation of vector A is defined by the angles , , and . These angles are measured between the vector and the positive X, Y and Z axes, respectively. Their range of values are from 0 to 180 Using trigonometry, direction cosines are found using the formulas

TERMS

These angles are not independent. They must satisfy the following equation.

The projection of the vector A in the x-y plane is A. The magnitude of this projection, A, is found by using the same approach as a 2-D vector: A = (AX2 + AY2)1/2 The magnitude of the position vector A can now be obtained as
A = ((A)2 + AZ2) = (AX2 + AY2 + AZ2)

cos + cos + cos = 1 This result can be derived from the definition of a coordinate direction angles and the unit vector. Recall, the formula for finding the unit vector of any position vector:

or written another way, u A = cos i + cos j + cos k .

ADDITION/SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS
Once individual vectors are written in Cartesian form, it is easy to add or subtract them. The process is essentially the same as when 2-D vectors are added.

IMPORTANT NOTES
Sometimes 3-D vector information is given as: a) Magnitude and the coordinate direction angles, or b) Magnitude and projection angles.

For example, if A = AX i + AY j + AZ k B = BX i + BY j + BZ k , and then

A + B = (AX + BX) i + (AY + BY) j + (AZ + BZ) k or A B = (AX - BX) i + (AY - BY) j + (AZ - BZ) k .

You should be able to use both these types of information to change the representation of the vector into the Cartesian form, i.e.,

F = 10 i 20 j + 30 k [N] .

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 12 Given: Two forces F and G are applied to a hook. Force F is shown in the figure and it makes 60 angle with the X-Y plane. Force G is pointing up and has a magnitude of 80 N with = 111 and = 69.3. Find: The resultant force in the Cartesian vector form. Procedure: 1) Using geometry and trigonometry, write F and G in the Cartesian vector form. 2) Then add the two forces.

EXERCISE 12
Solution : First, resolve force F. Fz = 100 sin 60 = 86.60 [N] F' = 100 cos 60 = 50.00 [N] Fx = 50 cos 45 = 35.36 [N] Fy = 50 sin 45 = 35.36 [N]

Now, you can write: F = 35.36 i 35.36 j + 86.60 k [N]

Now resolve force G. We are given only and . Hence, first we need to find the value of . Recall the formula cos () + cos () + cos () = 1. Now substitute what we know. We have cos (111) + cos (69.3) + cos () = 1. Solving, we get = 30.22 or 120.2. Since the vector is pointing up, = 30.22 Now using the coordinate direction angles, we can get UG, and determine G = 80 UG . G = 80 {cos (111) i + cos (69.3) j + cos (30.22) k } [N] G = - 28.67 i + 28.28 j + 69.13 k [N] Now, R = F + G or R = 6.69 i 7.08 j + 156 k [N]

EXERCISE 13
1. If you know just UA, you can determine the ________ of A uniquely.
a) magnitude b) angles (, and ) c) components (AX, AY, & AZ) d) all of the above.

2. For an arbitrary force vector, the following parameters are randomly generated. Magnitude is 0.9 N, = 30, = 70, = 100. What is wrong with this 3-D vector ?
a) Magnitude is too small. b) Angles are too large. c) All three angles are arbitrarily picked. d) All three angles are between 0 to 180.

EXERCISE 14
Given: The screw eye is subjected to two forces. Find: The magnitude and the coordinate direction angles of the resultant force. Procedure: 1) Using the geometry and trigonometry, write F1 and F2 in the Cartesian vector form. 2) Add F1 and F2 to get FR . 3) Determine the magnitude and , , .

EXERCISE 14
F1z F First resolve the force F1 . F1z = 300 sin 60 = 259.8 [N] F = 300 cos 60 = 150.0 [N] F can be further resolved as, F1x = -150 sin 45 = -106.1 [N] F1y = 150 cos 45 = 106.1 [N]

Now we can write : F1 = -106.1 i + 106.1 j + 259.8 k [N]

EXERCISE 14
The force F2 can be represented in the Cartesian vector form as: F2 = 500{ cos 60 i + cos 45 j + cos 120 k } [N] = 250 i + 353.6 j 250 k [N] FR = F1 + F2 = 143.9 i + 459.6 j + 9.81 k [N] FR = (143.9 2 + 459.6 2 + 9.81 2) = 481.7 = 482 [N]

EXERCISE 15
1. What is not true about an unit vector, UA ?
a) It is dimensionless. b) Its magnitude is one. c) It always points in the direction of positive X- axis. d) It always points in the direction of vector A.

ATTENTION QUIZ

2. If F = 10 i + 10 j + 10 k [N] and G = 20 i + 20 j + 20 k [N], then F + G = ____ [N]

a) 10 i + 10 j + 10 k b) 30 i + 20 j + 30 k c) -10 i - 10 j - 10 k d) 30 i + 30 j + 30 k

= cos-1 (FRx / FR) = cos-1 (143.9/481.7) = 72.6 = cos-1 (FRy / FR) = cos-1 (459.6/481.7) = 17.4 = cos-1 (FRz / FR) = cos-1 (9.81/481.7) = 88.8

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