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The act also established the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), which grew out of World War II era Office of
Strategic Services and small post-war intelligence organizations. The CIA served as the primary civilian
intelligence-gathering organization in the government. Later, the Defense Intelligence Agency became the
main military intelligence body. The 1947 law also caused far-reaching changes in the military establishment.
The War Department and Navy Department merged into a single Department of Defense under the Secretary
of Defense, who also directed the newly created Department of the Air Force. However, each of the three
branches maintained their own service secretaries. In 1949 the act was amended to give the Secretary of
Defense more power over the individual services and their secretaries.
Additional Reading:
• Michael H. Hogan, A Cross of Iron: Harry S Truman and the Origins of the National Security State,
1945-1954 (Cambridge, 1998).
• Melvyn A. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power; National Security, The Truman Administration, and the
Cold War (Stanford, Connecticut, 1992).
• U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1945-1950, Emergence of the
LnteJiigence_Estab|ishn]ent (Washington, 1996)
http://www.state.gOv/r/pa/ho/time/cwr/17603pf.htm 12/26/2003
PDD-39 U.S. Policy on Counterterrorism Page 1 of 11
|Presidential.Decision_DirectiYes^^DDl
It is the policy of the United States to deter, defeat and respond vigorously to all terrorist attacks on our
territory and against our citizens, or facilities, whether they occur domestically, in international waters
or airspace or on foreign territory. The United States regards all such terrorism as a potential threat to
national security as well as a criminal act and will apply all appropriate means to combat it. In doing so,
the U.S. shall pursue vigorously efforts to deter and preempt, apprehend and prosecute, or assist other
governments to prosecute, individuals who perpetrate or plan to perpetrate such attacks. (U)
We shall work closely with friendly governments in carrying out our Counterterrorism policy and will
support Allied and friendly governments in combating terrorist threats against them. (U)
Furthermore, the United States shall seek to identify groups or states that sponsor or support such
terrorists, isolate them and extract a heavy price for their actions. (U)
http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/pdd39.htm 2/6/2004
Page 1 of 1
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History of the National Security Council (1947-1997) Page 1 of22
Summary
connections
Since the end of World War II, each administration has sought to develop and perfect
a reliable set of executive institutions to manage national security policy. Each
Policies in Focus President has tried to avoid the problems and deficiencies of his predecessors' efforts
«Medicare
• Iraq
and install a policy-making and coordination system that reflected his personal
• National Security management style. The National Security Council (NSC) has been at the center of
• Economic Security this foreign policy coordination system, but it has changed many times to conform
• Homeland Security
«More Issues
with the needs and inclinations of each succeeding chief executive.
• En Espanol
The National Security Act of July 26,1947, created the National Security Council
News & Features under the chairmanship of the President, with the Secretaries of State and Defense
« Current News as its key members, to coordinate foreign policy and defense policy, and to reconcile
• Kids Only
• Tee-ball diplomatic and military commitments and requirements. This major legislation also
• Photo Essays provided for a Secretary of Defense, a National Military Establishment, Central
Intelligence Agency, and National Security Resources Board. The view that the NSC
had been created to coordinate political and military questions quickly gave way to
the understanding that the NSC existed to serve the President alone. The view that
the Council's role was to foster collegiality among departments also gave way to the
need by successive Presidents to use the Council as a means of controlling and
managing competing departments.
The structure and functioning of the NSC depended in no small degree upon the
interpersonal chemistry between the President and his principal advisers and
department heads. But despite the relationships between individuals, a satisfactory
organizational structure had to be developed, for without it the necessary flow of
information and implementation of decisions could not occur. Although a permanent
staff gradually began to take shape, the main substantive work occurred in the
departments.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/history.html 12/26/2003
.——-"'National Security Council Page 1 of2
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/ 12/26/2003
Sec. 103 NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947 14 15 NATIONAL SECURITY ACT OF 1947 Sec. 104
nity for purposes of representing the views of the intelligence com- (2) provide overall direction for the collection of national
munity within the Government. intelligence through human sources by elements of the intel-
(4) Subject to the direction and control of the Director of Cen- ligence community authorized to undertake such collection
tral Intelligence, the Council may carry out its responsibilities and, in coordination with other agencies of the Government
under this subsection by contract, including contracts for sub- which are authorized to undertake such collection, ensure that
stantive experts necessary to assist the Council with particular the most effective use is made of resources and that the risks
assessments under this subsection. to the United States and those involved in such collection are
(5) The Director shall make available to the Council such staff minimized;
as may be necessary to permit the Council to carry out its respon- (3) correlate and evaluate intelligence related to the na-
sibilities under this subsection and shall take appropriate meas- tional security and provide appropriate dissemination of such
ures to ensure that the Council and its staff satisfy the needs of intelligence;
policymaking officials and other consumers of intelligence. The (4) perform such additional services as are of common con-
Council shall also be readily accessible to policymaking officials cern to the elements of the intelligence community, which serv-
and other appropriate individuals not otherwise associated with the ices the Director of Central Intelligence determines can be
more efficiently accomplished centrally; and
intelligence community. (5) perform such other functions and duties related to
(6) The heads of elements within the intelligence community intelligence affecting the national security as the President or
shall, as appropriate, furnish such support to the Council, includ- the National Security Council may direct.
ing the preparation of intelligence analyses, as may be required by
the Director. AUTHORITIES OF THE DIRECTOR OF CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE
(c) HEAD OF THE INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY.—In the Director's
capacity as head of the intelligence community, the Director shall— SEC. 104. [50 U.S.C. 403-4] (a) ACCESS TO INTELLIGENCE.—To
(1) facilitate the development of an annual budget for the extent recommended by the National Security Council and ap-
intelligence and intelligence-related activities of the United proved by the President, the Director of Central Intelligence shall
have access to all intelligence related to the national security which
States by— is collected by any department, agency, or other entity of the
(A) developing and presenting to the President an an- United States.
nual budget for the National Foreign Intelligence Program; (b) APPROVAL OF BUDGETS.—The Director of Central Intel-
and ligence shall provide guidance to elements of the intelligence com-
(B) participating in the development by the Secretary munity for the preparation of their annual budgets and shall ap-
of Defense of the annual budgets for the Joint Military prove such budgets before their incorporation in the National For-
Intelligence Program and the Tactical Intelligence and Re- eign Intelligence Program.
lated Activities Program; (c) ROLE OF DCI IN REPROGRAMMING.—No funds made avail-
(2) establish the requirements and priorities to govern the able under the National Foreign Intelligence Program may be re-
collection of national intelligence by elements of the intel- programmed by any element of the intelligence community without
ligence community; the prior approval of the Director of Central Intelligence except in
(3) approve collection requirements, determine collection accordance with procedures issued by the Director. The Secretary
priorities, and resolve conflicts in collection priorities levied on of Defense shall consult with the Director of Central Intelligence
national collection assets, except as otherwise agreed with the before reprogramming funds made available under the Joint Mili-
Secretary of Defense pursuant to the direction of the President; tary Intelligence Program.
(4) promote and evaluate the utility of national intelligence (d) TRANSFER OF FUNDS OR PERSONNEL WITHIN THE NATIONAL
to consumers within the Government; FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE PROGRAM.—(1) In addition to any other
(5) eliminate waste and unnecessary duplication within authorities available under law for such purposes, the Director of
the intelligence community; Central Intelligence, with the approval of the Director of the Office
(6) protect intelligence sources and methods from unau- of Management and Budget, may transfer funds appropriated for
thorized disclosure; and a program within the National Foreign Intelligence Program to an-
(7) perform such other functions as the President or the other such program and, in accordance with procedures to be devel-
National Security Council may direct. oped by the Director and the heads of affected departments and
(d) HEAD OF THE CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY.—In the agencies, may transfer personnel authorized for an element of the
Director's capacity as head of the Central Intelligence Agency, the intelligence community to another such element for periods up to
Director shall— a year.
(1) collect intelligence through human sources and by other (2) A transfer of funds or personnel may be made under this
appropriate means, except that the Agency shall have no po- subsection only if—
lice, subpoena, or law enforcement powers or internal security (A) the funds or personnel are being transferred to an ac-
functions; tivity that is a higher priority intelligence activity;
Federal Register-Executive Order 12333 Page 1 of 18
Table of Contents
Preamble
Part 1. Goals, Direction, Duties, and Responsibilities With Respect to the National
Intelligence Effort
1.1 Goals
1.2 The National Security Council
1.3 National Foreign Intelligence Advisory Groups
1.4 The Intelligence Community
L5_Director of Central Intelligence
1.6 Duties and Responsibilities of the Heads of Executive Branch Departments and
Agencies
LTJSenior Officials of the Intelligence Community
1.8 The Central Intelligence Agency
L9_The Department of State
1.10 The Department of the Treasury
1.11 The Department of Defense
1.12 Intelligence Components Utilized by the Secretary of Defense
L.I SLThe Department of Energy
1.14 The Federal Bureau of Investigation
Part 2. Conduct of Intelligence Activities
2.1 Need
2.2 Purpose
2.3 Collection of Information
2_ACollection Techniques
2J5_Attorney General Approval
2_JLAssistance to Law Enforcement Authorities
2.7 Contracting
Inconsistency With Other Laws
2.9 Undisclosed Participation in Organizations Within the United States
2.10 Human Experimentation
2.11 Prohibition on Assassination
2.12 Indirect Participation
Part 3. General Provisions
UJTongressional Oversight
3.2_Implementation
3.3 Procedures
3.4 Definitions
SJLPurpose and Effect
AM^ON'MORNING
with : :• ,^'MHKEJ
Bill Hemmer and
Soledad O'Brien PIFFEP
TIME
NATION
Monday, Oct. 01,2001
http://www.time.com/time/nation/printout/0,8816,177183,00.html 12/24/2003