Child Development

Quick Review Tables

Dpt. Aamir Memon
8/21/2013

DEVELOPMENT OF TOUCH, TASTE, SMELL, BALANCE, AND HEARING

Age
Birth

Touch Is responsive to touch and

pain Can distinguish objects placed in palm

Taste and Smell Distinguishes sweet, sour, and bitter tastes;

prefers sweetness Distinguishes odors; prefers those of sweettasting foods Prefers smell of own mothers amniotic fluid and the lactating breast Prefers salt solution to plain water Taste preferences are easily changed through experience

Balance Adapts head movements to

optical flow

Hearing Prefers complex sounds to pure tones Can distinguish some sound patterns Recognizes differences between almost all speech sounds Turns in the general direction of a sound Organizes sounds into more complex patterns, such as musical
phrases Can identify the location of a sound more precisely By the end of this period, is sensitive to syllable stress patterns in own language Screens out sounds not used in own language Perceives larger speech units crucial to understanding meaning

16 months

Frequently engages in
exploratory mouthing of objects

As motor control improves,

postural adjustments to optical flow become more precise

712 months

Makes anticipatory postural

adjustments to avoid loss of balance

VISUAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY

Age
Birth1 month

Acuity, Color Perception, Depth Perception Age Focusing, and Exploration Visual acuity is 20/600 Responds to kinetic depth cues Scans the visual field and tracks
moving objects

Pattern Perception Prefers large, bold patterns Scans the edges of a static pattern and focuses on
single features Prefers simple, face-like stimuli Prefers attractive faces to less attractive ones

Object Perception Displays size and shape constancy

23 months

Has adult like focusing ability Perceives colors across entire

spectrum Scans more thoroughly and systematically

Responds to binocular
depth cues

Prefers patterns with finer details Thoroughly scans internal pattern features Begins to perceive overall pattern structure Prefers complex, static image of a face Recognizes mothers face and distinguishes
features of different faces

Uses motion and spatial arrangement to identify

objects

45 months

Sensitivity to binocular
depth cues improves

Detects subjective boundaries in patterns

Uses shape, color, and texture to identify objects Perceives an objects path of movement without
seeing the entire path

45 months

Visual acuity improves to near

20/20 Scans visual field and tracks moving objects more efficiently

Responds to pictorial
depth cues Avoids crawling over deep side of visual cliff

Perceives patterns (such as human walking

movements and facial expressions of emotion) as meaningful wholes

10-12 months

Can extract pattern information in the absence of a

full image (from a moving light or partial picture)

GROSS AND FINE MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIRST TWO YEARS

Motor Skill
When held upright, holds head erect and steady When prone, lifts self by arms Rolls from side to back Grasps cube Rolls from back to side Sits alone Crawls Pulls to stand Plays pat-a-cake Stands alone Walks alone Builds tower of two cubes Scribbles vigorously Walks up stairs with help Jumps in place Walks on tiptoe

Average Age Achieved

6 weeks 2 months 2 months 3 months, 3 weeks 412 months 7 months 7 months 8 months 9 months, 3 weeks 11 months 11 months, 3 weeks 11 months, 3 weeks 14 months 16 months 23 months, 2 weeks 25 months

Age Range in Which 90% of Infants Achieve the Skill

3 weeks4 months 3 weeks4 months 3 weeks5 months 27 months 27 months 59 months 511 months 512 months 715 months 916 months 917 months 1019 months 1021 months 1223 months 1730 months 1630 months