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OLEH:
PRAMONO
JURUSAN TEKNIK MESIN
FT – UNNES
Apa itu Mekanika?
Cabang ilmu fisika yang berbicara tentang
keadaan diam atau geraknya benda-benda
yang mengalami kerja atau aksi gaya
Mechanics
f2
f1 • Parallelogram Law
Fundamental Principles (cont’)
• The principle of transmissibility: A force acting at a point
of a rigid body can be replaced by a force of the the same
magnitude and same direction, but acting on at a different
point on the line of action
f2
f1
f1 and f2 are equivalent if their
• Principle of Transmissibility
magnitudes are the same and the
object is rigid.
APPLICATION OF VECTOR
ADDITION
• Law of cosines,
C
B R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2 PQ cos B
r r r
C R = P+Q
• Law of sines,
sin A sin B sin C
= =
B Q R A
• Vector subtraction
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
• Trigonometric solution -
The two forces act on a bolt at A. use the triangle rule for
Determine their resultant. vector addition in
conjunction with the law
of cosines and law of
sines to find the resultant.
• Trigonometric solution - Apply the triangle rule.
From the Law of Cosines,
R 2 = P 2 + Q 2 − 2 PQ cos B
= (40 N )2 + (60 N )2 − 2(40 N )(60 N ) cos155°
R = 97.73N
Plan:
y
FR
FR = ((16.82)2 + (3.49)2)1/2 = 17.2 kN
φ = tan-1(3.49/16.82) = 11.7°
φ
x
Sample Problem
SOLUTION:
• Resolve each force into
rectangular components.
R x = +199.1 R y = +14.3
• Determine the components of the resultant by adding the corresponding force
components.
• Calculate the magnitude and direction.
Ry14.3 N
tan α = =
Rx 199.1 N
α = 4.1° α = 4.1°
14.3 N
R= = 199.6 N
sin
MOMEN DAN KOPEL
Apa yang dipelajari sekarang ?
Mengetahui dan memahami maksud dari
momen gaya, momen kopel, dan cara
memindah gaya
Apa itu momen gaya ?
F Fy F
a
b Fx
b a
O
O
d
As shown, d is the Often it is easier to
perpendicular distance determine MO by using the
from point O to the line components of F as shown.
of action of the force.
MO = (FY a) – (FX b)
MO = F d
and the direction is CCW = (+)
counter-clockwise. CW = (-)
Example 1
Given: A 40 N force is
applied to the wrench.
Find: The moment of the
force at O.
Plan: 1) Resolve the force
along x and y axes.
2) Determine MO using
scalar analysis.
Plan:
1) Resolve the force along x and y axes.
2) Determine MA using scalar analysis.
EXAMPLE 2 (continued)
Solution
+ ↑ Fy = -400 cos 20° N
+ → Fx = -400 sin 20° N
+ MA = {(400 cos 20°)(2) + (400 sin 20°)(3)} N·m
= 1160 N·m
CONCEPT QUESTION
F = 10 N
1. What is the moment of the 10 N force
about point A (MA)?
A) 10 N·m B) 30 N·m C) 13 N·m
d=3m
D) (10/3) N·m E) 7 N·m • A
M=Fd M=Fd
12 = F 0.4 12 = F 0.3
F = 30 N F = 40 N
PROBLEM SOLVING - SCALAR
PLAN:
1) Use definition of a couple to find P and F.
2) Resolve the 300 N force in x and y directions.
3) Determine the net moment.
4) Equate the net moment to zero to find d.
Solution:
From the definition of a
couple
P = 500 N and
F = 300 N.
C) F2 × r1 D) r2 × F2 F2
3. A couple is applied to the beam as shown. Its moment
equals _____ N·m.
50 N
A) 50 B) 60
1m 2m 5
3
C) 80 D) 100
4
Apa itu memindah gaya ?
If the force system lies in the x-y plane (the 2-D case), then the
reduced equivalent system can be obtained using the following
three scalar equations.
Problem Solving (2-D)
Given: A 2-D force and couple
system as shown.
Find: The equivalent resultant force
and couple moment acting at
A and then the equivalent
single force location along
the beam AB.
Plan:
1) Sum all the x and y components of the forces to find FRA.
2) Find and sum all the moments resulting from moving each
force to A.
3) Shift the FRA to a distance d such that d = MRA/FRy
Problem Solving (2-D)
+ → ΣFRx = 25 + 35 sin 30°
= 42.5 N
Free Body Diagrams are one of the most important things for
you to know how to draw and use.
Plan:
1. Draw a FBD for point A.
2. Apply the EofE to solve for the forces
in ropes AB and AC.
Problem Solving (2-D)
F = 600 N 600 N
FBD at point A
A
25° 30°
θ= 25o
FAB FAC
In a ship-unloading operation, a
15.6 kN automobile is supported by
a cable. A rope is tied to the cable
and pulled to center the automobile
over its intended position. What is
the tension in the rope?
EXAMPLE
Given: Sack A weighs 20 N.
and geometry is as
shown.
Find: Forces in the cables and
weight of sack B.
Plan:
B) F2 cos 50° – 20 = 0 F1
C) F2 sin 50° – F1 = 0
D) F2 cos 50° + 20 = 0
SOAL TANTANGAN
a
b
10 m
5m
A
P 80 kg
40 kg
Jika b = 4 m,
tentukan harga P dan jarak a
KESEIMBANGAN
BENDA TEGAR
Apa Beda Partikel dengan Benda Tegar ?
100 N/m FR
12 m x
1. FR = ____________ 2. x = __________.
A) 12 N B) 100 N A) 3 m B) 4 m
C) 600 N D) 1200 N C) 6 m D) 8 m
Prosedur Menyelesaikan Soal
∑ Fy = 0 : Ay − 9.81 kN − 23.5 kN = 0
Ay = +33.3 kN
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
determine reactions at supports. ∑ F y =0 :
∑MA = 0: Ay − 90 kN − 54 kN + 117 kN − 54 kN = 0
D(7.2 m) − (90 kN )(1.8 m) − (54 kN )(4.2 m) Ay = 81 kN
− (54 kN )(8.4 m) = 0
D = 117 kN
Contoh Soal 5
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as a free-body,
calculate reactions at B and D.
• Find equivalent internal force-couple
systems for free-bodies formed by
cutting beam on either side of load
application points.
Draw the shear and bending moment
diagrams for the beam and loading • Plot results.
shown.
Contoh Soal 1 (jawaban)
• Plot results.
Note that shear is of constant value
between concentrated loads and
bending moment varies linearly.
Contoh Soal 2
Given: A beam is supported
by a hinge at A, a roller at
B. Force applied at C.
Moment applied at D.
Find: Draw the shear and
bending moment diagrams
Plan:
a) Draw a FBD of the beam.
b) Calculate support reactions.
c) Find equivalent internal force-couple systems for free-bodies formed
by cutting beam on either side of load application points.
Contoh Soal 2 (jawaban)
Ay By
ΣMB = 0 ΣFy = 0
- Ay(20) + 0.6(10) – 4 = 0 Ay + By – 600 = 0
20Ay = 6 - 4 0.1 + By – 0.6 = 0
Ay = 0.1 kip By = 0.5 kip
Contoh Soal 2 (jawaban)
Potongan 1-1
2
1 3 V
M
1 2 3
x
0.1 kip
0.1 kip 0.5 kip 0 ≤ x < 10 ft
ΣM1-1 = 0 ΣF1-1 = 0
M – 0.1(x) = 0 0.1 – V = 0
M = 0.1(x) V = 0.1 kip
x = 0 ft Æ MA = 0.1(0) = 0 kip-ft x = 0 ft Æ VA = 0.1 kip
x = 10 ft Æ MC = 0.1(10) = 1 kip-ft x = 10 ft Æ VC = 0.1 kip
Contoh Soal 2 (jawaban)
Potongan 2-2
2
1 3
V
M
1 2 3
x
0.1 kip 0.5 kip 0.1 kip
10 ≤ x < 15 ft
ΣM2-2 = 0 ΣF2-2 = 0
M – 0.1(x) + 0.6(x – 10) = 0 0.1 – 0.6 – V = 0
M – 0.1(x) + 0.6(x) – 6 = 0 V = 0.1 – 0.6 kip
M = - 0.5(x) + 6 V = - 0.5 kip
x = 10 ft Æ MC = - 0.5(10) + 6 = 1 kip-ft x = 10 ft Æ VC = - 0.5 kip
x = 15 ft Æ MD = - 0.5(15) + 6 = - 1.5 kip-ft x = 15 ft Æ VD = - 0.5 kip
Contoh Soal 2 (jawaban)
Potongan 3-3
2
1 3
V
M
1 2 3
x
0.1 kip 0.5 kip 0.1 kip
15 ≤ x < 20 ft
ΣM3-3 = 0 ΣF3-3 = 0
M – 0.1(x) + 0.6(x – 10) – 4 = 0 0.1 – 0.6 – V = 0
M – 0.1(x) + 0.6(x) – 6 – 4 = 0 V = 0.1 – 0.6 kip
M = - 0.5(x) + 10 V = - 0.5 kip
x = 15 ft Æ MD = - 0.5(15) + 10 = 2.5 kip-ft x = 15 ft Æ VD = - 0.5 kip
x = 20 ft Æ MB = - 0.5(20) + 10 = 0 kip-ft x = 20 ft Æ VD = - 0.5 kip
Contoh Soal 2 (jawaban)
Diagram Geser dan Momen
ΣM1-1 = 0 ΣF1-1 = 0
M = 0.1(x) V = 0.1 kip
MA = 0 kip-ft VA = 0.1 kip
MC = 1 kip-ft VC = 0.1 kip
ΣM2-2 = 0 ΣF2-2 = 0
M = - 0.5(x) + 6 V = - 0.5 kip
MC = 1 kip-ft VC = - 0.5 kip
MD = - 1.5 kip-ft VD = - 0.5 kip
ΣM3-3 = 0 ΣF3-3 = 0
M = - 0.5(x) + 10 V = - 0.5 kip
MD = 2.5 kip-ft VD = - 0.5 kip
MB = 0 kip-ft VB = - 0.5 kip
Contoh Soal 3
SOLUTION:
• Taking entire beam as free-body,
calculate reactions at A and B.
B y = 1642 N
∑MB = 0:
(2160 N)(0.65 m) + (1800 N)(0.25 m) − A(0.8 m) = 0
A = 2318 N
∑ Fx = 0 : Bx = 0
From A to C:
∑ Fy = 0 : 2318 − 7200 x − V = 0
V = 2318 − 7200 x
∑ M 1 = 0 : − 2318 x + 7200 x( 2 x ) + M = 0
1
M = 2318 x − 3600 x 2
From C to D:
∑ Fy = 0 : 2318 − 2160 − V = 0
V = 158 N
From D to B:
∑ Fy = 0 : 2318 − 2160 − 1800 − V = 0
V = −1642 N
∑M2 = 0:
− 2318 x + 2160( x − 0.15) − 180 + 1800( x − 0.45) + M = 0
M = (1314 − 1642 x ) N ⋅ m
Contoh Soal 3 (jawaban)
• Plot results.
From A to C:
V = 3218 − 7200 x
M = 3218 x − 20 x 2
From C to D:
V = 158 N
M = (324 + 158 x ) N ⋅ m
From D to B:
V = −1642 N
M = (1314 − 1642 x ) N ⋅ m
Contoh Soal 4
Coefficient of Friction
Consider 2 Types of Friction
Fs Force of Static Friction
This value represents the relative force necessary
to make an object move
Fk
Frictional Force
Resisting Motion
Fs ≥ Fk
F fs
M1
Surfaces in
Spring Scale Contact
W
F = Force Causing Motion (Pull on Scale)
Fs = Force of Static Friction (Resists Motion)
N = Force Normal Holds Surfaces in Contact
W = Weight of Object ( Mass x Gravity)
Friction is a Force That
Resists Motion N
F fs
M1
Surfaces in
Spring Scale Contact
W
F
µs =
W
Coefficient of Friction
Record the Maximum Force (F)
(Before the Battery Begins to Move)
F
µs =
W
Record the Weight
(W ) of the Battery
F
µs =
W
580 g
The Coefficient of Static Friction Between
the Wood Desktop and the Plastic Battery
is Described Algebraically:
F
µs = = 110 g
W = 580 g
µs = .190
The Coefficient of Kinetic Friction Can
be Found Using the Same Technique
F
µk =
W
Record the Force Required to Move
the Battery at a Constant Rate
Coefficients of Friction Between Various
Surfaces Have Significant Impact on the
Design and Construction of Mechanisms.