2

INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORK
PROTOCOLS

PROJECTS

Project 2.1 Understanding Binary Numbering, Conversion to Decimal Numbering, and

Logical Operations

Project 2.2 Subnetting

Project 2.3 Examining Routing

Project 2.4 Installing and Configuring the TCP/IP Protocol

Project 2.5 Configuring Bindings

Project 2.6 Using TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools

Project 2.7 Monitoring Network Traffic

35
36 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

Project 2.1 Understanding Binary Numbering, Conversion to Decimal

Numbering, and Logical Operations
Overview Understanding IP addressing is an important skill that network
administrators must possess. To do so, you must first understand how
binary numbering works, and how to convert from binary to decimal. This
is key to being able to convert binary IP addresses into their decimal
equivalents. You also need to be able to understand the basic logical
operations AND, OR, and XOR. It is also nearly impossible to understand
subnetting (a method of splitting an IP network address into smaller groups
of IP addresses that can be used on different networks) without fully
understanding these concepts.
Binary is a counting system that uses only two numerals: 0 and 1. The
positions in a binary number (called bits rather than digits) represent powers
of 2 rather than powers of 10: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and so on. To figure the
decimal value of a binary number, you multiply each bit by its
corresponding power of 2 and then add the results. The decimal value of
binary 11111, for example, which is 31, is calculated as follows:

1 * 20 = 1* 1 = 1
+ 1 * 21 = 1* 2 = 2
+ 1 * 22 = 1* 4 = 4
+ 1 * 23 = 0 * 8 = 8
+ 1 * 24 = 1 * 16 = 16

The table below summarizes how AND, OR, and XOR work. The first two
columns of the table indicate the two values used in the process. The result
of the process (AND, OR, or XOR) is indicated under their column
headings.
Logical Operations for Binary Values
First Value Second Value AND
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1

The following example shows how you would calculate 10010101 AND
11011101:

10010101
AND 11011101
Result: 10010101
 Introduction to Network Protocols 37

Project 2.1 Understanding Binary Numbering, Conversion to Decimal

Numbering, and Logical Operations
Outcomes After completing this project, you will know how to:
convert binary numbers into their decimal equivalents
use basic logical operations such as AND
convert binary IP addresses into their decimal equivalents
What you’ll need To complete this project, you will need:
the worksheet below
Completion time 30 minutes
Precautions None

Part A: Convert binary numbers to their decimal equivalents

1. 11000000:
___________________________________________________________________________

2. 10101000:
___________________________________________________________________________

3. 11111111:
___________________________________________________________________________

4. 00000101:
___________________________________________________________________________

5. 00010100:
___________________________________________________________________________

Part B: Perform the AND operation

1. 11000000
11111111
Result:
___________________________________________________________________________
38 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

2. 10101000
11111111
Result:
___________________________________________________________________________

3. 00000101
00000000
Result:
___________________________________________________________________________

Part C: Convert binary numbers to an IP address using dotted decimal

notation

1. 01111111.00000000.00000000.00000001
___________________________________________________________________________

2. 01111111.00000000.00000000.00000001
___________________________________________________________________________

3. 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
__________________________________________________________________________
 Introduction to Network Protocols 39

Project 2.2 Subnetting

Overview There are two parts of an IP address: the network ID and the host ID. When
data are transferred from one network to another, the router reads the header
information to determine the path to the next router or to the other network.
You can use the AND operation (known as ANDing) to determine the
network ID of an IP address if you know the subnet mask. For instance, for
the IP address 144.28.16.17, with a subnet mask of 255.255.240.0, you can
find the network ID as follows:
144 . 28 . 16 . 17
IP address: 10010000 00011100 00010000 00010001
Subnet mask: 11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
Network ID: 10010000 00011100 00010000 00000000
144 . 28 . 16 . 0
Subnetting is a method of splitting an IP network address into smaller
groups of IP addresses that can be used on different networks. A smaller
segment of a larger network that is created by a network administrator
through the use of a subnet mask is referred to as a subnetwork. Subnetting
can make network traffic management more efficient. Network
administrators use subnetting to create these subnetworks to avoid having to
lease an extraordinary amount of IP addresses. Without subnetting, each
node on every network would have to have its own public IP address. There
are simply not enough public IP addresses to make this happen.
Outcomes After completing this project, you will know how to:
use ANDing to determine the network ID of an IP address
create a basic subnet scheme that segments a network into 12
networks
What you’ll need To complete this project, you will need:
the worksheet below
Completion time 30 minutes
Precautions None

Part A: Use ANDing to find the network ID of an IP address

1. IP address: 192.168.5.20
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
Network ID:
___________________________________________________________________________
40 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

2. IP address: 172.20.0.0
Subnet mask: 255.255.0.0
Network ID:
___________________________________________________________________________

Part B: Subnet a Class C IP Address

Subnet the Class C IP address, 192.168.1.0, into 12 subnets. There are a limited number of host
IDs because the first three octets are part of the network ID.
1. What will your subnet mask be?
___________________________________________________________________________

2. What is the first and second network IDs? What is the last network ID?
___________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the first host ID? What is the last host ID?
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
 Introduction to Network Protocols 41

Project 2.3 Examining Routing

Overview It is important for a network administrator to understand the process of
routing. To reduce broadcast traffic, networks are split into broadcast
domains using a router. A routing table is a table maintained by all IP hosts
that contains a list of routes for all networks of which the client is aware.
You can also manually add a route to the routing table.
In this project, you will use the route print command to view the routing
table maintained by your computer and add a static route specified by your
instructor.
Outcomes After completing this project, you will know how to:
use the route print command to view a routing table
add a route to a routing table manually
What you’ll need To complete this project, you will need:
a Windows XP/2000 or Windows Server 2003/2000 Server
computer
the IP address, subnet mask, and gateway for the new route
Completion time 10 minutes
Precautions None

1. Turn on the computer and log on as an administrator

2. Click Start, and then click Run to open the Run dialog box. Enter cmd in the Open text
box to open a Command window.
3. At the command prompt, enter route print and press Enter (see Figure 2-1).

Figure 2-1: Route print

42 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

4. What is the default route?

___________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the default gateway?

___________________________________________________________________________

6. What other routes exist in the table?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

7. At the command prompt, enter route add [IP address] mask [subnet mask gateway]
and press Enter to update the routing table manually with the new route.
8. At the command prompt, enter route print and press Enter to view the new route added to
the routing table. Capture a screenshot of the routing table and print a copy to hand in to your
instructor.
9. Close the Command window when you have finished.
 Introduction to Network Protocols 43

Project 2.4 Installing and Configuring the TCP/IP Protocol

Overview Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a suite of
protocols that enables communications among resources across a network.
TCP/IP is the main networking protocol in use today and is the core protocol
for the Internet. TCP/IP is automatically installed when Windows Server
2003 is installed, but you should verify that it has not been uninstalled.
It is important for a network administrator to understand the process of
routing. To reduce broadcast traffic, networks are split into broadcast
domains using a router. A routing table is a table maintained by all IP hosts
that contains a list of routes for all networks of which the client is aware.
You can also manually add a route to the routing table.
In this project, you will use the route print command to view the routing
table maintained by your computer and add a static route specified by your
instructor.
Outcomes After completing this project, you will know how to:
check to see if TCP/IP is installed
install TCP/IP if it is not installed
manually configure TCP/IP
What you’ll need To complete this project, you will need:
a Windows XP/2000 computer connected in a network. Your
instructor should provide you with the following information:
• IP address
• default gateway
• IP address of preferred DNS server
Completion time 10 minutes
Precautions Be sure to check with your system administrator before altering settings on a
school networked client computer.

1. If necessary, start your computer and log on as an administrator

2. To confirm that TCP/IP is installed, click Start, and then open the Control Panel.
3. Click Network Connections, and then right-click Local Area Connection. A shortcut
menu will appear.
4. Click Properties to open the Local Area Connection Properties dialog box (Figure 2-
2). If Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is listed, it is already installed.
44 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

Figure 2-2: Local Area Connection Properties dialog box

5. If TCP/IP is not installed, install it. To do so, click Install to open the Select Network
Component Type dialog box.
6. Click Protocol, then click Add to open the Select Network Protocol dialog box.
7. Select the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) option and click OK. Close the Select Network
Component Type dialog box.
8. On the General tab of the Local Area Connection Properties dialog box, select
Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and then click the Properties button to open the Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP Properties) dialog box.
 Introduction to Network Protocols 45

9. If the Obtain an IP address automatically option button is selected, this means the
computer is configured to obtain an IP address automatically from a DHCP server, whose
role is automatically assign addresses to LAN members and also automatically configure the
other TCP/IP parameters for network hosts as they boot. However, some of the computers on
a network must have what is known as a “static” IP address. In a static IP addressing system,
the IP addresses and other TCP/IP parameters for the hosts are manually configured and do
not change. Record what you see in the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog
box.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

10. To manually configure TCP/IP, select the Use the following IP address option button
and enter the IP address provided to you by your instructor. The default subnet mask for that
class of IP address is automatically assigned. Next enter the default gateway provided to you
by your instructor. This is the IP address for the router that will link this computer with other
networks (e.g., the Internet).
11. The Use the following DNS server addresses option button is automatically selected.
Enter the IP address of the preferred DNS server, and if applicable, the IP address of an
alternate DNS server.
12. Click the Advanced button. Record the name of the dialog box that appears and the data that
are visible within the dialog box.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

13. Click the DNS tab. List the three settings that are applied to all connections with TCP/IP
enabled:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

14. Click the WINS tab. Are any WINS addresses listed? Is LMHosts lookup enabled? What is
the NetBIOS setting?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
46 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

15. Click the Options tab. Then click the Properties button. Record the default IP security
settings.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

16. Click Cancel to return to the Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box.
17. Click the TCP/IP filtering option. Then click the Properties button. Record the three types
of packet filtering that you can apply.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

18. Click Cancel to return to the Advanced TCP/IP Settings dialog box.
19. Click OK to save the settings and return to the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties
dialog box.
20. Click OK to return to the Local Area Connection Properties dialog box.

Project 2.5 Configuring Bindings

Overview Binding is the process by which a protocol is linked to a network adapter
and certain network services. Windows operating systems enable you to
adjust the order in which protocols are used so the protocols used most
often are accessed first when a connection is established, which will
enhance network performance.
Outcomes After completing this project, you will know how to:
adjust the order in which protocols are used by various services by
adjusting the bindings for your adapter
What you’ll need To complete this project, you will need:
a Windows XP/2000 or Windows Server 2003/2000 Server
computer
Completion time 10 minutes
Precautions Be sure to check with your system administrator before altering settings on
a school networked client computer.
 Introduction to Network Protocols 47

1. Turn on the computer and log on as an administrator.

2. Click Start, and then open the Control Panel. Select Network Connections to open the
Network Connections window. Open the Advanced menu and select Advanced
Settings.
3. The Advanced Setting dialog box opens. Examine the Bindings for <Local Area
Connections> list box on the Adapters and Bindings tab (see Figure 2-3). What
protocols are listed there and to what network services are they bound?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2-3: Advanced Settings dialog box

4. You can change the order in which the protocols are used by various services with the Up and
Down arrow buttons on the side of the box. You can also remove a particular protocol from a
particular service by unchecking its check box.
48 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

Project 2.6 Using TCP/IP Troubleshooting Tools

Overview There are a number of tools that you can use to troubleshoot TCP/IP.
Among them are ipconfig, ping, tracert and pathping. The ipconfig
command is used to check TCP/IP configuration on a local computer. The
ping command allows you to check the computer’s network connectivity.
The tracert command maps the path that packets take as they flow to a
remote system. The pathping command combines the functionality of both
ping and tracert.
In this project, you will practice using all of these tools.
Outcomes After completing this project, you will know how to:
use the ipconfig command
use the ping command
use the tracert command
use the pathping command
What you’ll need To complete this project, you will need:
a Windows XP/Windows 2000 computer or a Windows Server
2003/2000 Server computer configured with TCP/IP and connected
to a network
the IP address of a remote host
Completion time 30 minutes
Precautions None

1. Turn on the computer and log on as an administrator.

2. Click Start, and then click Run to open the Run dialog box. Enter cmd in the Open text
box to open a Command window.
3. At the command prompt, enter ipconfig and press Enter to view the computer’s IP
configuration (see Figure 2-4).
 Introduction to Network Protocols 49

Figure 2-4: Using Ipconfig

4. Record the configuration settings for your computer including the IP address, subnet mask,
default gateway, and DNS servers.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5. At the command prompt, enter ipconfig /all and press Enter. How does what you see differ
from what you viewed using just the ipconfig command?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

6. At the command prompt, enter ipconfig /release and press Enter. This command releases
the IP address from the computer causing the computer to lose connectivity to any node
outside the computer.
7. At the command prompt, enter ipconfig /renew and press Enter. This command restores
an IP address from the computer, causing the computer to reestablish its identity and restore
connectivity that was established prior to the execution of the ipconfig /release command. It
is quite common that during the ipconfig /release and ipconfig /renew process, the IP address
will be the same as assigned before. However, this is not always the case. If it is not, record
the newly established configuration settings for your computer including the IP address,
subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS servers.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
50 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

8. At the command prompt, enter ping 127.0.0.1 and press Enter. This address, known as the
loopback address, verifies your network interface card is functioning (see Figure 2-5).

Figure 2-5: Pinging the loopback address

9. At the command prompt, enter ping [IP address of a remote host] and press Enter.
Record the Ping statistics for the ping, including the packets sent, packets received, packets
lost, and the minimum, maximum, and average approximate round trip times in milliseconds
below.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

10. At the command prompt, enter tracert [IP address of remote host] and press Enter.
Examine the results. Did the tracert complete successfully? If yes, how many hops did it
take? If not, how do you know?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

11. At the command prompt, enter pathping [IP address of a remote host] and press
Enter. How does what you see differ from what you viewed using the tracert command?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Project 2.7 Monitoring Network Traffic

 Introduction to Network Protocols 51

Overview Once you get your network up and running, it is imperative that you be able
to quickly diagnose potential problem areas. One of the biggest concerns for
network users is bandwidth. Bandwidth is the most important factor in the
speed and effectiveness of a network. Monitoring your network allows you
to be proactive, rather than reactive in your network management processes.
Furthermore, once you realize you, indeed, have a problem in your network,
the ability to monitor network traffic is crucial to the successful remedy for
these problems. Windows Server 2003 comes with a monitoring tool that
allows you to capture frames sent to and from the server. This built-in
function of the operating system is used daily in today’s networking world
and it is an effective tool.
Outcomes After completing this project, you will know how to:
install Network Monitor
use Network Monitor
What you’ll need To complete this project, you will need:
a Windows Server 2003 computer with the Network Monitor driver
installed and connected to a Windows client
Completion time 30 minutes
Precautions Attempting to monitor network traffic on a production system is normally
prohibited in most organizations.

1. Turn on the computer and log on as an administrator.

2. Click Start, open the Control Panel, and then click Add or Remove Programs. Then,
click Add/Remove Windows Components.
3. Scroll down the Components list and select the check box in front of Management and
Monitoring Tools (see Figure 2-6). You do not need to select the other tools at this time.
Click OK.
4. Click the Next button. After the configuration changes are complete, click Finish and close
any open windows.
52 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

Figure 2-6: Windows Components

5. You can now capture traffic on your network. If you have a second computer, you can
capture data traffic between the two systems.
6. Click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and click Network Monitor. The Microsoft
Network Monitor window opens. You will be prompted to select a network on which you
want to capture data. If you do not select a network, Network Monitor will select the local
area network by default.
7. Click OK to open the Select a Network dialog box. Select the connection you want to
monitor and click OK.
8. The Capture Window (Station Stats) for the connection selected opens in the Microsoft
Network Monitor window. Click the Start Capture button. Allow some time to pass (see
Figure 2-7).
 Introduction to Network Protocols 53

Figure 2-7: Viewing Network Statistics

9. How many frames have been captured? How many bytes were sent? How many bytes were
received? What kind of traffic was sent?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

10. Then, click the Stop Capture button. A message box asks if you want to save the captured
summary data to a file. Click Yes and enter a file name, and then click Save to save the file
(see Figure 2-8).
54 Windows Network Administration Project Manual

Figure 2-8: Capture summary

11. Examine the file. What are the protocols used? What are the source and destination
addresses? Notice if there are any the broadcast messages. How large are the frames? Record
what you observe.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________