CHL 121 PROJECT 1 CYCLE 3 (TEAM 6)

Project -1 The people involved in the project are : 1). MOHIT SONI 2). GARVIT GOEL 2012CH10932 2012CH70912

3). MEERA GUPTA 2012CH10930 4). SHIVANI GARG 2012CH10966

1-Introduction
The project is a study on the following topics : Description of isochoric and isothermal processes Description of flow systems at steady state

The project deals with the problem of solving the equations related to these processes, given a set of conditions(combination of initial and final conditions).The project deals with both ideal and real gases (z=constant ). Through a program, developed in MATLAB Environment, the project prompts the user to enter a set of given conditions pertaining to a particular process and it displays the other variables as an output.The program is a measure driven program giving the user an option to select the problem he wants .

2).

PROJECT LAYOUT
PROJECT LAYOUT
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Otto Cycle Pressure Vessel Heating a Gas at Constant Volume Calculating Specific Heat Capacities of Gases Generic Case 1 Generic Case 2 Return to previous menu Return to Main Menu Generic Case 1 Generic case 2 Generic Case 3 Generic Case 4 Generic Case 5 Return to previous menu Return to Main Menu

Referred to as Main Menu

1) Ideal Gas

Isochoric Process

2) Real Gas(Z=Constant)

3) Return to Main Menu

ffile() (This the main function to be called at the time of execution)

Isothermal Process

1) 2) 3) 4) 5)

Generic Case 1 Generic Case 2 Generic case 3 Generic Case 4 Return to Main Menu

1) Pipe Flow

Flow Systems

2) Turbine

3) Compressor

Exit

The program is menu driven and lets the user choose from among the above options.

3- Process undertaken to solve the problems

To solve the problems, we decided to construct a program that includes a number of variables and taken into consideration a set of physical equations describing the process. The differnce in the number of total variables and number of equations gives the number of variables the user needs to input to solve those equations . Since there are a lot of possibilities for the number of ways a user can input the variables, we have tried to incorporate only the scientific and practical applications of the above mentioned thermodynamic processes. 3.1 ISOCHORIC PROCESSES

An isochoric process is one in which the volume of the system remains constant. W=0 The variables in consideration are: n-no. of moles of gas; gamma-ratio of the specific heat capacities for the gas; p1-initial pressure; p2-final pressure; t1-initial temperature; t2-final pressure; v- volume , delta u change in internal energy , delta h change in enthalpy , q the amount of heat transferred . The equations :

p1*v=n*R*t1 p2*v=n*R*t2 delu=n*R*(t2-t1)/(gamma-1) delh=gamma*delu q=delu

Therefore we need 5 variables , which we have illustrated through

The practical applications of the isochoric processes(ideal gases) -

we have selected the variables for the input because industrially these are easier to measure and mathematically we either need atleast one final condition or the value of one of q , delta u , delta h . 1). OTTO CYCLE : A thermodynamic cycle used in automobile engines. Out of the four thermodynamic processes involved, two are the isochoric processes. INPUT : p1 = initial pressure , t1 = initial temperature , n = no. of moles , gamma = ratio of the specific heat capacities of the gas, q= heat transferred OUTPUT : p2= final pressure , t2 = final temperature , delta h = enthalpy change , delta u = change in internal energy , v= volume , molar specific heat capacities of the gases, w = work done 2). TESTING OF PRESSURE VESSEL : Pressure vessels such as pipelines, gas cylinders , boilers or fuel tanks can be tested for strength and leaks. . Testing involves filling the vessel or pipe system with fluids and pressurization of the vessel ( done by heating it at constant volume ) and then noting down the final exploding pressure. INPUT : p1 = initial pressure ,v= volume , n = no. of moles , gamma = ratio of the specific heat capacities of the gas, q= heat transferred OUTPUT : p2= final pressure , t2 = final temperature , delta h = enthalpy change , delta u = change in internal energy , t1= initial temperature , molar specific heat capacities of the gases, w = work done 3). HEATING A GAS AT CONSTANT VOLUME INPUT : p1 = initial pressure ,v= volume , n = no. of moles , gamma = ratio of the specific heat capacities of the gas, t2 = final temperature OUTPUT : p2= final pressure , q= heat transferred , delta h = enthalpy change , delta u = change in internal energy , t1= initial temperature , molar specific heat capacities of the gases, w = work done

4).

CALCULATING THE SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITIES OF THE GASES , n = no. of moles, q = heat

INPUT : p1 = initial pressure , p2= final pressure transferred, t2 = final temperature

OUTPUT : t1= initial temperature , delta h = enthalpy change , delta u = change in internal energy , t2=final temperature , molar specific heat capacities of the gases, w = work done , gamma = ratio of the specific heats 5). GENERIC CASES : CASE 1 : INPUT : t1 = initial temperature ,v= volume , n = no. of moles , gamma = ratio of the specific heat capacities of the gas, t2 = final temperature OUTPUT : p2= final pressure , q= heat transferred , delta h = enthalpy change , delta u = change in internal energy , p1= initial pressure , molar specific heat capacities of the gases, w = work done CASE 2 : INPUT : t1 = initial temperature ,p1= initial pressure , n = no. of moles , gamma = ratio of the specific heat capacities of the gas, t2 = final temperature OUTPUT : p2= final pressure , q= heat transferred , delta h = enthalpy change , delta u = change in internal energy, v= volume , molar specific heat capacities of the gases, w = work done

3.2 REAL GASES

For this project, the compressibility factor Z is assumed to be constant and the process is ISOCHORIC. All code inputs and outputs deal with molar physical quantities(eg: Molar Volume, Molar Enthalpy,etc) The variables involved are : Z-Compressibility Factor; p1-initial Pressure; p2-final Pressure; t1-initial temperature; t2-final temperature; Vm-Molar Volume; delu-Change in Internal Energy; delh-Change in Enthalpy; q-Heat transferred; gamma-the ratio of specific heat capacities of the gas. The equations governing the process arep1*v=Z*R*t1; p2*v=Z*R*t2; delu=Z*R*(t2-t1)/(gamma-1);

q=delu; delh=Z*R*(gamma)*(t2-t1)/(gamma-1) 5 generic cases are dealt with in this project. As there are 10 variables and 5 variables, a set of 5 data is needed from the user. Z and gamma being properties of the gas, they are always asked from the user in all the 5 cases. Work done in all the cases = 0(Isochoric Process) Case 1: Input-p1, t1, p2, Z, gamma Output-Vm, delu, delh, t2, q, cp, cv Case 2: Input-p1, p2, t2, Z, gamma Output- Vm, delu, delh, t1, q, cp, cv Case 3: Input-t1, p2, t2, Z, gamma Output- Vm, delu, delh, p1, q, cp, cv

Case 4: Input-p1, p2, Vm, Z, gamma Output-t1, t2, delh, delu, q, cv, cp Case 5: Input-t1, t2, v, gamma, Z Output- p1, p2, delu, delh, q, cv, cp The user is asked to enter these values out of a combination of many, because industrially, they are easy to measure. Reference-Physical Chemistry by Peter Atkins and Paula de Julio (7th edition) (Section 2.11)

3.3

ISOTHERMAL PROCESSES :

An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process where temperature remains constant . Delta u =0 delta H =0 The variables in consideration are :
p2= final pressure , q= heat transferred , p1= initial pressure , w = work done , n= number of moles , t= temperature , v1= initial volume , v2= final volume The equations :

p1*v1=p2*v2 p1*v1=n*R*t w=-n*R*t*log(v2/v1) w=-q

Therefore we need 4 variables , which we have illustrated through The following GENERIC CASES : we have selected the variables for the input because industrially these are easier to measure and mathematically we either need atleast one final condition or the value of one of q , delta u , delta h .

1).CASE 1 INPUT : v1= initial volume, n = no. of moles , p2= final pressure , t= temperature OUTPUT : v2= final volume , w= work done , q= heat transferred , p1= initial pressure 2). CASE 2

INPUT : v1= initial volume, n = no. of moles , q= heat transferred , t= temperature OUTPUT : v2= final volume , w= work done , p2= final pressure , p1= initial pressure 3). CASE 3 INPUT : p1= initial pressure, n = no. of moles , p2= final pressure , t= temperature . OUTPUT : v2= final volume , w= work done , q= heat transferred , v1= initial volume 4). CASE 4 INPUT : p1= initial pressure, n = no. of moles , q= heat transferred , t= temperature OUTPUT : v2= final volume , w= work done , p2= final pressure , v1=initial volume

3.4). STEADY STATE FLOW SYSTEM The flow is steady state and the controlled volume under consideration has only one inlet and one outlet The assumption in consideration is that the liquid exiting and entering is at the same height from datum level , hence potential energy term is 0 The variables under consideration are : delta H=change in enthalpy per unit mass , Ve= velocity per unit mass at exit , Vi= velocity per unit mass at entry , Te= temperature at exit , Ti= temperature at entry, RHOi=density at entry, RHOe=density at exit , Pi= pressure at entry , Pe= pressure at exit , Ae= area of cross section at exit , Ai= area of cross section at entry, M= molecular mass flow rate , m = mass flow rate , Cp= specific heat of liquid at constant pressure( where the units are J/Kg/k ) , w= work rate , q= rate of transfer of heat, z= compressibility factor

 The equations are : RHOi*Vi*Ai= RHOe*Ve*Ae RHOi*Vi*Ai=m Pi*M=RHOi*R*z*Ti Pe*M=RHOe*R*z*Te q+w=[(deltaH)+(Ve^2-Vi^2)/2]*m He-Hi= Cp*(Te-Ti) Therefore there are 15 variables and only 6 equations , so user needs to input nine variables, which we have illustrated through The practical applications of the steady state prosses : 1). PIPE FLOW ( NOZZLES AND DIFFUSERS) : NOZZLES : these are the devices used to increase the speed of the liquid flowing through them . DIFFUSERS: these are the devices used to decrease the speed of the liquid flowing through them . ASSUMPTION-FLOW IS FRICTIONLESS INPUT : Ve= velocity per unit mass at exit , Vi= velocity per unit mass at entry , Ti= temperature at entry, , Pe= pressure at exit , M= molecular mass flow rate m = mass flow rate , Cp= specific heat of liquid at constant pressure( where the units are J/Kg/k ) , w= work rate , q= rate of transfer of heat, z= compressibility factor OUTPUT : Required outlet area of cross section - Ae, final temperature =Te , final density= RHOe 2). TURBINES : Steam at high pressure and temperature or the water flowing at a very high speed is directed towards the turbines ,hence rotating them ( therefore the shaft work is negative in these cases) , and leaves at low temperature , pressure and velocity . Kinetic energy of rotating shafts is further used to generate eletricity . delta H - enthalpy change ,

ASSUMPTIONS - ISOBARIC CONDITIONS, FLOW IS FRICTIONLESS INPUT : Vi= velocity per unit mass at entry , Ti= temperature at entry, , M= molecular mass flow rate m = mass flow rate , Cp= specific heat of liquid at constant pressure( where the units are J/Kg/k ) , w= work rate , q= rate of transfer of heat, z= compressibility factor , Ai= area of cross section at entry , Ae= area of cross section at exit OUTPUT : delta H - enthalpy change , final temperature =Te , final density= RHOe , final velocity =Ve 3). COMPRESSORS : Devices used to increase the pressure of the gas or the liquid flowing through them . To rotate the shaft of compressor work must be supplied from the external source ( therefore the shaft work rate is always positive ). ASSUMPTIONS-FLOW IS FRICTIONLESS INPUT : Pi= pressure at entry , M= molecular mass flow rate m = mass flow rate , Cp= specific heat of liquid at constant pressure( where the units are J/Kg/k ) , w= work rate , q= rate of transfer of heat, z= compressibility factor , Ai= area of cross section at entry , Ae= area of cross section at exit ,Ve= velocity per unit mass at exit , Pe= final pressure required at exit OUTPUT : initial temperature Ti , initial velocity Vi , initial density RHOi , delta H enthalpy change . ( reference : http://www.rshanthini.com/tmp/ThermoBook/ThermoChap10.pdf )

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS USED

R=8.314 KPa L mol-1 K-1

MATLAB FUNCTIONS USED

while() switch/case if fprintf() disp() syms solve() double() format input()

MATLAB KEYWORDS USED

positive end function otherwise

DEFINITION OF FUNCTIONS IN MATLAB

function [<variables returned>]=<function name> (<input arguments>)

CONCLUSION The aim for this project was to simulate thermodynamic problems, given already existing relations and some values. To meet this requirement, we have, through our project, tried to establish a link between theoretical thermodynamic processes and their industrial, practical application in real world scenarios. The code developed, helps in fulfilling the aim of the project by asking the user to give some data and calculating other data on the basis of already established equations representing fundamental laws of thermodynamics, energy and mass balance. The code has been tested sufficiently over a range of values and was found to be giving satisfactory results (based on engineering assumptions made and stated). The team is hopeful that this code would help the user, to simulate conditions which are critical for design and study of processes used widely in day to day life.