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processes, circuit diagrams and sewing [1] patterns). Design has different connotations in different fields (see design disciplines below). In some cases the direct construction of an object (as in pottery, engineering, management,cowboy coding and graphic design) is also considered to be design. More formally design has been defined as follows. (noun) a specification of an object, manifested by an agent, intended to accomplish goals, in a particular environment, using a set of primitive components, satisfying a set of requirements, subject to constraints; (verb, transitive) to create a design, in an environment (where the designer operates)
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Another definition for design is a roadmap or a strategic approach for someone to achieve a unique expectation. It defines the specifications, plans, parameters, costs, activities, processes and how and what to do within legal, political, social, environmental, safety and economic [3] constraints in achieving that objective. Here, a "specification" can be manifested as either a plan or a finished product, and "primitives" are the elements from which the design object is composed. With such a broad denotation, there is no universal language or unifying institution for designers of all disciplines. This allows for many differing philosophies and approaches toward the subject (see Philosophies and studies of design, below). The person designing is called a designer, which is also a term used for people who work professionally in one of the various design areas, usually also specifying which area is being dealt with (such as a fashion designer, concept designer or web designer). A designer's sequence of activities is called a design process. The scientific study of design is called design [4][5][6] science. Designing often necessitates considering the aesthetic, functional, economic and sociopolitical dimensions of both the design object and design process. It may involve [7] considerable research, thought, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design. Meanwhile, diverse kinds of objects may be designed, including clothing,graphical user interfaces, skyscrapers, corporate identities, business processes and even methods of [8] designing.
Contents
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1 Design as a process
o o o
3.1 Philosophies for guiding design 3.2 Approaches to design 3.3 Methods of designing
4 Terminology
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4.1 Design and art 4.2 Design and engineering 4.3 Design and production 4.4 Process design
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It posits
1. designers attempt to optimize a design candidate for known constraints and objectives, 2. the design process is plan-driven, 3. the design process is understood in terms of a discrete sequence of stages. The Rational Model is based on a rationalist philosophy and underlies the Waterfall [16] [17] Model, Systems Development Life Cycle and much of the engineering [18] design literature. According to the rationalist philosophy, design is informed by research and knowledge in a predictable and controlled manner. Technical rationality is at the center of the [7] process.
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Pre-production design Design brief or Parti pris an early (often the beginning) statement of design goals Analysis analysis of current design goals Research investigating similar design solutions in the field or related topics Specification specifying requirements of a design solution for a product (product design specification)
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or service.
Problem solving conceptualizing and documenting design solutions Presentation presenting design solutions Design during production Development continuation and improvement of a designed solution Testing in situ testing a designed solution Post-production design feedback for future designs Implementation introducing the designed solution into the environment Evaluation and conclusion summary of process and results, including constructive criticism and suggestions for future improvements Redesign any or all stages in the design process repeated (with corrections made) at any time before, during, or after production.
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sense of designers by designers "thinking on their feet" more than through the predictable and controlled process stipulated by the Rational Model. Designers' context-dependent [7] experience and professional judgment take center stage more than technical rationality.
User-centered design, which focuses on the needs, wants, and limitations of the end user of the designed artifact. Critical design uses designed artifacts as an embodied critique or commentary on existing values, morals, and practices in a culture. Service design designing or organizing the experience around a product, the service associated with a product's use. Transgenerational design, the practice of making products and environments compatible with those physical and sensory impairments associated with human aging and which limit major activities of daily living. Speculative design, the speculative design process doesnt necessarily define a specific problem to solve, but establishes a provocative starting point from which a design process emerges. The result is an evolution of fluctuating iteration and reflection using designed objects to provoke questions and stimulate discussion in academic and research settings
A drawing for a booster engine forsteam locomotives. Engineering is applied to design, with emphasis on function and the utilization of mathematics and science.
Jonathan Ive has received several awards for his design ofApple Inc. products like this MacBook. In some design fields,personal computers are also used for both design and production
This is not to say that production never involves problem-solving or creativity, nor that design always involves creativity. Designs are rarely perfect and are sometimes repetitive. The imperfection of a design may task a production position (e.g. production artist, construction worker) with utilizing creativity or problem-solving skills to compensate for what was overlooked in the design process. Likewise, a design may be a simple repetition (copy) of a known preexisting solution, requiring minimal, if any, creativity or problem-solving skills from the designer.