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PhysicsI LaboratoryManual

Dr.Eng.MostafaM.Seleem Dr.Eng.NehadA.zidan 2013

TABLE OF EXPERIMENTS
Experiment
1- Ohms Law 2- Resistors in series and in parallel 3- Transient Phenomena in RC-Circuit 4- Magnetic Field of Solenoids 5- Faraday's law ( magnetic induction)

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Experiment (1)

Ohms Law
Objective:
1. To verify Ohms Law and find the resistance of unknown resistor. 2. To verify the rules of combination of resistances in series and in parallel.

Apparatus:
1. DC power supply. 2. Ammeter 3. Voltmeter 4. Resistors 5. Rheostat

Figure 1.1 Ohms law apparatus

Theory:
In metals and some other materials (in particular, commercially manufactured resistors), one finds experimentally that the voltage drop, V, across the material is directly proportional to the current, I, through the material (provided the temperature remains relatively constant): IV which is referred to as Ohms Law. It is convenient to define a proportionality constant called the resistance R (unit: Ohm [] = V/A) such that V = IR. (1.1)

The conductors that obeys Ohms law are called Ohmic conductors. The I-V characteristic for any Ohmic conductor is like the one shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.2 I-V characteristic of an Ohmic conductor


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Equation (1.1) indicates that the resistance of a resistor can be determined by measuring the potential difference V across the resistor and the current I through it. An ammeter is used to measure the current in the resistor and it is connected in series with the resistor. A voltmeter is used to measure the potential difference V across the resistor and thus the voltmeter is connected to the ends of the resistor.

Figure 1.3 Ohms law apparatus for two resistors in series

Figure 1.4 Ohms law apparatus for two resistors in parallel


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Two (or more) resistors can be connected in series (as in Figure 1.3), or in parallel (as in Figure 1.4). An equivalent resistor for some combination of resistors is a single resistor that could replace this combination of resistors and produce the same total current when the same total voltage is applied. For a series circuit, the resistances are additive: Req = R1 + R2 (1.2) For a parallel

where Req is the equivalent resistance. circuit, the resistances add as reciprocals 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 .

(1.3)

Procedure:
Part I: Ohms Law Two resistors are to be available for this lab: R1 and R2. (1) Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 1.1 including one resistor R1 in the circuit. Use the highest ranges of the ammeter and the voltmeter for safety. (2) Adjust the rheostat to its maximum resistance so that minimum current passes in the circuit. (3) Switch the power supply on. (4) Take the reading of the ammeter and the voltmeter and record V and I in table (1.1).
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(5) Decrease the resistance of the rheostat to increase V by fixed amounts and record the corresponding values of I. (6) Repeat step 5 until you have 6 pairs of data for I and V. (7) Replace R1 by R2 in the circuit and repeat the above steps using the same voltage values you used for R1. (8) Plot V (y-axis) against I (x-axis) and plot the best fit line for the data of R1 and R2. (9) Find the slope of the best fit line, then resistance R = slope. Part II: Combination of resitors (A) Resistors in series: (1) Connect R1 and R2 in series and connect them in the circuit as shown in Figure 1.3. (2) Repeat steps 1 to 6, 8 and 9 and record your data in Table (1.2). (3) Find the equivalent resistance of the combination and verify that it satisfy equation (1.2). (B) Resistors in parallel: (1)
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Connect R1 and R2 in parallel and connect them in the circuit as shown in Figure 1.4.

(2) Repeat steps 1 to 6, 8 and 9 and record your data in Table (1.3). (3) Find the equivalent resistance of the combination and verify that it satisfy equation (1.3).

Results and Discussions:


Table (1.1) single resistor
Resistor R1 R2 V (V) I (A) I (A)

Slope 1 = R1 = Slope 2 = = R2
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Table (1.2): Resistors in series


V (V) I (A)

Slope Req

= =

R1 + R2 =

Table (1.3): Resistors in parallel


V (V) I (A)

Slope Req

= =

1/[1/R1 + 1/R2] =

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Experiment (2)

Transient Phenomena in RC-Circuit


Objectives:
1. To study transient current and voltage in a series RCcircuit. 2. To determine the time constant of RC-circuit.

Apparatus:
1. DC power supply. 2. Micro Ammeter 3. Voltmeter 4. Resistor 5. Stop watch 6. Double switch

Theory:
Figure 2.1 shows a simple series RC circuit. Lets assume the capacitor in this circuit is initially uncharged.

Figure 2.1 A capacitor in series with a resistor, switch, and battery.


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If the switch is thrown to position a at t = 0 (Figure 2.2 a), charge begins to flow, setting up a current in the circuit, and the capacitor begins to charge.

(a)

(b)

Figure 2.2 (a) Charging (b) discharging a capacitor

It can be shown that the charge on the capacitor q at any time t is given by:

Where C is the capacitance of the capacitor, R is the resistance of the resistor and force (e.m.f) of the source. The term RC in the exponent is referred to as the time constant,

is the electromotive

given by:

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The time constant is the amount of time it takes for the charge of the capacitor to equal 63.2% of its final value when charging or 36.8% of its initial value when discharging. Similarly, the time constant applies for both the voltage and the current in the capacitor of an RC circuit. Then

The capacitor voltage is given by: Vc = q/C, then:

Then after long time the capacitor voltage is

The charging current in the circuit during charging I = dq/dt, then:

Figure 2.3 (a) Plot of capacitor charge versus time for the circuit shown in Figure 2.2a. (b) Plot of current versus time for the circuit shown in Figure 2.2a.
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Imagine that the capacitor in Figure 2.2a is completely charged. A potential difference Q/C exists across the capacitor, and there is zero potential difference across the resistor because I = 0. If the switch is now thrown to position b at t = 0 (Figure 2.2b), the capacitor begins to discharge through the resistor. At some time t during the discharge, the current in the circuit is I and the charge on the capacitor is q. The charge on the capacitor decreases with time according to:

The capacitor voltage is given by:

The current in the circuit is also decreases with time according to:

Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure 2.4.

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Figure 2.4 Connection of RC circuit

2. Put the switch to position a; so that capacitor is charged. Take the reading of the micro ammeter and the voltmeter every fixed time interval (every 2 seconds). 3. Plot V-t and I-t graphs. 4. Put the switch to position b and record the reading of the micro ammeter and the voltmeter every fixed time interval. 5. Plot V-t and I-t graphs. 6. Plot the graph of ln(I) vs. t and draw a best fit straight line. Obtain the time constant from slope = (- 1 / ) of the line.

7. Verify that = RC.


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Results and Discussions:


Part I: Charging

t (s) V (V)
I (A)

Part II: Discharging

t (s) V (V)
I (A) Ln(I)

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I: Charging: V-t and I-t graphs.

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II: Discharging: V-t and I-t graphs.

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III: ln(I)-t graph.

Slope =

=
RC =

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Experiment (3)

Magnetic Field of Solenoids


Objective:
1. To measure the variation of magnetic field, B along the axis of a solenoid carrying current using the Hall probe and to investigate its dependence on the solenoids number of windings. 2. To compare the maximum value of the magnetic field, B inside the solenoids with its calculated value from the theoretical formula obtained by Ampere's Law.

Apparatus:
1. Ammeter. 2. Meter stick. 3. DC power supply. 4. Teslameter with Hall probe. 5. Set of solenoids of fixed lengths, L and different number of windings, N.

The setup is shown in Figure 3.1.

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Figure 3.1 Experiment setup

Theory:
A solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a helix. With this configuration, a reasonably uniform magnetic field can be produced in the space surrounded by the turns of wire when a current passes through. When the turns are closely spaced, each can be regarded as a circular loop, and the net magnetic field is the vector sum of the fields due to all the turns. Figure 3.2 shows the magnetic field lines of a loosely wound solenoid. Note that the field lines in the space surrounded by the coil are nearly parallel, uniformly distributed, and close together, indicating that the field
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in this space is uniform. The field lines between the turns tend to cancel each other. The field outside the solenoid is weak, because the field due to current elements on the upper portions tend to cancel the field due to current elements on the lower portions.

Figure 3.2 magnetic field lines of a loosely wound solenoid.

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If the turns are closely spaced and the solenoid is of finite length, the field lines are as shown in figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3 magnetic field lines of a closely wound solenoid.

In this case, the field lines diverge from one end and converge at the opposite end. An inspection of this field distribution shows a similarity with the field of a bar magnet. Hence, one end of the solenoid behaves as a
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north pole while the other as a south pole. As the length of the solenoid increases, the field in the space enclosed by the coils becomes more and more uniform. The case of an ideal solenoid is approached when the turns are closely spaced and the length is long compared with the radius. In this case, the field outside the solenoid is weak compared with the field in the space enclosed by the coils and the field is uniform over a large volume. Ampere's law is used to obtain an expression for the magnetic in the space surrounded by an ideal solenoid in the form:

B = 0nI
Where:

(1)

0 is the permeability of free space ( 4x 10-7 ) , n . is the number of turns per unit length , and
I . is the current in the solenoid Procedure:
1- Connect the experiment as shown in Figure 3.1.

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2- Adjust the current I through the solenoid such that it does not exceed its maximum value (written on the solenoid). 3- Use the axial Hall probe to measure the magnetic field inside the solenoid along the axis. 4- Measure the magnetic field B using the tesla meter, while moving the Hall probe along the axis of the solenoid, with suitable steps. Tabulate your results in a table as shown in results and discussion. 5- Repeat the above steps for a current I one-half the current you used before (I = 0.5 I). 6- Plot the variation of B versus the distance x for both I and I. 6- Calculate the magnetic field B inside the solenoid using equation (1) and compare it with the maximum value of the measured B, for each number of windings and comment on the discrepancy between the two values.

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Results and Discussions: Current I =


X(cm) B(mT)

Current I=
X(cm) B(mT)

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Experiment (4)

Faraday's law ( magnetic induction)


Objective:
Determination of the induction voltage in a coil as a function of: 1. The strength of the magnetic field, 2. The frequency of the magnetic field, 3. The number of turns of the induction coil, 4. of the cross-section of the induction coil.

Apparatus:
1. Function generator. 2. Digital counter. 3. Digital multimeter. 4. Field coil. 5. different Induction coils . The experiment setup is shown in Figure 4.1.

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Figure 4.1 The experiment setup

Theory:
An electromotive force (emf) (or voltage) is induced in a coil of N turns (n turns per unit length) when the magnetic flux through it changes with time. The induced coil is given by:

emf in the

Where B is the magnetic flux through each turn of the coil.

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If a sinusoidal current I passes through the primary coil, it will generate a sinusoidal magnetic field inside it. This sinusoidal magnetic field penetrates a smaller coil

(secondary coil) put inside the primary coil and a sinusoidal induced emf is generated across the terminals of the secondary coil. Let the current I is given by: (1) Where Imax is the maximum current and is the angular frequency of the alternating current source. If the radius of the secondary coil is R, it can be shown that the induced voltage in the secondary coil is given by: (2) Then

is proportional to I, w, n and R.

The voltages induced across the secondary coils which are pushed into the long coil are determined as a function of frequency, number of turns, diameter and field strength.

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Procedure:
1. Setup the experimental as shown in Figure 4.1. 2. The coil current and the induction voltage are measured with the digital multimeters. 3. The effect of frequency should be studied between 1 kHz and 12 kHz. 4. Measure the induced voltage as a function of the current in the primary coil at f = 10 kHz, diameter of the induction coil d = 41 mm.

(v)
I (mA) 5. Induced voltage as a function of the frequency in the primary coil with a primary current of 30 mA and an induction coil diameter of d = 41 mm.

(v)
f (kHZ)

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6. Induced voltage as a function of the diameter of the secondary coil with a primary current of 30 mA and a frequency of 10 kHz.

(v)
d (mm) 7. Induced voltage as a function of the number of turns of the secondary coil with a primary current of 30 mA and a frequency of 10 kHz.

(v)
N (turn)

Results and Discussions :


Plot the measurements you obtained and check that they verify equation 2.

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(A) The induced voltage as a function of the current in the primary coil

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(B) The induced voltage as a function of the frequency

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(C) The induced voltage as a function of the diameter of the secondary coil

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(D) The induced voltage as a function of the number of turns of the secondary coil

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