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Electronic Science II Laboratory Manual

Experiment Number: 02 Experiment Name: Familiarization with electronic equipments like DC Power Supply, Function Generator, Multimeter, CRO. Objective: 1. To familiarize with DC power supply. 2. To familiarize with Function Generator. 3. To familiarize with Multimeter. 4. To familiarize with Cathode Ray Oscilloscope. (1) DC Power Supply: A stabilized power supply provides a d.c output voltage that remains substantially constant even if the a.c supply voltage or the d.cload current changes. The system contains the following parts: (a) a rectifier with filter, and (b) a voltage regulator. The connection of these parts is shown in the block diagram of fig 1.

Fig 1. The rectifier converts the alternating current (or voltage) from the a.c supply into the direct current (or voltage).The output of the rectifier contains ripple (the fluctuating components of current or voltage) in addition to the d.c current (or voltage).the filter associated with the rectifier circuit smoothens out or reduces this ripple. However, the output from the rectifier-filter system may change with the changes in the a.c. supply voltage or the load resistance. The purpose of the voltage regulator unit is to eliminate this fluctuation.

(a) Stabilized power supply

(b) Variable power supply

(2) Function Generator A function generator is a versatile instrument that delivers a choice of different waveforms whose frequencies are adjustable over a wide range. The most common outputs are the sine, triangular, square and sawtooth waveforms. The frequencies of these waveforms may be adjusted from a fraction of Hz to several hundreds kHz.

(3) Multimeter A multimeter measures electrical properties such as AC or DC voltage, current, and resistance. A multimeter combines a voltmeter, an ammeter, and an ohmmeter. As a voltmeter, a multimeter can measure the amount of AC or DC voltage flowing through a circuit. Voltage is a difference in potential energy between the two points. When used as an ammeter, the multimeter measures current flowing through a closed circuit by interrupting that circuit. The multimeter can only be connected in series. As an ohmmeter, a multimeter finds the resistance in a circuit, which is given in ohms. You can find the resistance at any point in a circuit by first unplugging the device from a wall outlet or battery source. The multimeter actually passes a small amount of electricity from its own battery through the circuit to measure resistance by comparing the voltage sent out to what it receives.

(4) Cathode Ray Oscilloscope An oscilloscope is a test instrument which allows us to look at the 'shape' of electrical signals by displaying a graph of voltage against time on its screen. It is like a voltmeter with the valuable extra function of showing how the voltage varies with time. A graticule with a 1cm grid enables you to take measurements of voltage and time from the screen. The graph, usually called the trace, is drawn by a beam of electrons striking the phosphor coating of the screen making it emit light, usually green or blue. A dual trace oscilloscope can display two traces on the screen, allowing us to easily compare the input and output of a circuit. Procedure to set up oscillator: 1. Switch on the oscilloscope to warm up. 2. Set the AC/GND/DC switch (for the Channel in-used) to DC. In DC mode the display will show the exact waveform. In AC mode, the dc components will be removed and only ac components will be displayed. GND mode will not display anything other than the horizontal ground trace. At this time you can position the trace anywhere in the display using vertical position knob as per your requirement 3. Set the X-Y switch Off. When the X-Y button is pressed IN, the oscilloscope does not display a V/t graph. Instead, the vertical axis is controlled by the input signal to CH 2. This allows the oscilloscope to be used to display a V/V (voltage/voltage) graph. 4. Set Trigger Level to AUTO and Trigger Source to INT (internal) TRIGGER LEVEL control is used to stop the screen waveform from moving left or right on the screen. The triggering mode is set to INTERNAL, to trigger on the channel you wish to display. 5. Set the Volts/Div to 5V/cm (a moderate value) and TIMEBASE to 10ms/cm (a moderate speed). The "Volts/Div." wheels amplify an input signal so that for a division a given voltage level is in valid. A "division" is a segment, a square on the screen of the oscilloscope. For example, a setting of ".5" i.e. means, that the height of a single square equals a voltage of 0.5 V. An amplitude of 1 V would have a size of two divisions vertical to the abscissa. The "Time/Div." wheel determines, how long the electronic beam which draws the curve needs for moving from the left to the right edge of a division. The wheel controls the "time scale". A "division" is one square on the screen of the oscilloscope. If the wheel is set to "1 ms" for example, it means that 1 ms is needed per square for the horizontal movement, i.e. 10 ms for moving the beam from the left to the right edge of the screen, because the surface is divided into 10 divisions. 6. The Variable Time Base Control that lies within the Time Base Control must be rotated completely clockwise until a "click" is heard to ensure calibration and correct readings. 7. Adjust Y SHIFT (up/down) and X SHIFT (left/right) to give a trace across the middle of the screen. 8. Adjust INTENSITY (brightness) and FOCUS to give a bright, sharp trace. Now the oscilloscope is ready to use.

Other Controls of the Oscillator:

1. CH I/II, DUAL and ADD


CH I/II OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN OUT IN DUAL OUT OUT IN IN OUT OUT IN IN ADD OUT OUT OUT OUT IN IN IN IN effect of setting normal operation: only CH 1 displayed, triggering from CH 1 only CH 2displayed, triggering from CH 2 CH 1 and CH 2 displayed on alternate sweeps, triggering from CH 1 CH 1 and CH 2 displayed on alternate sweeps, triggering from CH 2 CH 1 and CH 2 signals added together to produce a single trace, triggering from CH 1 CH 1 and CH 2 signals added together to produce a single trace, triggering from CH 2 CH 1 and CH 2 displayed simultaneously, triggering from CH 1 CH 1 and CH 2 displayed simultaneously, triggering from CH 2

2. HOLD OFF: The HOLD OFF control allows you to introduce a delay relative to the trigger point so that a different part of the signal can be seen.
Exercise: Using Oscilloscope, find out the Voltage and Frequency of the output of the Function Generator using oscilloscope from the table below and compare if the ratio of the input frequency (as observed from the oscilloscope) to the output frequency (as observed in the function generator) is equal to 1:
Sl. No. Volt/ Division (Vertical) No. of Divisions (Vertical axis) Voltage Frequency Voltage observed in Func. Generator Time/ Div (Horizontal) No. of Divisions (Horizontal axis) Time Period Frequency

Calculation:

Conclusion:

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