Building Material

GLASS

Learning outcome
Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to: Describe the production of glass Describe properties of glass Describe various types of glass and their unique

Manufacture of Glass
The manufacture process: 1.The basic ingredients used in manufacture of glass are silica, limestone, and soda ash. 2.These ingredients are first ground finely and mixed in a proper proportion. This mixture is known as frit 3.Cullet (broken or scrap glass) are fed also into the furnace to cause initial melting action, resulting in a sticky mass full of bubble 4. Further heating will cause loosing its viscous nature and become watery liquid, allowing all bubble to rise to the surface 5.The molten glass is cooled and it is worked and shaped (formed) when it is viscous 3

Manufacture of Glass
Glass products are produced by several basic processes; or methods such as:a) b) c) d) e) Blowing by mouth Drawing Casting by float Rolling Pressing or Extrusion

Manufacture of Glass
Forming Process/Methods
1) Blowing + Moulding (blowing by mouth) This process is used to make small glass product. This involves blowing the viscous glass into shapes. Application Used to make/manufacture: Antique sheet glass & sand bottles.

Manufacture of Glass
Forming Process/Methods
2)Drawing

The molten glaurs is put into a tank. An iron grille known as a bait is lowered into the tank. The molten glass sticks to the grille and it is slowly lifted up, thereby drawing with it a sheet glass. The sheet of glass passes through annealing tower as it is pulled up. The glass is then gradually cooled as it gets higher. The glass is cut, inspected, stored and dispatched.
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Manufacture of Glass
2)Drawing contd
Application Used to make sheet glass (for window).

Production of Glass

Glazing
Glazing, which forms a very important part of most buildings, has the form of attractions:-

a) It admits daylight while providing a weather proof

barrier. b) Daylight is known to have psychological benefits for people compared with artificial light sources. c) Plain glazing provides the interest of an external view. d) Glazing provides an increased feeling of spaciousness in a room of a given size.
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Glazing
Glass is the most traditional material for glazing, offering the following benefits: Glass is quite cheap to produce Glass is relatively hard and generally scratch resistant. Glass is quite inert and largely unaffected by exposure to normal atmospheres. The material is easy to cut It has excellent optical properties
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Glazing
Disadvantages/problem areas:
There are serious injury risks due to the sharp edges exposed by cutting or breakage Ordinary glass has poor thermal insulation properties leading to high heat gain in summer and high heat loss in winter.

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Glass-Recyclable Product
Re-cycling / environmental considerations includes:
Glass is very suitable for recycling Glass is an essential part of the glass-making process since it has a relatively low melting point. Conversely, if not recycled, glass does not readily break down over time and can be hazard. High temperatures are required for its manufacture.

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Types of glass
Glass used in buildings may be classified into 3 general categories:1. Transparent glass 2. Translucent glass 3. Special glass

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Types of glass
1. Transparent glass
Clear sheet glass Clear plate glass Float glass

2. Translucent glass
Rough cast glass Patterned glass Wired rough cast glass

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Types of glass
3. Special glass
Toughening/Tempered glass Diffuse reflection glass One way glass Solar heat resisting glass X-ray resisting glass Heat resisting glass Antique glass
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Transparent glass
1. Clear sheet glasssheet glass

Also called Drawn

B.S 952 state Sheet glass has natural fire-finished surfaces but because of the 2 surfaces are never perfectly flat and parallel; There is always some distortion of vision and reflection. There are mainly 3 main B.S. Grades:(i) OQ- Ordinary glazing quality (ii) SA- Selected Glazing quality (iii) SSQ- Special selected glazing quality
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Transparent glass
2. Clear plate glass
B.S. 952 state This glass has flat & parallel surface producing clear vision and reflection Wired clear plate glass 27 is 6mm thick & the normal size of the plate is 330 x 183mm; both Georgian & diamond patterns of plate glass specified in the B.S. 952 (i) GQ~ Glazing quality for general use/ works (ii) SG~ Selected glazing quality- suitable for superior works to make mirrors (iii) SQ~ Silvering quality- Suitable for high class mirrors 17

Transparent Glass

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Float Glass Process

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Float Glass

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Translucent Glass
1. Rough Cast Glass
It is called so because it was formerly cast on sand bed. It is also known as frosted glass. Now is made by passing molten glass between rollers which impart a characteristic pattern on one side with the other side being smooth. The most commonly available size is in 6mm thick. Rough cast glass allow light to penetrate but causes images to be distorted. It is necessary where privacy is the main consideration, eg. Bathrooms and gazed panel, doors
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Translucent Glass

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Obscure Glass

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Translucent Glass
2. Wired Rough Glass Wire mesh embedded centrally in the thickness of the glass. The function of the wire mesh is to hold the glass fragments in the event of breakage but not to reinforce glass. It is useful in public buildings & for roof lights or doors. The wired glass is made in 2 patterns (i) Georgian- 13mm sided square mesh (ii)Diamond- 20mm sided square

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Wired Glass

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Transparent glass
3. Float Glass
It is produced by the recently developed floating & continuous ribbon method. Both sides are flat & parallel.

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Translucent Glass
3. Patterned Glass
The glass has patterns impressed on it by rollers. In selecting this pattern, ease of cleaning must be considered together with obscuration & diffusion pattern.

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Special Glass
1. Toughened Glass Made in either plate, sheet or float glass. The glass is heated and suddenly cooled by jets of cool air The cooled surface is put to compression while the interior is still in tension. There may be some distortions but the glass becomes stronger, tougher & flexible than the original annealed glass.
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Special Glass
1. Toughened Glass (contd)
Toughened glass is de-toughened by exposing to temp of about 300C for long duration or too frequently and it is not fireresisting. It is also called tempered glass

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Special Glass
2. Diffused Reflection Glass It is used for glazing pictures and instrument dials. Both the surfaces of sheet, plate and float glass are lightly textured. So that within 20mm of the object to be viewed. Its completely transparent and nonreflective. It is also called Non-Reflective Glass.
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Special Glass
3. One Way Glass
No glass gives one way vision. One way glass depends upon the lighting condition. On the viewing side, it should be less intense than the reverse. In most one way glass, a metallic film is applied. The glass either to float or plate glass reflects most of the light that falls upon it This film must be protected from abrasion
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Special Glass
4. Solar heat resisting glass
Ordinary glass can only block long wave solar radiation from passing through But allow short wave solar radiation through objects on which solar radiation falls reradiates the heat Used in Hot House or Green House Act mainly by either reflection or absorption Therefore is used to reduce the cost of air conditioning and reduce sun glare.
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Special Glass

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Laminated Glass
Consist of 2 sheets of annealed glass cemented together with a polyvinyl butyral interlayer More resistant to breakage than wired glass Can be describes as a safety glass (Wire glass is not) Special purposes such as security, one-way vision, solar radiation control, anti-fading, obscuration, fire resistance, manifestation, and alarm
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Double Glazing
Reducing thermal loss and condensation and in providing sound insulation Outer pane has a heat reflective layer on its inner surface, the reduce emissivity of the coated surface reduces transmission through the air space Gaps filled suitable gases can further reduce thermal transmittance Double glazing with 6mm gap may be equivalent to a brick cavity wall. In extreme conditions differences between the atmospheric pressure, enclosed air can cause explosion or implosion
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Frost Glass

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Glass

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Structural Glass

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Structural Glass

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Tinted Glass

Coloured Glass

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Tempered Glass

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The End

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