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Past time considered for only transmission lines Applied to distribution radial feeders Advantage - protection under widely varying source impedance conditions.
Bus S Es1 Zs1 Relay Es2 Zs2 Fault Load
Distance Relays
Advantages over Overcurrent Relaying
Greater instantaneous trip coverage Lower sensitivity to source impedance changes Better sensitivity to fault currents Reduced sensitivity to load Easier coordination with other distance relays
2/28/2005
2/28/2005
Impedance Relays
V I = K1 K2 =Z
T = K 2 Z 2 I 2 V 2
T = K1 I 2 K 2 V 2 K 2 V 2 = K 1 I 2 if torque = zero
V
2/28/2005 EE526 Power System Protection II Lecture 19 3 2/28/2005
Balance Beam
Trip Contacts
Impedance Relays
Plot of all possible values of voltage and current that produce zero torque on an R-X diagram Generates a circle with the center at the origin and a radius of Z The ratios of voltage to current that produce zero torque and the line impedance vector is called the reach of the relay
2/28/2005 EE526 Power System Protection II Lecture 19 5
Impedance Relays
Impedance relays are inherently nondirectional
Add directional control with a type 32 Use directional control
T = K1 V I cos( )
2/28/2005
Impedance Relays
No Trip Area jX Line length = Zl Relay reach = nZl Trip Area
Impedance Relays
Limitations and sensitivities
Fault resistance Infeed from remote end
load into the source behind the relay makes relays under-reach load current out of this source makes impedance relays overreach
R Forward Direction
No Trip Area
Reverse Direction
2/28/2005 EE526 Power System Protection II Lecture 19 7 2/28/2005 EE526 Power System Protection II Lecture 19 8
Impedance Relays
Limitations and sensitivities
C determines how far the center of the circle shifts from the origin.
Trip Area
90
Line angle R
T = K 3 V I cos ( ) K 2 V 2 K 4
K K4 V = Z = 3 cos ( ) I K2 K2 V I
11 2/28/2005 EE526 Power System Protection II Lecture 19
No Trip Area
2/28/2005 EE526 Power System Protection II Lecture 19
12
No Trip Area
S X1
No Trip Area
Trip Area
Problem
90
Line angle R
Solution
Voltage memory
13 2/28/2005 EE526 Power System Protection II Lecture 19 14
No Trip Area
2/28/2005