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SLUMS

R 08

CASP Data analysis report

SLUMS
By Peera jagirdar

Under the guidance of Medha M Karpurmath

MSPT CIVIL

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SLUMS

SLU`MS
Slum is a residential area of a town or city or a part of larger society where people are living under various substandard conditions and unhealthy environment. The dwellings are in a depleted condition due to overcrowding, faulty arrangements of design, lack of ventilation, light. sunrays, and sanitary facilities. The area is over populated due to growing population or migrated population by which there is lack of open space. Slum of a town may be termed as a cancer of the town where even all social evils will also take birth and grow to cover the whole town. It has been observed that about 20% to 30% population of the town is living in these areas and in the beginning this is that population which has migrated from nearby area to fulfill day to day small needs of population of town because they are directly dependent on them. Slum is more related to urban areas than rural areas because unemployment or low chances of self employment and other public relief will be cause of depressing environment of the urban dweller in the slums. CHARACTERISTICS OF SLUMS 1. Appearance The slum area gives an ugly look and speaks of its bad conditions. 2. Hazard Environment of slum areas may be the cause of various hazards like fire,
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flood, health etc. This may be the cause of loss of human-life, wealth and property. Generally slum areas have the chances of fire hazard. 3. Health and Sanitation The people of slum have poor health for which poor sanitation, poor air-circulation, poor penetration of sun rays due to various obstructions are responsible. 4. Low Income Generally, slum people belong to low-income group and due to their poor income they cannot afford to shift to other comfortable area. 5. Morals Slum people have low moral and can think only about themselves at the same time cannot do anything to provide a better healthy environment to other. These people also get involved in immoral works which cannot give a healthy teaching to their children. 6. Density of Population Slums have high density of population which gives mental and physical discomforts to man. 7. Way of Living In slums, way of living is poor due to poor social interactions, poverty and evils. Poor public services like supply of water and insufficient drainage system is the cause of poor environment.

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8. Power of Local Authorities Local authorities escape from exercising their power to handle slum due to unnecessary interference of political people. 9. Economic Conditions and Education Since the people of slum have poor economical conditions therefore they are not able to care about the education of their children. This develops lack of confidence to understand that what is good and what is bad for them and their family members. 10. Improper Use of Land Due to shortage of space, the open area was converted into living area and even some time they used to encroach the roads which create problem in movement. 11. Industrialisation If slum is due to industrialisation then day by day number of migrants will increase and conditions will be worst in future. 12. Disbalance of Surrounding Conditions The various conditions of slum are responsible to destroy the landscape and disbalance the ecology of place.

CAUSES OF SLUMS
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The following are the main causes for the formation of slums: 1. Industrialisation The slums may be said to be the direct evil result from industrialization. The workers employed in the factories generally make their habitation as near as possible to the place of work. They are low waged persons and cannot afford daily travelling from the distant places in the city. Hence in a short time the available land or open space is occupied by the buildings without any proper planning. This gives rise to the formation of slums. 2. Improper use of land If lands fit for residence are used for industries or vice-versa, the slums may be formed. 3. Migrants The persons migrating from the surrounding areas may occupy, usually illegally, the vacant or empty places occupying the land without title. The colonies of squatters may result into slums. The flow of migrants per day increases in metropolitan cities. 4. Lack of Zoning If the town is not divided into suitable zones and development is allowed to take place at random, the slums may be created. 5. Decentralization When decentralization takes place, the rich and middle class people move out to the extended portions of the town and thus, the poor people are left unattended in the overcrowded central area of the town.
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6. Lack of Education If the inhabitants are lacking in education, they may not pay attention to improve the living conditions, lose civic interest and neighbourhood spirit. They may be easily dragged into social evils. 7. Economic conditions The main cause for the slum formation can be described in one word as poverty. The unemployment and growth of population may force the affected persons to stay even in unhealthy atmosphere. It is difficult for them to pay heavy rent for a decent living. They therefore move in slum areas. 8. Repair and Maintenance If cheap houses, constructed by the land owner for the purpose of collecting rents, are not properly maintained, the conditions favouring formation of the slums may develop. 9. Inadequate Powers If the local authority concerned does not possess adequate powers to control the development of town, the slums may be formed. If preventive measures are not taken in time, the decent localities of the town will be the slums of tomorrow.

EFFECTS OF SLUMS' The some of the effects of slums are listed as follows:

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1. Unhealthy conditions are created due to absence of public facilities like water supply, drainage, sanitation and light, etc. 2. The persons residing in slums are easily attacked by various types of diseases. The climate of slums is such that it easily leads to unhealthy conditions of living. 3. 4. There is complete absence of social and cultural life. The mental outlook of the slum dweller is affected. He develops low moral character as such he is easily attracted by vice, delinquency, crime and clandestine activities in- bootlegging, narcotics, drugs, adulteration, etc. 5. The overcrowding area is full of noise, smoke and congestion. This affects considerably, on the working conditions of the people in offices, schools, hospitals, etc. 6. The slums as such on a city plan forms undesirable spots and in a sense, disturbs the appearance of good features of a city plan. 7. The roads tend to become highways so there is danger from traffic accidents. 8. It is not possible to work peacefully in slums because the whole area is fun of noise, traffic congestion, smoke, dust and darkness.

9.

All open areas being attacked, there is no open space for recreation, pure air, etc.

10.

A slum dweller loses his ambition, civic interest as well as wholesome


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SLUMS
neighbourhood spirit. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN AGAINST FORMATION OF SLUMS The slums in the towns gradually grow and as such the concerned authorities should keep watch on such growth and try to take precautions to prevent them. Slums are health hazards to the cities which later on create serious socio-economic and political problems. The following precautionary measures adopted to prevent formation of slums: 1. The authorities should make provision for healthy conditions of living and working. 2. The subsidised cheap housing in sufficient number should be provided for the workers labourers, and poor people with all civic amenities and utility services. 3. The authorities should enforce the law that the employers should provide better housing facilities for their labourers. 4. The authorities should have power to control the rents under Rent Restriction Act. They should arrest the sub-standard and unauthorised constructions on vacant lands. 5. Proper wages should be provided to the labours to improve their standard of living. 6. The labourers should be properly educated to take care of health, cleanliness and general welfare of their families. 7. It is possible to check the growth of slums by carrying out effective social education of the slum dwellers.
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8. It is necessary to arrest immediately the unauthorized construction in the form of huts and temporary structures on vacant pieces of lands. The authorities concerned should take drastic actions in demolishing and removing such unauthorized constructions. SLUM CLEARANCE The process of improving the existing conditions of slums is known as the slum clearance. The main objects of taking up slum clearance programmes as follows: i. To bring down the disparity in the living standards of the people of various classes. ii. iii. To prevent the occurrence of epidemics in the town or city. To provide the absolute basic minimum standards of essential amenities for a healthy living. iv. To remove the ugly spots or slums from the map of town or city.

The slum clearance may be affected in one of the two ways: 1. Complete Removal Method 2. Improvement Method

1.

Complete Removal Method In this method congested area may be completely cleared out of the

existing locality.

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i. The ill-constructed houses are demolished and only those which are really good are retained. ii. Transit Camps in the form of temporary buildings near the slum areas should be constructeq to accommodate those dishoused in the process of slum clearance. iii. The areas thus cleared up may be used for widening of roads, providing recreation grounds or building new houses of approved standards. iv. With the existing old good buildings, the houses may be grouped together into neighbourhoods. Care should be taken to keep the density within the limit in accordance with the standard specified. v. The population should be provided with amenities such as water supply, drainage, sanitary arrangements, electricity, gas, etc. The slum clearance, by this method, proves to be too costly and further, the people who are dishoused are to be provided with alternative housing facilities.

2. i.

Improvement Method The slums are due to poor drainage system and unhealthy conditions. Hence the drainage arrangement is modified and improved.

ii.

Public utility services like water, drainage, electricity, gas may be provided in the affected area.

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iii. If the houses are fairly good, certain steps such as improvement of the street system, filling up of low ground, modifications of drainage arrangements, removal of obstructing structures, etc. may be taken up to implement slum clearance scheme. iv. Low portions of the old slums like ditches. or swamps may be filled up and then the existing roads may be widened. With proper planning and improvement works it is possible to make the slums slightly more habitable at the minimum cost. The important points to be carefully attended to in any slum clearance or improvement project are as follows: . 1. Transit camps: When a slum clearance scheme is taken in hand, the

persons occupying the slums will have to be dishoused. The transit camps in the form of semi-permanent or temporary buildings are constructed in some other parts of the town to accommodate such persons temporarily till their new houses are built. 2. Legal aspects: The legal formalities required to implement the slum

clearance project should be strictly followed. The legal aspects include publication and circulation of the slum clearance project. Acquisition of lands. Compensation of the acquired properties. Arrangements for the evicted population. etc. 3. Amenities : The public utility service such as water, drainage and electricity should be made adequate for the affected area. 4. Unauthorized person : To arrest the unauthorized persons to take advantage during the transit period, it is desirable to issue the slum dweller, who is qualified to get a tenement after slum improvement
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scheme, a identification card containing the complete details of slum dweller is issued.

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