ANSYS

Appendix Explicit Dynamics with ANSYS/LS-DYNA

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-1

! Chapter 1 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Jet Engine Fan Blade Containment Analysis (blade.inp) ! Chapter 1 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! Stress Initialization to Prescribed Geometry followed by Full Transient ! ! ! ! ! ! This is a simplified implicit-to-explicit sequential solution of a jet engine fan blade containment analysis. The fan blade is snapped off at its base and then it impacts the other fan blades and the engine duct. A bird-strike analysis could also be conducted in which an impacting object would cause the first fan blade to snap off.

/plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /view,,1,2,3 /ang,1 /pnum,mat,1 /num,1 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off

! true scale displacement magnification ! do not display status boxes ...

! ========================================================================== /filnam,implicit,1 ! implicit (ANSYS) portion of analysis

! Note: Only SHELL181 elements are used in this example, but other element ! types (e.g., SOLID45) can also be used. However, there is a set of ! companion element types that make the transition from/to implicit ! to/from explicit "automatic" (ETCHG used instead of EMODIF): ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! LINK8 BEAM4 SHELL181 SOLID185 COMBIN14 MASS21 LINK10 ===> ===> <===> <===> ===> ===> ===> LINK160 BEAM161 SHELL163 SOLID164 COMBI165 MASS166 LINK167

(181 can be used in springback, too) (185 can be used in springback, too)

The LS-DYNA link and beam elements require a third node, which is not always used in ANSYS, so these elements must be checked by the user. Also, SHELL181 and SOLID185 can accept thickness and stress information from LS-DYNA, so they can be used in the implicit phase (springback) of a metal forming analysis. If used, SOLID185 should have KEYOPT(2)=1 (i.e., uniform reduced integration with hourglass control) to be consistent with SOLID164.

! It's best to think in terms of "parts" when the model is being created, ! because ANSYS/LS-DYNA requires part definitions for many of its commands ! (EDLOAD, EDCGEN, EDREAD, etc). By issuing the EDPART,Create command,
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! ! ! ! ! !

ANSYS/LS-DYNA automatically creates parts that are based on unique sets of MAT, REAL, and TYPE numbers used by elements (listed sequentially via the ELIST command). These part lists can be updated after the model has been changed (EDPART,Update) or listed (EDPART,List) at any time before the SOLVE or EDWRITE,ANSYS/LSDYNA/Both commands are issued, at which point, the part list is set. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! implicit shell elements for engine hub implicit shell elements for blade platform implicit shell elements for engine blades implicit shell elements for engine duct show element thicknesses (to check model) thickness of hub (flywheel shape) fan blade platform thickness fan blade average thickness engine duct (housing) thickness

/prep7 et,1,SHELL181 et,2,SHELL181 et,3,SHELL181 et,4,SHELL181 /eshape,1 r,1,0.50 r,2,0.50 r,3,0.25 r,4,0.75 ! Note: ! ! ! !

Only small strains using linear material properties are allowed in the implicit analysis, since only the resulting displacements will be used in the stress initialization portion (first part) of the explicit analysis. No path dependent features are allowed in the implicit run. ! modulus of hub (psi) ! Poisson's ratio (unitless) ! mass density of hub (lbf-sec^2/in^4) ! modulus of blade platform (psi) ! Poisson's ratio (unitless) ! mass density of blade platform (lbf-sec^2/in^4) ! modulus of blade (psi) ! Poisson's ratio (unitless) ! mass density of blade (lbf-sec^2/in^4) ! modulus of engine duct (psi) ! Poisson's ratio (unitless) ! density of duct not used (lbf-sec^2/in^4) ! create simplified jet engine geometry ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! line #1 used to generate geometry... inner radius of hub (line #2) divide line #2 in half into lines #2 and #3 outer radius of hub (lines #4 and #5) line #6 represents web of hub local CS to twist blade root of blade (break point at radius = 11") create lines to "skin" blade...

mp, ex,1,30.0e6 mp,nuxy,1,0.30 mp,dens,1,7.33e-4 mp, ex,2,30.0e6 mp,nuxy,2,0.30 mp,dens,2,7.33e-4 mp, ex,3,30.0e6 mp,nuxy,3,0.30 mp,dens,3,7.33e-4 mp, ex,4,30.0e6 mp,nuxy,4,0.30 mp,dens,4,7.33e-4 k,1,0,0,0 k,2,0,0,1 l,1,2 lgen,2,1,,,5,0,0 ldiv,2 lgen,2,2,3,,5,0,0 l,5,7 local,11,1,0,0,0.5,0,0,90.0 lgen,2, 4, 5,,0, -5.0,1.0 lgen,2, 7, 8,,0,-12.5,1.5 lgen,2, 9,10,,0,-12.5,1.5 lgen,2,11,12,,0,-12.5,1.5 lgen,2,13,14,,0,-12.5,1.5 lgen,2,15,16,,0,-12.5,1.5 lgen,2,17,18,,0,-12.5,1.5 lsel,s,line,,7,20,1

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lesize,all,,,2 lsel,all lplot csys,0 kmodif,1,0,0,-2 kmodif,2,0,0, 3 lgen,2, 1,,,21,0,0 lplot a,6,7,10,9 a,7,8,11,10 askin,7,9,11,13,15,17,19 askin,8,10,12,14,16,18,20 csys,1 lesize,2,,,1 lesize,3,,,1 arotat,2,3,,,,,1,2,360,4 lesize,6,,,5 arotat, 6,,,,,,1,2,360,4 lesize,4,,,2 lesize,5,,,2 arotat,4,5,,,,,1,2,360,4 lesize,21,,,5 arotat,21,,,,,,1,2,360,4 nummrg,kp aplot type,1 real,1 mat,1 esize,,9 amesh,5,12 amesh,13,16 amesh,17,24 type,2 real,2 mat,2 esize,,4 amesh,1,2 type,3 real,3 mat,3 esize,,36 amesh,3,4 agen,36,1,4,1, 0,10.0,0 type,4 real,4 mat,4 esize,,9 amesh,25,28 nummrg,kp csys,0

! specify esize = 0.25" for blades ("axially")

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

return to global coordinate system move end-points of origin line for duct duct axial length will be 5" for model... line #21 at 21" radius (engine duct or housing) platform at base of blade (area #1) area #2 twisting shape of blade "skinned" (area #3) area #4 use global cylindrical CS to copy blades, etc. specify esize = 0.5" at inner hub radius specify esize = 0.5" at inner hub radius ring at hub inner radius (areas #5 - #12) specify esize = 1" along hub web (radially) hub disk (web) section (areas #13 - #16) specify esize = 0.25" at hub outer radius specify esize = 0.25" at hub outer radius ring at hub outer radius (areas #17 - #24) specify esize = 1" for engine duct (axially) engine housing (duct) ring (areas #25 - #28)

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

engine hub element type constant hub thickness used throughout engine hub material coarse mesh used (hub will become rigid body) mesh hub inner ring mesh hub web (disk) mesh hub outer ring blade platform element type platform thicker than adjoining blade blade platform material 4 divisions along length of blade platform mesh platform at base of blade (copy below) fan blade element type constant fan blade thickness used (I know ...) fan blade material (only linear properties here) 36 divisions (esize = 0.25") along blade length mesh fan blade (copy below)

! generate all of the engine blades and platforms ! ! ! ! ! engine duct element type (not used here...) constant thickness cylindrical shape used engine duct material use 36 element divisions circumferentially mesh the engine housing (duct or shroud)

! return to global coordinate system

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nummrg,node nummrg,kp ! Note: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! clean up any "loose ends" in the model...

No nodes or elements may be introduced for the first time in the explicit portion of an implicit-to-explicit sequential analysis. All entities must be pre-defined in the implicit portion of the run, even if they are not used there. All of these elements in question must have all of the degrees of freedom (DOFs) of all of their nodes set to zero in the implicit run. Then, in the explicit run, the elements are converted to the companion type and the DOFs from the implicit run are deleted (and re-specified, as necessary). In this example, the pressure loading on the engine duct (100 psi?) is a second order effect and, is therefore, not modeled in the implicit part of the sequential solution. Another example would be the bird in a bird-strike analysis, which would probably best be modeled with SOLID185 elements and then completely restrained here. In the explicit run, the SOLID185 elements would be converted to SOLID164 elements and the DOFs would be deleted. The corresponding keyopts, real constants, material properties, boundary conditions, and loading would still need to be defined in the explicit analysis... ! engine housing elements ! engine housing nodes ! fix all DOFs of unused entities

esel,s,type,,4 nsle d,all,all,0.0 nsel,all esel,all fini /solu antype,static outpr,all,none outres,all,all omega,,,420.0 esel,s,type,,1 nsle d,all,all,0.0 nsel,all esel,all save eplot solve save fini /post1 set,last /eshape,0 /graphics,full shell,top plnsol,s,eqv /wait,2 shell,bottom plnsol,s,eqv /wait,2 fini

! ! ! !

engine spin load (420.0 rad/sec engine hub elements (rigid body engine hub nodes (not concerned fix engine hub to allow loading

= 4,010.7 rpm) in explicit run) with hub) of fan blades

! default solver used, but others OK, too

! results for top layer of shell element ! blade maximum von Mises stress at root ! results for bottom layer of shell element ! blade maximum von Mises stress at root

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! ========================================================================== /filnam,explicit,1 /prep7 etchg,ite keyopt,1,1,10 keyopt,2,1,10 keyopt,3,1,10 keyopt,4,1,10 ! explicit (LS-DYNA) portion of analysis ! ! ! ! ! convert SHELL181 elements to Belytschko-Wong-Chiang form. Belytschko-Wong-Chiang form. Belytschko-Wong-Chiang form. Belytschko-Wong-Chiang form. SHELL163 elements for engine hub for blade platform for engine blades for engine duct

! Note: The EMODIF command may be used instead of the ETCHG command, but ! the latter is more automatic for "companion" elements (refer to the ! ANSYS/LS-DYNA User's Guide for more details). In both cases, the ! shell keyopts and real constants still need to be re-specified. r,1,,3,0.50 r,2,,3,0.50 r,3,,5,0.25 r,4,,5,0.75 ! ! ! ! hub (3 int. pts. through 0.5" thickness) blade platform (same as above) blades (5 int. pts. through 0.25" thickness) duct (5 int. pts. through 0.75" thickness)

! Note: Although the final implicit shell thicknesses are imported into the ! LS-DYNA run, re-specifying the original shell thicknesses is helpful ! when reviewing the final explicit results (i.e., you can use /ESHAPE ! to show the original thicknesses stored in the real constant slots ! and then use ETABLE to query the current shell element thicknesses). edint,5,4 esel,s,type,,1 nsle ddele,all,all edmp,rigid,1,7,4 nsel,all esel,all ! saves data for all 5 layers (blades and duct) ! ! ! ! hub elements hub nodes remove imposed displacements from implicit run convert hub to rigid body (only rotz = free)

! Simulate one blade snapping off by unselecting a row of elements along the ! root. Alternatively, areas #1 and #2 could have been cleared (ACLEAR,1,2). asel,s,area,,1,2 esla nsle nsel,r,loc,x,10.7,11.1 esln,s,1 cm,esnap,elem asel,s,area,,3,4 esla cm,eproj,elem nsle cm,nproj,node asel,all nsel,all esel,all ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! blade platform areas of blade #1 elements of first platform corresponding nodes reselect nodes of outer row of elements select elements with all nodes active row of elements to be unselected before SOLVE blade #1 (projectile) elements of first blade element component for EDHIST command nodes of first blade node component for EDHIST command

! Use nonlinear (plastic) material properties for the fan blades:

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! ! ! ! !

Note:

First convert engineering stress versus engineering strain data into true stress versus true (hencky) strain data. Then subtract off the elastic true strain from the total true strain to find the plastic true strain, which is used with the total true stress in LS-DYNA *MAT_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY material model #24.

!-------------------------------------------------------------------------! Stress-Strain Data used with Piecewise Linear Plasticity (Power Law 8): !-------------------------------------------------------------------------! Total Total Total Total Elastic Plastic ! Stress/ Eng. Eng. True True True True ! Strain Stress Strain Stress Strain Strain Strain ! Point (psi) (in/in) (psi) (in/in) (in/in) (in/in) !-------------------------------------------------------------------------! 1 0 0.0000 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 ! 2 60,000 0.0020 60,120 0.0020 0.0020 0.0000 ! 3 77,500 0.0325 80,020 0.0320 0.0027 0.0293 ! 4 83,300 0.0835 90,260 0.0802 0.0030 0.0772 ! 5 98,000 0.1735 115,000 0.1600 0.0038 0.1562 ! 6 98,300 0.2710 124,940 0.2398 0.0042 0.2356 ! 7 76,400 1.2255 170,030 0.8000 0.0057 0.7943 !-------------------------------------------------------------------------! Note: The first point on the stress/strain curve is NOT entered. ! Start with the second point (where ordinate = yield stress). ! Also, please follow the limits imposed by the *SET command. *dim,strn,,6 *dim,strs,,6 ! define array for effective plastic true strain data ! define array for effective total true stress data

strn(1)= 0.0, 0.0293, 0.0772, 0.1562, 0.2356, 0.7943 ! strain (in/in) strs(1)= 60120., 80020., 90260., 115000., 124940., 170030. ! stress (psi) edcurve,add,1,strn,strs tb,plaw,3,,,8 tbdata,1,60120.0 tbdata,3,0.30 tbdata,6,1 ! ! ! ! ! load curve #1: abscissa=strain & ordinate=stress specify power law #8 for material (MAT) #3 yield stress, psi set material failure at 30% true plastic strain use load curve #1 for stress/strain data

! Note: Strain rate effects can be included by specifying the necessary ! strain rate parameters and the load curve defining the strain rate ! scaling effect on the yield stress. Please refer to Chapter 7 ! (Material Models) of the ANSYS/LS-DYNA User's Guide for a complete ! description of this material model. ! Use nonlinear (plastic) material properties for the engine duct, too: tb,plaw,4,,,8 tbdata,1,60120.0 tbdata,3,0.50 tbdat,6,1 esel,s,type,,4 nsle ddele,all,all nsel,all esel,all ! ! ! ! ! ! ! specify power law #8 for material #4 (duct) yield stress, psi set material failure at 50% true plastic strain use load curve #1 for stress/strain data engine duct elements engine duct nodes remove imposed displacements from implicit run

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edcgen,ag fini ! ! ! !

! automatic general contact

Using the REXPORT command, write the displacements (and rotations and temperatures) determined in the ANSYS implicit analysis to the ASCII "drelax" file. This command also sets the "m=drelax" option in the lsdyna script, prompting LS-DYNA to read the drelax file.

/solu rexport,dyna,,,,,implicit,rst ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Next, request a stress initialization to a prescribed geometry analysis by issuing the EDDRELAX,ANSYS command. The remaining fields of the EDDRELAX command are ignored in this sequential implicit-to-explicit run. A "dynamic relaxation" analysis is performed in the pre-transient portion of the explicit analysis to preload the structure by imposing the deformed geometry over 101 time steps (with damping). The time during these 101 time steps can be thought of as "pseudo" time, since the time interval for the transient event begins at TIME=0. The drelax file contains the nodal displacement results from the implicit solution. Note that, although the temperatures were written to the "drelax" file, they are not used by LS-DYNA. To see how to apply temperature preloads, please refer to Chapter 15 in the ANSYS/LS-DYNA User's Guide (Implicit-to-Explicit Sequential Solution). ! request stress initialization analysis...

eddrelax,ansys ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Now, impart an initial rotational velocity to the nodes after stress initialization is done. This is needed to maintain the preload at TIME=0. If you do not match the preload that caused the implicit deformations, you would introduce excessive vibrations into the structure until the transient load became established. Since the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 EDVEL command will set the PHASE field of the LS-DYNA *INITIAL_VELOCITY_GENERATION command automatically, you need to break up the nodal components into two groups: those that comprise rigid bodies and those that do not. In this example, the hub nodes belong to a rigid body, so the LS-DYNA calculated tangential velocities should be based on the original geometry (PHASE=0). However, the nodes belonging to the blades and blade platforms comprise flexible bodies that expand radially outward during the implicit omega preload, so LS-DYNA needs to calculate the tangential velocities for these nodes based on the deformed geometries (PHASE=1). ! hub elements (rigid body) ! hub nodes ! PHASE=0 nodal component ... ! ! ! ! spinning, flexible components of engine nodes of blades and blade platforms unselect hub nodes connected at base PHASE=1 nodal component ... ! omega = 420.0 rad/sec
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esel,s,type,,1 nsle cm,nhub,node esel,s,type,,2,3,1 nsle cmsel,u,nhub cm,nrots,node edvel,vgen,nhub,

0,0,0, 420,0,0, 0,0,0, 90,90,0

edvel,vgen,nrots, 0,0,0, 420,0,0, 0,0,0, 90,90,0 nsel,all esel,all ! ! ! ! ! !

! omega = 420.0 rad/sec

Continue the spinning load on the hub (converted to a rigid body now). If you do not start the transient (at TIME=0) with the load used in the implicit preload analysis, it would be like letting go of a guitar string that had been initially streched to the side. The structure would be free to vibrate. However, this could be the scenario that you want to analyze, but not in this fan blade containment example... ! ! ! ! ! ! dimension explicit time array dimension explicit load array run time out past termination time in case subsequent restart analysis desired match starting load to initial velocity and maintain 420.0 rad/sec rotation

*dim,etime,,2 *dim,espin,,2 etime(1)=0.00 etime(2)=1.00 espin(1)=420.0 espin(2)=420.0 ! Note: !

The EDLOAD command requires that loads be applied to part IDs for rigid bodies (instead of node or element components). ! create and list parts (part #1 = rigid body ! hub, #2=platforms, #3=blades, and #4=duct) ! Phase = 0 for sequential run (part #1)

edpart,create

edload,add,rboz,,1,etime,espin,0

! For more information on applying loads in an implicit-to-explicit ! sequential solution, please refer to the ANSYS/LS-DYNA User's Guide. nsel,s,loc,y,20.1,21.1 ! nodes on duct at wing attachment point d,all, ux,0.0,,,, uy, uz ! fix duct in translation to airplane wing d,all,rotx,0.0,,,,roty,rotz ! fix duct in rotation to airplane wing nsel,all esel,all cmsel,u,esnap time,0.010 edrst,50 edhtime,100 edhist,eproj edhist,nproj edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat edopt,add,,both edwrite,both,,k save ! Note: ! ! solve save fini ! unselect row of elements to "snap off" blade ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! termination time (can continue with EDSTART) write data to results file 52 times (50+2) write data to history file 102 times (100+2) elements belonging to snapped off blade nodes belonging to snapped off blade output energies (hourglass, sliding interface ...) output LS-DYNA global statistics file (ASCII) write results for both ANSYS and LS-POST

! create LS-DYNA input file (explicit.k)

If the LS-DYNA solver is run directly from outside of ANSYS, in order to alter the .K input file just written, issue: /ansys61/bin/lsdyna61 i=explicit.k m=drelax ! overwrites existing "explicit.k" input file and solves ...

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/post1 /dscale,,1 /view,,0.1,-0.75,0.65 ! Note: ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! true scale displacement magnification

The results at the beginning of the transient should be pretty close to those at the end of the previous implicit preload analysis. If they do are not similar, then something is probably wrong with your explicit loading at TIME=0. Keep in mind that implicit ANSYS plots shell element results at the TOP AND BOTTOM SURFACES of the shell (and the mid-plane), but explicit ANSYS/LS-DYNA plots results at the INTEGRATION POINT LOCATIONS, which are not at the SURFACE... ! top layer of shell element ! von Mises equivalent stress plot ! bottom layer of shell element ! von Mises equivalent stress plot ! animate every other frame ! "End Of File" to remain in GUI ...

set,first layer,5 plnsol,s,eqv /wait,2 layer,1 plnsol,s,eqv /wait,2 andata,0.5,,0,0,0,2,0,0 /eof fini /exit ! Note: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Stress data is available for each layer. For the fan blades and engine duct, five integration points are used (real constant NIP) and the results are saved for each layer (EDINT,5). However, strain data is only available for the top and bottom layers. Although the LAYER,1 command gives both stress and strain data for the bottom layer, the LAYER,2 command gives stress data for the second layer, but gives strain data for the top layer (#5). To get stress data for the top layer, issue LAYER,5. Also, the explicit results are for the integration point locations, which are at the midplane of a given layer. To approximate surface stresses and strains, a sufficient number of integration points (NIP real constant) must be used through the thickness...

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! Chapter 2 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear !!!/config,nproc,6 /title, LS-DYNA Element Formulation Comparison (elemform.inp) ! Chapter 2 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! Comparison of fully-integrated and reduced integration SOLID164s ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! This model compares the tip deflection of cantilever beams for reduced integration SOLID164 elements with and without hourglass control to that of fully-integrated SOLID164 elements (which do not exhibit hourglass modes). Element shape is also considered. Meshes constructed solely of tetrahedral elements are shown to give poor results. Fully-integrated lower order bricks are also shown to be too stiff, if the element shape is not close to being a cube. Over-stiffness due to shear locking is not present in higher order fully-integrated bricks (or lower order fullyintegrated bricks with extra displacement shapes, like SOLID45). Since ANSYS/LS-DYNA has neither of these last two formulations, care must be taken in element selection and application.

! Units: kilogram, meter, second, Newton, Pascal, Joule, Watt /plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /pnum,type,1 /num,1 /view,,1,2,3 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off *ask,my_flag, 1

! true scale displacement magnification ! do not display status boxes ... to REVIEW model or 0 to SOLVE it,0 ! default = solve

! ========================================================================== /filnam,elemform,1 /prep7 et,1,SOLID164 mp,ex,1,193.0e9 mp,nuxy,1,0.29 mp,dens,1,8.03e5 edmp,hgls,1,5 r,1 et,2,SOLID164 mp,ex,2,193.0e9 mp,nuxy,2,0.29 mp,dens,2,8.03e5 r,2 et,3,SOLID164,2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! reduced integration cubes with hourglass control N/m^2 unitless kg/m^3 (increase density to speed up run) stiffness form of hourglass control reduced integration cubes without hourglass control N/m^2 unitless kg/m^3 (increase density to speed up run)

! full integration cubes without hourglass control

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mp,ex,3,193.0e9 mp,nuxy,3,0.29 mp,dens,3,8.03e5 r,3 et,4,SOLID164 mp,ex,4,193.0e9 mp,nuxy,4,0.29 mp,dens,4,8.03e5 edmp,hgls,4,5 r,4 et,5,SOLID164,2 mp,ex,5,193.0e9 mp,nuxy,5,0.29 mp,dens,5,8.03e5 r,5 et,6,SOLID164 mp,ex,6,193.0e9 mp,nuxy,6,0.29 mp,dens,6,8.03e5 edmp,hgls,6,5 r,6 et,7,SOLID164 mp,ex,7,193.0e9 mp,nuxy,7,0.29 mp,dens,7,8.03e5 r,7 *do,i,8,14,1 /gopr et,i,SHELL163 mp,ex,i,193.0e9 mp,nuxy,i,0.29 mp,dens,i,8.03e5 edmp,rigid,i,0,0 r,i,,,0.1 *enddo

! N/m^2 ! unitless ! kg/m^3 (increase density to speed up run) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! reduced integration non-cubes with hourglass control N/m^2 unitless kg/m^3 (increase density to speed up run) stiffness form of hourglass control full integration non-cubes without hourglass control N/m^2 unitless kg/m^3 (increase density to speed up run) reduced integration tets with hourglass control N/m^2 unitless kg/m^3 (increase density to speed up run) stiffness form of hourglass control reduced integration tets without hourglass control N/m^2 unitless kg/m^3 (increase density to speed up run)

! ! ! ! ! !

overlay rigid shells on tip end of cantilever beams N/m^2 unitless kg/m^3 (increase density to speed up run) rigid body free to move ... shell thickness, m

*do,i,1,7,1 /gopr vsel,none block,(2*i-2),(2*i-1),0,1,0,11 vatt,i,i,i *enddo vsel,all mshkey,1 mshape,0,3D esize,0.3334 vmesh,1 vmesh,2 vmesh,3 esize,1.00

! create beam volumes and assign attributes

! mapped meshing ! brick elements ! reduced integration cubes with hourglass control ! reduced integration cubes without hourglass control ! full integration cubes without hourglass control

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vsel,s,volu,,4,5 allsel,below,volu lsel,u,loc,z,1,10 lesize,all,,,3 vmesh,4 vmesh,5 allsel,all mshkey,0 mshape,1,3D esize,0.3334 vmesh,6 vmesh,7 *do,i,1,7,1 /gopr vsel,s,volu,,i allsel,below,volu asel,r,loc,z,11.0 mat,(i+7) type,(i+7) real,(i+7) amesh,all *enddo nsel,s,loc,z,11.0 nsel,r,loc,y,0.0 cm,ntrack,node allsel,all eplot edpart,create eddamp,all,,20.0 eddamp,1,,1.0e-5 eddamp,2,,1.0e-5 eddamp,3,,1.0e-5 eddamp,4,,1.0e-5 eddamp,5,,1.0e-5 eddamp,6,,1.0e-5 eddamp,7,,1.0e-5 eplot fini /solu time,10.0 edrst,50 edhtime,1000 edhist,ntrack edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat edout,matsum edopt,add,,both nsel,s,loc,z,0.0 d,all,ux,0.0,,,,uy,uz nsel,all

! reduced integration non-cubes with hourglass control ! full integration non-cubes without hourglass control ! free meshing ! tet elements ! reduced integration tets with hourglass control ! reduced integration tets without hourglass control

! overlay rigid shells on tip end of cantilever beams

! select some nodes to track in POST26 ...

! create part list ! alpha (mass-weighted) damping ! beta (stiffness-weighted) damping

! termination time, seconds

! fix back end of each cantilever beam

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esel,all *dim,etime,,3,1,1 *dim,eforce,,3,1,1 etime(1)=0.0,0.005,100.0 eforce(1)=0.0,-1.0e6,-1.0e6

! extend curve out past termination time ! 1.0 MegaNewton ! tip load applied to each beam

edload,add,rbfy,,8, etime(1),eforce(1) edload,add,rbfy,,9, etime(1),eforce(1) edload,add,rbfy,,10,etime(1),eforce(1) edload,add,rbfy,,11,etime(1),eforce(1) edload,add,rbfy,,12,etime(1),eforce(1) edload,add,rbfy,,13,etime(1),eforce(1) edload,add,rbfy,,14,etime(1),eforce(1) allsel,all !!!edrun,smp,1 save *if,my_flag,eq,0,then solve save fini /post26 numvar,50 file,,his n1=node(0,0,11) n2=node(2,0,11) n3=node(4,0,11) n4=node(6,0,11) n5=node(8,0,11) n6=node(10,0,11) n7=node(12,0,11) nsol,2,n1,u,y,n1uy nsol,3,n2,u,y,n2uy nsol,4,n3,u,y,n3uy nsol,5,n4,u,y,n4uy nsol,6,n5,u,y,n5uy nsol,7,n6,u,y,n6uy nsol,8,n7,u,y,n7uy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! *ASK default (0) is to solve model ...

reduced integration cubes with hourglass control reduced integration cubes without hourglass control full integration cubes without hourglass control reduced integration non-cubes with hourglass control full integration non-cubes without hourglass control reduced integration tets with hourglass control reduced integration tets without hourglass control

The theoretical deflection at the beam tip is 0.0278 meters: Tip Def = (PL^3)/(3EI) + (FPL)/(AG) = bending and shear deflections where P L E I = = = = tip load, 1e6 N beam length, 11 m elastic modulus, 193e9 N/m^2 moment of inertia, 0.0833333 m^4 = (1/12)(b)(h^3)
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-14

! ! ! ! ! !

F = shear factor, 6/5 for a solid rectangular section A = cross sectional area, 1 m^2 G = shear modulus, 7.48062e10 N/m^2 = E/(2+2NU) and NU=0.29 Tip Def = [(1e6 N)*(11 m)**3]/[(3)*(193e9 N/m^2)*(0.0833333 m^4)] + [(6/5)*(1e6 N)*(11 m)]/[(1 m^2)*(7.48062e10 N/m^2)] Tip Deflection = 0.027585 m + 0.000176 m = 0.0278 meters

*dim,tipdef,,1000,1,1 *do,i,1,1000,1 tipdef(i)=-0.0278 *enddo vput,tipdef(1),9 /yrange,-0.06,0.0 /axlab,y,Tip Deflection plvar,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 *endif /eof Solution Summary: =================

! deflection in negative Y direction ! store theoretical value in variable 9 ! ordinate range

How did the different element shapes and formulations compare for this cantilever beam problem? Before getting into that, we need to stress that this pure bending application is not the typical scenario for which ANSYS/LS-DYNA is used. The LS-DYNA explicit solver is very robust in solving highly nonlinear, transient dynamic events, which include plasticity and impact type problems. Implicit solvers tend to struggle and often fail to converge for these types of problems, so the reduced accuracy of an explicit solver is most often acceptable. This static, bending load model is best suited to an implicit code, so please keep that in mind when comparing the results. Also, the meshes were a little coarse. Further, a lot of mass (alpha) damping was used to reduce the dynamic response to the loading. Finally, the mass was greatly increased to speed up the run time. Essentially, the first four beam models all gave good results. The fully-integrated cube-shaped elements did the best. They do not need hourglass control, since fully-integrated elements are not subject to hourglass modes. Due to shear locking, the fully-integrated bricks with a 3 to 1 aspect ratio were a little too stiff when compared to the same element shape with reduced integration and hourglass control. Thus, slow, fully-integrated elements are usually NOT the best choice. As expected, the tet meshes gave poor results, the worst of which was BEAM #7 (reduced integration without hourglass control). Incidentally, the results of fully-integrated tets match those of Beam #6, the reduced tets with hourglass control, so that model was not included in this exercise to reduce CPU time.
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-15

By checking the matsum file (either directly or via EDREAD), you will see that the ratio of hourglass energy to internal energy for BEAM #4 (reduced integration 3-to-1 aspect ratio bricks with hourglass control) is 18.9%, which is definitely too high. The cube-shaped element version of this beam (BEAM #1), has a ratio of only 3.2%, which is acceptable. Therefore, element shape is important. A very interesting outcome was that BEAM #2 had a much lower ratio of hourglass energy to internal energy than BEAM #1 had, even though it was BEAM #1 that had the added hourglass control (stiffness form). This is most likely due to the non-typical application of this demonstration. A later example (involving an aluminum bar impacting a rigid boundary) will show that the addition of EDMP,HGLS,,5 lowers the hourglass energy and provides a more accurate answer. Therefore, in summary, we can make the following general observations: 1) Tet elements are to be avoided as much as possible. Models that are constructed entirely of tet elements will most likely give very poor results, so free meshing with tets is not an option, except for rigid bodies. 2) Fully-integrated bricks give very good results as long as the element shapes are almost perfect cubes. However, element accuracy decreases as the element aspect ratio increases, especially for bending dominated problems (which tend to exhibit shear locking). The default, reduced integration bricks are usually your best choice. They may or may not require additional hourglass control (e.g., via EDMP,HGLS), depending upon the application. The reduced elements also require much less CPU time than the fully-integrated elements. 3) Hourglassing reduces the accuracy of your results, so some type of hourglass control is often needed. Hourglassing may be a problem even with nicely shaped elements, and the classical hourglassing distortion may not be visible in a displaced plot, so the hourglass energy in the glstat and matsum files should be closely monitored. Note that hourglass energy in the matsum file is on a part-by-part basis (although the matsum file incorrectly calls out the part numbers as material numbers, which was the basis of this information in the original version of LS-DYNA). Therefore, the POST26 EDREAD command correctly uses the part number to access the matsum file data.

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-16

! Chapter 3 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Using Parts in ANSYS/LS-DYNA (useparts.inp) ! Chapter 3 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! Utilizing Parts in a Contact Analysis ! A beam (SHELL163 elements) is impacted by a block (SOLID164 elements). ! Node-to-surface contact is established based on part numbers, instead ! of having to create nodal components to define the contact surfaces. /plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /view,,1,2,3 /pbc,all,1 /pnum,mat,1 /num,1 /eshape,1 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off ! ========================================================================== /filnam,useparts,1 /prep7 et,1,SHELL163 r,1,5/6,5,0.25 mp,ex,1,10.0e6 mp,nuxy,1,0.334 mp,dens,1,0.00073 et,2,SOLID164 r,2 mp,ex,2,10.0e6 mp,nuxy,2,0.334 mp,dens,2,0.00073 rect,0.0,40.0,0.0,20.0 aatt,1,1,1,0 esize,5.0 amesh,1 block,25.0,35.0,5.0,15.0,5.0,15.0 vatt,2,2,2,0 esize,2.5 vmesh,1 /wait,1 fini /solu
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-17

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

cantilever beam SHRF, NIP, t=0.25" psi unitless lbf-sec^2/in^4 block not needed ... psi unitless lbf-sec^2/in^4

! thin beam (target) ! mesh attributes

! projectile ! volume attributes

time,0.10 edrst,20 edhtime,200 edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat edout,matsum n1 = node(30,10,0) n2 = node(30,10,5) nsel,s,node,,n1 nsel,a,node,,n2 cm,ntrack,node edhist,ntrack nsel,s,loc,x,0.0 d,all,ux,0.0,,,,uy,uz,rotx,roty,rotz nsel,all /dist,,50.0 /focus,,40.0,20.0 eplot /user fini

! seconds

! write out hourglass energy, etc. ! global statistics data ! energy data on PART basis ! node on beam ! node on block ! nodes to track in POST26

! fix left end of beam

! resize and move for POST1 plots ...

/eof

! The following commands are generated by doing the workshop ...

/PREP7 EDPART,CREATE PARTSEL,'all', , , , PARTSEL,'PLOT' EDPV,VGEN, 2,0,0,-750,0, , ,0,0,0,0,0,0, !* EDCGEN,NTS, 2, 1,0,0,0,0,0, , , , ,0,10000000,0,0 SAVE FINISH /SOLU /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LAST /EFACE,1 AVPRIN,0, , !* PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1 !* PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,0,0,0,1,0,1 !* ! FINISH ! /EXIT,NOSAV
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-18

! Chapter 4 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Plasticity and Failure in an Impact Analysis (barplate.inp) ! Chapter 4 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! Strain rate dependent plasticity with a failure strain specified ! ! ! ! A SOLID164 ceramic bar is thrown through a SOLID164 aluminum plate, the latter of which has strain rate dependent material properties and a failure strain defined. Eroding surface-to-Surface contact is used.

/plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /view,,1,2,3 /pbc,all,1 /pnum,mat,1 /num,1 /eshape,1 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off ! ========================================================================== /filnam,barplate,1 /prep7 et,1,SOLID164 r,1 mp,ex,1,330.0e9 mp,nuxy,1,0.24 mp,dens,1,8400.0 edmp,hgls,1,5 et,2,SOLID164 r,2 edmp,hgls,2,5 ! ceramic bar ! ! ! ! N/m^2 (Pascals) unitless kg/m^3 hourglass control for ceramic bar

! aluminum plate ! hourglass control for aluminum plate

block,-0.14,0.14,1.0,5.0,-0.19,0.19 ! create and mesh ceramic bar lsel,u,loc,y,1.1,4.9 lesize,all,,,3 lsel,all esize,,16 mat,1 type,1 real,1 vmesh,1 cm,nbar,node cm,ebar,elem esel,none nsel,none
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-19

block,-1.5,1.5,0.75,0.95,-1.0,1.0 lsel,u,loc,y,0.76,0.94 lesize,all,,,20 lsel,all esize,,6 mat,2 type,2 real,2 vmesh,2 cm,nplate,node cm,eplate,elem nsel,all esel,all eddamp,all,,0.01 eddamp,1,,1.0e-6 eddamp,2,,1.0e-6 edvel,vgen,nbar,0.0,-750.0,0.0

! create and mesh aluminum plate

! initial velocity of bar

! Define eroding surface-To-surface contact between bar and plate edcgen,ests,nbar,nplate,,,,,,1,1,1 edcontact,1.0,,,,,,2,,0 /triad,off eplot fini /solu nsel,s,loc,y,0.75 nsel,u,loc,x,-1.49,1.49 d,all,ux,0,,,,uy,uz nsel,s,loc,y,0.75 nsel,u,loc,z,-0.99,0.99 d,all,ux,0,,,,uy,uz nsel,s,loc,x,-0.4,0.4 nsel,r,loc,z,-0.5,0.5 nsel,r,loc,y,0,2 esln nsle cm,elems,elem cm,nodes,node nsel,all esel,all time,0.0015 edrst,20 edhtime,100 edhist,nodes edhist,elems edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat edout,matsum eplot save ! set V1=V2=V3=1 ! SFSI, ORIE, and PENCHK explicitly set

! element set for POST26 data ! node set for POST26 data

! termination time, seconds

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-20

eplot fini /eof ! The following commands are generated by doing the workshop ...

/PREP7 !* MP,DENS,2,7860 MP,EX,2,100e9 MP,NUXY,2,0.34 TB,PLAW,2,,,1, TBDAT,1,289e6 TBDAT,2,500e6 TBDAT,3,0 TBDAT,4,40 TBDAT,5,5 TBDAT,6,0.125 TBDAT,7, SAVE FINISH /SOLU /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE !* /EDGE,1,1,45 /GLINE,1,0 ! !* FINISH /POST1 SET,LAST /EFACE,1 AVPRIN,0, , !* PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1 !* PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,0,0,0,1,0,1 !* ! FINISH ! /EXIT,MODEL

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-21

! Chapter 5 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Conducting a Spotweld Failure Analysis (spot.inp) ! Chapter 5 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! Brittle failure of a spotweld due to an increasing tensile load ! ! ! ! ! Two overlapping plates are modeled with SHELL163 elements. A massless spotweld is used to connect the plates. The first plate is fixed at the bottom end. The top end of the second plate is pulled away from the first plate. The two plates separate when the brittle failure equation is satisfied.

/plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /view,,1,2,3 /pbc,all,1 /pnum,type,1 /num,1 /eshape,1 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off ! ========================================================================== /filnam,spot,1 /prep7 et,1,SHELL163,12 et,2,SHELL163,12 r,1,,5,1.0 r,2,,5,1.0 mp,ex,1,210.0 mp,nuxy,1,0.29 mp,dens,1,7.85e-6 tb,bkin,1 tbdata,1,0.80 tbdata,2,21.0 rectng,0,40,0,80 wpoff,0,40,1.05 rect,0,40,0,80 wpcsys,,0 wpstyl /view,,1,1,1 mshape,0,2D mshkey,1 esize,10.0 type,1 real,1 amesh,1 type,2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! fully integrated Belytschko-Tsay shell new TYPE number to create 2 Parts ... NIP=5, t= 1.0 mm NIP=5, t= 1.0 mm GPa = kN/mm^2 unitless kg/mm^3 bilinear kinematic hardening model GPa = kN/mm^2 (yield stress) GPa = kN/mm^2 (tangent modulus)

! 80mm long, 40mm wide, and 1mm thick ! 80mm long, 40mm wide, and 1mm thick

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-22

real,2 amesh,2 /auto eplot edpart,create eddamp,all,,0.01 eddamp,1,,5.0e-2 eddamp,2,,5.0e-2 edcgen,ag fini /solu time,1.0 edrst,25 edhtime,500 edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat edout,matsum nsel,s,loc,y,35,85 cm,ntrack,node edhist,ntrack nsel,s,loc,y,0 d,all,ux,0.0,,,,uy,uz d,all,rotx,0.0,,,,roty,rotz nsel,s,loc,y,120 d,all,ux,0.0,,,,uz d,all,rotx,,,,roty,rotz cm,npull,node nsel,all *dim,etime,,2,0 etime(1)=0.0,1.01 *dim,ydisp,,2,0 ydisp(1)=0.0,40.0 n1=node(20.0,60.0,1.05) n2=node(20.0,60.0,0.0) eplot save fini /eof ! The following commands are generated by doing the workshop ... ! ! ! ! create Part list alpha damping for entire model beta damping for Part 1 beta damping for Part 2

! define automatic general contact

! milli-seconds (termination time)

! nodes to track in POST26 ! nodal component for .HIS file ! fix base in all translational DOFs ! fix base in all rotational DOFs ! fix top translational DOFs except UY ! fix top in all rotational DOFs ! nodes to pull on top edge of top plate

! run time array out past termination time ! UY displacements for component npull ! spotweld node in top plate ! spotweld node in bottom plate

/PREP7 EDWELD,ADD,1,78,37,100,100,2,2, FINISH /SOLU EDCURVE,ADD,1,ETIME,YDISP

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-23

EDCURVE,PLOT, 1 EDLOAD,ADD,UY,0,NPULL,' ',' ', 0,1, , , , EDLOAD,LIST EDPL,1, SAVE /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LAST /EFACE,1 AVPRIN,0, , PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1 PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,0,0,0,1,0,1 FINISH /POST26 FILE,'spot','rst','.' /UI,COLL,1 NUMVAR,200 SOLU,191,NCMIT STORE,MERGE FILLDATA,191,,,,1,1 REALVAR,191,191 RESUME,'spot','db','.' /COM,ANSYS RELEASE 6.1 UP20020321 /UI,COLL,0 RESET FINISH /POST1 RESET FINISH /POST26 FILE,'spot','his','.' KEYW,LSDYNA_H,1 /UI,COLL,1 NUMVAR,200 SOLU,191,NCMIT STORE,MERGE EDREAD,2,GLSTAT STORE,MERGE XVAR,1 PLVAR,3,4,7,8,9,14, NSOL,15,78,U,Y, UY_15 STORE,MERGE XVAR,1 PLVAR,15, NSOL,16,37,U,Y, UY_16 STORE,MERGE XVAR,1 PLVAR,15,16, ! FINISH ! /EXIT,NOSAV

17:05:17

07/02/2002

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-24

! Chapter 6 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Aluminum Rod Impact Analysis (crash.inp) ! Chapter 6 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! ANSYS Benchmark C8: Aluminum Bar Impacting a Rigid Boundary ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! This model was constructed to mimic Benchmark C8 in the ANSYS Verification Manual. Experimental results were available for an aluminum rod shot into a rigid surface at 478 m/sec. The final length of the "bullet" was measured to be 0.01319 meters, based on an initial length of 0.02347 meters and a diameter of 0.00762 meters. Elastic-perfectly plastic material properties were used, as shown below in the input. The results are very close to the measured values, and slightly better than the implicit solution, but a finer mesh was used, since explicit codes efficiently solve high speed impact problems.

/plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /view,,1,1,1 /pbc,all,1 /pnum,type,1 /num,1 /eshape,1 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off ! ========================================================================== /filnam,crash,1 /prep7 et,1,SOLID164 r,1 mp,ex,1,70.0e9 mp,nuxy,1,0.30 mp,dens,1,2.70e3 tb,biso,1 tbdata,1,420.0e6 tbdata,2,100.0e6 edmp,hgls,1,5 et,2,SOLID164 r,2 mp,ex,2,70.0e9 mp,nuxy,2,0.30 mp,dens,2,2.70e3 edmp,rigid,2,7,7 k,1,0.0,0.0,0.0 wprot,45.0
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-25

! aluminum rod (bullet) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Young's modulus, N/m^2 Poisson's ratio, unitless mass density, kg/m^3 bilinear isotropic hardening plasticity yield stress, N/m^2 tangent modulus, N/m^2 stiffness form of hourglass control

! rigid boundary ! ! ! ! Young's modulus, N/m^2 Poisson's ratio, unitless mass density, kg/m^3 rigid body completely fixed

rectng,-0.00163,0.00163,-0.00163,0.00163 wpcsys,-1,0 wpstyle circle,1,0.00381 a,2,3,4,5 a,2,9,6,3 a,3,6,7,4 a,4,7,8,5 a,5,8,9,2 vext,1,5,1,0,0,0.02347 ! extrude areas to create bullet volume vatt,1,1,1,0 vmesh,1,5,1 ! mesh aluminum rod (bullet) cm,nrod,node cm,erod,elem vsel,none block,-0.02,0.02,-0.02,0.02,-0.010,-0.005 ! 0.005 meter gap vatt,2,2,2,0 esize,,1 vmesh,all ! rigid block 0.005 m from bullet vsel,all nsel,s,loc,z,-0.005 ! nodes on front face of rigid body cm,nwall,node nsel,all edpart,create eplot fini /solu time,0.000075 edrst,100 edhtime,1000 *dim,length0,,1002,1,1 *do,i,1,1002,1 length0(i)=0.02347 *enddo nsel,s,loc,z,0.0 nsel,a,loc,z,0.02347 cm,nwatch,node edhist,nwatch nsel,all edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat edout,matsum save eplot fini /eof /PREP7
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-26

! create the Part list

! termination time, seconds ! 1000 + 2 = 1002 data values in .HIS file ! dimension array needed for POST26 ... ! original length of bullet, meters ! nodes on impacting end of bullet ! nodes on other end of bullet ! store above nodal data to the .HIS file ! calculate hourglass energy, etc.

! The following commands are generated by doing the workshop ...

!* EDVE,VGEN,NROD,0,0,-478.0,0, , ,0,0,0,0,0,0 !* EDCGEN,NTS,NROD,NWALL,0,0,0,0,0, , , , ,0,10000000,0,0 EDCLIST,ALL EDPC,1, , , ALLSEL,ALL SAVE FINISH /SOLU /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LAST /EFACE,1 AVPRIN,0, , !* PLNSOL,S,EQV,0,1 !* PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,0,0,0,5,0,0 !* FINISH /POST26 FILE FILE,'crash','rst','.' /UI,COLL,1 NUMVAR,200 SOLU,191,NCMIT STORE,MERGE FILLDATA,191,,,,1,1 REALVAR,191,191 RESUME,'crash','db','.' /COM,ANSYS RELEASE 6.1 UP20020321 15:02:38 07/03/2002 /UI,COLL,0 RESET FINISH /POST1 RESET FINISH /POST26 FILE,'crash','his','.' KEYW,LSDYNA_H,1 /UI,COLL,1 NUMVAR,200 SOLU,191,NCMIT STORE,MERGE EDREAD,2,MATSUM, 1 STORE,MERGE XVAR,1 PLVAR,2,10, ntrack=node(0.0,0.0,0.02347) ! node at center of free end of rod nsol,11,ntrack,u,z,uz_track ! rod displacement at free end ncont=node(0.0,0.0,0.0) ! node at center of impact end of rod nsol,12,ncont,u,z,uz_cont ! rod displacement at impact end store,merge ! do not overwrite energy data
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-27

vput,length0(1),13 add,14,11,12,13,rod_len,,,1.0,-1.0,1.0 plvar,11,12,14 ! FINISH ! /EXIT,MODEL

! original rod length, 0.02347 m ! current rod length, m ! final rod length = 0.0136 m

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-28

! Chapter 7 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Beam Buckling Under Axial Load (beambuck.inp) ! Chapter 7 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! Nonlinear Buckling Analysis of a Half-Symmetry Rectangular Beam ! ! ! ! ! ! A hollow, square section beam (400 mm long, 2 mm thick) made of SHELL163 elements is axially compressed by a prescribed displacement load (UZ = 250 mm). An imperfection is included at the mid-span to trigger buckling of the beam. Only half of the structure is modeled. A rigid target surface is used to enforce half-symmetry.

/plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /view,,1,2,3 /pbc,all,0 /pnum,type,1 /num,1 /eshape,1 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off ! ========================================================================== /filnam,beambuck,1 /prep7 et,1,SHELL163,10 et,2,SHELL163 r,1,0.833,5,2.0 r,2,0.833,5,2.0 edint,5 ! Belytschko-Wong-Chiang formulation ! formulation not important for rigid body ! 5 points thru thickness of beam section ! top of rigid surface used for contact ! save data for all five shell layers

!!!! The following will be entered later on by the student ... !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! !!! mp,dens,1,7.85e-6 mp,ex,1,210.0 mp,nuxy,1,0.30 tb,bkin,1 tbdata,1,0.23 tbdata,2,10.0 edmp,hgls,1,5 mp,dens,2,7.85e-6 mp,ex,2,210.0 mp,nuxy,2,0.30 edmp,rigid,2,7,7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! mass density, kN/mm^3 Young's modulus, kN/mm^2 (GPa) Poisson's ratio, unitless bilinear kinematic hardening plasticity yield stress, kN/mm^2 (GPa) tangent modulus, kN/mm^2 (GPa) stiffness form of hourglass control mass density, kN/mm^3 Young's modulus, kN/mm^2 (GPa) Poisson's ratio, unitless top of rigid surface at symmetry plane (fixed)

k,1,0,0,0
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-29

k,2,40,0,0 k,3,40,30,0 k,4,30,30,0 k,5,30,40,0 k,6,0,40,0 k,7,-30,40,0 k,8,-30,30,0 k,9,-40,30,0 k,10,-40,0,0 k,11,0,0,200 l,1,11 l,2,3 larc,3,5,4,10 l,5,6 l,6,7 larc,7,9,8,10 l,9,10 adrag,all,,,,,,1 kmodif,11,0,0,400 kmodif,1,0,0,200 lsel,s,loc,z,200 adrag,all,,,,,,1 lsel,all lsel,u,line,,1 esize,5 aatt,1,1,1 amesh,all asel,none wprot,0.0,90.0,0.0 wpoff,0.0,0.0,1.0 thickness rect,-90,90,-30,430 wpcsys,-1,0 wpstyle,,,,,,,,0 esize,,1 aatt,2,2,2 amesh,all asel,all modmsh,detach nsel,s,loc,z,200 nscale,0,all,,,1.01,1.01,1.00

! deformable beam section

! offset plane to account for rigid body ! align working plane with global Cartesian CS

! top of rigid target surface enforces symmetry ! add mid-span imperfection to trigger buckling ! X and Y coordinates increased

nsel,s,loc,y,0 d,all,uy,0.0,,,,rotx,rotz ! symmetry plane boundary conditions nsel,s,loc,z,0 d,all,ux,0.0,,,,uy,uz,rotx,roty,rotz ! fix back end of beam nsel,s,loc,z,400 cm,npush,node ! nodes to which UZ displacement applied ... d,all,ux,0.0,,,,uy,rotx,roty,rotz ! prevent rotations on displaced end of beam nsel,all /wait,1 ! view boundary conditions for an instant ...
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-30

eplot edrst,100 edhtime,200 edhist,npush edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat ... /eof ! needed for EDHIST command ... ! to provide hourglass energy information ... ! write out file containing hourglass information

! The following commands are generated by doing the workshop ...

MP,DENS,1,7.85e-6 MP,EX,1,210.0 MP,NUXY,1,0.30 TB,BKIN,1,,,, TBDAT,1,0.23 TBDAT,2,10.0 EDMP,HGLS,1,5,0.1,1.5,0.06, , , !* EDMP,RIGI,2,7,7 MP,DENS,2,7.85e-6 MP,EX,2,210.0 MP,NUXY,2,0.30 !* EDCGEN,AG, , ,0.1,0,0,0,0,0, , , ,0,10000000 FINISH /SOLU TIME,5.0, *DIM,etime,ARRAY,2,1,1, , , !* *SET,ETIME(2,1,1) , 5 *DIM,uzdisp,ARRAY,2,1,1, , , !* *SET,UZDISP(2,1,1) , -250 EDLOAD,ADD,UZ,0,NPUSH,ETIME,UZDISP, 0, , , , , SAVE /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LAST PLDISP,0 SET,PREVIOUS /REPLOT esel, u, type, , 2 !* /EXPAND,2,RECT,HALF,,0.00001 /REPLOT !* !* PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,0,0,0,5,0,0 !* ! FINISH ! /EXIT,MODEL
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-31

! Chapter 8 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Bending a Pipe (1/4 Symmetry) with a Rigid Punch (pipe.inp) ! Chapter 8 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! 1/4 Symmetry Bending Analysis of Double-Walled Pipe by Rigid Punch ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Two concentric pipes are connected by rigid annular plates at their ends. A rigid cylindrical punch bends the pipes at the mid-span. Automatic nodes-to-surface contact is used between the punch and the outer pipe to be able to track the punch forces. Automatic single surface contact is used for the pipes, allowing both self contact and pipe-to-pipe contact. Quarter symmetry reduces the model size.

/plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /view,,-1,1,1 /pbc,all,0 /pnum,type,1 /num,1 /eshape,0 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off ! =========================================================================== /filnam,pipe,1 /prep7 et,1,SHELL163 et,2,SHELL163 et,3,SHELL163 et,4,SHELL163 r,1,5/6,5,4.0 r,2,5/6,5,2.0 r,3,5/6,5,2.0 r,4,5/6,5,4.0 edint,5,4 mp,ex,1,210.0 mp,nuxy,1,0.30 mp,dens,1,7.85e-6 tb,bkin,1 tbdata,1,0.80 tbdata,2,20.0 edmp,hgls,1,5 mp,ex,2,210.0 mp,nuxy,2,0.30 mp,dens,2,7.85e-6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! outer inner rigid rigid pipe pipe end plate punch

outer pipe thickness = 4 mm inner pipe thickness = 2 mm end plate thickness = 2 mm rigid punch thickness = 4 mm save data for all five shell layers outer pipe modulus, KN/mm^2 (GPa) Poisson's ratio, unitless mass density, kg/mm^3 bilinear kinematic hardening yield stress, KN/mm^2 GPA tangent modulus, KN/mm^2 GPa stiffness hourglass control

! inner pipe modulus, KN/mm^2 (GPa) ! Poisson's ratio, unitless ! mass density, kg/mm^3
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-32

tb,bkin,2 tbdata,1,0.80 tbdata,2,20.0 edmp,hgls,2,5 mp,ex,3,210.0 mp,nuxy,3,0.30 mp,dens,3,7.85e-6 edmp,rigid,3,4,5 mp,ex,4,210.0 mp,nuxy,4,0.30 mp,dens,4,7.85e-6 edmp,rigid,4,6,7 k,1,0.0,-25.4, 0.0 k,2,0.0,-25.4,500.0 k,3,0.0,-14.0,500.0 k,4,0.0,-14.0, 0.0 l,1,2 l,2,3 l,4,3 k,8,0.0,0.0, 0.0 k,9,0.0,0.0,500.0

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

bilinear kinematic hardening yield stress, KN/mm^2 GPA tangent modulus, KN/mm^2 GPa stiffness hourglass control end plate modulus, KN/mm^2 (GPa) Poisson's ratio, unitless mass density, kg/mm^3 rigid - only UZ and ROTX free rigid punch modulus, KN/mm^2 (GPa) Poisson's ratio, unitless mass density, kg/mm^3 rigid - only UY free

! outer pipe ! inner pipe

! keypoints for AROTAT axis ! create pipes and end plate ! axial lines ! outer pipe area

arotat,1,2,3,0,0,0,8,9,180,1 lsel,s,loc,z,1.0,499.0 lesize,all,,,30,5 asel,s,area,,1 aatt,1,1,1 allsel,below,area cm,larea1,line lsel,u,loc,z,1.0,499.0 lesize,all,,,12 asel,s,area,,3 aatt,2,2,2 allsel,below,area cm,larea3,line lsel,u,loc,z,1.0,499.0 lesize,all,,,8 asel,s,area,,2 aatt,3,3,3 allsel,below,area cm,larea2,line cmsel,u,larea1 cmsel,u,larea3 lesize,all,,,4 allsel,all wprot,0.0,0.0,-90.0 wpoff,0.0,133.0,0.0

! outer pipe curved lines ! inner pipe area

! inner pipe curved lines ! end cap area

! end cap radial lines ! rotate working plane ! offset working plane
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-33

cylind,,101.0,-40.0,40.0, 0.0, 90.0 cylind,,101.0,-40.0,40.0, 90.0,180.0 cylind,,101.0,-40.0,40.0,180.0,270.0 cylind,,101.0,-40.0,40.0,270.0,360.0 wpcsys,-1,0 wpstyle,,,,,,,,0 vdele,all asel,u,loc,x,-39.0,39.0 adele,all,,,1 asel,s,loc,y,30.0,236.0 asel,r,loc,z,-1.0,1.0 adele,all,,,1 asel,s,loc,y,132.0,134.0 adele,all,,,1 asel,s,loc,y,30.0,236.0 cm,apunch,area aatt,4,4,4 allsel,below,area cm,lpunch,line lsel,r,loc,x,-39.0,39.0 lesize,all,,,6 cmsel,s,lpunch lsel,u,loc,x,-39.0,39.0 lesize,all,,,24 allsel,all mshkey,1 asel,s,area,,1,3,1 amesh,1,3,2 amesh,2 asel,inve amesh,all asel,all nsel,s,loc,y,30.0,236.0 nummrg,node nummrg,kp cm,npunch,node nsel,all eplot edpart,create eddamp,all,,0.02 eddamp,1,,1.0e-5 eddamp,2,,1.0e-5 edcgen,ants,1,4,0.10 edcontact,,,,1 esel,s,mat,,1,2,1 cm,epipes,elem nsle cm,npipes,node nsel,all

! rigid cylindrical punch

! reset working plane ! delete punch volume ! delete punch end caps

! curved punch areas

! outer pipe = Part ID 1 and inner pipe = Part ID 2 ! now mesh rigid end cap as Part ID 3 ! now mesh the 4 rigid punch areas as Part ID 4

! punch nodes (apply initial velocity later)

! part numbers match material numbers

! contact between outer pipe and punch (entity #1) ! use mid-plane of rigid shells for contact

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-34

edcgen,assc,npipes,,0.1 allsel,all eplot fini /solu time,10.0 edrst,100 edhtime,500 edopt,add,,both edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat edout,matsum edout,spcforc edout,rcforc edout,sleout edout,rbdout nsel,s,loc,y,-30.0,30.0 nsel,r,loc,x,0.0 cm,nsymx,node d,all,ux,0.0,,,,roty,rotz nsel,s,loc,y,-30.0,30.0 nsel,r,loc,z,0.0 cm,nsymz,node d,all,uz,0.0,,,,rotx,roty esln cm,esymz,elem nsel,all esel,all edhist,nsymx edhist,nsymz edhist,esymz edout,nodout edout,elout *dim,etime,array,2,1,1 etime(1)=0.0,10.001 *dim,uydisp,array,2,1,1 uydisp(1)=0.0,-425.0

! contact between inner and outer pipes (entity #2)

! termination time, ms ! create binary results files for ANSYS and LS-POST ! ! ! ! ! ! global statistics data material energy summary (on Part ID basis) single point constraint (reaction) forces resultant interface forces sliding interface energies data rigid body data (UX, VX, AX, etc.)

! Y-Z plane symmetry restraints

! X-Y plane symmetry restraints

! complete node data also in .RST and .HIS files ! element stress data in element coordinate system ! run load curve out past termination time ! displace punch downward, mm ! Part 4 = rigid punch ! initial punch velocity, mm/ms

edload,add,rbuy,,4,etime(1),uydisp(1),0 edvel,vgen,npunch,0.0,-42.5,0.0 /wait,1 eplot save solve fini /eof

! The following commands are generated by doing the workshop ...

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-35

/POST1 SET,LAST PLDISP,2 esel,u,mat,,4 !* /EXPAND,2,RECT,HALF,,,0.00001 /REPLOT !* !* PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,0,0,0,5,0,0 !* !* /EXPAND,2,RECT,HALF,0.00001 /REPLOT !* /EXPAND FINISH /POST26 FILE FILE,'pipe','rst','.' /UI,COLL,1 NUMVAR,200 SOLU,191,NCMIT STORE,MERGE FILLDATA,191,,,,1,1 REALVAR,191,191 RESUME,'pipe','db','.' /COM,ANSYS RELEASE 6.1 UP20020321 /UI,COLL,0 RESET FINISH /POST1 RESET FINISH /POST26 FILE,'pipe','his','.' KEYW,LSDYNA_H,1 /UI,COLL,1 NUMVAR,200 SOLU,191,NCMIT STORE,MERGE EDREAD,2,MATSUM, 1 STORE,MERGE XVAR,1 PLVAR,2,3,10, EDREAD,11,MATSUM, 2 STORE,MERGE XVAR,1 PLVAR,11,12,19, EPLOT !* EDREAD,20,SPCFORC,1, , , XVAR,1 PLVAR,20,22,

14:52:27

07/14/2002

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-36

EDREAD,26,RCFORC,1, , , XVAR,1 PLVAR,27,28, ! FINISH ! /EXIT,MODEL

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-37

! Chapter 9 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear ! restart.inp is used in the Chapter 9 workshop (6.1) /filnam,restart,1 /title, Rubber Block Meets Rigid Wall - Film at Eleven /prep7 /view,,1,2,3 /plopts,info,1 /pnum,mat,1 /num,1 et,1,SHELL163 et,2,SOLID164 r,1,,3,0.1 r,2 mp,ex,1,3.0e6 mp,dens,1,0.00074 mp,nuxy,1,0.3 edmp,rigid,1,7,7 mp,dens,2,0.000131 mp,nuxy,2,0.498 edmp,hgls,2,5 *dim,stress,,20,1 *dim,strain,,20,1 stress(1,1) strain(1,1) stress(8,1) strain(8,1) stress(15,1) strain(15,1) ! ! ! ! psi lbf-sec^2/in^4 unitless shells form rigid wall

! lbf-sec^2/in^4 ! unitless ! hourglass control ! define array for engineering stress data (psi) ! define array for enginerring strain data (in/in)

= 0.000, 36.94, 63.10, 86.82, 109.84, 132.80, 155.11 = 0.000, 0.110, 0.220, 0.330, 0.440, 0.550, 0.660 = 176.85, 198.02, 227.91, 263.72, 294.78, 320.89, 342.87 = 0.770, 0.880, 0.990, 1.100, 1.210, 1.320, 1.430 = 361.55, 378.26, 394.16, 409.55, 425.65, 443.06 = 1.540, 1.650, 1.760, 1.870, 1.980, 2.090 ! eng. stress vs. eng. strain curve

edcurve,add,1,strain(1),stress(1) tb,mooney,2,1,,2 tbdata,1,0.0,0.0 tbdata,3,1,1,1 tbdata,6,1 ! ! ! !

! have LS-DYNA calculate 2-term Mooney-Rivlin constants ! set c10 and c01 to zero to use experimental data ! set gauge length, width, and specimen thickness to 1 ! LCID 1 corresponds to eng. stress vs. eng. strain curve

LS-DYNA curve fit to Mooney-Rivlin material: Mooney-Rivlin constant c10 = Mooney-Rivlin constant c01 = 0.9240E+02 -0.4872E+02
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-38

rectng,0,2,0,2 aatt,1,1,1,0 esize,,4 amesh,1 block,0.75,1.25,0.75,1.25,0.5,1.5 vatt,2,2,2,0 vmesh,1 esel,s,type,,2 cm,eblock,elem nsle cm,nblock,node esel,all nsel,all eplot edivelo,nblock,,,-500.0 edcgen,assc fini /solu time,0.002 edrst,50 edhtime,100 edhist,nblock edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat save /eof ! The following is from going through the exercise ...

! nodes comprising block

! 500 in/sec in negative Z direction ! automatic single surface contact

TIME,0.002, SAVE /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LAST !* /DSCALE,1,1.0 /REPLOT !* !* PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,0,1,51,5,0,0 !* FINISH /SOLU EDSTART,2, ,7,d3dump01 TIME,0.004, SAVE /STATUS,SOLU
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-39

SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LAST SET,LIST !* PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,2,1,101,5,0,0 !* ! FINISH ! /EXIT,MODEL

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-40

! Chapter 10 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Springback Analysis (stamp.inp) ! Chapter 10 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! Implicit springback analysis following explicit stamping analysis /plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /view,,1,2,3 /pbc,all,1 /pnum,mat,1 /num,1 /eshape,1 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off ! =========================================================================== /filnam,stamp,1 ! First create the solid model geometry using 1/4 symmetry /prep7 wpoffs,0.0,51.25,0.0 sph4,0.0,0.0,50.0 wpcsys,,0 vdele,all numcmp,volu asel,s,loc,y,51.25,102.5 adele,all,,,1 asel,all asbw,all wprota,0.0,0.0,90.0 asbw,all wpcsys,,0 wpstyle asel,s,loc,y,51.25,102.5 adele,all,,,1 asel,s,loc,z,0.0,50.0 adele,all,,,1 asel,s,loc,x,-50.0,0.0 adele,all,,,1 asel,all numcmp,area numcmp,line numcmp,kp /view,,1,2,3 aplot k,4, 0.0,0.0,0.0 k,5,80.0,0.0,0.0
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-41

! rigid punch = area #1

k,6,59.18,0.50005,0.0 k,7,80.80,0.50005,0.0 k,8,52.83,-20.82,0.0 k,9,52.83, -6.85005,0.0 k,10,59.18,-6.85005,0 k,11,59.18,-0.50005,0.0 k,12,80.80,-0.50005,0.0 k,13,0.0,50.5,0.0 l,4,5 l,6,7 l,8,9 larc,9,11,10,6.35 l,11,12 arotat,4,,,,,,4,13,90.0,1 arotat,5,,,,,,4,13,90.0,1 arotat,6,7,8,,,,4,13,90.0,1 aplot

! blank (workpiece) = area #2 ! rigid blank holder = area #3 ! rigid die = areas #4, #5, #6

! Now create the deformable blank mesh et,1,SHELL163,10 r,1,0.833,5,1.0 mp,ex,1,69.0 mp,nuxy,1,0.30 mp,dens,1,7.83e-06 tb,plaw,1,,,2 tbdata,1,0.598 tbdata,2,0.216 tbdata,3,0.0 tbdata,4,0.0 edmp,hgls,1,5 edint,5,4 edshell,,,1 mat,1 type,1 real,1 esize,3.0 amesh,2 cm,nblank,node cm,eblank,elem ! Now create the rigid punch mesh et,2,SHELL163 r,2,,,1.0 mp,ex,2,69.0 mp,nuxy,2,0.30 mp,dens,2,7.83e-06 edmp,rigid,2,6,7 mat,2 type,2 real,2 esize,5.0 nsel,none esel,none
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-42

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Belytschko-Wong-Chiang formulation shear factor, NIP, thickness kN/mm^2 (GPa) unitless kN/mm^3 power law plasticity model strength coefficient, k hardening coefficient, n strain rate parameter, C strain rate parameter, P stiffness hourglass control save data for all five layers membrane stress causes thickness change

! mesh deformable blank

! ! ! ! ! !

default Belytschko-Tsay formulation shear factor, NIP, thickness kN/mm^2 (GPa) unitless kN/mm^3 fixed in UX, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ

amesh,1 cm,npunch,node cm,epunch,elem

! mesh rigid punch

! Now create the rigid blank holder mesh et,3,SHELL163 r,3,,,1.0 mp,ex,3,69.0 mp,nuxy,3,0.30 mp,dens,3,7.83e-06 edmp,rigid,3,6,7 mat,3 type,3 real,3 mshape,0,2D mshkey,1 esize,10.0 nsel,none esel,none amesh,3 cm,nholder,node cm,eholder,elem ! Now create the rigid die mesh et,4,SHELL163 r,4,,,1.0 mp,ex,4,69.0 mp,nuxy,4,0.30 mp,dens,4,7.83e-06 edmp,rigid,4,7,7 mat,4 type,4 real,4 asel,s,area,,4,6,1 allsel,below,area lsel,u,loc,x,-2,2 lsel,u,loc,z,-2,2 lesize,all,,,20 lsel,all ksel,all esize,10.0 nsel,none esel,none amesh,4 esize,1.0 amesh,5 esize,10.0 amesh,6 cm,ndie,node cm,edie,elem allsel,all edpart,create ! ! ! ! ! ! default Belytschko-Tsay formulation shear factor, NIP, thickness kN/mm^2 (GPa) unitless kN/mm^3 fixed in UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ ! ! ! ! ! ! default Belytschko-Tsay formulation shear factor, NIP, thickness kN/mm^2 (GPa) unitless kN/mm^3 fixed in UX, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ

! 2D quadrilaterals ! mapped meshing

! mesh rigid blank holder

! rigid die areas ! rigid die lines ! lines in the middle ! number of elements around circumference

! mesh bottom of rigid die ! mesh mid-section of rigid die ! mesh top of rigid die

! create Part list (blank = Part 1)

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-43

eddamp,all,,0.02 eddamp,1,,1.0e-5 edcgen,sts,2,1,0.15,0.15 edcgen,sts,3,1,0.15,0.15 edcgen,sts,4,1,0.15,0.15 edcontact,0.1,1.0,2,1 eplot fini /solu esel,s,mat,,1 nsle nsel,r,loc,x,0 d,all,ux,0.0,,,,roty,rotz nsle nsel,r,loc,z,0 d,all,uz,0.0,,,,rotx,roty nsel,all

! alpha (mass) damping ! beta (stiffness) damping ! STS contact between punch and blank ! STS contact between holder and blank ! STS contact between die and blank ! SHTK=1= thickness considered except for rigid bodies

! deformable blank elements ! corresponding nodes ! x=0 symmetry BC's ! z=0 symmetry BC's

! Define punch loading information (both displacement and velocity) termtime=6.0 amp=45.0 *dim,etime,,182,1,1 *dim,ydisp,,182,1,1 *dim,yvelo,,182,1,1 etime(1)=0.0 ydisp(1)=0.0 yvelo(1)=0.0 etime(182)=1.01*termtime ydisp(182)=-amp yvelo(182)=0.0 timenow=0.0 timeincr=termtime/180.0 ! 6 ms termination time ! amplitude of punch displacement, mm ! dimension array for time ! dimension array for punch displacement ! dimension array for punch velocity ! initial time, ms ! initial punch displacement, mm ! initial punch velocity, mm/ms ! final time, ms ! final punch displacement, mm ! final punch velocity, mm/ms ! initialize current time parameter, ms ! time increment, ms ! ! ! ! ! ! work in degrees (not radians) 1.0 < theta < 180.0 degrees update current time, ms current time, ms punch displacement, mm punch velocity, mm/ms

*afun,deg *do,i,2,181,1 timenow=timenow+timeincr etime(i)=timenow ydisp(i)=amp/2.0*cos(i-1.0)-amp/2.0 yvelo(i)=(ydisp(i)-ydisp(i-1))/timeincr *enddo edcurve,add,1,etime(1),ydisp(1) edcurve,add,2,etime(1),yvelo(1) !!! edload,add,rbuy,0,2,,,0,1,1.0 edload,add,rbvy,0,2,,,0,2,1.0

! LCID 1 = punch displacement vs. time ! LCID 2 = punch velocity vs. time ! punch displacement load (Part 2) ! punch velocity load (Part 2)

! Define blank holder loading information

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-44

*dim,holdtime,,3,1,1 *dim,holdforc,,3,1,1

! dimension array for holding time ! dimension array for holding force ! blank holding time, ms ! blank holding force, kN

holdtime(1)=0.0,termtime/180.0,1.01*termtime holdforc(1)=0.0,-20.0,-20.0 edcurve,add,3,holdtime(1),holdforc(1) edload,add,rbfy,0,3,,,0,3,1.0 ! Specify file output controls time,termtime edcts,-0.44e-3,0.9 edrst,50 edhtime,100 edhist,nblank edhist,eblank edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat edout,matsum edout,rcforc edout,nodout edout,rbdout allsel,all /pbc,all,,0 eplot /pbc,u,,1 /pbc,rot,,1 save /eof

! LCID 3 = holding force vs. time ! blank holder force load (Part 3)

! use mass scaling to speed up the run ...

! The following is from going through the exercise

SAVE /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE ESEL,S,MAT,,1 NSLE,S FINISH /POST1 SET,LAST !* /DSCALE,1,1.0 /REPLOT !* !* PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,0,0,0,5,0,0 !* FINISH /POST26 FILE FILE,'stamp','rst','.' /UI,COLL,1
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-45

NUMVAR,200 SOLU,191,NCMIT STORE,MERGE FILLDATA,191,,,,1,1 REALVAR,191,191 RESUME,'stamp','db','.' /COM,ANSYS RELEASE 6.1 /UI,COLL,0 RESET FINISH /POST1 RESET FINISH /POST26 FILE,'stamp','his','.' KEYW,LSDYNA_H,1 /UI,COLL,1 NUMVAR,200 SOLU,191,NCMIT STORE,MERGE !* !* NSOL,2,1,U,Y, UY_2 STORE,MERGE XVAR,1 PLVAR,2, ALLSEL,ALL SAVE !* !* FINISH /FILNAME,spring,1

UP20020321

14:48:45

07/22/2002

!* /PREP7 ETCHG,ETI tbdele,all,all SHPP,OFF !* UPGEOM,1,1,51,'stamp','rst',' ' !* EPLOT ESEL,S,MAT,,1 NSLE,S EPLOT NSEL,R,LOC,Y,-0.1,0.1 FINISH /SOLU FLST,2,213,1,ORDE,18 FITEM,2,2 FITEM,2,25 FITEM,2,-70 FITEM,2,93 FITEM,2,-96 FITEM,2,134 FITEM,2,-168 FITEM,2,189
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-46

FITEM,2,209 FITEM,2,-245 FITEM,2,266 FITEM,2,-267 FITEM,2,289 FITEM,2,-329 FITEM,2,352 FITEM,2,-353 FITEM,2,377 FITEM,2,-420 !* /GO D,P51X, ,0.0, , , ,UY, , , , , NSLE,S EPLOT RIMPORT,DYNA,STRESS,ELEM,1,51,'stamp','rst',' ', , , !* nlgeom,on SAVE /STATUS,SOLU SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LAST !* /DSCALE,1,10.0 /REPLOT !* /VIEW, 1 ,1,2,3 /ANG, 1 /REP,FAST /EFACE,1 AVPRIN,0, , !* PLNSOL,U,SUM,2,1 /DIST, 1 ,0.729000,1 /REP,FAST /FOC, 1 ,0.300000,,,1 /REP,FAST /DIST, 1 ,0.729000,1 /REP,FAST ! FINISH ! /EXIT,MODEL

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-47

! Chapter 11 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Applying a Thermal/Structural Preload (preload.inp) ! Chapter 11 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! Combined thermal/structural preload applied to a cantilever beam ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! This model illustrates a combined thermal/structural preload analysis (i.e., a stress initialization to a prescribed geometry) followed by a structural transient (the thermal loads are held constant). It demonstrates the implicit-to-explicit sequential solution procedure. A cantilever beam structure is modeled with brick elements. The analysis is performed in four separate phases. In the first phase, a steady-state heat transfer analysis is conducted using ANSYS thermal bricks. A thermal gradient is produced in which the left side of the beam is 20 degrees hotter than the right side. In the second phase, the thermal elements are converted into ANSYS implicit structural elements. Next, the nonuniform temperatures from the end of the heat transfer analysis are read into the structural model with the LDREAD command. A pressure load is also applied to the top of the beam. After restraining one end of the beam, a static thermal/structural preload analysis is conducted. The results of the second phase show that the temperature gradient causes the beam to bend to the side, and the pressure load causes the beam to bend downward. This is the desired preload condition, which should match the results at the beginning of the subsequent transient dynamic analysis. In the third phase, the implicit elements are converted into the companion explicit elements and a stress initialization to a prescribed geometry is conducted. This pseudo-dynamic relaxation analysis uses the displacements from the drelax file (but not the temperatures) to establish the preload. The temperatures are applied directly as static thermal loads in the dynamic.K file itself. The results of this analysis (at TIME = 0) match those of the ANSYS implicit analysis very well. In the fourth phase, a transient dynamic analysis is conducted. The pressure load is ramped up, while the temperature load is held constant. This is because only one type of thermal load is allowed in any given analysis.

! Units: kilogram, meter, second, Newton, Pascal, Joule, Watt /plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /view,,1,2,3
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-48

/pbc,all,1 /pnum,type,1 /num,1 /eshape,1 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off ! =========================================================================== /filnam,thermal,1 /title, ANSYS Heat Transfer Analysis /prep7 et,1,SOLID70 r,1 ! thermal brick element ! dummy real constant set

! Temperature-independent thermal material properties: mp,dens,1,8.03e3 mp,kxx,1,16.3 mp,c,1,502.0 block,0,1,0,1,0,11 esize,0.25 vmesh,all cm,nbeam,node cm,ebeam,elem fini /solu antype,static time,1.0 nsel,s,loc,x,0 esln bf,all,hgen,3.0e3 esel,all nsel,s,ext nsel,r,loc,x,1.0 sf,all,conv,30.0,0.0 nsel,all save solve fini /post1 set,last plnsol,temp /wait,5 save fini ! = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-49

! kg/m^3 ! W/m-C ! J/kg-C

! steady state heat transfer analysis ! left side of beam ! 3,000 W/m^3 heat generation on left side ! exterior beam nodes ! right side of beam ! hf=30.0 W/m^2-C and Tbulk=0 degrees C

/filnam,preload,1 /title, ANSYS Implicit Static Preload Analysis /prep7 bfdele,all,all sfdele,all,all /psf,pres,norm,2 /dscale,,1.0 eplot et,2,SOLID185 emodif,all,type,2 etdele,1 numcmp,type keyopt,1,2,1 ! ! ! ! ! desired structural brick element ETCHG,TTS creates SOLID45 elements remove thermal bricks compress element type numbers uniform reduced integration to match SOLID164 ! remove thermal body force (heat generation) loads ! remove thermal surface (convection) loads

! Temperature-dependent structural properties mp,dens,1, 8.03e3 mptemp, 1, 0.0, 500.0 mpdata, ex,1,1,193.0e9,93.0e9 mpdata,nuxy,1,1,0.29,0.28 mpdata,alpx,1,1,18.0e-6,16.0e-6 ! Note: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! kg/m^3 (canNOT be temp-dependent) degrees C, two temperatures N/m^2 (temperature-dependent) unitless (temperature-dependent) m/m-C (temperature-dependent)

Do not define plasticity in this ANSYS implicit preload analysis, since implicit-to-explicit sequential solutions assume linear elastic material properties and small strain. Plasticity can be added in the subsequent transient run.

mplist,all,all fini /solu antype,static time,1.0 nsubst,2,1000,2 outres,all,last ldread,temp,last,,,,thermal,rth tref,0.0 bflist,all,temp nsel,s,loc,y,1 cm,nbeamtop,node esln cm,ebeamtop,elem sf,all,press,1.1e5 nsel,s,loc,z,0 d,all,uz,0.0 nsel,s,loc,z,0 nsel,r,loc,y,0.5 d,all,uy,0 ! temperature body loads (overwrites TUNIF) ! thermal strain (preload) structural analysis

! reference temperature for "instantaneous" alpha

! apply pressure load (N/m^2) to top of beam ! restrain aft end of beam

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-50

nsel,s,loc,z,0 nsel,r,loc,x,0.5 d,all,ux,0 nsel,all esel,all save solve fini /post1 set,last /dscale,,10 plnsol,s,eqv,2 /wait,5 ! Note: ! ! save fini ! = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = /filnam,dynamic,1 /title, ANSYS/LS-DYNA Dynamic Relaxation and Transient Analyses /psf,pres,norm,2 /dscale,,1.0 /prep7 sfdele,all,all etchg,ite ! remove structural surface (pressure) loads ! convert SOLID185 elements into SOLID164 elements

! exaggerate displacement

Make sure that the yield stress is not exceeded, since the preload needs to have a linear response for the subsequent dynamic relaxation analysis

! Add plasticity to temperature-dependent properties tb,biso,1,2 tbtemp,0.0 tbdata,1,66.7e6 tbdata,2,1.93e9 tbtemp,500.0 tbdata,1,60.0e6 tbdata,2,0.93e9 ! Note: ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! temperature-dependent BISO (2 temperatures) first temperature N/m^2, yield stress at 0 degrees N/m^2, tangent modulus at 0 degrees second temperature N/m^2, yield stress at 500 degrees N/m^2, tangent modulus at 500 degrees the case, 0 and side.

Be sure to define a temperature range that exceeds actual resulting temperatures. In this particular LS-DYNA will expect all temperatures to be between 500 degrees C. This requirement is on the LS-DYNA ! add hourglass control ! create part list ! mass (alpha) damping ! stiffness (beta) damping

edmp,hgls,1,5 edpart,create eddamp,all,,0.10 eddamp,1,,1.0e-6

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-51

mplist,all,all tblist,all,all fini /solu time,0.2 ! termination time (seconds) ! create drelax file

rexport,dyna,,,,,preload,rst ! Note: ! ! ! ! !

The temperatures written to the drelax file are NOT used by LS-DYNA to establish the thermal preload condition. Instead, the temperatures written via the *LOAD_THERMAL_CONSTANT_NODE command are used. The latter are stored in the ANSYS database as body force BF loads from the LDREAD command. These thermal loads remain active unless deleted (BFDELE,ALL,TEMP). ! no need to re-issue LDREAD command ! stress initialization to a prescribed geometry

bflist,all,temp eddrelax,ansys

! Increase the pressure load after a bit to introduce plasticity in ! the beam. The beam should remain bent in the XZ plane (due to the ! thermal load) while bending further downward in the YZ plane. *dim,etime,,5,1,1 *dim,epress,,5,1,1 etime(1)=0.0,0.025,0.050,0.100,0.201 epress(1)=1.1e5,1.1e5,2.2e5,2.2e5,4.4e5 edload,add,press,4,ebeamtop,etime,epress dlist,all,all edrst,100 edhtime,200 edhist,nbeamtop edhist,ebeamtop edenergy,1,1,1,1 edout,glstat edopt,add,,both edwrite,both,,k nsel,all esel,all save solve fini /post1 set,first /dscale,,10

! extend curve out ! force into plasticity ! pressure (N/m^2) on beam top

! keep beam restraints from previous implicit run

! exaggerate displacement

/title, ANSYS/LS-DYNA Dynamic Relaxation Analysis plnsol,s,eqv,2 /wait,5

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set,last /title, ANSYS/LS-DYNA Transient Dynamic Analysis (Plastic State) plnsol,s,eqv,2 /wait,5 save !!! fini !!! /exit,nosav

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-53

! Chapter 12 Workshop Input File:

fini /clear /title, Drop Test of a Screwdriver (sd.inp) ! Chapter 12 Workshop Example from the ANSYS/LS-DYNA 6.1 Seminar: ! The DTM is used to simulate the drop test of a screwdriver. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The ANSYS/LS-DYNA Drop Test Module (DTM) is used to set-up and analyze the drop test of a screwdriver onto a rigid surface. The screwdriver is dropped from a height of 10 feet (120 inches) in a 1g acceleration field (386.4 in/sec^2). The user can pick any screwdriver orientation, but to match the results in the workshop notes, he needs to pick the oblique view. The solution is started at near impact time and run for 0.025 seconds after impact occurs. An initial translational velocity is also used.

/plopts,info,1 /color,pbak,0 /pbc,all,1 /pnum,mat,1 /num,1 /eshape,1 /dscale,,1 /uis,abort,off ! =========================================================================== /filnam,sd,1 /prep7 et,1,SOLID164 r,1 mp,ex,1,0.15e6 mp,nuxy,1,0.29 mp,dens,1,0.84e-4 edmp,hgls,1,5 et,2,SOLID164 r,2 mp,ex,2,30.0e6 mp,nuxy,2,0.29 mp,dens,2,7.25e-4 edmp,hgls,2,5 a=0.625 b=0.144342 c=a/2 d=2*b e=b/3 f=0.8*d pi=acos(-1.0) ang=60.0*pi/180.0 ! plastic handle ! ! ! ! psi unitless lbf-sec^2/in^4 stiffness hourglass control

! steel shaft ! ! ! ! psi unitless lbf-sec^2/in^4 stiffness hourglass control

! geometry parameters

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-54

k,1,b*cos(0*ang),b*sin(0*ang),0 k,2,b*cos(1*ang),b*sin(1*ang),0 k,3,b*cos(2*ang),b*sin(2*ang),0 k,4,b*cos(3*ang),b*sin(3*ang),0 k,5,b*cos(4*ang),b*sin(4*ang),0 k,6,b*cos(5*ang),b*sin(5*ang),0 k,11,a*cos(0*ang),a*sin(0*ang),0 k,12,a*cos(1*ang),a*sin(1*ang),0 k,13,a*cos(2*ang),a*sin(2*ang),0 k,14,a*cos(3*ang),a*sin(3*ang),0 k,15,a*cos(4*ang),a*sin(4*ang),0 k,16,a*cos(5*ang),a*sin(5*ang),0 k,21,a*cos(0*ang),a*sin(0*ang),3 k,22,a*cos(1*ang),a*sin(1*ang),3 k,23,a*cos(2*ang),a*sin(2*ang),3 k,24,a*cos(3*ang),a*sin(3*ang),3 k,25,a*cos(4*ang),a*sin(4*ang),3 k,26,a*cos(5*ang),a*sin(5*ang),3 k,31,b*cos(0*ang),b*sin(0*ang),3 k,32,b*cos(1*ang),b*sin(1*ang),3 k,33,b*cos(2*ang),b*sin(2*ang),3 k,34,b*cos(3*ang),b*sin(3*ang),3 k,35,b*cos(4*ang),b*sin(4*ang),3 k,36,b*cos(5*ang),b*sin(5*ang),3 k,41,c*cos(0*ang),c*sin(0*ang),4.25 k,42,c*cos(1*ang),c*sin(1*ang),4.25 k,43,c*cos(2*ang),c*sin(2*ang),4.25 k,44,c*cos(3*ang),c*sin(3*ang),4.25 k,45,c*cos(4*ang),c*sin(4*ang),4.25 k,46,c*cos(5*ang),c*sin(5*ang),4.25 k,51,b*cos(0*ang),b*sin(0*ang),4.25 k,52,b*cos(1*ang),b*sin(1*ang),4.25 k,53,b*cos(2*ang),b*sin(2*ang),4.25 k,54,b*cos(3*ang),b*sin(3*ang),4.25 k,55,b*cos(4*ang),b*sin(4*ang),4.25 k,56,b*cos(5*ang),b*sin(5*ang),4.25 k,62,b*cos(1*ang),b*sin(1*ang),8.5 k,63,b*cos(2*ang),b*sin(2*ang),8.5 k,65,b*cos(4*ang),b*sin(4*ang),8.5 k,66,b*cos(5*ang),b*sin(5*ang),8.5 k,72,b*cos(1*ang),d*sin(1*ang),9 k,73,b*cos(2*ang),d*sin(2*ang),9 k,75,b*cos(4*ang),d*sin(4*ang),9 k,76,b*cos(5*ang),d*sin(5*ang),9 k,82,e*cos(1*ang),f*sin(1*ang),10 k,83,e*cos(2*ang),f*sin(2*ang),10 k,85,e*cos(4*ang),f*sin(4*ang),10 k,86,e*cos(5*ang),f*sin(5*ang),10

! solid model keypoints

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-55

mat,1 type,1 real,1 v,1,2,3,4,31,32,33,34 v,4,5,6,1,34,35,36,31 v,1,11,12,2,31,21,22,32 *repeat,5,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 v,6,16,11,1,36,26,21,31 v,31,21,22,32,51,41,42,52 *repeat,5,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 v,36,26,21,31,56,46,41,51 v,31,32,33,34,51,52,53,54 v,34,35,36,31,54,55,56,51 esize,,2 vmesh,all mat,2 type,2 real,2 v,32,33,35,36,52,53,55,56 v,52,53,55,56,62,63,65,66 *repeat,3,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10 esize,,3 vmesh,all edcts,-0.70e-6 eplot save fini /eof

! plastic handle

! steel shaft

! add mass scaling to speed up run

! The following commands are generated by doing the workshop ...

SAVE,original,db /PREP7 !* CMDE,_Yelem CMDE,_dtdrpob CM,_Yelem,ELEM CM,_dtdrpob,NODE KEYW,DTFILT,0 /show,close /UI,VIEW /VIEW, 1 ,1,2,3 /ANG, 1 /REP,FAST /auto,fit eplot EDUI,PUT,BASIC,386.4,120.0,0,0,0.025 EDUI,PUT,VELO,0,0,-100.0,0,0,0,0,0 EDUI,PUT,TARGET,0,1,1,0 ! /INPUT,ansuitmp MAT, 3 EDMP,RIGID, 3,7,7
July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-56

ET, 3,164 TYPE, 3 N, 323,-5.6972 ,-.70975 , 24.888 N, 324, 13.534 ,-.70975 , 18.478 N, 325, 8.1163 ,-11.545 , 2.2246 N, 326,-11.115 ,-11.545 , 8.6350 N, 327,-5.8685 ,0.14688 , 24.374 N, 328, 13.363 ,0.14688 , 17.964 N, 329, 7.9450 ,-10.689 , 1.7106 N, 330,-11.286 ,-10.689 , 8.1211 E, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, EDVEL,VELO,_dtdrpob, 67.074 ,-335.37 , 201.22 0.0000 , TIME,0.40011E-01 *DEL,_dtantm *DEL,_dtaccel *DIM,_dtantm,ARRAY,2,1,1 *DIM,_dtaccel,ARRAY,2,1,1 *SET,_dtantm(1),0.0d0 *SET,_dtantm(2),0.40011E-01 *SET,_dtaccel(1),-65.314 *SET,_dtaccel(2),-65.314 EDLOAD,ADD,ACLX,,_dtdrpob,_dtantm,_dtaccel *SET,_dtaccel(1), 326.57 *SET,_dtaccel(2), 326.57 EDLOAD,ADD,ACLY,,_dtdrpob,_dtantm,_dtaccel *SET,_dtaccel(1),-195.94 *SET,_dtaccel(2),-195.94 EDLOAD,ADD,ACLZ,,_dtdrpob,_dtantm,_dtaccel *SET,_dtcgnum,NODE(-.23916E-16,-.36090E-18, 3.7071 *SET,_dtlownum,NODE(0.24057E-01,-.20001 , 10.000 NSEL,S,NODE,,_dtcgnum NSEL,A,NODE,,_dtlownum CM,_dtpos26,NODE ALLSEL EDUI,PUT,MISC,3 EDDC,DELE,ALL EDRST,100 EDHTIME,1000 MP,EX,3,150000.0 MP,DENS,3,0.000725 MP,NUXY,3,0.2 EDCGEN,AG,,,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0 eplot CMSEL,U,_Yelem edel,all nsel,all esel,all EDUI,PUT,BASIC,386.4,120.0,0,0,0.025 EDUI,PUT,VELO,0,0,-100.0,0,0,0,0,0 EDUI,PUT,TARGET,1,1,1,0 ! /INPUT,ansuitmp MAT, 3 EDMP,RIGID, 3,7,7 ET, 3,164 TYPE, 3 N, 323,-5.1526 ,-3.3530 , 20.302

330 , 0.0000

, 0.0000

) )

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-57

N, 324, 14.079 ,-3.3530 , 13.891 N, 325, 8.6609 ,-14.189 ,-2.3624 N, 326,-10.570 ,-14.189 , 4.0481 N, 327,-5.3239 ,-2.4964 , 19.788 N, 328, 13.907 ,-2.4964 , 13.377 N, 329, 8.4896 ,-13.332 ,-2.8763 N, 330,-10.742 ,-13.332 , 3.5341 E, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, EDVEL,VELO,_dtdrpob, 67.074 ,-335.37 , 201.22 0.0000 , TIME,0.40011E-01 *DEL,_dtantm *DEL,_dtaccel *DIM,_dtantm,ARRAY,2,1,1 *DIM,_dtaccel,ARRAY,2,1,1 *SET,_dtantm(1),0.0d0 *SET,_dtantm(2),0.40011E-01 *SET,_dtaccel(1),-65.314 *SET,_dtaccel(2),-65.314 EDLOAD,ADD,ACLX,,_dtdrpob,_dtantm,_dtaccel *SET,_dtaccel(1), 326.57 *SET,_dtaccel(2), 326.57 EDLOAD,ADD,ACLY,,_dtdrpob,_dtantm,_dtaccel *SET,_dtaccel(1),-195.94 *SET,_dtaccel(2),-195.94 EDLOAD,ADD,ACLZ,,_dtdrpob,_dtantm,_dtaccel *SET,_dtcgnum,NODE(-.23916E-16,-.36090E-18, 3.7071 *SET,_dtlownum,NODE(0.24057E-01,-.20001 , 10.000 NSEL,S,NODE,,_dtcgnum NSEL,A,NODE,,_dtlownum CM,_dtpos26,NODE ALLSEL EDUI,PUT,MISC,3 EDDC,DELE,ALL EDRST,100 EDHTIME,1000 MP,EX,3,150000.0 MP,DENS,3,0.000725 MP,NUXY,3,0.2 EDCGEN,AG,,,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0 eplot CMSEL,U,_Yelem edel,all nsel,all esel,all EDUI,PUT,BASIC,386.4,120,0,0,0.025 EDUI,PUT,VELO,0,0,-100,0,0,0,0,0 EDUI,PUT,TARGET,1,1,1,30.0 ! /INPUT,ansuitmp MAT, 3 EDMP,RIGID, 3,7,7 ET, 3,164 TYPE, 3 N, 323,-2.3675 ,-8.4333 , 22.760 N, 324, 12.574 ,0.13301 , 12.069 N, 325, 7.1563 ,-10.703 ,-4.1848 N, 326,-7.7853 ,-19.269 , 6.5066

330 , 0.0000

, 0.0000

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-58

N, 327,-2.9967 ,-7.6914 , 22.475 N, 328, 11.945 ,0.87488 , 11.784 N, 329, 6.5271 ,-9.9607 ,-4.4697 N, 330,-8.4145 ,-18.527 , 6.2217 E, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, EDVEL,VELO,_dtdrpob, 66.836 ,-334.18 , 200.51 0.0000 , TIME,0.39922E-01 *DEL,_dtantm *DEL,_dtaccel *DIM,_dtantm,ARRAY,2,1,1 *DIM,_dtaccel,ARRAY,2,1,1 *SET,_dtantm(1),0.0d0 *SET,_dtantm(2),0.39922E-01 *SET,_dtaccel(1),-65.314 *SET,_dtaccel(2),-65.314 EDLOAD,ADD,ACLX,,_dtdrpob,_dtantm,_dtaccel *SET,_dtaccel(1), 326.57 *SET,_dtaccel(2), 326.57 EDLOAD,ADD,ACLY,,_dtdrpob,_dtantm,_dtaccel *SET,_dtaccel(1),-195.94 *SET,_dtaccel(2),-195.94 EDLOAD,ADD,ACLZ,,_dtdrpob,_dtantm,_dtaccel *SET,_dtcgnum,NODE(-.23916E-16,-.36090E-18, 3.7071 *SET,_dtlownum,NODE(0.24057E-01,-.20001 , 10.000 NSEL,S,NODE,,_dtcgnum NSEL,A,NODE,,_dtlownum CM,_dtpos26,NODE ALLSEL EDUI,PUT,MISC,3 EDDC,DELE,ALL EDRST,100 EDHTIME,1000 MP,EX,3,150000 MP,DENS,3,0.000725 MP,NUXY,3,0.2 EDCGEN,AG,,,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0 eplot EDUI,PUT,MISC,3 EDDC,DELE,ALL EDRST,100 EDHTIME,1000 MP,EX,3,150000 MP,DENS,3,0.000725 MP,NUXY,3,0.2 EDCGEN,AG,,,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0,0.0 EDHIST,_dtpos26 EDOUT,NODOUT EDOUT,GLSTAT KEYW,DTFILT,1 EDUI,PUT,COMP,191,304 SAVE FINISH /SOLU SOLVE !* FINISH

330 , 0.0000

, 0.0000

) )

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-59

/post1 set,last /DSCALE,ALL,1 !* PLNS,S,EQV ANDATA,0.5, ,0,0,0,2,0,1 !* FINI /POST26 FILE,,his !* !* NSOL,25,304,U,X NSOL,26,304,U,Y NSOL,27,304,U,Z NSOL,28,191,U,X NSOL,29,191,U,Y NSOL,30,191,U,Z /AXLAB,Y,Screen UY !* ADD,3,25,26,27,LOWPT,,,-0.169030850946,0.845154254729,-0.507092552837 ADD,2,28,29,30,CG,,,-0.169030850946,0.845154254729,-0.507092552837 !* PLVAR,2,3 !* ! FINISH ! /EXIT,MODEL

July 25, 2002 Inventory #001697 A-60