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The overall heat transfer coefficient for a wall or heat exchanger can be calculated as: 1 / U A = 1 / h1 A1 + dxw / k A + 1 / h2 A2 where U = the

overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K) A = the contact area for each fluid side (m2) k = the thermal conductivity of the material (W/mK) h = the individual convection heat transfer coefficient for each fluid (W/m2K) dxw = the wall thickness (m) The thermal conductivity - k - for some typical materials: .

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Polypropylene PP - 0.12 W/mK Stainless steel - 21 W/mK Aluminum - 221 W/mK More about conductive Heat Transfer

Heat transfer takes place as conduction if there is a temperature gradient in a solid or fluid
Conduction will take place if there exist a temperature gradient in a solid (or stationary fluid) medium. Energy is transferred from more energetic to less energetic molecules when neighboring molecules collide. Conductive heat flow occur in direction of the decreasing temperature since higher temperature are associated with higher molecular energy. Fourier's Law express conductive heat transfer as q = k A dT / s where A = heat transfer area (m2, ft2) k = thermal conductivity of the material (W/m.K or W/m oC, Btu/(hr oF ft2/ft)) dT = temperature difference across the material (K or oC, oF) (1)

s = material thickness (m, ft)

Example - Heat Transfer by Conduction


A plane wall constructed of solid iron with thermal conductivity 70 W/moC, thickness 50 mm and with surface area 1 m by 1 m, temperature 150 oC on one side and 80oC on the other. Conductive heat transfer can be calculated as: q = (70 W/moC) (1 m) (1 m) ((150 oC) - (80 oC)) / (0.05 m) = 98,000 W = 98 kW

Heat Transfer through Plane Walls In Series


Heat conducted through several walls in good thermal contact can be expressed as q =( T1 - Tn) /((s1/k1A) + (s2/k2A) + ... (sn/knA)) where T1 = temperature inside surface (K or oC, oF) TN = emperature inside surface (K or oC, oF) (2)

Example - Heat Transfer through a Furnace Wall


A furnace wall of 1 m2 consist of a 1.2 cm thick stainless steel inner layer covered with a 5 cm this outside insulation layer of asbestos board insulation. The inside surface temperature of the steel is 800 K and the outside surface temperature of the asbestos is 350 K. The thermal conductivity for stainless steel is 19 W/mK and for asbestos board 0.7 W/mK. The conductive heat transport through the wall can be calculated as q =((800 K) - (350 K)) /(((0.012 m)/(19 W/mK)(1 m2)) + ((0.05 m)/(0.7 W/mK)(1 m2))) = 6245 W/m2

Thermal Conductivity and Common Units


Btu/(h ft2 oF/ft) Btu/(h ft2 oF/in) Btu/(s ft2 oF/ft) MW/(m2 K/m)

kW/(m2 K/m) W/(m2 K/m) W/(m2 K/cm) W/(cm2 oC/cm) W/(in2 oF/in) kJ/(h m2 K/m) J/(s m2 oC/m) kcal/(h m2 oC/m) cal/(s cm2 oC/cm) Convert between thermal conductivity units Thermal Conductivity for Several Materials

Thermal conductivity is the quantity of heat transmitted through a unit thickness in a direction normal to a surface of unit area, due to a unit temperature gradient under steady state conditions. Thermal conductivity of some common materials and products are indicated in the table below.

1 W/(mK) = 1 W/(moC) = 0.85984 kcal/(hr moC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft hr oF)

Thermal Conductivity - k - (W/mK) Material/Substance Acetone Acrylic Air (gas) Alcohol Aluminum Aluminum Oxide Ammonia (gas) Antimony Argon (gas) Asbestos-cement board Asbestos-cement sheets Asbestos-cement Asbestos, loosely packed Asbestos mill board Temperature (oC) 25 0.16 0.2 0.024 0.17 250 30 0.022 18.5 0.016 0.744 0.166 2.07 0.15 0.14 255 250 125 225

Asphalt Balsa Bitumen Benzene Beryllium Brass Brick dense Brick work Cadmium Carbon Carbon dioxide (gas) Cement, portland Cement, mortar Chalk

0.75 0.048 0.17 0.16 218 109 1.31 0.69 92 1.7 0.0146 0.29 1.73 0. 09

Chrome Nickel Steel (18% Cr, 8 % 16.3 Ni) Clay, dry to moist Clay, saturated Cobalt Concrete, light Concrete, stone Constantan Copper Corian (ceramic filled) Corkboard Cork, regranulated Cork Cotton Carbon Steel Cotton Wool insulation Diatomaceous earth (Sil-o-cel) Earth, dry Engine Oil Ether Epoxy 0.15 - 1.8 0.6 - 2.5 69 0.42 1.7 22 401 1.06 0.043 0.044 0.07 0.03 54 0.029 0.06 1.5 0.15 0.14 0.35 51 47 400 398

Ethylene glycol Felt insulation Fiberglass Fiber insulating board Fiber hardboard Fireclay brick 500 C Foam glass Freon 12 (gas) Freon (liquid) Gasoline Glass Glass, Pearls, dry Glass, Pearls, saturated Glass, window Glass, wool Insulation Glycerol Gold Granite Gypsum or plaster board Hairfelt Hardboard high density Hardwoods (oak, maple..) Helium (gas) Hydrogen (gas) Ice (0 C, 32 F) Insulation materials Iridium Iron Iron, wrought Iron, cast Kapok insulation Kerosene Lead Pb Leather, dry Limestone
o o o

0.25 0.04 0.04 0.048 0.2 1.4 0.045 0.073 0.07 0.15 1.05 0.18 0.76 0.96 0.04 0.28 310 1.7 - 4.0 0.17 0.05 0.15 0.16 0.142 0.168 2.18 0.035 - 0.16 147 80 59 55 0.034 0.15 35 0.14 1.26 - 1.33 68 60 312 310

Magnesia insulation (85%) Magnesite Magnesium Marble Mercury Methane (gas) Methanol Mica

0.07 4.15 156 2.08 - 2.94 8 0.030 0.21 0.71

Mineral insulation materials, wool 0.04 blankets .. Molybdenum Monel Nickel Nitrogen Nylon 6 Oil, machine lubricating SAE 50 Olive oil Oxygen Paper Paraffin Wax Perlite, atmospheric pressure Perlite, vacuum Plaster, gypsum Plaster, metal lath Plaster, wood lath Plastics, materials) Platinum Plywood Polyethylene HD Polypropylene Polystyrene expanded Polyurethane foam Porcelain PTFE foamed (insulation 138 26 91 0.024 0.25 0.15 0.17 0.024 0.05 0.25 0.031 0.00137 0.48 0.47 0.28 0.03 70 0.13 0.42 - 0.51 0.1 - 0.22 0.03 0.02 1.5 0.25 71 72

PVC Pyrex glass Quartz mineral Rock, solid Rock, porous volcanic (Tuff) Rock Wool insulation Sand, dry Sand, moist Sand, saturated Sandstone Sawdust Silica aerogel Silicone oil Silver Snow (temp < 0oC) Sodium Softwoods (fir, pine ..) Soil, with organic matter Soil, saturated Steel, Carbon 1% Stainless Steel Straw insulation Styrofoam Tin Sn Zinc Zn Urethane foam Vermiculite Vinyl ester Water Water, vapor (steam) Wood across the grain, white pine Wood across the grain, balsa Wood across the grain, yellow pine Wood, oak Wool, felt

0.19 1.005 3 2-7 0.5 - 2.5 0.045 0.15 - 0.25 0.25 - 2 2-4 1.7 0.08 0.02 0.1 429 0.05 - 0.25 84 0.12 0.15 - 2 0.6 - 4 43 16 0.09 0.033 67 116 0.021 0.058 0.25 0.58 0.016 0.12 0.055 0.147 0.17 0.07 17 19

1 W/(m K) = 1 W/(moC) = 0.85984 kcal/(h m oC) = 0.5779 Btu/(ft h oF) = 0.048 Btu/(in h oF)

The convection heat transfer coefficient - h - depends on


the type of fluid - gas or liquid the flow properties such as velocity other flow and temperature dependent properties

Heat transfer coefficient for some common fluids:


Air - 10 to 100 W/m2K Water - 500 to 10 000 W/m2K

Thermal resistance
The overall heat transfer coefficient can also be calculated by the view of thermal resistance. The wall is split in areas of thermal resistance where

the heat transfer between the fluid and the wall is one resistance the wall it self is one resistance the transfer between the wall and the second fluid is a thermal resistance

Surface coatings or layers of "burned" product adds extra thermal resistance to the wall decreasing the overall heat transfer coefficient.

Example - Heat Transfer in a Heat Exchanger


A single plate exchanger with media A transfers heat to media B. The wall thickness is 0.1 mm and the material is polypropylene PP, aluminum or stainless steel. Media A and B are air with a convection heat transfer coefficient of hair = 50 W/m2K. The overall heat transfer coefficient U per unit area can be expressed as: U = 1 / (1 / hA + dxw / k + 1 / hB) (1b)

Using the values from above the overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated to:

Polypropylene PP : U = 24.5 W/m2K Steel : U = 25.0 W/m2K Aluminum : U = 25.0 W/m2K

Typical Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients

Free Convection Gas - Free Convection Gas : U = 1 - 2 W/m2K (typical window, room to outside air through glass) Free Convection Gas - Forced liquid (flowing) water : U = 5 - 15 W/m2K (typical radiator central heating) Free Convection Gas - Condensing Vapor Water : U = 5 - 20 W/m2K (typical steam radiators) Forced Convection (flowing) Gas - Free Convection Gas : U = 3 - 10 W/m2K (superheaters) Forced Convection (flowing) Gas - Forced Convection Gas : U = 10 - 30 W/m2K (heat exchangers gases) Forced Convection (flowing) Gas - Forced liquid (flowing) water : U = 10 - 50 W/m2K (gas coolers) Forced Convection (flowing) Gas - Condensing Vapor Water : U = 10 - 50 W/m2K (air heaters) Liquid Free Convection - Forced Convection Gas : 10 - 50 W/m2K (gas boiler) Liquid Free Convection - Free Convection Liquid : 25 - 500 W/m2K (oil bath for heating) Liquid Free Convection - Forced Liquid flowing (Water) : 50 - 100 W/m2K (heating coil in vessel water, water without steering), 500 - 2000 W/m2K (heating coil in vessel water, water with steering) Liquid Free Convection - Condensing vapor water : 300 - 1000 W/m2K (steam jackets around vessels with stirrers, water), 150 - 500 W/m2K (other liquids) Forced liquid (flowing) water - Free Convection Gas : 10 - 40 W/m2K (combustion chamber + radiation) Forced liquid (flowing) water - Free Convection Liquid : 500 - 1500 W/m2K (cooling coil - stirred) Forced liquid (flowing) water - Forced liquid (flowing) water : 900 - 2500 W/m2K (heat exchanger water/water) Forced liquid (flowing) water - Condensing vapor water : 1000 - 4000 W/m2K (condensers steam water) Boiling liquid water - Free Convection Gas : 10 - 40 W/m2K (steam boiler + radiation) Boiling liquid water - Forced Liquid flowing (Water) : 300 - 1000 W/m2K (evaporation of refrigerators or brine coolers) Boiling liquid water - Condensing vapor water : 1500 - 6000 W/m2K (evaporators steam/water)

For practically still fluids - average values for the overall heat transmission coefficient through different combinations of fluids on both sides of the wall and type of wall - can be found in the table below: Transmission Surface Cast Iron Mild Steel Copper Overall Heat Coefficient (Btu/ft2 hr oF) 1.4 2.0 2.3 Transmission (W/m2 K) 7.9 11.3 13.1

Fluid Water Water Water

Fluid Air or Gas Air or Gas Air or Gas

Water Water Water Air Air Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam

Cast Iron Mild Steel Copper Cast Iron Mild Steel Cast Iron Mild Steel Copper Cast Iron Mild Steel Copper Stainless Steel

Water Water Water Air Air Air Air Air Water Water Water Water

40 - 50 60 - 70 60 - 80 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.5 3.0 160 185 205 120

230 - 280 340 - 400 340 - 455 5.7 7.9 11.3 14.2 17 910 1050 1160 680

1 Btu/ft2 hr oF = 5.678 W/m2 K = 4.882 kcal/h m2 oC - Unit Converter

WIKEPIDIA COPPER: Thermal conductivity (300 K) 401 Wm1K1

Physical Properties
Typical physical properties for annealed grade 304 stainless steels are given in table 3. Table 3. Physical properties of 304 grade stainless steel in the annealed condition
Density (kg/m3) 8000 Elastic Modulus (GPa) 193 Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Thermal (W/m.K) (m/m/C) 0-100C 17.2 0-315C 17.8 0-538C 18.4 at 100C 16.2 Conductivity Specific Heat 100C at 500C (J/kg.K) 21.5 500 0Electrical Resistivity (n.m) 720

Grade 304/L/H

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