IGCSE Mathematics Summary Colegio Monte VI

- 1 -
1. NUMBERS


1.1. Sets
- Intersection
- Union

- Complement










1.2. Simple interest
100
PTR
I = Final amount:
I P A + =

I: Interest
T: time (in years)
P: principal amount
R: Rate of interest (percentage)

1.3. Percentage profit and loss
price ost c price selling profit actual
price ost c
profit actual
profit
percentage
= = % 100

price selling price ost c loss actual
price ost c
loss actual
loss
precentage
= = % 100










IGCSE Mathematics Summary Colegio Monte VI

- 2 -
2. ALGEBRA


2.1. Indices
Laws of indices:
-
n m n m
a a a
+
=
-
n m
n
m
a
a
a

=
-
mn n m
a a = ) (


Other properties:
- 1
0
= a
-
n
n
a
a
1
=

-
n m
n
m
n n
a a a a = =
1

2.2. Algebraic Manipulation
- ( )
2 2 2
2 b ab a b a + + = +
- ( )
2 2 2
2 b ab a b a + =
- ( )( )
2 2
b a b a b a = +

2.3. Quadratic equations
a
ac b b
x c bx ax
2
4
0
2
2

= = + +
If o and | are roots of ( )( ) | o = + + + + x x a c bx ax c bx ax
2 2



4. GEOMETRY

4.1. Angles
The sum of the interior angles of a polygon with n sides is ( ) 180 2 n

Angles subtended by an arc:

















IGCSE Mathematics Summary Colegio Monte VI

- 3 -
Angles associated with lines:






Angles in circles:

















Opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180

4.2. Perimeters and areas of polygons
- Triangle:
2
h b
A

=
- Trapezium:
( )
2
h b B
A
+
=
- Rhombus: d D A =
2
1

- Parallelogram: h b A =
- Arcs: r P t
u
2
360
=
- Sectors:
2
360
r A t
u
=


IGCSE Mathematics Summary Colegio Monte VI

- 4 -
4.3. Volumes and areas of solids
- Cube:
3 2
6 a V a A = =
- Cuboid: h b a V bh ah ab A = + + = 2 2 2
- Cylinder: h r V h r A = =
2
2 t t
- Pyramid: A = area of base + sum of area of each triangle
V = 1/3 x area of base x height
- Cone: h r V l r A = =
2
2
1
t t
- Sphere:
3 2
3
4
4 r V r A t t = =


5. TRIGONOMETRY

hypotenuse
opposite
= sin
hypotenuse
adjacent
= cos
adjacent
opposite
hypotenuse
adjacent
hypotenuse
opposite
= = =
cos
sin
tan


( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
a
c
C
c
a
A
b
a
C
b
c
A
b
c
C
b
a
A
= =
= =
= =

tan

tan

cos

cos

sin

sin




Area of a triangle:
( ) ( ) ( ) A bc B ac C ab A

sin
2
1

sin
2
1

sin
2
1
= = =

The sine rule:
( ) ( ) ( ) C
c
B
b
A
a

sin

sin

sin
= =

The cosine rule:
( ) C ab b a c

cos 2
2 2 2
+ =
( )
ab
c b a
C
2

cos
2 2 2
+
=




IGCSE Mathematics Summary Colegio Monte VI

- 5 -
6. STATISTICS & PROBABILITY

6.1. Statistics
n n
n
n
f f f c f f c f c
FREQUENCY
CUMULATIVE
f f f FREQUENCY
v v v VALUES
+ + + = + = = ...
2 1 2 1 2 1 1
2 1
2 1





The values should be listed in ascendant order:
n
v v v < < < ...
2 1

Averages:
- Mean:
n
n n
f f f
f v f v f v
mean
+ + +
+ + +
=
...
...
2 1
2 2 1 1

- Median: 2 options:
1)
n
f f f + + + ...
2 1
is an odd number
Then find
2
1 ...
2 1
+ + + +
=
n
f f f
x
Then find the lowest cumulative frequency that verifies x c
i
> . The
corresponding value
i
v is the median
i
v median =
2)
n
f f f + + + ...
2 1
is an even number
Then find
2
...
2 1 n
f f f
x
+ + +
= and 1 + = x y
Find the lowest cumulative frequencies that verify x c
i
> and y c
j
> as
well as their corresponding values
i
v and
j
v (could be
j i
v v = )
2
j i
v v
median
+
=
Notice that if
j i j i
v v median v v = = =
- Mode: the value has the highest frequency

Quartiles: Find
4
1 ...
2 1
+ + + +
=
n
f f f
x and
( )
4
1 ... 3
2 1
+ + + +
=
n
f f f
y
Then find the lowest cumulative frequencies that verify x c
i
> and y c
j
> as
well as their corresponding values
i
v and
j
v
j
rd
nd
i
st
v quartile
median quartile
v quartile
=
=
=
3
2
1
quartile quartile range quartile ter in
st rd
1 3 =






IGCSE Mathematics Summary Colegio Monte VI

- 6 -
6.2. Grouped data
n
n n
n
n n
f f f FREQUENCY
b a
v
b a
v
b a
v POINT MID
b a b a b a VALUES



2 1
2 2
2
1 1
1
2 2 1 1
2 2 2
+
=
+
=
+
=

n n
b a b a b a < s s < s < ......
2 2 1 1

Mean:
n
n n
f f f
f v f v f v
mean
+ + +
+ + +
=
...
...
2 1
2 2 1 1


6.3. Continuous data

















Histograms: the area of the bars is proportional to the frequency

6.4. Probability
outcomes possible PO
outcomes favourable FO
PO
FO
P
:
:
=
Mutually exclusive events: ( ) ( ) ( ) B P A P B or A P + =
Independent events: ( ) ( ) ( ) B P A P B and A P =









IGCSE Mathematics Summary Colegio Monte VI

- 7 -

8. TRANSFORMATIONS

8.1. Vectors
Representation:
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
b
a
y y
x x
AB
A B
A B

Magnitude:
2 2
b a AB + =

8.2. Matrices
Order:
n m
A
columns of number n
rows of number m
:
:

ROWS
COLUMNS

(
(
(
(

+ + + +
2 1
3 5






Unit (identity) matrix:
(
(
(
(
(
(

1 0 0
0 1
1 0
0 0 1





n n
I

Multiplication of matrices:
p m p n n m
C B A

= (not commutative A B B A = )

Determinant of a square matrix:
ceg bdi afh
cdh bfg aef
B
i h g
f e d
c b a
B
bc ad A
d c
b a
A

+ +
=
(
(
(

=
=
(

=


Inverse of a matrix:
n n n n n n
I A A A A



= =
1 1
(only for square matrices with their
determinants not zero)