August 30, 2010

UG DIPLOMA IN ANALOG VLSI DESIGN

10UGVL03: Mini Project

TITLE

: Passive and Active filters design , schematic capture and simulations. : ANKITA A. KAGE

NAME

DATE OF SUBMISSION : Aug 30,2010

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ABSTRACT

This report is regarding the design , simulation and verification of various types of filters given the required specifications like damping factor i.e.. The difference between the filters can be easily recognised by analysing their responses. Not just different filters but the same filter for different value responds differently like underdamped for 0<<1 , critically damped for =1 and overdamped for >1. The difference between active and passive filters can be identified by measuring their gain values.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction
History and Development Filters and its classifications Applications

...4

2. Descriptions and resultsdiscussion

Passive Filters Low-Pass Filter High-Pass Filter Band-Pass Filter Band-Reject Filter Active Filters Low-Pass Filter High-Pass Filter

...5

3. Conclusions

...38

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INTRODUCTION
Electronic filters acts like a sieve basically where it passes electric signals of specified band of frequencies and attenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band. Filters have become one of the most important part of almost all of the electronic design. They are widely used in communication (i.e. analog filters) and digital signal processors (i.e. digital filters). The oldest technology for realizing filters make use of inductors, capacitors and resistors i.e. RLC filters which are also called as PASSIVE filters since all the components used in these filters are passive. As the technology gained the momemtum the need was to have smaller sized filters which could work efficiently in the desired range of frequencies. But the inductor size in high frequency range is large and heavy because the no.of turns in the coil would increases due to which the resistance in the coil increases which leads to the attenuation. To overcome this backdrop , inductors were replaced by the active circuit containing the OPAMP and transistors along with the resistors and capacitors. Its advantage was that , they can provide gain. Thus the input signal is not attenuated .Also, as OPAMP is used in non-inverting configuration ,it offers high input impedance and low output impedance .This will improve the load drive capacity and the load is isolated from frequency determining network. The active filters have their limitations too. High frequency response is limited by the gain-bandwidth(GBW) product and slew rate of the OPAMP. Moreover, the high frequency active filters are more expensive than the passive filters. The passive filter in high frequency range is a more commonly choice for applications. The components in the filter circuit also play a major role in determining the quality of the filter. The interdependent parameters of the filters i.e. quality factor and damping factor are necessary parameters in designing the appropriate filter for specific need. In the proceeding section, we would analyze the different behaviours of all types of filters in both passive and active filters. Based on the results, the optimum response for the filter can be easily decided.

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DISCRIPTION

In circuit theory, a filter is an electrical network that alters the amplitude and/or phase characteristics of a signal with respect to frequencies. Ideally , a filter which neither add any new frequencies to the input signal ,nor will it change the component frequency of that signal, but it will change the relative amplitude of various frequency components and or their phase relationship. Basically , filters are classified as active and passive filters depending on the type of components used in it. Another type of classification is based on the range of frequency if passes or rejects: Low-pass filters High-pass filters Band-pass filters Band-reject filters

Depending on the no.of energy storing components present in the circuit , filters are also classified as first order, second order, third order etc.

SECOND ORDER SERIES RLC CIRCUITS

Due to two energy storing elements such as inductor and capacitor , series RLC network is of second order. These have the fall off rate as 40dB/dec. All filters like LP,HP,BP,BR filters can be realized through this by just changing the tapping of output.

LOW-PASS FILTER: - The response in this circuit is tapped across capacitor. The low-frequency signal is reproduced at the output with very little attenuation, while the high-frequency noise voltage is severely attenuated . The response graph shows that the circuit gain remains constant from f = 0 up to cut-off frequency defined as the frequency at which is down by 3dB from its normal level in the pass band.
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ckt dgm The transfer function of any second order system can be written as: T(s) = But the transfer function of the low-pass filter can be written as: Y(s)=
( )

Comparing both the equations we get that:

and

Solving both the above equations simultaneously we get that The above derivation holds good for all the series RLC filters, since the characteristic equation i.e. remains same for all of them. So, the resistor value design for different values remains same... Given that L=1uH , C=1uF so,

rad/s and =0.2

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=0.7 =1.0 =5.0

1. HIGH-PASS FILTERS: - The response in this circuit is tapped across inductor. The high-frequency signal is reproduced at the output with very little attenuation, while the low-frequency input is severely attenuated. The response graph shows that the circuit gain remains constant from f = up to upper cut-off frequency for the circuit.

ckt dgm T(s) = Y(s)=

( )

, the rest all design values will remain same.

2. BAND-PASS FILTER: - The response here is tapped across resistor. This filter passes a band of frequencies ranging from a low cut-off frequency to high cut-off frequency where , are those signal frequencies at which the gain falls to 3dB below the gain in pass band. The high- and low-frequency input waveforms are rejected while middlefrequency signals are passed to the output.

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ckt dgm T(s) = Y(s)=

( ) ( )

, the rest all design values will remain same.

3. BAND-REJECT FILTER: - The response here is tapped across series combination of inductor and capacitor. This filter attenuates an unwanted band of frequencies ranging from a low cut-off frequency to high cut-off frequency where , are those signal frequencies at which the gain falls to 3dB below the gain in pass band. The high- and low-frequency input waveforms are passed while middle-frequency signals are rejected to the output.

ckt dgm T(s) = Y(s)=

( )

, the rest all design values will remain same.

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SECOND ORDER ACTIVE FILTERS

In the active circuit, the OPAMP circuit in non-inverting amplifier configuration acts as an inductor, due to which the circuit becomes flexible for designing for any gain value. These circuits also have the fall rate as 40dB/dec. The low-pass and high-pass filters are almost same but we have to interchange the positions of capacitors and resistor connected at non-inverting terminal. Therefore, the design process for both of these filters are same. ACTIVE LOW- AND HIGH-PASS FILTERS: -

ckt dgm

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DESIGN: Gain of the OPAMP=10000, The transfer function of the active low-pass and high-pass filter is Yl(s)= , Yh(s)=

The transfer function of any second order system can be written as: T(s) = Assuming that C1 = C2 =1uF and R1=R2=R To satisfy the DC conditions, Gain = = -----<1>

=0.2 From comparing the characteristic equations of Y1(s) or Y2(s) with T(s),

= Also, From <1>,<2>and<3>,we get that, ------<3>

------<2>

=0.7 From comparing the characteristic equations of Y1(s) or Y2(s) with T(s),

= Also, From <1>,<2>and<3>,we get that, ------<3>

------<2>

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=1.0

From comparing the characteristic equations of Y1(s) or Y2(s) with T(s),

= This implies that the circuit acts similar to voltage follower. Also, .....
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Simulation Tool Used: - MICROCAP evaluation 8 Simulation Plan of RLC filters: - This remains same for all of the filter
circuits with different values. 1. Unit Step Response. i/p = unit pulse with following specifications V0 = 0V V1= 1V Time delay to leading edge=100ns (=10us for active filters) Time delay to one level=100ns (=10us for active filters) Time delay to trailing edge=50us (=50ms for active filters) Time delay to zero level=50us (=50ms for active filters) Repetition period= 100us(=100ms for active filters) Transient analysis limits Time Range=50us (50ms for active filters) Maximum Time Step=0.00001 X-expression= T Y-expression=v(1) X-range=Tmax , Tmin Y-range=Autoalways 2. Frequency Response: AC analysis limits

Frequency plot in------LOG Frequency range= from 0.1Hz to 10MHz. No.of Points =5100 X-expression= F Y-expression=db(v(1))------for gain in dB Ph(v(1))------for phase in degrees. X-range=Fmax , Fmin Y-range=Autoalways

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3. Polar Plot: - we should first go to AC analysis limits. There in the properties ,we should change the plot type to polar and run the simulations with the same specifications as that of frequency response but we should modify Y-expression for gain as v(1) and disable the phase plot.

RESULT ANALYSIS
Irrespective of the type of filter we take, the locations of the poles will be same for the corresponding values i.e. because the location of the poles is determined by the characteristic eqn , is same for all the filters. But the locations of the zeros varies due to different numerators. For all the filters LPF, HPF, BPF, BRF, poles and zeros are located at: =0.2 Zeros= , Poles= p1 = -31830.9886184 +155939.360247i[Hz] |p1|= 159154.943092[Hz] p2 = -31830.9886184-155939.360247i[Hz] |p2|= 159154.943092[Hz] =0.7 Zeros= 0 , 0 Poles= p1 = -111408.460164 +113659.363514i[Hz] |p1|= 159154.943092[Hz] p2 = -111408.460164-113659.363514i[Hz] |p2|= 159154.943092[Hz] =1.0 Zeros= 0 , Poles= p1 = -159154.942574 +1.43009264054E-131i[Hz] |p1|= 159154.942574[Hz] p2 = -159154.943636 +5.12687759457E-132i[Hz] |p2|= 159154.943636[Hz] =5.0 Zeros= j , - j Poles= p1 = -16077.9142258[Hz] |p1|= 16077.9142258[Hz]
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p2 = -1575471.51669[Hz] |p2|= 1575471.51669[Hz]

The stability of the system is determined by the location of pole in the complex frequency graph. For a system to be stable the location of the poles must be at the LHS of imaginary axis and should have high ve real values. We can observe that the poles location are very close to the imaginary axis for =0.2 and the real part is very small i.e.system is less stable . For =0.7, the real part of the poles are more ve and the imaginary part is low so the system is much more stable as compared to the =0.2 . The response for both =0.2 and =0.7 is called damped response. We will get some transients in the beginning of the response which eventually dies down. For =1.0 , the location poles is on the ve real axis corresponding to . This is actually an ideal response that we should get for any system. It is called as critically damped system. Here we can observe no transients present at the beginning of response. But all the real time systems are underdamped system due some or the other degrading factors present. For =5.0, poles have very large ve values (ideally at -). So, the system should give fast response but here we can observe that the settling time required to settle down is very large which is not suitable for many applications.

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UNIT STEP RESPONSE

The specifications of all the filters are tabulated for corresponding values. =0.2
LPF HPF BPF BRF Tp = 3.2E-6, Mp= 1.53 Tp = 2.8E-6, Mp= -0.57 Tp=1.4E-6,Mp= 0.3 Tp=1.4E-6,Mp= 0.7

=0.7
Tp =4.4E-6, Mp= 1.05 Tp =2.3E-6, Mp=-0.21 Tp=1.1E-6,Mp= 0.64 Tp=1.1E-6,Mp= 0.36

=1.0
No oscillations No oscillations,Mp=-0.14 No oscillation,Mp= 0.74 No oscillation,Mp= 0.26

=5.0
No oscillations No oscillations,Mp=.009 No oscillations,Mp=0.96 No oscillations,Mp=.036

This table shows that the oscillations are more for =0.2 for all the filters. Also the peak- time and Peak magnitude is high . We can clearly observe that for =0.7 , magnitude of oscillations decreases as the Tp and Mp reduces. Since we actually cannot realize the critically damped system and overdamped system so the optimum choice will be the filters with =0.7.

FREQUENCY RESPONSE & POLAR PLOTS

The stability can be determined through the measurement of phase margin and gain margin in the bode plot. Both the gain and phase margin should be positive for a system to be stable. We can notice from the plots that the phase margin and gain margin increases when the value of increases . ACTIVE FILTERS: - Similar analysis as done earlier for the passive filters are valid for active filters. Since the designed values for both high-pass and low-pass filters are same also their characteristic equations are same , the poles locations are same but varies for corresponding values. All other explainations regarding the stability is valid here also but the advantage of having these filters are that they are flexible in gain design and they also provide high impedance at input and low impedance at output due which load drive effect is reduced here.

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CONCLUSIONS

This mini-project was an effective learning experience not only in terms of learning the difference between all the types of filters but also getting acquainted with the new simulation tool i.e. Microcap. By doing this project, the change in the mathematical expressions for designing various filters could be easily reasoned out. The most significant part was to come to know how the changing value leads to corresponding change in the responses.

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