Laboratory report 1

LAW OF CONCURRENT FORCES

O.M. MOLOKO B.L.TLHALOGANYO 201101611 201002355

LAW OF CONCURRENT FORCES

Objective: To demonstrate that a set of concurrent forces are in equilibrium if the forces from a closed polygon or the algebraic sum of the components of forces resolved into a horizontal and vertical directions in the plane is each zero. Equipment: Vertical pin board Spring balances Brass ring Weights Four pulleys and accessories Theory: Two-dimensional resolution of a force vector is into rectangular components. It follows from the parallelogram rule that the vector F may be written as Y

FY FX directions respectively. Rectangular components are convenient for finding the sum or resultant R of two forces which are concurrent. Y F2 F= Fx + Fy where Fx and Fy are the vector components along the x- and yX

F1 R

X Consider two forces F1 and F2 which are originally concurrent at a point O above. The line of action of F2 shifted from O to the tip of F1 according to the triangle rule. In addition to the force vectors F1 and F2, we may write

R=F1+F2=(F1x+F2y) from which we conclude that Rx=F1x+F2x=Fx Ry=F1y+F2y=Fy Law of polygons This law states that if there are number of coplanar forces, such that they can be represented in magnitude and direction by the side apolygon taken in an order, then their resultants can be obtained in both magnitude and direction by side of the polygon taken in the opposite order. Analytical method The resultant of two or more concurrent coplanar forces can be obtained analytically by resolving the forces into rectangular components and then adding net horizontal and vertical components by law of parallelogram. The rectangular components Fx and Fy are scalar components of force F. The algebraic summerazation of horizontal and vertical components is done separately. Summantion of horizontal components written Rx and of vertical components as Ry such that R= (RX2+RY2)1/2

PROCEDURE The vertically of the pin-board was established. Four pulleys were mounted onto the pin-board at arbitrary positions and the coordinates of these points were recorded. The brass ring and the suspender hooks were connected together using and inextensible string. The strings were hung over pulleys such that the brass ring was between the pulleys. A load to the ring was applied using a suspender hook and weights. The weights the system were recorded. The coordinates of the centre of the ring were recorded. The readings on each balance were recorded. The experiment was repeated twice more but the position of the pulleys. Presentation of results:

SET-UP 1

PULLEY NUMBER 1 2 3 4 CENTRE POINT

COORDINATES (60,340) (160,260) (340,200) (480,320) (260,280)

WEIGHT (N) 1.5 3.5 4.5 3.5

PULLEY1

Where =tan-1(60/200) =16.6992442316.7 60 200 Fy =1.5 sin(tan-1(60/200)) =+0.431021828 +0.43N Fx =-1.5cos(tan-1(60/200)) =-1.436739428 -1.44N PULLEY 2 where =tan-1(20/100) =11.30993247 11.3

100 20

Fy=-3.5sin11.3 =-0.686406473N -0.69N Fx=-3.5cos11.3 =-3.432032365N -3.43N

PULLEY 3 80 80 =tan-1(80/80)= 45 Fy=-4.5sin45 =-3.181980515N -3.18N Fx=- Fy =+3.18N

PULLEY 4

40 220

=tan (40/220) =10.3048464710.3 Fy= -3.5sin10.3 =0.6260990332N 0.63N Fx= 3.5cos10.3 =3.443544685N 3.44N

TABULLATION OF RESULTS PULLEY LOAD (N) NUMBER 1 1.5 2 3 4 TOTAL 3.5 4.5 3.5

ANGLE () 16.7 11.3 45.0 10.3

Fy(N) +0.43 -0.69 -3.18 +0.63 -2.81

Fx(N) -1.44 -3.43 +3.18 +3.44 +1.75

FR=(-2.812+1.752)1/2=3.31N FORCE POLYGON FOR SETUP 1 x-axis

=tan-1(2.81/1.75)=89.6431803690

1 0.5 0 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 -3 -3.5 -4 Fy 0 1 2 3 Fx

Resultant

SET UP 2
PULLEY NUMBER 1 2 3 4 CENTRE POINT PULLEY 1 =tan-1(100/240)=22.6198649522.6 Fx=2cos22.6=-1.85N Fy=-2sin22.6=0.769230769N0.77N 240 COORDINATES (60,340) (200,180) (340,200) (520,400) (300,240) WEIGHT (N) 2.0 0.55 2.55 1.5

100

PULLEY 2 100 60 =tan-1(60/100)=30.9637565331 Fy=-0.55sin31=-0.282972665N-0.28N Fx=-0.55cos31=-0.47N

PULLEY 3 40 40 =tan-1(200/340)=30.5 FY=-2.55sin45=-1.803122292N-1.80N FX=2.55cos45=1.80N

PULLEY 4

160 220

=tan-1(160/220)=36.0273733936.0 Fy= 1.5sin36=0.8827546N0.88N Fx=1.5cos36=1.2131041261.21N

PULLEY NUMBER 1 2 3 4 TOTAL

LOAD (N) 2.0 0.55 2.55 1.5

ANGLE () 80.0 42.0 30.5 36.0

Fy (N) +0.77 -0.28 -1.80 +0.88 -0.43

Fx (N) -1.85 -0.47 +1.80 +1.21 +0.69

FR=(0.692+(-0.43)2)1/2= 0.81N

R=tan-1(0.43/0.69)= 31.930682131.9 FORCE POLYGON

1 Fy

0.5

Resultant
0 0.5 1

Fx -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

SETUP 3
PULLEY 1 1 2 3 Centre point COORDINATES (60,340) (200,180) (420,280) (240,260) WEIGHT (N) 1.6 1.5 4.55

PULLEY 1 =tan-1(80/180)=23.962488970 80 180 PULLEY 2 =tan-1(80/40)=63.43494882 Fy=1.5sin63=-1.341640779N 80 40 FX=1.5cos63=-0.670820393N Fy=1.6sin24=0.649821545N Fx=1.6cos24=-1.462098479N

PULLEY 3

180 20

=tan-1(20/180)=6.340191746 Fy=-4.55sin6=0.502463443N Fx=4.55cos6=4.522170993N

TABULATION PULLEY NUMBER 1 2 3 TOTAL LOAD (N) 1.6 1.5 4.55 ANGLE (N) 24 63.4 6.3 Fy (N) 0.649 -1.342 0.50 -0.193 Fx (N) -1.462 -0.671 4.522 2.389

FR=(2.3892+0.1932)1/2=2.40N

=tan-1(0.193/2.389)=4.62

FORCE POLYGON

Y-Values
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -3 -2 -1 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 0 1 2 3 Y-Values

DISCUSSION
According to the law of concurrent for the resultant for an object that is in equilibrium is zero. That is to say if an object is not in motion the algebraic sum of all forces it is subjected to is zero. From all the three setups all concurrent forces would form a closed polygon provided we assume that the pulleys are frictionless. The gap in our force polygons are due to the friction between the pulley and the pins and between the strings and the pulleys.

CONCLUSSION
From the experiment we carried the force polygons that were formed did not close. This was because of other factors like friction.