Cell Organelles Organelle Type

Plasma cell membrane Phospholipid bilayer-Fluid Mosaic Sarcolemma Plasmolemma

Structure
Membrane composed mainly of phospholipid, and protein molecules. Cholesterol and carbohydrates are also integrated. Complex interconnected membrane-bound sacs, canals and vesicles Maze

Function
Maintains integrity of the cell Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell Provides for signal transduction (communication) Transports materials within the cell Provides attachment for ribosomes (rougher- synthesize proteins and lipoproteins) Smooth ER synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates. In liver cells break down drugs, and alcohol ; absorb fats from digestive tract Stores calcium ions in muscle cells

Endoplasmic reticulum Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes (polyribosomescomplex proteins)

Particles composed of protein and RNA molecules (rRNA) Free in cytoplasm and attached to ER Group of flattened membranous sacs (cisternae) Membranous sacs (double membrane) with convolutions or folds of inner membrane (cristaeincrease surface area) Have DNA can divide Membranous sacs Contain enzymes

Synthesize proteins Polyribosomes are groups or chains that function in complex protein synthesis Packages and modifies protein (adding carbohydrates proteins etc.) molecules for transport and secretion (exocytosis) Complete the release of energy from food molecules (glucose) Transform energy into usable form - ATP Contain enzymes which function in acidic environment- capable of digesting worn out cellular parts or substances that enter cells (endocytosis) Breakdown organic molecules (alcohol, and very long chain fatty acids), convert hydrogen peroxide, make bile salts Help distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division

Golgi apparatus (complex or body)

Mitochondria Power house (many in high energy cellsskeletal muscle, but less in bone and cartilage cells. Lysosomes

Peroxisomes (not as large as lysosomes) Centrosomes

Membranous vesicles with the enzymes peroxidases and catalases Nonmembranous region close to nuclear envelope houses the centrioles

Centrioles

Located in the area of the centrosome outside the nucleus Hollow cylindrical, short, rod like protein tubes Motile projections of proteins tubules attached to basal bodies protein tubes) beneath the cell membrane Motile projections of protein tubules attached to basal bodies beneath the cell membrane Longer than cilia In humans only on sperm cells Thin rods and tubules

Help distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell reproduction Forming spindle fibers during prophase Initiate formation of cilia Propel fluids over cellular surfaces respiratory tract

Cilia

Flagella

Enable sperm cells to move

Microfilaments and microtubules

Support cytoplasm and help move substances and organelles within the cytoplasm Maintain structure (shape) of cell Microtubules interact with each other to provide movement such as ciliary flagellar Microfilaments makeup myofibrils in muscle cells- necessary for contraction

Nucleus

Has a double membrane called an envelope separates nuclear material from cytoplasm Envelope has pores protein gates Contains dense area of protein called Nucleolus Nucleus contains chromatin fibers composed of protein, and DNA

Control center of the cell envelope controls passage of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Nucleolus is site of ribosome formation All genetic information for synthesis of proteins needed for carrying on life processes Genetic blue print Direct control over building proteins for organelles, hormones etc Indirect control of all metabolic activities (making ATP, glycogen etc.)