Heating and Cooling, Phases Changes, and Calorimetry Name: _____________________

Period: ___

(1) Determine the amount of energy required to melt 45 g of gold (H
fus
= 63.7 J/g).

(2) Determine the mass of ethanol (H
vap
= 586 J/g) that can boiled with 1250 J of heat energy

(3) Determine the heat of fusion of acetic acid if freezing 15.0 g releases 2.88 kJ of heat energy.

(4) Determine the heat of vapourization of methane if condensing 1.50 kg releases 7.67x10
5
J of heat energy.

(5) Determine the amount of heat required to increase the temperature of 25.0 g of graphite (c = 0.710 J/g C) from 150.0 C to 200.0 C.

(6) Determine the mass of lead (c = 0.130 J/g C) that can be heated from 100.0 C to 150.0 C with 1200 J of heat energy.

(7) Determine the final temperature if 550 J of heat energy are released from a 200 g block of silver (c = 0.240 J/g C) at 80 C.

(8) Determine the initial temperature if 1.5 kJ of heat energy increases the temperature of 30 g of aluminum (c = 0.920 J/g C) to 1224 C.

(9) Determine the specific heat capacity of glass if 20.2 g can be heated from 10 C to 20 C with 170 J of heat energy.

(10) (a) Determine the amount of heat energy required to heat 14 g of ice from 15 C to 0 C (c ice = 2.09 J/g C).
(b) Determine the amount of heat energy required to melt 14 g of ice (H
fus
water = 334 J/g).
(c) Determine the amount of heat energy required to heat 14 g of water from 0 C to 100 C (c water = 4.18 J/g C).
(d) Determine the amount of heat energy required to boil 14 g of water (H
vap
water = 2256 J/g).
(e) Determine the amount of heat energy required to heat 14 g of steam from 100 C to 120 C (c steam = 2.00 J/g C).
(f) Determine the total amount of heat energy (in kJ) required to change 14 g of ice at 15 C into steam at 120 C.
(HINT: The energy for each required step was calculated in problems a-e)

(11) A sample of 8.80 g of carbon dioxide (specific heat capacity = 0.839 J/g C) is heated from 10.0 C to 30.0 C causing the gas to expand
from 2.35 L to 2.52 L against and external pressure of 200 kPa. Calculate the heat energy, the work energy, and the total energy.


(12) A sample of 70 g of nitrogen (specific heat capacity = 1.04 J/g C) is cooled from 50.0 C to 20.0 C causing the gas to compress from 134
L to 122 L against and external pressure of 50.0 kPa. Calculate the heat energy, the work energy, and the total energy (in kJ).


(13) A 68 g sample of gold (c = 0.130 J/g C) is heated to 82.5 C and then placed in a calorimeter containing 115.0 g of water at 20.4 C.
Determine the final temperature.


(14) A 46.2 g sample of copper (c = 0.390 J/g C) is heated to 95.4 C and then placed in a calorimeter containing 75.0 g of water at 19.6 C.
Determine the final temperature.


(15) A coffee-cup calorimeter contains 100.0 g of water at 25.0 C. 10.0 g of cesium fluoride are added to the calorimeter and the temperature
increases to 30.3 C. Calculate the heat of solution for cesium fluoride in kJ/mol. Assume that the specific heat capacity of the mixture is
equal to that of water, 4.18 J/g C.


(16) A 1.50 g sample of camphor (C
10
H
16
O) is burned in a bomb calorimeter containing 2.00 kg of water. The temperature of the water in the
calorimeter increases from 50.00 C to 56.96 C. Determine the heat of combustion of camphor in kJ/mol.


(17) A 1.40 g sample of methanol (CH
3
OH) is burned in a bomb calorimeter filled with 500 g of water. The water in the calorimeter changes
from 20.0 C to 27.0 C. Calculate the heat given off by burning of methanol in kJ/mol.


(18) A 0.200 g sample of quinone (C
6
H
4
O
2
) is burned in a bomb calorimeter causing the temperature of the water in the calorimeter to increase
from 20.00 C to 23.10 C. The heat capacity of the calorimeter is1.60 kJ/C. Calculate the heat of combustion of quinone in kJ/mol.



Answers:
(1) 2.97x10
3
J
(2) 2.13 g
(3) 192 J/g
(4) 511 J/g
(5) 888 J
(6) 185 g
(7) 69 C
(8) 1170 C

(9) 0.842 J/gC
(10) (a) 4.4x10
2
J (b) 4.7x10
3
J (c) 5.9x10
3
J
(d) 3.2x10
4
J (e) 5.6x10
2
J (f) 43 kJ
(11) q = 148 J, w = 34J, E = 114 J
(12) q = 2.3x10
3
J, w = 6.0x10
2
J, E = 1.7 kJ
(13) 21.5 C
(14) 23.7 C
(15) 37 kJ/mol
(16) 5.90x10
3
kJ/mol

(17) 335 kJ/mol
(18) 2.68x10
3
kJ/mol

Name: _____________________
Period: ___
Heats of Reaction
(1) Classify each reaction as endothermic or exothermic and determine H.
____ (a) 2C
4
H
10
(g) + 13O
2
(g) 8CO
2
(g) + 10H
2
O (g) + 5316.8 kJ/mol; H = ______ kJ/mol

____ (b) N
2
COH
4
(aq) + H
2
O

(l) + 28.3 kJ/mol 8CO
2
(aq) + 2NH
3
(aq); H = ______ kJ/mol

____ (c) CaCO
3
(s) + 176 kJ/mol CaO (s) + CO
2
(g); H = ___________ kJ/mol

____ (d) 4NH
3
(g) + O
2
(g) 2N
2
H
4
(l) + 2H
2
O (l) + 286 kJ/mol; H = ___________ kJ/mol


(2) Classify each reaction as endothermic or exothermic and rewrite the equation to include H.
____ (a) 4Ag (s) + 2H
2
S (g) + O
2
(g) 2Ag
2
S (s) + 2H
2
O (g) ;H = 507.0 kJ/mol

____ (b) 2NaHCO
3
(s) Na
2
CO
3
(s) + H
2
O (g) + CO
2
(g) ;H = +135.6 kJ/mol

____ (c) 2ClF
3
(g) + 2NH
3
(g) N
2
(g) + 6HF (g) + Cl
2
(g) ;H = 1196.0 kJ/mol

____ (d) 12CO
2
(g) + 11H
2
O (l) C
12
H
22
O
11
(s) + 12O
2
(g) ;H = +5640 kJ/mol


(3) Determine the heat of the reaction from the heats of formation
(a) 2CO
2
(g) + N
2
(g) 2NO (g) + 2CO (g)



(b) 2CH
3
OH (l) + 3O
2
(g) 2CO
2
(g) + 4H
2
O (g)



(c) 2Al (s) + Fe
2
O
3
(s) Al
2
O
3
(s) + Fe (s)



(d) 4NH
3
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 4NO (g) + 6H
2
O (g)



(e) NO (g) + 2HNO
3
(l) H
2
O (l) + 3NO
2
(g)




(4) (a) For the reaction:C
5
H
12
(l) + 8O
2
(g) 5CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O (l), H = 3536 kJ/mol.
Determine the standard heat of formation of C
5
H
12
(l).




(b) For the reaction: 2ClF
3
(g) + 2NH
3
(g) N
2
(g) + 6HF (g) + Cl
2
(g), H = 1196 kJ/mol.
Determine the standard heat of formation of ClF
3
(g).









(5) Determine the heat of the reaction from bond energies

(a) H
2
+ F
2
2HF

Bond Bond Energy
(kJ/mol)
HH
FF
HF
432
154
565

(b) Cl
2
(g) + 2HBr (g) 2HCl (g) + Br
2
(l)

Bond Bond Energy
(kJ/mol)
ClCl
HBr
HCl
BrBr
250
363
427
193

(c) 4HBr (g) + O
2
(g) 2H
2
O (g) + 2Br
2
(g)

Bond Bond Energy
(kJ/mol)
HBr
O=O
HO
BrBr
363
495
467
193

(d) N
2
H
4
(l) + O
2
(g) N
2
(g) + 2H
2
O (l)

Bond Bond Energy
(kJ/mol)
NN
NH
O=O
NN
HO
160
391
495
941
467

(e) CH
4
(g) + 2Cl
2
(g) + 2F
2
(g) CF
2
Cl
2
(g) + 2HF (g) + 2HCl (g)

Bond Bond Energy
(kJ/mol)
CH
ClCl
FF
CF
CCl
HF
HCl
413
478
154
458
339
565
427



(6) (a) For the reaction: Br
2
(l) + Cl
2
(g) 2BrCl (g) ; H = 7 kJ/mol.
Determine the bond energy of a brominechlorine bond.

Bond Bond Energy
(kJ/mol)
ClCl
BrBr
250
193

(b) For the reaction: 2CH
4
(g) + 2NH
3
(g) + 3O
2
(g) 2HCN (g) + 6H
2
O (g); H = 1077 kJ/mol.
Determine the bond energy of the carbonnitrogen triple bond in HCN.

Bond Bond Energy
(kJ/mol)
CH
NH
O=O
HO
413
391
495
467

(7) Determine the heat of the reaction from Hess Law
(a) 2F
2
(g) + 2H
2
O (l) 4HF(g) + O
2
(g)

Steps: H
2
(g) + F
2
(g) 2HF (g) H = 542.2 kJ/mol
2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2H
2
O (l) H = 571.6 kJ/mol


(b) 2CO (g) + O
2
(g) 2CO
2
(g)

Steps: C (s) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) H = 393.5 kJ/mol
2C (s) + O
2
(g) 2CO (g) H = 221.0 kJ/mol


(c) 4PCl
3
(g) P
4
(s) + 6Cl
2
(g)

Steps: P
4
(s) + 10Cl
2
(g) 4PCl
5
(g) H = 1910.0 kJ/mol
PCl
5
(g) PCl
3
(g) + Cl
2
(g) H = +138.7 kJ/mol


(d) H
2
S (g) + 2O
2
(g) H
2
SO
4
(l)

Steps: H
2
SO
4
(l) SO
3
(g) + H
2
O (g) H = +176 kJ/mol
H
2
S (g) + 2O
2
(g) SO
3
(g)

+ H
2
O (l) H = +661 kJ/mol
H
2
O (g) H
2
O (l) H = 44 kJ/mol


(e) 2C
8
H
18
(l) + 25O
2
(g) 16CO
2
(g) + 18H
2
O (g)

Steps:
8C (s) + 9H
2
(g) C
8
H
18
(l) H = 250.0 kJ/mol
C (s) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) H = 393.5 kJ/mol
2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2H
2
O (g) H = 571.6 kJ/mol


(f) 5C (s) + 6H
2
(g) C
5
H
12
(g)

Steps:
C (s) + O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) H = 393.5 kJ/mol
2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2H
2
O (l) H = 571.6 kJ/mol
C
5
H
12
(g) + 8O
2
(g) 5CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O (l) H = 3536.6 kJ/mol
Answers:
(1) (a) exo; H = 5316.8 kJ/mol (b) endo; H = 28.3 kJ/mol (c) endo; H = 176 kJ/mol (d) exo; H = 286 kJ/mol
(2) (a) exo; 4Ag (s) + 2H
2
S (g) + O
2
(g) 2Ag
2
S (s) + 2H
2
O (g) + 507.0 kJ/mol
(b) endo; 2NaHCO
3
(s) + 135.6 kJ/mol Na
2
CO
3
(s) + H
2
O (g) + CO
2
(g)
(c) exo; 2ClF
3
(g) + 2NH
3
(g) N
2
(g) + 6HF (g) + Cl
2
(g) + 1196.0 kJ/mol
(d) endo; 12CO
2
(g) + 11H
2
O (l) + 5640 kJ/mol C
12
H
22
O
11
(s) + 12O
2
(g)
(3) (a) 746 kJ/mol (b) 1277 kJ/mol (c) 850 kJ/mol (d) 908 kJ/mol (e) 74 kJ/mol
(4) (a) 147.5 kJ/mol (b) 169 kJ/mol
(5) (a) 544 kJ/mol (b) 71 kJ/mol (d) 307 kJ/mol (d) 590 kJ/mol (e) 662 kJ/mol
(6) (a) 218 kJ/mol (b) 891 kJ/mol
(7) (a) 512.8 kJ/mol (b) 566 kJ/mol (c) 1355.2 kJ/mol (d)529 kJ/mol (e) 10940.4 kJ/mol (f) 145.7 kJ/mol



















































Entropy and Free Energy Name: _________________________
Period: ___

(1) Determine the standard entropy change of the reaction.
(a) SO
3
(g) + H
2
O (l) H
2
SO
4
(l)


(b) N
2
H
4
(l) + 3O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O (l)


(c) 2ZnO (s) + 2SO
2
(g) 2Zn (s) + 3O
2
(g)


(d) Al
2
O
3
(s) + 3H
2
(g) 2Al (s) + 2H
2
O (l)


(e) 4NO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O (l) 4NH
3
(g) + 7O
2
(g)



(2) (a) For the reaction: CS
2
(g) + 3O
2
(g) CO
2
(g) + 2SO
2
(g), S = 143 J/mol K.
Determine the standard entropy of CS
2
(g).



(b) For the reaction: 2Al (s) + 3Br
2
(l) 2AlBr
3
(s), S = 144 J/mol K.
Determine the standard entropy of AlBr
3
(s).





(3) Determine the standard free energy change of the reaction.

(a) MgCO
3
(s) MgO (s) + CO
2
(g)


(b) 3NO (g) N
2
O (g) + NO
2
(g)


(c) 2KClO
3
(s) 2KCl (s) + 3O
2
(g)


(d) 2NiS (s) + 3O
2
(g) 2SO
2
(g) + 2NiO (s)


(e) C
6
H
12
O
6
(s) + 6O
2
(g) 6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O (l)



(4) (a) For the reaction: SF
4
(g) + F
2
(g) SF
6
(g), G = 274 kJ/mol.
Determine the standard free energy of SF
4
(g).



(b) For the reaction: 2Al(OH)
3
(s) Al
2
O
3
(s) + 2H
2
O (g), G = 7 kJ/mol.
Determine the standard free energy of Al(OH)
3
(s).





(5) Determine the free energy of the reaction from the steps given.
(a) 2NO
2
(g) N
2
O
4
(g)

Steps:
N
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g) G = 104 kJ/mol
N
2
(g) + O
2
(g) N
2
O
4
(g) G = 98 kJ/mol




(b) 2N
2
(g) + 6H
2
O (g) 3O
2
(g) + 4NH
3
(g)

Steps:
2NH
3
(g) N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) G = 34 kJ/mol
2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2H
2
O (g) G = 458 kJ/mol




(c) 12NH
3
(g) + 21O
2
(g) 8HNO
3
(g) + 4NO (g) + 14H
2
O (g)

Steps:
4NH
3
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 4NO (g) + 6H
2
O (g) G = 958 kJ/mol
2NO (g) + O
2
(g) 2NO
2
(g) G = 70 kJ/mol
3NO
2
(g) + H
2
O (g) 2HNO
3
(g) + NO (g) G = 13 kJ/mol





(6) Calculate H, S, and G for each reaction at 298 K. State if the reaction is thermodynamically favoured/spontaneous or
not thermodynamically favoured/nonspontaneous under standard conditions.
(a) C
2
H
6
(g) C
2
H
4
(g) + H
2
(g)







(b) C
3
H
8
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 3CO
2
(g) + 4H
2
O (l)







(c) 5N
2
O
4
(l) + 4N
2
H
3
CH
3
(l) 12H
2
O (g) + 9N
2
(g) + 4CO
2
(g)







(d) 3Al (s) + 3NH
4
ClO
4
(s) Al
2
O
3
+ AlCl
3
(s) + 3NO (g) + 6H
2
O (g)





(7) (a) Calculate H, S, and G for the following reaction at 298 K:
CaCO
3
(s) + H
2
SO
4
(l) CaSO
4
(s) + H
2
O (g) + CO
2
(g)

Substance H
f
(kJ/mol) S (J/mol K)
CaCO
3
(s)
H
2
SO
4
(l)
CaSO
4
(s)
H
2
O (g)
CO
2
(g)
1207.0
814.0
1433.0
242.0
393.5
93
157
107
189
214

(b) Calculate G for the reaction at 200 K. (Assume that enthalpy and entropy do not change with temperature)

(c) Under what conditions is the reaction spontaneous?

(8) (a) Calculate H, S, and G for the following reaction at 298 K:
CH
3
COOH (g) + NH
3
(g) CH
3
NH
2
(g) + CO
2
(g) + H
2
(g)

Substance H
f
(kJ/mol) S (J/molK)
CH
3
COOH (g)
NH
3
(g)
CH
3
NH
2
(g)
CO
2
(g)
H
2
(g)
432.3
46.0
23.0
393.5
0
282
193
243
214
131

(b) Calculate G for the reaction at 800 K. (Assume that enthalpy and entropy do not change with temperature)

(c) What is the minimum temperature required for the reaction to be spontaneous?


(9) Determine the standard free energy (from the standard free energies of formation) for the reaction and calculate the
equilibrium constant at 298 K.

(a) CO (g) + 2H
2
(g) CH
3
OH (g)

(b) 2C (s) + O
2
(g) 2CO (g)

(c) N
2
O
4
(g) 2NO
2
(g)

(d) N
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g) 2NH
3
(g)


(10) (a) Calculate the standard free energy for the following equilibrium: 2SO
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2SO
3
(g)
(b) Write a K
p
expression and calculate Q for the equilibrium if P
S0
2
= 1.uu otm, P
0
2
= u.Suu otm, onJ P
S0
3
= 2.uu otm.
(c) Determine G for the equilibrium at 298 K.


(11) (a) Calculate the standard free energy for the following equilibrium: 2CH
4
(g) C
2
H
2
(g) + 3H
2
(g)
(b) Write a K
p
expression and calculate Q for the equilibrium if P
CH
4

= u.1uu otm, P
C
2
H
2
= u.4uu otm, onJ P
H
2
= u.2uu otm.
(c) Determine G for the equilibrium at 298 K


(12) (a) Calculate the standard free energy for the following equilibrium: Fe
2+
(aq) + Ce
4+
(aq) Fe
3+
(aq) + Ce
3+
(aq)
(Use the values given in the table below).
(b) Write a K
c
expression and calculate Q if [Fe
2+
] = 0.20 M, [Ce
4+
] = 0.30 M, [Fe
3+
] = 0.60 M, and [Ce
3+
] = 0.50 M
(c) Determine G for the equilibrium at 298 K.

Ion G
f
(kJ/mol)
Fe
+2
(aq) 78.9
Ce
+4
(aq) 503.8
Fe
+3
(aq) 4.7
Ce
+3
(aq) 672.0
Answers:
(1) (a) 170 J/mol K (b) 116 J/mol K (c) 115 J/mol K (d) 248 J/mol K (e) 827 J/mol K
(2) (a) 238 J/mol K (b) 184 J/mol K
(3) (a) 66 kJ/mol (b) 105 kJ/mol (c) 236 kJ/mol (d) 846 kJ/mol (e) 2875 kJ/mol
(4) (a) 831 kJ/mol (b) 1023.5 kJ/mol
(5) (a) 6 kJ/mol (b) 1306 kJ/mol (c) 3242 kJ/mol
(6) (a) H = 136.7 kJ/mol S = 120.5 J/mol K G = 100.8 kJ/mol non spontaneous
(b) H = 2220.5 kJ/mol S = 373 J/mol K G = 2109.3 kJ/mol spontaneous
(c) H = 4594 kJ/mol S = 3143 J/mol K G = 5530.6 kJ/mol spontaneous
(d) H =2677 kJ/mol S = 1287 J/mol K G = 3060.5 kJ/mol spontaneous
(7) (a) H = 47.5 kJ/mol S = 260 J/mol K G = 125.0 kJ/mol (b) 99.5 kJ/mol
(8) (a) H = 61.8 kJ/mol S = 113 J/mol K G = 28.1 kJ/mol (b) 28.6 kJ/mol
(9) (a) G = 26 kJ/mol K = 3.6x10
4
(b) G = 274 kJ/mol K = 1.07x10
48
(c) G = 6 kJ/mol K = 0.089
(d) G = 34 kJ/mol K = 9.1x10
5

(10) (a) G = 142 kJ/mol (b) K
p
=
P
SO
3
2

P
SO
2
2
P
O
2
, Q = 8.00 (c) G = 137 kJ/mol

(11) (a) G = 311 kJ/mol (b) K
p
=
P
C
2
H
2
P
H
2
3

P
CH
4
2
, Q = 0.320 (c) G = 308 kJ/mol
(12) (a) G = 94 kJ/mol (b) K
c
=
|Pc
3+
]|Cc
3+
]
|Pc
2+
]|Cc
4+
]
, Q = 5.0 (c) G = 90 kJ/mol









































Name: _____________________
Period: ___
Free Energy and Electrochemistry

(1) Balance each redox reaction and calculate the overall voltage and standard free energy.
(a) Zn + Pb
2+
Zn
2+
+ Pb

(b) Al + Ag
+
Al
3+
+ Ag

(c) Sn + Au
3+
Sn
2+
+ Au
(d) Cr + Fe
2+
Cr
3+
+ Fe

(e) F
2
+ Li F

+ Li
+


(f) Cl
2
+ Fe
2+
Cl

+ Fe
3+



(2) Determine the overall reaction for each electrochemical cell and calculate the standard cell potential and standard free energy.

(a)



(b)
(c)


(d)



(3) Determine the overall reaction for each electrolytic cell and calculate the standard free energy.

(a)

(b)

(c)

Answers:
(1) (a) Zn + Pb
2+
Zn
2+
+ Pb E = 0.63 V G = 1.2x10
2
kJ (d) 2Cr + 3Fe
2+
2Cr
3+
+ 3Fe E = 0.30 V G = 1.7x10
2
kJ
(b) Al + 3Ag
+
Al
3+
+ 3Ag E = 2.46 V G = 712 kJ (e) F
2
+ 2Li 2F

+ 2Li
+
E = 5.92 V G = 1.14x10
3
kJ
(c) 3Sn + 2Au
3+
3Sn
2+
+ 2Au E = 1.64 V G = 949 kJ (f) Cl
2
+ 2Fe
2+
2Cl

+ 2Fe
3+
E = 0.59 V G = 1.1x10
2
kJ

(2) (a) Mg + Cu
2+
Mg
2+
+ Cu E = 2.71 V G = 523 kJ (c) Ni
2+
+ 2Cr
2+
Ni + 2Cr
3+
E = 0.16 V G = 31 kJ
(b) 3Zn
2+
+ 2Al 3Zn + 2Al
3+
E = 0.90 V G = 521 kJ (d) Br
2
+ Sn 2Br

+ Sn
2+
E = 1.21 V G = 233 kJ

(3) (a) 2Na
+
+ 2Br

2Na + Br
2
E = 3.78 V G = 729 kJ
(b) Pb
2+
+ 2Br

Pb + Br
2
E = 1.20 V G = 232 kJ
(c) Zn + 2H
2
O Zn
2+
+ H
2
+ 2OH

E = 0.07 V G = 14 kJ