Appendix SB

Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Slab Bridge Design
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Appendix SB - 6.0m Clear SPAN & 4.50m CLEAR BRIDGE WIDTH

R.C.Slab SUPERSTRUCTURE DESIGN BY LRFD METHOD
Project:
Name of River:
Span :

6.00 m , Slab Bridge

Consultant: Louis Berger Group in association with SABA Engineering plc

Designed by : Henok Aberra ( Str. Engineer)
Checked by : Lennart Rahm (Bridge Engineer)
Case: Statical calculation

Assumptions
- Main reinforcements are placed parellel to center line of roadway.
- The bottom of the slab is assumed level.
- Center to center of support is assumed perpendicular to supports, not neccesarily
parallel to centerline of roadway.
- The additional amount of concrete thickness for crossfall is not considered for
the flexural design, but the weight is included as dead load.

Dimensions
Clear span Lc=
No. of bays =
No. of piers=
Curb/Edge beam width (top) =
Curb/Edge beam width (bottom) =
Additional Curb/Edge beam depth =
Width of abutment =
Center to center of abutment perpendicular to Support S = L =
Total length of superstructure =
Clear width of superstructure =
Total width of superstructure =
No of lane =
Cross fall =
Railing depth =
Railing width =
Post depth =
Post width =
Post height =
Average post spacing =
Skewness angle =

6.00
1
0
0.40
0.40
0.00
0.40
6.40
6.80
4.50
5.30
1
2
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.60
1.50
0.00

m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
%
m
m
m
m
m
m
Deg.

Loading type: Notional load, Design Tandem

Material Properties
Type of concrete:
fc'=
fc=0.4fc'=

Grade 20
20.00 Mpa
8.28 Mpa

gc =
24.00 KN/m3
Type of steel :
For bar with size greater than f20,
Grade-60
fyk =
400.00 MPa
fs =
165.57 Mpa

Es =
Ec =

For bar with size less than or equal to f20,

Grade-40
fyk =
300.00 MPa
fs =
137.97 Mpa

199945.33 Mpa
21525.28 Mpa

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Slab Bridge Design
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Others
modular ratio n=Es/Ec=
fmoment =
fshear =
b=
odulus of rupture =fr =7.5sqrt(fc') =

9
0.90
0.90
0.85
2.83 MPa

z in Eq. 9.15 = 30246.92 KPa

For rebar f > 20 mm
rb = 0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)) =

0.0214

For rebar f <= 20 mm

rb = 0.85b1fc'/fy*(599.843/(599.843+fy)) =

0.0371

Load Factors
Dead load limit state factor =
Live load limit state factor =

1.25
1.75

Dead load service state factor =

Live load service state factor =

1.00
1.00

Fatique Live load factor =

0.75

I. Dead load moments:

Assume Dslab=

0.38 m

take Dslab=

0.38 m

Dead load:
2

W_slab=Dslab*24=
Post & railing load =
Weight of wearing surface ws=

9.76 KN/m
0.98
"
1.10
"
========

Total DL=

11.83 KN/m2

* Point of maximum live load moment = (s/2-.711)/s =

0.389

Dead load moments at different points

a
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.389
0.45
0.50

x [m]
0.00
0.32
0.64
0.96
1.28
1.60
1.92
2.24
2.56
2.49
2.88
3.20

VA [KN/m]Mo[KNm/m]
37.87
0.00
34.08
11.51
30.30
21.81
26.51
30.90
22.72
38.78
18.94
45.45
15.15
50.90
11.36
55.14
7.57
58.17
8.40
57.61
3.79
59.99
0.00
60.59

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Slab Bridge Design
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

II. Live load moments:

Distribution of live load laterally: (see section 12-8 Eq. 12.40)
The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with one lane, I.e., two lines
E1 = 250+0.42sqrt(L1W1)
=

2696.1 mm/lane load

L1 =

6400.0 mm

W1 =

5300.0 mm

The equivalent width of longitudinal strips per lane for both shear and moment with more than one lane
E2 = 2100+0.12sqrt(L1W1)<=W/NL
=

E=

2798.9 mm/lane load

L1 =

6400.0 mm

W1 =

5300.0 mm

2.70 m

Impact factor I = 1+IM/100Where IM =

=
1.33

33 % (for Servicibility limit state design)

a) HS20-44
wheel load W=
Live load/m = LL/m = W/E =
Total LL/m+I = 2P =

72.500 KN
26.89 KN/m
71.53 KN/m

( For two line of wheel or lane loading)

b) Design Tandem/Military Loading

wheel load W=
Live load/m = LL/m = W/E =
Total LL/m+I = 2P =

55.000 KN
20.40 KN/m
54.26 KN/m

( For two line of wheel or lane loading)

c) Lane load
load =
load per meter width=

9.30 KN/m
3.45 KN/m
3.0 m

9.3 KNm
6.40

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Appendix SB
Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Slab Bridge Design
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Case -1

Moment and shear at rear wheel position ( truck moving to the right )

a) HS20-44 Loading
4.267

4.267

x =a*s

P/4

o
A

B
X1
X2
X3
s= 6.40

a
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50

Case -2

x
0.00
0.32
0.64
0.96
1.28
1.60
1.92
2.24
2.56
2.88
3.20

x1
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

x2
2.13
1.81
1.49
1.17
0.85
0.53
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00

VA
1.333
1.233
1.133
1.033
0.933
0.833
0.733
0.650
0.600
0.550
0.500

x3
6.40
6.08
5.76
5.44
5.12
4.80
4.48
4.16
3.84
3.52
3.20

VA [KN]
95.37
88.22
81.06
73.91
66.76
59.60
52.45
46.49
42.92
39.34
35.76

Mo
0.000
0.395
0.725
0.992
1.195
1.333
1.408
1.456
1.536
1.584
1.600

Mo [KNm]
0.00
28.23
51.88
70.95
85.45
95.37
100.71
104.15
109.87
113.30
114.45

Moment and shear at middle wheel position ( truck moving to the left )
4.267

4.267
P

p/4

x =a*s
X1
X2
X3
s= 6.40
VA
VA [KN]
a
x
x1
x2
x3
Mo [KNm]
Mo
0.30
1.92
0.21
4.48
0.00
0.733
52.45
1.408
100.71
0.35
2.24
0.00
4.16
0.00
0.650
46.49
1.456
104.15
0.40
2.56
0.00
3.84
0.00
0.600
42.92
1.536
109.87
0.389*
2.49
0.00
3.91
0.00
0.611
43.70
1.521
108.81
0.45
2.88
0.00
3.52
0.00
0.550
39.34
1.584
113.30
0.50
3.20
0.00
3.20
0.00
0.500
35.76
1.600
114.45
* --- Indicates point of maximum live load moment for spans which can fully contain the truck length.

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Slab Bridge Design
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Design Tandem/Military Loading

1.219
p

x =a*s

X1
X2
s= 6.40

a
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.389
0.45
0.50

x
0.00
0.32
0.64
0.96
1.28
1.60
1.92
2.24
2.56
2.49
2.88
3.20

x1
5.18
4.86
4.54
4.22
3.90
3.58
3.26
2.94
2.62
2.69
2.30
1.98

x2
6.40
6.08
5.76
5.44
5.12
4.80
4.48
4.16
3.84
3.91
3.52
3.20

VA
1.810
1.710
1.610
1.510
1.410
1.310
1.210
1.110
1.010
1.031
0.910
0.810

VA [KN]
98.19
92.76
87.34
81.91
76.48
71.06
65.63
60.21
54.78
55.97
49.35
43.93

Mo
0.000
0.547
1.030
1.449
1.804
2.095
2.322
2.485
2.584
2.568
2.619
2.590

Mo [KNm]
0.00
29.68
55.90
78.63
97.90
113.69
126.01
134.86
140.23
139.35
142.13
140.56

c) Lane load
Lane load moments at different points
a
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.389
0.45
0.50

x [m]
0.00
0.32
0.64
0.96
1.28
1.60
1.92
2.24
2.56
2.49
2.88
3.20

VA [KN/m]Mo[KNm/m]
11.04
0.00
9.93
3.36
8.83
6.36
7.73
9.01
6.62
11.30
5.52
13.25
4.42
14.84
3.31
16.07
2.21
16.95
2.45
16.79
1.10
17.48
0.00
17.66

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Slab Bridge Design
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Summary of maximum live load shear and moments at different points

x
[m]

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.389
0.45
0.50

0.00
0.32
0.64
0.96
1.28
1.60
1.92
2.24
2.56
2.49
2.88
3.20

Mo
VA [KN]
VA [KN] Mo [KNm]
(HS20-44) [KNm] (Tandem) (Tandem)
+
+
+
(HS20-44)
Lane
Lane
Lane
+
106.41
0.00
109.23
0.00
98.15
31.58
102.70
33.04
89.89
58.24
96.17
62.25
81.64
79.96
89.64
87.64
73.38
96.75
83.11
109.20
65.12
108.61
76.58
126.94
56.87
115.54
70.05
140.85
49.81
120.22
63.52
150.93
45.12
126.82
56.99
157.19
46.15
125.60
58.41
156.15
40.44
130.79
50.46
159.62
35.76
132.11
43.93
158.22

VA
[KN/m]

Mo
[KNm/m]

109.23
102.70
96.17
89.64
83.11
76.58
70.05
63.52
56.99
58.41
50.46
43.93

0.00
33.04
62.25
87.64
109.20
126.94
140.85
150.93
157.19
156.15
159.62
158.22

Summary of total dead and live load moments at Service load

Ms =MDL+MLL
a
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.389
0.45
0.50

x
0.00
0.32
0.64
0.96
1.28
1.60
1.92
2.24
2.56
2.49
2.88
3.20

and

Vs =VDL+VLL

Vs [KN/m]Ms[KNm/m]
147.10
0.00
136.78
44.55
126.46
84.07
116.15
118.54
105.83
147.98
95.51
172.38
85.20
191.75
74.88
206.07
64.56
215.36
66.82
213.76
54.24
219.61
43.93
218.82

Summary of factored dead and live load moments

Mu =1.25MDL+1.75MLL
a
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.389
0.45
0.50

x
0.00
0.32
0.64
0.96
1.28
1.60
1.92
2.24
2.56
2.490
2.88
3.20

and

Vu =1.25VDL+1.75VLL

Vu [KN/m]Mu[KNm/m]
238.49
0.00
222.33
72.21
206.16
136.21
190.00
192.00
173.84
239.58
157.68
278.95
141.52
310.11
125.36
333.06
109.19
347.79
112.73
345.27
93.03
354.32
76.87
352.64

DESIGN TANDEM + LANE LOADING HAS GOVERNED !!

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Appendix SB
Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Slab Bridge Design
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Design for flexure

a) Main reinforcement parallel to traffic
The cracking moment given by Eq.12.39 as follows:
3

Ig =bh /12 =
4.6E+09 mm
yt=
190.00 mm
fr =
2.830 MPa
and the maximum factored live load plus dead load moment is;
Mu =
354.32 KNm/m
Reinforcement
Therefore, a moment satisfying the provisions of section 3.3 and Art 7.2 Minimum combination is taken for design
Mcr =frIg/yt =

68.11 KNm/m

Mu =

354.32 KNm/m
Dprov. =
beff =

As = Mu/ffy(d-a/2)
= 3211.25 mm2

fy =
fc' =
f=
fbar =
cover =
dprov =

a = Asfy/(.85fc'b)
=
73.02 mm

use

As prov. =
r max. = 0.75rb =
r prov. = As/bd =

380 mm
1000 mm

24

c/c

3231.35 mm2
0.0160
0.0094 OK !!

400.00
20.00
0.90
24
25
343

MPa
MPa
mm
mm
mm

140 mm
Smax =

450 mm

Checking Distribution of Flexural Reinforcements

To control flexural cracking of the concrete, tension reinforcement shall be well distributed within the maximum
flexural zones. To prevent this kind of cracking, the calculated stress in the reinforcement at service load ,fs, in
MPa shall not exceed the value computed by ,
1/3

fs = Z/(dcA)

For modernate climate,

<=0.6fy

-----------

Eq(9.14)

Where :Z = crack width parameter in N/mm

Z=
30000 N/mm
dc = depth of concrete measured from extreme tension fiber to center of
bar ; for calculation purpose, the thickness of clear cover used to
compute dc shall not be taken greater than 50mm.
=
37.0 mm
A = area of concrete having the same centroid as the principal tension
renforcement and bounded by the surfaces of the cross-section
and a straigth line parallel to the neutral axis, divided by the
number of bar.
=
10425 mm

Therefore,
fs =
From the above calculation ---- jd =

240.0 Mpa
314.4 mm

The stress at service stress is calculated as follows:

The moment at service load is
Ms =
219.61 kNm/m
The reinforcement required to control the width of crack is given as follows:

use

24

c/c

fs =M/(Asjd) =
r max. = 0.75rb =
r prov. = As/bd =

140 mm ===>
216.2 Mpa

As prov. =

2
3231.35 mm /m

OK !

0.0160
0.0094

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Appendix SB
Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Slab Bridge Design
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b) Distribution steel for main reinforcment parallel to traffic

To take into account for load distribution normal to traffic use distribution steel,
Percentage =100/sqrt(s
Provide

16

21.82 %
As dist =
c/c

dia of dist. bar =

16 mm

705.18 mm2/m
280 mm

Check for Shear

Vmax =
238.49 KN/m
wable shear stress is given by : vc = 2sqrt(fc')
=
0.76 Mpa
Therefore the reqd. depth for shear is given by;
315.58 mm
dreqd =Vmax/vc*b =
Dreqd =dreqd + f/2 cover =
352.58 mm

OK !

Design of edge beam

The amount of additional reinforcement required at the edge beam is given by,
According to Art. 7.4 Slabs/Edge Support
live load moment =
154.28 KNm
Total moment Mu =
269.99 KNm
As = Mu/ffy(d-a/2)
= 2527.87 mm2
a = Asfy/(.85fc'b)
=
42.64 mm

use

Dprov. =
beff =
fy =
fc' =
f=

380.00
1348
400.00
20.00
0.90

fbar =
cover =
dprov =

24 mm
50 mm
318.00 mm

mm
mm
MPa
MPa

24

Extension length required at bar cutoff

Extension length reqd beyond the point at which it is no longer required is given by ;
ext reqd = max( 15*dia of bar,deff,1/20 of clear span length )
=
360.00 mm

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Appendix SB
Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Slab Bridge Design
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Bar cutoff
a= -40.090
Length of standard hook =
cover to hooked bar at end =
Total superstructure length =

b= 238.490

0.476 m
0.05 m
6.80 m

Bar
Number
Length

c= 0.000

s [m]
38
6.40

s1 [m]
12
5.38

Moment & Shear force Diagram

400.00

y = -40.09x2 + 238.49x + 1E-12

350.00
300.00
Mu [KNm],Vu [KN]

Mu[KNm/m]
250.00
200.00

Polynomial
(Mu[KNm/m])

150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

x [m]

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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Appendix SB
Bridge Design Manual - 2002
Slab Bridge Design
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.0m SLAB BRIDGE

and

4.5m Clear RDWY Width

REINFORCING BAR SCHEDULE

BAR

SIZE
[mm]

NUMBER

S
S1
S2
S3
S4

24
24
16
12
12

38
12
24
14
17

TOTAL TOTAL
LENGTH
LENGTH WEIGHT
[m]
[m]
[Kg]
6.40
243.06
863
5.38
64.56
229
5.25
126.00
199
6.70
93.80
83
5.81
98.77
88

SHAPE

ESTIMATED QUANTITIES
ITEM No
406(1)
407(1)
-

DESCRIPTION

UNIT QUANTITY

GRADE 20 CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT STEEL
R.C. BRIDGE RAILING

m
Kg
m

14.7
1375
13.60

( Level bottom surface )

BAR TYPE & SPACING

For bar
For bar
For bar
For bar
For bar

S
S1
S2
S3
S4

Provide
Provide
Provide
Provide
Provide

f
f
f
f
f

24
24
16
12
12

c/c
c/c
c/c
c/c
c/c

0.14
0.14
0.28
0.40
0.40

m
m
m
m
m

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Ethiopian Roads Authority

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