Comparative Historical Analysis | in the Social Sciences ganar meio ARN 200.722 Cr3Im Baited by CoE JAMES MAHONEY Bron Unborn 1 | DIETRICH RUESCHEMEYER 1 Bron Unonty init nnn hy aidan eee‘ono. Sew Yi ne Ma ee or ge ta De tbe memory of Roger V. Gould 22 oe a Sa HH, ws si ee THEO =e an yp pra Sinemet Cue eye gt pein i eR he tif ong Cai Pn De compet ape ty oe "nesta bn (onmymats napete pin) ‘nie tooo ee Wai ‘rover taopiareat 1 seus ReneS aes ‘cuca aa Soe Saornersat tes i nitContents Prfie truco 1 COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL ANALYSIS ACHIEVEMENTS AND AGENDAS. “nes Mahoney sd Ditch Raschencyer 1 Accmaltonof Reach 2. COMPARATIVE HISTOBICAL ANALYSIS AND STUDY OF REVOLUTIONS Joc A. Goldson 3) WHAT WE ENOW ABOUT THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL POLICY COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH PERSPECTIVE z Elin Aneta 4 KNOWLEDGE AccUMULATION ny Janes Mabeney1 Analytic Toate 5 MG, SLOW-MOVING, aND...INVISIBLE: MAGROSOCIAL PROCESSES IN THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE POSITICS Pra Peon 6 How INSTITUTIONS EVOLVE: INSIGHTS FROM COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL ANALYSIS ace Teen 7. USES OF NETWORK TOOLS IN COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL RESEARCH, ogee V Gould 8 PERIODIZATION AND PREFERENCES: REFLECTIONS ON PURPOSIVE ACTION IN COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE Tia Karneloa 1 tomes of Meo 9 CAN ONE OR A FEW CASES YIELD Dintich Racchemeyer 10 STRATEGIES OF CAUSAL ASSESSMENT IN COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL ANALYSIS James Mahoney Ht ALIGNING ONTOLOGY AND METHODOLOGY IN COMPARATIVE POLITICS Peer A Hall Concaion 12 DOUBLY ENGAGED SOCIAL SCIENCE: THE PROMISE. OF COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL ‘That Skorpat ™ m0 10s » w Contributors Edn Ament Profesor of Sociloy at New York Unies. Hin {ere inode politcal sols, comparative and histor soil, {el movement, and socal poli He ithe auth of sony ares (these jot ond of Blt Rl vial Plt end the Orig {FMadrn Amon Sal Ply incton University Pro, 198). Thi took ened the 1999 Distinguished Publics ed a the American Sicilia! Anocition Seton on Pole Sacco. Profesor Anta is camenty finishing» new bask concn the corseuencs of wl ‘movement ete ed We Nomen Mater he bp of the Test Pes and US. Sal Spending Calero Ju A, Gldsne Professor of Solan oteratioal Ralns a the Unversity a Calflora, Drs He rte stor of the pie [Reshionad Reelin rte Early Mer ard (Univer of Cala Pros, 1992 an he eer of be Ep of Pb Ron (Cv spesional Qustry Pr 199) and en fhe ae Tari Cn fry Westview Pres 191), He haeen fellow ofthe Cte foe AS ‘anced Stay in the Behavioral Scene ot Stanor’ Unies nd has eld losis rm he Ameria Coan of ene Si, the Re seach School of Sol Senet the Aualan National Unitersy and ‘he Canaan nite fr Advanced Resa, Profesor Goldstone a0 ‘amplesagnew monograph ied Retin, Sol Movement nd Saal (Change Uarard Univer Pres, ocoing Reger: Gold ugh the Urverityof Chea fom 1991 2000 and then tate Prof of Sicily an ole Sence at ae Univer ‘iy. He mrs Fellow athe Con for Avance Stay nthe Behareet eee eee eee eee eee 1 Comparative Historical Analysis ACHIEVEMENTS AND AGENDAS James Mahoney and Dietich Rueschemeyer Coprnve isi nays has lng and diingished hry ia the sod saenes. Those whom we ow read the oundes of oder ‘cl ence, rm Ad Sto Ales de Tocquevle to ar Mars l sod compara histor anasis a cen mode of ition {i daingse hey continue wadion of recerch ht hnd donated ac hovght or entre Even when scl acne open tore elite Sune dipinesin the ry oentcth enn cmpartne anton ‘Stimestiption main eating pxton, uring romney inthe ‘search of sich eminent stole Ono line, Ma Weber an are loch, On by dea twentt entry dee approaches to oe Inomloge pry eipe comparative rial sear going rat torent permanent decline. Aer soe pr of mela, bower, ‘event decades ave weed rai renmergece of the comparative Iori wads. Akough ingore probleme of aaj proce snd metbdology rn, ts mode ofmvsigao es eased eat the comer fw scl ees. “The eval of ompartv hte nase hows fw sign of losing more Inthe at desde slo doen maj new books fo ht penpecine ne been pulsed eloding any prize-winning se plane ade on an neve ei comm fom ae ‘Sesh Siete ae Cane ot Cony ata ‘an Si ted Sey oe Cake ily De Wine Lee ‘Mele Ye ‘ges emfn a he Si Ses Hin Acs lng et | | iMahone and Ruechomeyee “Thos wor fas on wie range fH thy ae ite by Ciitnent wong nec pounded eplannone of re-sale ‘SBsuncey peta one Eacpesl hacia Srycoface voll on el pasa delves deeopmentn he ‘VoeSes and Eucpe sds hn ew ithe process ste frmason an ate eterna he reins As, AS, EastEmope Lan mee othe Mite ass wel ain te aed ‘Span fone” osm, te oe cade ar sn the pbeion STimperan compute Hic son em devel ‘soulless nat ts Aneand women fb the erence of moc td coin sect eine! and hens ed onsgenes of evons nth ‘Gals soien Third Word Th rd fri he 0 en sci ym incl Sse pc for compa Yer fo he ‘SSSRY ctgmuton ofthe il ne pines” Aes om ‘Soa hss cach pee poem sol ens jo sree ep elo ow ened or more speed _ eaeke ae SSMECMon tne Kad ea 1 Ov (98, Posen 178, Spel ESSE arta Ram om + Eee eh ced ea te Se ck ene Soria ee mutamomenuere [Site omeeiescrincestan fey eaters eeicenes Se neers Gememtence tence ceescerioa neler Cr Actevements nd Agee sateen” Adsl scene ay are now often rete for thie rcs made fing whe prada mente ate ine owe “serine epic ct or compare hits, “These recent amines derived rm ner developments By the fate 1970 and eat 196 wa ead cen tat compara hrc starch rat expesecing evil eae nese Tn et conc ing chops in Vion nd Mthd Hard Sac, forex Theda ‘Stopol (1984) pine oat ha this ind of rserch var well beyond i dye at an lated deo nlc out y= ow er holy Aediced othe sl wdiion Now amos wo Jed tr, feo serves wool deny that compre sonal research again» ein ‘nok ofa, nil sed duongbou the scl sees Te snowldp the nporant pace ofthe compurtive hii tion no of couse, 0 agg an abence of challnging prem for rcachers who work inthe aon Fr one thing if que ‘hone exe abo the fl cope of ep nue for ch comparve ‘srl tes my be leant, Fer exp, whether ed how ies ‘bats primayommicrolee ate ions nal goog) an te sccm wii the mace event el of compare str cal sla remain an pen question Frceore some mato 5 — ‘Sich ase and te emirenment- eck 0 be onfote with he nis ‘computer Netra snus bs hy remain wert or ome lacked i the enon” Moreover, compare hima schol are engaged in otc rene pes ove divergent theoreti fae ‘tors, for wich te tenn bomen ruta ad ela = Trae empl: And eae ell wrested epiemologi wes dat Ins from the stent do tice to store partly and wee ‘iene awe rere generalization. ‘Dele ess conning question, compare Netra ecarchers Ive mle nor progres evar addr eaten waren wel Us jad ney potas tue top poh cre eeepc ef ner: GoneMaton at Ressnneyer etd ine psn he are of methodology th ives ate be ‘omehiphy sl a ai 4 Cp 9m a it Sts nd rt Ceti Coge Oey re sia at ince Ra By a oe eee acer TR tm in A aoe ts oC : ‘eal Orgoiztion 53 6-90. natn A Si era ute Om ale i i eee ey ESS lu Dee baat ae re ea ta LE aa, ‘at as ge sedis om a aor career rc ern oe a a a et Ce Cn voting ey at aera pe Ra a Se eee ee ones ea Jeger aes an Sak ee cough TS, ce naar Dilan Gat te” eres eee cee TT nda See ee ees pee eae vee ea et yc Sm so Aebenemens and Aged (Cones A hn Ova Shel Shaner 19. Ses Mare nd “is Gane esl nd aa Py eli Cnt Ga a ib td Suan Cage Care Ue Pes ‘Orpen ern 09h “One Sn, Dein sn See Coney Wel Pshons Late Anes View nih Gn Soe Potrmaet Crane ral Doin 13560. “ne Sha, 19. Th Pas of Por A Comer Aas of Br, ‘onis nd Uiad Ss 100-1940 adn Usher of Warn fe sy tn ah Se ye Pc Dine no" mran Sepi Rae 209 owe eee SS Cale tet a eee ST ale tm defor ei ied Nr seed any Cad 1998 "Coapmctre Cmprien, sa Condos Theaeyin Macc a tea renin vo ag a cite nig op ch Rg a rg ei i ee, i a ie i ee Mie ee 20 sy nn CS RTC raged gn nd en a ner ha TS Pia nS Fg rte ese mn ee Foe eee Eire atic nae eer eh ol a ee en ein "pieteeiaorac ak ly tc ratinn treo hr epee yep tte ks ‘nn! UniveMaton and Rocchemeyer bio Pl nt ian M Sali, 17 pet Sea Soe Sed "Stk Burky. Universo Calin Po ii 0 rt td Me Bed Oni nd 1 eeieg tn i To Ce Onset Rech Cale Woe “ied Reach Sotto a2 00 Sir Sul Soe, Chg Une Chins Pre anit io ei Co Te ef ead Cerin ee i tat Senn CX Sand Ue Pe 9 on “Ci et eb sg 2 rin oral Compre So 3:9 8 ei Ej Her eon an Je BS 1992 SE spa Pema Cha: Une of hag Pe et Bat ale Sees 17. Cap Hor Se me at at aaa Raa” Comps Sa Re “days bes srry Cain Pe sine me ae VRE te se oe eT rd en Sey” Lees E Ean ae clit Pe ele on wpe de a enn wt SE pe nT ef tel oP se ee bee ha ile Oa sip Se ei pe do fo Tce Canc Conte Urey Pro ‘sie geld Recaro Seni seri Sloe? eee ah hrtanartl Sonnet Tels SP Che Compe Une re, GREE gbeonl npn Pp. 128 Pn on Md Sey Toe Sasa Cambie Canty Unter aay te Sr Be i Sr sn Cen Be iy. oth ge Se Ba fy lt yee oem Dic Soochenejer a fe Srl Cane Cane Unnarty re 1 Dh nd tr ae Pa! Og of Sel Page ‘at Se Comics Ms Varennes Pes Niemen and Agee Sto Thd nd Marae Samer 18 “te Ua Conan Hissr Dhara! ngey= Comrie Sr yn ay 22 170- Dien tetnerocag ene Eran tee ese a Fc sorties lng Denn Th nia ane He” "State im Comparative Iatrnatinal Deoegment 6: 93-110, a salen te Cie te sper tt pt etn ht Tinta etisees anaeg soci io TS ae gl he fe su ae ne Peg in ge Cp ‘ty, Pat 8 Pn Cay eae ott Seine Sa mt st ed Ht Seige 1) nn Oma: Soh, Bi el Ara ae pera Sa suka bar tt eis Sieg fe Tic ye onan Wo Ra Py Seat. ol tn vr Thr Se aes Swe car Saye Fey Caton Hi tei Pepe Tory oe Sy 961013 ‘TaN Gow Fra f Borie ‘Ton Kae: EOD." Iman od Cape Poin” “tom! te sel Se 2800 se “Taco Kahr sn en So. “oc Yon Con ere Fob 3 Sowing RE Mali ‘Siu tee ty SS, Kos Tile, ad Fk mpurh Cntniae Candee Pree Ty, etc ae kr Soy A fe Caren Sor Ne: Wy le af Natal i Bag WoW set Senn i Pry, He Comers Now Yk Ral "Som awl Se ”Maton and Rocher 197. Caran Cin and gat Se AD 990-88 ame MA Rs ‘intel tte tr et Thm estan a rat epson sg et a Se nh an me ogni cy ge reer ASA moor Meany gn Ct Se cy Ta iitom mietorerice a“ woh ae i tang Senate nh EEE pegs ae oer a eae Wo ite Jen 200, ping Demy fo Bb net Tie “Si aed rn No Yo Cae Unto Po ‘ata lh | 19) Boe evry i dK nt Rat in Tan tt Cnr gt Nex PARTI a Accumulation of Research i }2 pena csaucsaarr nr oem Comparative Historical Analysis and Knowledge Accumulation in the Study of Revolutions Jack A. Goldstone A Tale of Toe Methais esting ts those works om he jes freveions hthave Ba Ietinglnfence ve hon almost achive nl rund compare ‘Gerson From Cre Briton (938) The dey of Reston 80 Baringon Moore Je’ (196) Sail Orig of aip and Demy Ted Stocpol (1979) Strand Sua Relat ts pater ele Een tots with widely divergent hort espera Sel ning (968 Pala Ori Ogi Si, Chane obmon’ (9 Resor Chang and Ted Robert Gores (1970) Wy Mee Rel ‘ld hr amen around ri fee aml ce ast ther hfs a ail pays of large Unt st “Th oo bene suck dat at donot eas, Aough tis ome ‘ine ped that elon: paral ares sol eins sack thos of France in 1799 or Raia in 197 ae fw for fra th ‘ali th sens to eget he th Jl Goodin 200) it 0 fewer than igen ao soil eolson”(eramaiy the nt sive egy of revlon) fom France i 1799 tm deel of ‘communi ty Earn Earp bn 1989 John Fri (1997), wing nly {Sih Tes: marco dein, ss tit)-one evoke ecearing trey inthe Third Wold since 190, Irene the ito corer te only eologs bat san rerlaonry movement, he aos 1 Prd Resios (Gone 198) ae on 150 C4 Aad he rerdanethe sion errr. Saar not meri ig ies of ‘ze, bt counting al years daring which pare come ape ce mas pall sec further push ti no he andre Sows iced ilar | { }Gate rere bee ay lack f fr were the mays of e- lation sng lnge'N atl sale: Gurr (968) and Berend, Feieraben and Nes (1909) song 0 develop stata arabs of Uh canes of revlon Fibs (1973) wd Sebi mcrae ie ‘ets ods to prbe te sources fe pole lence Miler 985), ‘este (1997) and Mila (198) wed aii anasto emi toe ‘ehonhipetreen neal and evan Nonetheless te eft {a ow rong 2 more sali tas or ference an owed co ‘en as sees of alls N anaes have sugges cbers 119, Goldthorpe 197 ve hese ed opr ay cole ings As Ma Leach (199 pins ou, sais of nega and revlon hve reve cnfeting rss Ty mas sats sts of ‘even, erly acrding te me ped and he mde see Seton, shat cnsensns emerged. As el mom of thee worse ow cede eqn Um ses anaes nd hers tral flange Natal ses of revlon bs bse meds at, “This ea tempt acount for hist, wing how com sve nd soil anal of eons In oo seal progres sed Lrowiaige scant Inc llowing sens St conde elope deo emparaie storia and pin ou Smeg {the sendy of emplen events ike outs, New afr bat Be so ofthe sehalarip on eens Sowing hw ene sty aba of ‘volo hve fee cries bit oon poral goose fd clave Schon, tending the range nd ta theory the Sete tht hey have despenel en! Knowledge Final oe ‘ih ef empiion of the nigh ined Gem compart iar {has of relies ‘The Gaal and Inference Methods of Comparative Hisoral Anabis Large-N sai infreces bed on normal fequncy dibotons se tage wo ans the follwing question. Ginen ge averse of ‘omar cy, how cn we infer the characte of thon oes Incding corelaos among potest ete and ects ~ Fomn sale plc Sang with hi problem, cicere aboot whether the ‘opi i bed, ete is rg enou to dating ese om Talim ees and whether itis ge eno o dizer proba Taochie ar of reat porte (Keohane King, Vert 199) Te Sy Reasons owes thsi tthe ble sie by compre irl aoa CN). Anas tng CHA generale 9 ite eof ene “Sonn aint atop fhe te, ao data thecal sone ad putes ety one fern thse ‘pce cso Geran eile emer 3 Supt peng ogre sles ot by emplagend nrc Culageruirese {Poke » boy cpl et my ha eprers ae sreping + lagen thy tok he ge soa prc cone Anowlage of ht aro thy wold ne ove sug oes 1 prov lal ferences repring the ery es «mle Ifthe terry homogenese ifn cece debe in mest aoa ein sro th err sch sampling on aes tyuk, eare anced tec Scena ma aracries I howe he ay sel Iya soon and the expe ered nevis tin sgenco crane sping wl be wel Mere 5 Combai theese ety hr or aes nr oe, ‘hens jot pote cnksing ence re eng Steers olga» tus were” chs th scaly has owe ‘Byes ifthe cele spead ot aneach saves and ses 0 dept heaters ictson hyn pa ogtersmpotthe ‘srry hres tha nor ple ep Wie Of tt cna ol he parry ered Inttttomat rate neces erty henner hy ls bt tpt sox th Sins map ty caine fennel he tary Ide yeoman nt ‘depressor senor et ne nti engerorhe nie any weal il 18, We note tht ge see of resto et dor Been sey natal Ts oop gus d the ey” wee ‘ean seri han Raper Lrge Nw hat eck {ended he eof ean a nonlin by geng ‘bien beeen he Sov Union ad at eee Ca sa Cami sod by eng fe eye a em tenn foun sting tt ein ables fre sane ees in 2 oui tt spas ote ey rte! Oe sme ‘my sme ong og pi sianhaces Ragin (1997) bs eed at sacl phenomena ae geal ora by "rol camplsy” in wich the sane outcome 8 ote proce by raed and difrent combina evs of se at ‘ingle seofnecesony and sfiont condone or pec ntcome oes totexst. CHA, by ring fom the prenite thatspecene Saracede te thewughty urs before advancing osek general pater never omnes an detty or niece or reprsenrivenes of specie css Intend he een of sty difernce between ess coined ‘crcl pare the iveipaon. CHA doc net str out by suming ‘he eanene of or by ssi, ier cal rhe pers athe sume tee degre of ener of any artical cea mechani ot aerate sic pat of what henson nnd fo determine Ine ets of ee sty ethos wood (and Gokorpe 1997) makes hr argument) How ci sch esorers hope to map even oe ich {ne orcs witout large nace af lssncona? Changing ge ‘erin in several small er ny ec the pr of genrling Simei tut it ce nx change he prob of malig cable infer ‘hc rom intl otecrstions. npr enabling cal re ‘ip even irae cn sl require large name of terns Te “ou bt once the poe + ged rm maling fren boat ‘som reborn brge univ fom ited sample racing te ual pater or pater asl umber of st new methods ay be employed. The most portant of hs sl by CHA are) Byes analy 2)procensring. and ()coroneesing Each eth ‘ts allow rectiners of CHA to ane voward he gol erablihiog ‘hl eam in = mall ad ep line munber of se 38 ‘he pth to sera Enowledge| Payton Anais ‘While soc scent equa xpi we wie anal ased on normal dibuson, he we of eer susie methads such as oops and Bayesen si ~ i fa more rare fough soe ‘Waser 200) fr ie exit splstan of Bayesian sss (CHA) Hower, woul argue tha CHA imply ws Bayes analysis ‘qtecstenvey andi aproachthat mal sna ofhow ven ingle ‘Ste ste can be offense ales inbuenee (MeKcown 199) “Norval eqn” eis saps pretamers wel in which ‘the ony pir knowledge oe ha ies ul Bypotens ed om gnornce The Sy of Rens ft einige tn icon ae Sigh alge nr cle ree =Recemch neg mnie vee A porc Ties degne tg ech sang om te mye Sic: Once be fh eno vies ast Bromine yon CHA ray sr fom igre of cal esos ‘ous mot CHA gl pr soy pow bee Snip ladda ae es omens re ‘ijn typ wkeven ce lots tombe sc ‘phono teat ety Sogo lenge ae "yest rch lr gut en gen septs Tier spot as Wt as do el ore Mig Ais omeed ef dtm doy ‘ocelot asa Gown le ng pe SNCs ripe sa how mck wal pcr ‘wd hhh ip eos ke mn Sn hen pho oping es oa cnr oe oop tee Trt ner rw th pro scl iw scr wenn seni epg Fe es otha as ac ‘ion Se he 9 etc ine Shae main sor int ne Nesey ‘ayo ooo ic el ramen esc, Frm the isc pes ens pina eg Nias ary odoin te ney ny on Ske ‘nite Hove oun one SESS he doce of re papery ye ete Poona fs pees son tae eter nti Seg: a rors ooking set rsp ‘ea whe ay ite ute sme tas wl npr ay ‘Seeley Si af lye ee Nov oneal nfl wee ong proach it sn sal cs ne et eraser deltoid ‘Sasi srr nese ncn puso ston prt ers Ge pir be he ing, “Ton ind ne ol sig pra ma sl te he ‘Miri dn tere Be ag ha lot hoe| | | ofthe tery est inert retltions (trv ene ff the get, mom inden and mo minted tes 0 day a2 frequent cxmglarfor Mari thee) wal cen sake one thin ‘hevahe ofthe prior bee ‘CHA ch sina no deste ing iil “uy” by the sana of equi aa ba bse tha Kind of analy spy thes ot spl ote gas and medio of mas compare bison ‘odie. Wht CHA gener updertates ithe sty a sng ee oe Small nanber of ess withthe goal of tenafng eal edtosh in ‘ose ni order eo tt (nd potentially sha) rng por bie ‘Demonsrsng the precnce spe eal elas Peters within» sgl cre, of al amber of cues allows CHA to challenge ‘or bln several eye Exense/Abwnce This shows th cv! reatoasi or pacers sre impetant whee they were previo mot enor expected assent sire thy were peony dined ob ee exec, This can aso Tethoughof theo eyes ely node fetal se anys (Prorat so Te 197 aller 19) I hs salss, CHA sere ‘ies nd ezfly crams» ee where xing Dear ae hat some em or cata elas most iy wo be found and hows hat Fre inf th theory cannot besulgeantated. Or convene CHA, ‘ete and ceil cnmins nese where hry him that me pa ‘ern cal sesh at ly 9 be nd apd shows at i bt, ‘theory tae ee tht pater ComcegenerDvergene "Thies hat see hat thor came are (iat in sgn yin fc cnmerge may no peony en ‘pected or comer ht xe ha thar aims are ee sla ‘Slr denen way no previous en ores (Caer 1993). Divriinain/Reconiaton “Tie shows tt where xing thes seein conic eran esr elements of hore xe ether dinate Teoveen she wo thar or recone them by wowing bow certain myc ofthe cate ar comet with one theory we ster pcs rt onset wh he othe Many of he mt sing pore CHA work nage o com ine Steal af hese apgrecis. Thala Skool (199) work et ony “The Seay of Rolaons shored sn wneeced cnergzce of ca fern oan {esa ea swe tama Gergen te er et Tacuba sections kndscheelweary ee, th Engh Rochon of Toe penee Mei Reser sd rman Reson 1A, Spl hve iarod er ‘ok grey by esing i a sly of wc gee vii were “rein singly fom he sien oss rclasoneyotcome ‘ates wits conan set fies nrsc oan se le) dt hone sae ae general cued ott one es Tie aie of coc Tot reid bon vant infees md Storpl 4) pty drove "Wh se cf Sass wor hv ponte xt Line 198 Maton 19,2000) hat her Semple ws dems the eine of eatin prem ee sercly igre a {Bart cove of con = tn tac snd serps yr than rote demoed et pane ofa eet io if nanos) nes nd eae yoo Jog, ‘he rey shied ur rr bli shar wet were the pra cs lo wind ih vin pe en Trisnr nut anette werd 0 thik of hi in aur opptin tr ckniing” cing or, suet ‘ees rps Wha wel you a oso dca codon pense bere CHA to, 1 wou yonkers s HIN a ota he seth the CHA hs cnet pr band ae nan ‘would Pros Ting and Congr Teng Wessll acd tak; bomeser how des CHA penne scholar to change ther poor belle Whatmetodoareumentorinfrence pores reliable ements regaing crm resisbips i oe parce neo ae of ‘See? There are wo main apronches toed CHA: proces acing and ‘aogrcace tering (Benet George 197; George and Beane 197) Pree acing cons flings cr into equence (snr cerstnting sequen) of ers and soning how tere ere pa ‘ily inked gen hens andseanone ced by groupe rindi ‘etre does on same dt sets anys ring iene conse ‘uence ae andestndae intra of te le,otduone inn, and circumstances that prevailed tthe ime deons were mae Proce wing inate aking dedaeson bout bow even a inked orertine, dwg on gener rns of econesiesscalony eal oy abd pli sence egrng oman bebaor or expe nln ny agent (Goldstone 1991) tx poplon row in apratian bores lew Fea, 48 noe pred Showing tht ina large sample of ech tt here a tical sg ‘cam elitonaiptereenpopalaion growth snd ess hat would ee publ gen the fc on ony four main cas (ghd, race {dhe Otani and Chisse emp) Rate, Tough 9 ace ost nd hcument thes nthe esl cain connecting Ppa owt > ‘vlna conice Teg by nosing tat when demand excels soppy pies generally «ie option prom in agrarian econamie with ena nto re copaiy illo redness Dewi on th ccee ca erste [dosent thir asociien between pal re ‘menadione we entuy more iment fo xs. Then pind oat that fan woul wed banoe with tate ance sats have ed nominal inca orig sts ithe Fae Ses or ‘ners thr debe Whe mane ft ence st ances ins Ing wares rade, wa le to show that in periods fig prices hese sgfrtanburetcracesweremore cto depend on ssl exper ‘tosh ing off aes pong Forces caren evlnons ‘ethan efor open ewer nconnentonal tn, Tse ee ‘ens ot ony general aod fl rotore es cal eae ao ‘mgd bares cleo poplar gronp, aig 0 potential oes. Tread welts Lore that poplaon promt wll mean gester compestion fret lags a te sae ne tht infin enriches ome lier and groups whe coding the incomes of eter hit ar doce ‘pened with evens os hips ofc bly Ps upward nd lovmward ~ among ees dng periods of sted population gro “Thor the sate demands fr prem revere wile adel tls "exc pi a pre rr i i ‘Eyeing td en ceboron sree get nt de St eg See ply dg en re ‘lence Sey os ote al ope pe Soe pce Sennay smc The Sealy of Revolaone ‘ae themstes in uma and vided by heightnel p-nd-down soci tool At hese tne, ban woes wll ce ing ral wapes ing mabe workers iit wages, nd peasants wl be forced pay Ip en ones as need members compte vera ed ‘BY olin ewan onse wo document per of ling el mts {nd sing rents aod laden among the pee during the pad ‘of goplaton increase ‘Thecombined ult thse uendewosthat se rlersncesed demands ‘on ets and popular gro, nate competion ended to dd he thes competing fron, parleng he ate and fen esting se tle fton vo seck popula appre apie te regime: Thi stn fn am prodecd opportune fo dros ran evel sons ‘ol in pores In och dcop eal even suck ne ate taku niyo famine ach ely sate wold edly ‘wistand ~ gga esalting Stel, ical, ned ele popular Coates ited to create 3 ection, "This CHA certainly ot mae without Guetta anayiso ge spent of state dat Te eT el bn of ssl andi tere asters earing pe wages rete pepton, the Bite of ‘les decree apport or sony angers an ogee: ferent to demonstrate that in Engl Fine, Tr, aol China 1500201750 hone periods drench poplin ned wee marl lying rcs, nrg wate deer 0 fl iin epee cn fs oer ae eghened ee moi fling rel wages nd grow Ing pati sions In coos, Se decades in this period which ‘Sepuion sagnied or dsdaed were marked by sable rang pri, ‘ng tate el evens, sharply eed elite moby, ang re wage, {nd peal selene, Hower the eae ed eimai 0 eh I he vai of trends and reaoshie mith complex cise tha tt ‘pln conseabe deal whichare the cael empare forsi ‘nies or difeener, and nae 0 eb the siti sgeance of such ends o rlnship aco ge mumber of eles negara Ts this process uacing, in which handed of servations are mat aed co support dado chins reping lage in» cal cin, fm which CHA et, or simply eel inrence om ions rang ‘macrocodons, Wher generation sesso it ‘aurea genealion talaga enna tl tes hich Sethe caine nor Smead tt ate sly in showin itfor finite set of crs, where convergence was no previouly expected ‘common paren ofcauason fate open in ean be ound ‘Congrcnce ning roe the has or chime rearing "oman pattems” Skopol demonstrated by cel exploration of her estat ‘heroes of sates lee, nd poplrnobiaon formed nesy the sun, “eongricnt” pers inthe Frech, Rain, and Chinese evens ln dot, she overt he enn the sal rotare ‘ofthe lero commit evens wa deren on tha the ‘al French HovltonIshowed or Brin Franc, the Ocomn Ei, ‘nd China tha prior to periods of mnie ean and aa ertiow there were eemey sin, sonia pater fried pope Yin growth, pie intone Sal dees highteed tie mo- in lng wags, and past landless. The congroeee betwee the pers found the Asan empire with he pers established for the ‘Wester monarchies pords 1 soumg aterm in the pie belie that the Won rerltne od An eben were iret pense rghit yiferen couse pd pow allege the es tht be st evn eed om scl conics ad ly ith be fe cf Wester pion "The pl of eangrcnc eing i therore not to etal real gencalions arena tad (ot pehaps coated ane of cs Rather congruence ting asthe fir of proces cing 0 dane tndimprove cr undertandingofhow pein eof nae ested ‘lean our olsen ow democrats commit revlon were slr or diferent eerie if Weer revo ‘ere adie rm ain eens of examine why may aoe ‘le emergedinsome ain American or European counriand 0 = then congress smong eee ceca bing cls oar pals Sich eomarativecse sles pro sold Bing ls for he= {is of soi change ad develope lowing wo work ova ager serlations rally by incorporating ltl ses bytes ‘oth procs acing a engrence sting ae generaly cared ot brough what Kaan Sey (199) as deseibed a “ste arte” Seatepe arave ifs fom» sgifnvandmarratve of ketone ‘erty beg sractue oes teton an bow pte of rent r= [bem por thecrealbebee abot soci phenome Seat marae selects cements respons tery rete here tek {feces on epic aoa ela to such deo Sometime ‘ch mrss are desgned to demonarate the sit nul coos The Say of Retin ‘eenenlemensina sequence fens (Abbot 190,192; Gin 1992), sometimes hey ar designed denne ipa of conngecy or th depeadence in producing divergent or uexpeedontomes (Sevl 196; Hapa 1998; Goldtone 19 Mahoney 2000) Ea wy tc nat ve mara ence that parla equntes tee fled in 2 parsuar way fr pate exon and ete thw dat Sout ‘hfe acting ty "Nether proses acing or congrcnc ting providers mean of gen- olnng tom oniverse of ose beyond the Siem Instead th ol ‘stores chblenge and shift poor be aboot the ces unr exe ton, OF cous, the per Uli ae very song an ene ae he esto procs tracing nd congrne esting sere bly hey ‘may beetertvely mo or cng, tothe pin wher the sie ple expen: ay other cs wel “The owl of CHA in any pra Seles presets search progam (Laon 1983) wt he allowing ete Atay one ‘Sina fite amber of ccs deem be of interest to a rca com ‘money ae undrnvesignton Using proces wing care sok over cal sequences that prodote the nals or cme oftero. Using ongroence testing seboaenkecinsston the umber of es that Bes paral ral eqn or ptr or“). This then Wp song prior bison which css ae acre eine by paebuat ate "The ese program a hes make progressn several way Father congo sting of alison ses can end he nmi of es that neseens iting ria eel Where its pone proces ie Ingin thee dion ess ny eve new ater eaingt ein of ‘he old modelo the need far new modes: Moores, gow poe ang ‘nproomlyanlzed csc may allege se vai ofa ne lead to thar revision modaen or abandonment. Thon, he procaine of operating on te amr fs chnen ost bow their ans ior bli lays infren) noone fs lagcarerinrdertocaabishparernsin ger pon ter normal” ses infrence) Thi eth renin pec ofthe ho sora contexr and das of ch ase, advan generations sony ad ‘Sreumpetyin stages and oes ic esnpone termini i ofthe ‘ott Hower const alee prealing wm by conten, ‘ih emp dee deine fem farber prose cig of ld of ew ea yest he congrience af hse ever again peaking‘pecans CHA thas apie in he br sciences fend Ings cunulating owlede we ees arith ay nonsene wh mpl ein, othe pci fel of estos Lill hin the following tons thoes serch progr has ded end and clave eres [A common indcanent of tery development i sclogy kB i often 4 maser of fing fe qeriznon, Mars eins, posers «ihe scunon or reser derstanding the ‘nial word, Nontile, 1 alee hi theories of revlon hive ‘ale esa progresinandrtanding the ce proses cu ‘mer of revlon. Nataly his pegs inves controversy he fiona shndonment of om eri aod the spree ad incaportono xe, Whats importan, omee, tha these se ‘theory have heen even bythe coon of tery wih epitiead ‘Sent Thr confrontation a leo srene maton of ere, ‘he imrodacton of ew cones nthe delat ew proaches ‘The rele thr she of revelation too aes more eases th nore Aly to Bical ene and wih 2 eter gap of Se Yano ‘ements tne compre evans han ee ie Definitions of Reon ‘We igh ie ak what are revlon? Again, ge titi p- prsch woald rite sees detnion so that he ama cou be ‘ice ode ores ren” a epee eae 7 ‘isso an inependine ale (toes). However, he ‘GHA dws ot proceed by samplings seskng spcant neocons eee varies, bt insted by gprs eamining «ite numberof ry eon cat Be ong or ven mpl dei hough hen {a secon of es, Then he reach progran dep asl ‘ees can be cnn ad he al denion odie x espaded e ‘ing whieh fre ofthe eases prove tobe oflasting eres i the dentin of eval hs dewlopel ver ne i expe (0 ee pial informa, and wo changes nour aera he ie ‘lpi remy en ‘Thtoughene ost of sory, oben changes in gorerment were sre ly hinrine an pba! nas el phenome hen the cer elo”. These changer might inobe Outing tough ‘ier Linde of rpnes(Semocrany,lgchy, Otay) af arene “The Seay of Rewltons ly Plt and Arto. Or these hangs might inate an aeration of pang fons or partis power ure ithe Reasnne aan ‘yess and he serene en Bi cl wars et bythe ne ‘the Efghenment of te elgceath centr, the notion comer Improvement leone ito wid sad wrer such Ths Pane ‘eed certain changes in gorerment replacing tana seis the mstatons devise by season pat ofthe arch of pop rom the ine of the Arian Revlon of 177 and even toe the reach Revetion of 1789, revlon cae to be acted i he seplcient of eacee governments ith newt, mor rato epee Revoluion was heneelth defined w a popresive and retesble ‘ange inthe sition ond values tha pod the bas of peal sankey 7 “The French Renin of 75, andes or the Rasian Revlon ‘£1917, ako peor the image o poplar uprising and vena ‘thors a yap of revlon Fry 1739 fo 199th preva ‘inion of elon dos incrported hee element» ate gressive change i soy vals and ion, sco, ee ‘olen amine 196 Scpal 1979), Homeves fom he 1970. 19 hearers leet thee definions were imdegut 9 the flange en begs Uystholaofratons, The reolton thon ee tee enn 157 fxd general eer and avin rest prt in Teen, Ti, ‘Goma ether mor ies bail wo popula lene open eo ‘es Such viene os reed cane mainly om the sha aes rng ‘en prostrate thes ha lent taco Ba Jean ‘thos Trans whos: behavior appeared ole the rerio oii _reingy et nic uthoses joan 198), Te “peopl oer” ‘evolcon tt oersew Ferdiand Marcorin the Pilpyne 1986 sd ‘he attnmanis revlon nthe Sonet Union atl Eater Ewe, showed cmsiderble sso bat tary eile pt wha some sherry wore f the ter cents shold be eons ean al (Garton Aah 199) ‘Thesesecen: nes prompted schststo tke second lok te ro of ‘lene in hircal eses Tes son renga ht he perm en Irsnnasnorescepona and atin ene armre vile seid tyne revlonary regis afr seg per ~ ode con he te cond soso cil was etwexn relies ad ‘onterevaiinaie than comic by reson aes yasotto thors before the ar ae oerwown, Ths inthe Fron Revo ‘en, it waste Tor and the acs to cush tbe counerevonaty ‘movement inthe Ven the produced the grenestnunber of Seat inthe Renan Revolon i wate cl wat aed Sti arg, not ‘he worker inarecton or peat pings ht prolacel the pesto, ‘ell Revoltons ar therefore oo langer defined inter fence ‘sie athories Intend he ole of ence reves om se "compox a contingent, kh ld regimes, revelatory opptons, dnc eoltoary egies leap of one or noolene © sreing degre ferent ines Tn ndion,nany desta schol 8 being revtuonary faye aot lel w the petanentransfonzaon of sins al vl flores emake sary fen fal shor, sad even evolens tht he over sometimes ae speeded by estirions of theo order. fer the fil of ple, any ofthe ey nso changs of the French Reval were creed. The manmely wet reed swe te preg ofthe nol and the Cathe Church, Star of cl wea Ing have sie tht, dee the revolsion vor stack on ee aerate amie tht eld leading postions throaphow France tele the elton ween he mn the mest ele fron inthe 13405 (Forser 1980. The Faglsh Revoluon of 160 ued the monarch, the monopoly of te Chach of Eylnd pd he lows of Lardy yal were ore in 1460 and ep the pe or generic: The European eons o 1948 were rey dfeed afer Init npitng buss a neg. And nest of the feria meee in Lain Ase in the events centr, soc the Shining Path ‘ovement ern and she Farsbuado Maré Naina Liteon Por in Fl Sadr, thogh deny ees of revlon conte, edt ‘anor th sos, Tha sce in caging wales ino, ke ilnc, now aun av tne of epee am contingent acne Sn rvaionary eves ac than prt the defini, ‘A more rea definition of reauton gid bythe igh caves on fl: to change ales tn tins and on mast tn ‘bor wihou inning on fealatonry sucesso Yenc, In hr em revlon are" loro ter the plicit joieaton fr psc athorty ins ect ccna mat Iino an noniectnazd scene tar deine ning ‘hone (Goldson 2001p. 9), Thien nls beter revlon and wnacetlyt clei redonay shlong oe “The Seay of Reais othr, I exces bh pap and i war tha change oly rer ‘cnetons othe setae peal autor (ch asnest Nien td Lain American suey coupe ao ede efor movement ‘Sac aceeve changer woot na nbiiaton or aac on ein 20: thotes Gach te Praia Reform Movement of the erly nnetecrh ‘Soin othe American New Deal wader Praia D. Rose) eg fess ht the key dening lament of revlon alas the sack oe rien le ad ms volement ntact the vel {enc an th vislence vod ar condagent Sor tobe esac ocesumed port of te defo. Tchr te very definon of evtaons-akey par ofny theo Bat etuaged oer tne nes occ ce sf how reins ‘emhee une “Te eompartine a hori study of reolaons extends fm cs sol tines to the present. Acoust of sadn changes in govern nd regime collpee were collected and analysed Wy Plt, Ao, Thuces, Ta, Menten, Machioel de Taegu Mar od “Tay, atone many other: However convent to fea the sccumulaton of neg nthe weet cantar, bepaing ith he rar istry” shou ‘The Narra Hitry of Resins Scholar working roo tis perspective simed to dy revlon the way ‘olapss see natal istry Ce, the ht fe namely by eb ‘sing pecmens dealing thet ay pars and proces, nding "The scholar ~ notably Eaards (121), Pee (1938), and Bion (0955) compared sequences tents the Engh, American, French, tnd Resin eels and wal dst ater thu reappear acto thee cae They li nt cher of vets th they belted al mor ‘revlon flowed, ging om case tools Ini ey noted ‘hac prio to a revolton dhe major of the “ite a jou ets playwright ete teachers, meer fhe ergy, yer and ‘oined members the breaeracy~ cent spor the ee, wie Condemnation nd demand major rors Jase poe the fal of he lege the sate eps to meet hr rcs by undering major ‘els However these lof reimebeginewhan ete ia Css gon the poerentinaality rode wihsome conn, ee Te || | salary or pot problem ater an wih he acm ceoaionry aps. "Aer he ol reine il cen where rveuonaries ba ied lily pie th ld eg, thei neal conics soon cue problems BE ‘he Sat poup to sive the reins of mate aly coats of aerate ‘efor nko afer employ ofpniatonl fens ee ener fn Uo (i regime oe ae caters of ts oblate pring wp wih ew fr of enanization au the aobin ci ia France be Tenis rng ar). These real groups chlege the moder: sts, and aly ger popular support ad dive she fom poe, ‘The gre changes inthe organ and elogy of aunty eco In rvoains not when theo opie ft lly bot when the ale {2 senate, mat cls oguniaions ceed panting the smederse “However, the disorer ought ly the reshon and th plemen ‘ain of rae consol ara sel in fore postion of der by ‘perce ole oh acatpniel ya prod ef stateunpose ror The ‘erage between ral nd moder ad btn defend of the revlon and eternal ei reqorny alow malay lade oe ‘Commanding even abst lsd of the ew revlon pis (eg, Cromwe Woking, oe Napa) Een he acl ase tthe eroltce gies my 03 pls of agmatine fr Saif gogress within the new sas qo, bt with an enlarged ad hore Snob ote "The mata itor chal provi ear and ly compen ctr ofthe pronation, dyin ntcnes fhe erionary Froces, Nol i ths sche Baer all he cas or which ‘Echoplex ne decades ty, sich ‘Beem Retin a ano 1979 ‘However, dete eacoveriag psi and rearing pater othe ‘course of jr revelations th proc faled wo yesent x crinog {en why revluione shold eta etic nd pce bt ct bes. The deen fhe itt, an rhe nis pli er, Siepl appara Rion comingecies. Theil of the od epime the follows sme four Same pic scents and alos however, ot ce em poral tern the curse of evchns They med the esl of ‘evans heh inary othe proces they cle “eration “The Sey of Roolons pail heya poplar content with ana” reimnes bingng (emai crs to modernize ois by mens of eelon, Modernisation and Revelations Frum the 19505 wo the 199s there wat «growing bei ha mos i tage fstars flanger scl change cold be elie yf ing on + uiveral proce of wanton deeds maenzaon? {Parsias 1965, Aon 197), Ty this views mor sete hrooghont Isto hive Been “rains” — vesting poi su she fo sis of conan andere having economics in which tot sta ‘as sninence prod nonmarket, abd psn with (al heraaies Ut sued cnkormiy 9 aon ales an PM lees tn contrast, “oder sce have pli! thos (whether dmerac eins or antes) that te eliberly ae realy ‘bled eo prod efit and tracery coors tat ae rash vind ed indole, nd soil ertchies bed oi ‘al cizenhip a achievement. Although ts tania was some Times snow, seiaon thet of revelation mgwed tht oes the tanto was ting uneven with eadorl ators eying wo Inno 1 power in ite tht were ated pry mover he inline den prodied revlaonsry son abd stk on thine ori, Several diferent theo freoiton were derived rm heb mode ‘mizoon frameveet. Chamer John (1940) sige thin many evelping cous, rade, el and commonictons teed te beak ‘own tonal als whl senor and gli stn hanged at moe showy ening senegal each between rode wes {nd wadiona sol plc! eanzaton, Some Heino 968) focused mor gh on pil demands He noted shat developing oon tls olen proved ceased eacton and pron of thi people inthe macht economy while minanng » close, rational pea ‘pen Unles poli partpation ne sno eye ied th iliac woud Ind wo empl deans fo gig the setre of Poli anor. Ted Robert Gurr 1970) came tht ven sees ‘ete gronng ad pola osens were developing, ables cold il ts people expe sl rene change ccc than iy acl Pesence hey woul el "eave dept," Th fein tation| | i ! i | | could ead to dens for sll more pian eens changes lng evo eaaormaton of 00 "Alth terierwere vrata snodelin which modetng changes in onl cies drped etal prensa expect e- teeing soil nd pols ie. Ts my sound salar © Mar se ‘hoa tht economic ages ado revlon hs cones Howeve, Jen, oringtn, nd Gurl eschewed de anlar “comic cg ld bo pic changes in vale, eration amd er [estado were pat ofthe xl arson, pot erly econ change ‘Thee thea hoop mae tere of conic beneen porns tnd sain aap, prey abaaned scl hangs rather han con ss among dave and lp th dine fom Marist here. han, becnse memati theory nog there were nie ros of transient pled wo all sce soared ay ‘elle cand forage tl seats th cold der ates ignfan acto erwin of trnston sd pel ‘ence Setnich er wre underaten (Gur 1968; Feb etl 196) Hite 1973) Howevey, hey bore medrese Ie proved nesty ‘mposble worse the Inge varie fn way he woul di timate shone cenpting vests of moernon theory How do Yo deere oie vlene soiaed wih change peoples “lacs or with shang in thr eit oe pial paps, or wih “lecontnt with cone powth eve wy el exper? Toye at ‘hee nes ns lo nat wo hae read comprehen pon pling in very county in the word a ie ase rie to tho ‘reals of revlon. The ge Vsti reo wed ese exe rove for progr toward moderation sich ee) inka ‘arp, and compan, Whe hs sts i show tt cooties that were er moder had higher lee of pba lnc han omnes tharwere" mre” moder there wre tempos inerpreting irs as never completely clear what were the cal sechanins that inked changein tral eomdtons and evan, Washoe ‘dl wo were eng met“ or ct ef aid by modern progres who stall tested reslon? Or war thee ndash Te become ost deme in hive and were mor dian ‘ened wi stl partly aon nto? Perap ears had Bet do wth os rdconen sal, bt ere x mater flit con tion fo the rts of growing evonomc op the ls of epie “The Sindy of Reon feverge oer lite a the economic stare fcr changed. For the smo prt molerinion there pid ile enon 9 which es ce ‘Thiet pra groop, were mow vod confit and ha ould not Tver hoe queso ‘Srond, i was nec car thie tbe dependent vvnle ~ “pola vileoe”~ war the sue evlson. Many coors hi gh and essen lve palit wlencs ba with de porermen su ‘bing o revlon (eg, Calbia Sou Aiea he 170s ad {m0m, Moreover some revlon, sch 6 thre ani 1979 ard {he Phinpines in 198 came aoe tly ough mas Selon om ‘herepne an an street demonstration Withee Bit md md {merle poll violence produce chatsn goverment Fer ‘hormor, nome major rerlon soc asthe Mexican Revlon of {Sit mathe Ruan Revlon of 1917, all the rj po woense ecue inthe ws of 1911 -20and 1917-21, fre oregie ad Sets been nerd, teen revlon prey ced the Poll ince, han the reverse Hanngen (198) wed Ua seme revelations aoe lang prod of gueril ae in the ph Co soey bles the fal othe ol ene, wie nee eats {Sete repineeapesenent sun ope. Cleety fue othe eesf eta lence wasting very esa ul abot ‘Became puters an dams of major reohions. “Parsons ba consist Sing wae at he Be pedo of politcal lene wa set aby te presnce of rir plea ene Tether wordy sme cometer rears ofthe levelofmoderneaton treeinpiyinoe pone pacalsdencthanothere TisSding ld Inso qton the we priv ht ll cones ood be teed sin ny ifr evel of polite wens varying many scent Ieee of modesto, Instead ences ported, se inthe mock ‘modernization ors of econ ht ie coer we fen important way and reslons hese were dierent in aw dey unde thleve of lence, nd which ees ad Eowpe ete imced "The pins merged ment ery in he work of wo comparative toc solr hoes wirkcarfly rounded in CHA os con- Usa confi cre the mokersaton apron ‘Chace Tily (973,197) wen realy afer Hartington and Gun snying ta poplar content soul eve by fel nue a evoin Tnatig ihe elaborated onthe insights of Lean Trt who ba aa hinkioaiciectsaallgui ed sh Red Ary fir Len oles nthe Rasim {etude wot lian, hotly ast rie ofthe oelon ley 195) Tey eee tha poplar mise fee ‘Fito nr ead vo evolton ys if hyd be wrx, he ‘Shoe wal in reve at al ines and eeybere- A Lenin (1973) ‘tne esha orgniiton war rege chante! pope di “Cooen int pute geranes ant malin the mses for revoaon- Sty soon Tout frber lec ht nthe eure oF evan, + ‘loa! pid of ontenton eos betwen evan fees a the preening bic he ones sili eammand tos ‘Sheen sport whe teeny es einige Sod ‘Resa tar em yetin power The esto of it pai of dal is theey tte rertatn oly tbe reve fres ae bl (incest sreng and Jf the ces ofthe government ean 2 ‘laos ung “Ty (97) fonsrcted fom tc obsrvaton more formal the ‘xy of revelatory inobieaten and coteson. He argued th oly “onorguie contenders emere, cto obicing pope sper ot the pore and feng the gncment fo cota {cnn reel or Moret ight Tend othe emergence of ‘Seitcomendey tk woud nr sstomatly provide fo thar succes ‘Tht reed sn byte coments o mcs revo fore, to eye plea tay, ecomumi, ndote tones to conont {he permenant tea Only here oder ut is arc see in mod wold revlon fa, ‘Afr calnpeomoderaizion tres of revlon cme fen she wil of Baringo Mors, (195. Moore aged ht we mod ‘stir nigh be the ine ofl ain, thre een ft seer ‘Spt so moderation wih very Oireteemonic ad pol Cncomes More highighte + dent th, fund on iberal e Chon sch eee coral i England ad France» comme onde Lenn reve ch tone bt erred in Rass End Chie sl cat pty founded or xo ean such ‘hose hc ort in i aly Ne enya Mei pan "Which ah pasar ation tok depended Mar ad inom ss per of cs reli. ibe prevaing Manis thon ad i plied those cies nt lanl, exam, werk, abt etal ad slated similar cer paten of acon al socetes Moore “The Seay of Rooltons nyo tin pate of cs power and conics could vary. Ting oot ‘verge pater mong seven es, Mone shoe tha the emerging ‘apiece migrant withthe oie landlord ete in oder topes ‘Semmes and eats ac in theres, eight ae dh te ees tm overt the hodlrd and cete denecaseeptainy nil hers ‘emit ean 0 weak hit woald be verre by pla er Ison tha cet soci, Which pth county flowed dane not ‘niponite inal codons, wich were snl all ce ea 1500, Itai dependel on the preci eqnce of ren th fllwed, Where ever sred ery to epititorgatition al dependence on re ‘rage lak wl indrlon came ater, hen at abo force oul Tally erie ond cretngs common interest ela ‘rer aninfusralemployerin opposng plical onal fe sayy Lands, Thispth ot tourer revelations apr areca ae, tin Engind, Hance nd the United Sates where More the 180, (Git Wr av x even by Nother indus to oem poi Consol the national goverment Sothemplater anor) Where ‘Sgpcaltrecontmaedeory on eereeabrwnlindasalaon been, Inka wold ned ly indir drt gui 058 to tir fore leading oa comer allance that wold prevent rr thy motile rm below nd stend proce st rege, ‘Genny ay ond Japan. Finally where intr emerged ey at, weak snd igh dopendenton the nthe lnors conned contol ie Satan cored rr lair force revlaonary pare colder ‘heimain opponent of ean lenin to commis evolu tat ‘wel bth oer th indo egies sie conta of ody, 2 Rss an Chin Montes mel of verges ath-Spenden crlion lading {ern nds of eaten mated seer major adeno over both 2 ‘al hey and carer oderizaton tiie Pia, oe icorperted ‘ore re indo sce ts tnt ay lets ad oc Ute 5 0- Ibo sass (Nasi Germany, sist ay che United Soe ning ‘he Ci War Second demons tat ass ons ad lanes "wee tated and conangent oertened 2Faed Mast sew of worn Socal and pla delopmens replacing wih richer ad ore Sle wie Third he demons hat diferent inde of eoktions ado bedoingishe not nly aording other nes baal by hit erat tres, at mil jects of revolunonary cance, ret inl i en reatin sd chang sn fered fi rsteracaacy than here ha poison toa merization or cengtening of ate poner she pea ooo ‘reson By the lt 197 thes hat simpy equate sks of evan wih seasons wo moderation were in ees, THs mobizaton teary (rine crane a ey clement in ay explanation of eons a (ther Kinds foci rote. Morea al done clenge ‘plein theory by denon th nadeseng eins ree Ital of oe sor, bar had leary inc ume eng ret inde of ranisonr moder owese ation proces tracing of fhe ioral eases, and of eoy emerging revlon cots nthe Tir Worl reveled that ‘hey ha urpesngly Ue ewssteney wi ead o moeniation, ne ‘ed perhaps no relonship to moderieaon sca. The Latin American ‘vlan oftlepenenc, rm 108 0 1828, oaedia counties wth Sew operable sigs of cena o alse moderation More een, ‘hesparsst esi the Congo Zar th 190, the Sada cr ‘asta the Carton Revlon areredin tat whee mera ‘on termed oe ary Beas comets revo ound ‘oman it Cabs an in Fasern Bare ar Weld War I ocared In countries ht, compared to mow of the welt erin compared to England inthe Leo France 78, woes ute well ts "oad. The winston to modernisation pret seemed to be weak reed on which so rot ay anal of why rene eruzed ncertain Modena hors of elton hu wer coming under ft re. “Thee wa lent ned io ipron on moderation tary by bees specifing the cases of evolutionary siuaon wile ao ineocorting “lps theory of milton ane Moore igh reping te wry cerns omeomes: Thi challenge war ey the nex major sep Forward in thes of evolu, the soaker teoy of Thea Stop Saco Sacral Thary and le Crier In 1978, Theda Shp pulised Sats and Sail Revi, which vrs sme couse a dk in theta of evens. [Although sta preceled by sere ther bol tht tok somes = Sar epronh (Wel 1970; Page 1975; Eerste ITS wacom) "The Say ofReaons moe sucenfl han ny cher worn ehing the dlrs in eal Sonuy Benya the end ofthe 1970 ‘Stopol dd contin her ans of soreage inorder to improwe on the ccaryfer theory and covers mumtr of tne lem oh ea Somry pox She cheseto foes onthe get socal revelations ame, ‘he French, Resin, and Chinese revaaions. She then compared he os ith other cua of le extensive ole cea ebony ‘ange the Englah Revlon the Gorman Revolon of 1848 the Prat Refoem Movement ap the Jpunese Mei Reoratin Shp the inied her methodol and theca range She worked lot avi by comparing histori nae, and focosed on reas tothe chen of any other Kd of oil poe or ellie ston ‘Novetces within chs boas, sh was able make powerful adance ‘mesplring new orhereoforeunsppressted) amen of he reason ty proces and in resting theory with fr greater comependenc 0 ‘he bcs ofthese grates than wef by ay modern sed hrs, ‘Shops ste, following teed of Wileratin (1979), wo ake rderetion en of te initdnalcourtry and move et the wold ‘emeasa whole, Shocpol age that it war nthe pac of modern ‘hone iin country that dared paisa maby rather as ‘eraser military and ccanomie competion beeren ste dierent Ices of moderation thn cated dealing peace A regime that ‘ed militar remore or eamamic competion from ghar ate sa more adanced level of dolopment woud have a choice Br #0 ‘eek teense ts wn rsores by eesrcaring financial {nd economie pen In Slocplt tes cighcenth cetary France renee ont wadeandeslores rm are advanced rt aris Raa ‘rar overled by Gnnan mary might and Chia had to del with "oo seam of imperaeneroes rom Barogesn powers nd Jaan ‘Stopol pointed ott ate nti station enenntred estan ‘orc fom power ites in oan coun his coni oul ugg "pol rst and precipi revlon. Ody itermnonal rosares Ind eaind lege beat om pie tees feel. Ang is ewlemapt mace revonary Una corespnd ter toaere con ‘Shine acing sats ad atthe some me eed rele the corundeas ‘ese ty ndenzaon there tha fais enon neal change ‘Stace secon nation wast ight the confit between ate ner a county polite od ecnomic tc, Prior revlsonarySS —————— . otdone he ma oes len x it hme ae a ea SoS inate Ee wet med sem Se 7a nen rch cn oi lh ae et eigen oP Sr ac tl cn ws ‘noc ee ie ae cnt ern en ser peg sp ot ste eto ent oly he ciel sn cnet eee eae pt nah apne re ‘re a ttt stir ho a reat catepnil recht EER otha pm tors ecg ‘squats were nice ene eee ln nears koe Coes st ay den ore sa cn ah nr ng por fe nla «te ns pein sc sgt meth id Bo Gsm rset Fl Tah mnen eee pa ech elt Seay ae wep sheng fn nce SENT snag ns eee ln Hor Seale eon se cs eo pan ie oe re ccs eg cn monn eh on SESLchet ia rg men em es eae ae cay Foe ore ce cpa pom ern Se neh Ser ue ey co aching el pa pee td eet ery ny ot enon oan Nip een we rrp tl rue rm ve sera tarps poeta ‘Sesame plop er eee ‘unseen rien ey neg a mor Seely oem ol pans ee “Te Saye Reelin tocol dd ot ret with an ass of he came of revlon, She erie consider the arin in outcome She aged that sce ‘Shute io contd ones Whe the sources ef weal in he ‘eon were widely dperaed (oh lanl dp, and axle {ehsmens), no evobsonary rime our ol of he coy Teh conv eons wood prods new rine that pte wie eopery ain Eland inthe 10a ranein 189), Hwee, ‘thre Inara hd prod rest concent of economic ower inthe shape of rg ctr cecal power grid sb aoa {rey regime cul (nt ily wou ie tow rercet ine de or power, cating comma eg wth the goverment exnanding the esaomy. Her diferencia he lee of meen tne dienes in evn oncomes rexpectiog Moore hes heincrpraing ena hot io a aconseofrevelusenary Gutcomes rer hm nee ‘Shopathte corer feos cae ant her account of vices apered to prove spl and ent ion ote prob lems pir tery. Bren hough be covered ol aii of exe se ‘scceefalylominned pew elemens inna resi nd ate CHieconces~ happened toe wide plist ote ees Her ‘uesmertfinadeston ne ofneraiona cope ncn ‘sin on outcomes seme fr mae accuse than the eis of pior meri ares of tle ‘Shops rpment hte had pil a eof ec aad ul sie coins x scl eves dl ot os emp on homing ht ‘howe cur nee pest it het jr ens nds te of Sec fe sown (Nicole 1985), her usin ft ate mt ental with ree temo, Where France and Cin fed mae level of tern fl restr rong reastance change om ome ete, Rais fend ere hgh evel of press in Wer Wir ph cugh 0 {the goverment even with very weak reac fen dosti tes Shocpal gated ths her agunent sta he bad enti common acho ta, vas combinations, pred the major elton’ ‘tier toy bot ber nd common (Sheepol 198). Took oe ing and engrnce tig. he a Jemonstraed hat these Storr aed eel he mr or an pe Stops sas hey beam he dina theory of e0- ashe dvds the enseth cotey,Yrat 3000 waeees publied he shone wa challenged by new emp ret evlusonrin Iran and Neragn in 1979 the Philippinen 985 {nthe communi oonries of Eaer rope nthe Soviet Union el sew quaonr about the eases, proces and otcmer of reolton “The IaianRerohin son generate debate onthe aplay ‘of Shoepl thot (Soxel 1982) The Hania sate wader he sh, fr fom beng presiel Uy eompetion fom mare advanced at, a the tom power and advanced sae the Pen Gulf ein ed ‘he song and commited spor of he weld leading sperpowe he United iter. Yer the sbbs ovement aonetiles provoked he op ‘Son of merase ofthe aan ter Whe here were ecnt {nd poleal eens or this oppron amar ole wa clear aed by elo conic, pei berween dhe be aruning of Weer feaon andes dfeg ronal Isami praticer ands Skcpl ‘hear allowed no ole fr such eso oats at es gat evulos re nt made bt cone a eal exter atry or ec. ‘omic pessre Ta Tn, the rovlation id appear to be mae by te pponton ab the ae rss eed to ean ond the aan of ‘nope mosed conics (Karan 196 Kae 196; Pa 20), ‘Storpol theory felony nbn lo began sem de. ‘eninligh ofc eens Th aan Revlon have psn eral, ‘whether ar-led or sel anvil rpanaon ‘The Pine Revolution so ad ne peasant ea orate, dhe revlon pny ‘tatorpnzed rl cebelion lay ie or no roles ding the ttn ‘Mucor rm power Ino ram an th Phineas orerabelingy ‘rh protestors wo provided te popolar se for he reveaion (Goer 1982) fing aenton aban ew ade cleat tha Shop had rerhapeonderetinaed che inporane of wn roe in be cs of France nd Rw, whee the cal erent in Par and St Petron ‘ere downplayed relate vo peat revolt, Urten revel wae even oe Udenbly he story of popular ete ia he oerdvow of communion. Tee peste angard ates nora tee oral organs sere topleysmaoeraei popular moleaten Val sponaneoe pote ‘nLepig Prague, anl Mewconeupting mle mere than pba {or protn, ren the commis eine lo the ea 0 srs ‘hea snd cllped(Oberchall 1; Opp Ver and Germ 195, Urban, Iprun and Marois 197) Tl, Spl theory of roca constraint on rsa oat ‘come seme napa of Seng wih he emerpent sn vated pater “The Saya Revlaone of svlonary change Jn Metal (1996) hs exabliake at for one tf Shoxpolccal aes, che French Revlon de ky omc fae ‘Shing feds wis oe theresa of srt oppostonebereen the ‘momrchy inrese ad tha ofthe eoltonary ee athe prod ‘on onerging intercon beween bres of pes protean efor by {Be reelasonary ete to ropond and ant This el to ware or ‘ughging atc on elit prieges than ether the es lites ha Sean or forsee in ly 178 “The noon of rural conic on oetcomes wat ala ith she wean oatenmes of revlon nthe 1970 199 sd 19 Inn, revoltnaries creced an Manic rept Ta Nicaragua revlon bla state th respected and preserved priate propery, {nd whee the vanguard Sandinista Pay suendeed wo emo tine Ite Pippin, eolon ao Ted to democracy, a id 0 ern Europe a the Ble tas Yet in Rass and mos ofthe oer Set scr site demaraywos shaky o bent a even hough Al de sats had» igh cere of conceston of modern indies, ‘nowaemptd cent fee market economics and ua me ona pened the ideaand programe ofthe evlonary reenter ‘Eoninesapaesrctral conan wee dct the pater of oe [nowy onomes (orn od Gein 193; San 19% ‘Dai hese dfn scholars id not guy abandon locpals sec perspective The key insight rep the importance of ‘Sentinal aoe and stie-tes confi ened sand een the deaf recent evens dept somes om he pte of Sopa. boreal eae. The wetent of paar potest, was ied out le eended wo incorporate bun protests. Thos scals worked to es- teed Shpall pepe wo coer arty of adel casing Ten and Niaragus Pari 190), anticolnial evolons (Gooden ad Socpal 195), and gueela wars Lain Ames (Waa Crowley 9) ‘Nenetcles, the defines inthe soci-auctarlaproich grew snore sparen, xpecl withthe callapr of cammunat rene In thse ‘iy, pele ental ca othe Soviet Unio, strana ear at one con een speak of confi ervecn sate ler and lien since there ‘reo independent economic palit elites utd the souctare of The commun pary-tte Rather was eager te prey ett ‘sori agi era atone of he mayan peel ete, tht eo he fl of he Sve regis,New comparative sates of eon herelne peed ht epi ‘in ations way om Stop’ specie acura try west now porting many ofthe meno her apoach fered analsex Stace ange sale revo in Earp the Mie Est and As om 1500 co 1 (Golson 190), whieh aged hr ye ‘recreated ie sulfate were lea wetkeed by “Moreoes, pind out tht merely having cnt beeen sas ant ‘ler eed an rode eon rong ate cold eeroome top poston whe estat were fi wie agains the tae cou singly [eto chnge nro fre. ewes ely when ces thems srr sere ded over how wo met Ure remarry. evoonary ess wou ces "As, whl Soc eg at the rues away ad ess renin te cts han ad ral ons lly ha oo ‘ect ecomicoportnies tae ce ing unemployment od falingealwagee made workrsopentorevelatenay mlz ar villages shortage af land ad eng nd et sil Ses pens {o poet nae, Marco fal epaiaon o echet popir Son, whether en vanadate communal gait, “fesnotahayr near. What rtrd ws a opr rope sw he Sate 8 wnebly and were pomped By elites alin for change od lamin Ut War noon Popa gous cul he alle wie trying aia neers ilps narod, workplaces oe ‘Spada gop slo congresbons to Ria fr prota con. ‘Werk by Gena (199), Gold (1995), One (1997), Para 200,208 PEE {0986)madeitcler dot noone form ef eral orPnitason waned or Protermelileon; rather idee fal ninformalnesers nl al re Perape the mnt sian ape of tis comparion of mae European veers and Asan tebaans was ie deowntation of ¢ Aleen puters of sae wns than wou Bae bern pied 8 Shoo tery that nermonal presses fom mre adaneed 15 fon weaker rates proce she ral restr lading to estos, Jnsead reobone and major sblions arose Exrope al Ai ro 1500 to TAD scared i mater with highly vied levee of capi developnent, sos oe of both igh and low lneraiona conics, ‘i waves Oat fled the patter of popalaton grow an decline fever tne cents rom 150 #0 1650 population incrne, nd {rove of evuonay operas grew en he te 1505 othe 16 “The Sy of Roane . Bape, the Ottman Empire ad Chia. Frac 165010 173, popu tion rom cole and eons were redeem consinaons {wiped ire conc Bat fon 170 to 1850 popaatin Teennet ad geeary eons hn spread cos Brope ‘le ie Es snd hina nthe ne ghee cetay wo the 9806 Su 18505 Stewing how populson owe cond afer the hey eck ‘ins of sete a elte conic sel poplar ware alm a ea aon ofthis wave pater arr tre eur. nation, extended (he cnerage of eveunnry toy tome ess fs reason sach {2 vein vo she Drom Ep and the cle ofthe Ming Dyna. "Te sacral sof Slo theory of olor otcomes at sora reviny sl poted eon night of ese canes The es ee “heen Erop and he mr even Asam bate er so ‘Smo and pli ng thy allo le 6 uni tts Shanges ein zope, thse changes were on companied by major Shit vale ands cudemoaton of the ol repme as oben and in tel efweplacnen Ait these changes were tly aecompanid Tale or avs i aes nds condemaaton of he ese mainly foes oie op orion ales and eal Tbrefre argued dees otal xin le cold not ecto or he illerent ‘hrs ofrevoltonnymtcoey her the fevladorrytealown ‘Pine teres knoe igs Bd ston in which the new ‘Gace leneship buch oaring howto pees and bow {ore th soil an ita rer. The dole he pew rel ‘onary rope can hese be deve i determin he econ a Treaty ofthe posrevohsnary Sat "Ths terse Shc ppc har conaued the progressfthe tony of revlon Te range thiol eases covered row ranged om the ss sats efEaope to the prem empes of the Mie Evan Chins The lems of te revoutonay pros were noe fed to ne iterssbonlpresres, sai, eit oa, ide age of popular prove nd metalation, wnerying open Jrunure once and coneinaon between potion es and pop ‘Sept to proce revelaonary statins 2 well the pol role (relomey isope i giing oteomes, Cmepndenc oe [pial cen canine toimprove varus deals one cons, oe Tanti, tnd poplar ston col he gronndel in evolutionary theory “The sy of he tiny to Preah eplanton fr he ave ternof eons srs Basin the te pind period was poly sing ‘Stacy emphas gn international fcr ho opened he way fr 3 Inj ar of esearch inching works by Eaten (982), WS (1990), aly (199), Amazon (1983), snd Syd (1999) sowing how the igi developmen aod eacemes ef naar eolatons mere fee Uysetrnstonal Fre no esol eto rong ss wee fcr by eoltons These sas hwe tht internal eee ‘elions cnsane eoltnary tome. They ali showed as {nd shits in nero nents were highly Hkly ol evel ‘ons since evlonry rene tne to dtnce mec no ony ‘om ld eine domes pole, ror tenella Mice ar wel ‘etd tether ofrrlations remain warighy rob lente apply Seely apeon ok femdom fora tureasrces tothe Feo in Eaem Pups ad the ‘Sore Union wherethelatofadtonal agro coos nies spolied While Tn cad fora xa lea eloy in guing ele. ‘Sonar enters of rato fe sel at elo rut he gens ar rater ae he ng of rol n shay "he oppetog and uiding eolsonary mabiaon Senll 183 Foes 199, Sein 1995; Tmitbaye and Goodwin 1994, Kate 1997, Mao sd Snr 199) In par, hey noted th secre scm re {trtoolinleraeslxerhip sd consios doco aking ybthers sd eoltnaric my hve ben os, Shep eed that Leni peste designs fr opamann in Rss cold ot be plese. Yet har etibew go fram cha obnrvaton to tcereng if ani de ‘ionsand ations were whol selena tothe delet and nto ‘fhe Rosin Revlon Seven schol tereoretriak ino ‘eas of made rections tt demensrsted he lay role of elo) {nd eaesip ample stage in evalua proctor (ain 195, Fa 197 Goodin 197, Kat 1997, Pare 208), Final nenely prt line eorngmgerding teva nt evoping smog polio ces ume theory ko led ae tl choje whoa) Intend of sadhing empl cats indo ea ‘hose amit reed formal mathematical smicer hos igeeashead to mindy the ches fed by acs in reson sits Oh ‘he iil oqolaon of se formal mos este at sevens ‘houldner happen tll. Olson (965 and Till (1971) showed ht or “The Say of Revolaons snyinvieal wo cmteapatedjeiningin seolasonary aon the ud eof peter tht he ose fe were nor quite consider {ie whl hirer coneiboson othe aces of th pote ely Stal Ini, for mos indian thd omen ws vo most cht the omeome for soiery- wheter or not che revit scree wold ly be the ne wheter the joe or neh, foray nh, thelopeal incense were sromly infor of 0 jing revelations ote inde faced sania ik Br were uly to change Neoweame, “Thi ards of llectv action ws eld wo show a mir defiency in sociale thors of revelation base on stay of are ele onal ‘eonay ajar, Wtbot sowing bow the proc of ellie ouwaronreme, ronal ce ort accsed sooo heise Of oflxing short lacked slid foundations in nds baron (Wiser and Heche 1990, ‘Orr the cour ofthe reas cenrary comparan ito is ofecletons hid mde eoomnwe ren enhng Ue coal pte ‘ln the jor penal revlon in epaning ter ing end thar eneomes, Ye fr alan, he ocr ape wat oder sore ale Extending Soil Seruceral Aprende: New Perspectives land New Caer Achat happened ee when recon theory based on CHA war fenfrnsed wh ne ep and teats challenges sche have {dived to new sc of revlon and remained done While {ston so00 to ena «now demoam perpen 0 eolons, he ‘ding bos for dat ew perspective asad apateat. Oder he ‘rss sich a Golson, Tilly Obeschal ad Opp ad younger sho ‘such Foran, Goud, Lichaek, Goodman, Wieaae- Crowe and ve wed onal ie anaes ot pie toi a ay xt ew pris for uadentnting x al oder rnge of reolonry ‘et gin wt he challenges pose by ational choke theory: Mack Lilac (995 haste he ayn owing how the clive setion pb Jemcanbe overcome, Heh ened oer donn diferent mens tyr whch oppontem goape can oct peopl t an reotioaty ‘rement onien with iol non. Wether Cough contact eee eee Fre: Colne ‘nective prior commiments, oF exerci pressing subi ome ‘dala, option movements heres ary of tok wallet Pre ‘pote raltion Th keys appracher iro ree that, ‘donot make blaed cas sbowt wheter or not to jon resoltonay rotary athe ea nal ce thers gpd Rates nda {ome to soca inteacon aed bol op newb scl onneton tod obligiions Tis nugh fling on thee extant nage and com ‘tent tat reolsonmy mobilen cars (Opp ad Roch 190, Galdeae 19M; Goad 195). Hower, frmal mode alone hve not heen pesaie tla. “Teng of thre moder inthe cent of eile ase sais ing ‘Got icing to demons congrcnce withthe prediios of roa ‘hice mods wirequredocomnce nao eon of thee ‘fentooal choice preaches Ser 196), These cae sides have ocd rian om Faster Fuyope (Opp 198; Karan 1991, 1995; Obese 1994; Opp Vos, ad Geen 995 ond ve shown that ac oblaon snare w sri!” resporse 10 3 presed need oppor iy to poet pint and ener he connie. Howser ot ‘Opp (199) har aud i apprench ed desl "il r- aly chin cae dy nigh of the determine of ple Bon aking in hoe pacar se, 0 supplement th “thn ality ‘ae fal modes Inde many lending geoponents of pling" "onl choice modelo understanding pel change ow ep fe Utasynteve peach, ingame mara ta one se ‘Eom bth ronal cheap nde ana of speci ira es (Gamera. 1998, “ater rain which ese tas of revlsionary proces are end Ing ith wrk in adj eds elo oink eloonaty they wth theories of seal movements Ae Meda, stow nd TH (197) 3d (Goldson 1986) hve pointed ot, ese sy aati sacl mocement(eg, McAdna 182 andl evlaios went coe smi so cyionad proceso protests elton So Shamonemen tery anand ht rte novemene arse when ee endisons wee cojsined (1) plies oparaniies, ich are boot lpyste wees or elite cous) stv mebilation eters ring on essing scaling or ranizations; and) cogive framcnoet shoring te need fer an lective of poe, cated By Jeaders who "eae" he ned for potest in yrs elegy Tom 198) The St woof thee sons went lead pa the “The Sey of Reels shear of revolutions. The la condi, Helogy, ely nel 0 be Ioghe into eles thay “Phe eof ogy, Homers xem comple nd il bing capered, Sin (999k x compare set of ee sais of me ain American evans (Bolla, Cbs, Nierago, nd Grea) as ‘ued ht eology inked wo leadership, si hole lender ‘benled both wo pie rvlatonre crooph persone Meloy amt {0 bul and mann eons instons. Ung the apres of “nonstngderpnce ong cer tae ppese arin tof ak ‘hon Sense ha only in Cb were rly anf Intsos bth nscale and coolio eee xs ‘ithe revoloonary gin were versed othe reoloony eine all filed etecomeinsittionined,Slin showed th sacl heres ne stale yo sccount for this derpece, and thatthe efecsenes or Tick of ete) of Ienershp i easing 2 ion Foc om ‘evlony gels and ling nose plement te et {o dtm eoktonary ntmes Fran and Goodwin be fer ‘Shown, conparsen of evelaionayomcomes i Nar sed In, tthe emergence of democratic hres nd economic change restrngly fete ip “dh forme pola lear within the ‘vl olan i able to eae hol om ste power a he overt ofthe dried the seo vison of he Rew evlniony ledership® (1993, pp. 210-1) "Auer of schol Be alee compare cise ais tne terol of slo i the origin af eos Fora (197) and ‘Witham Crowley (1992) hve aged hast ll sce main 1 tock of slg of pretest oe rebeion Srm pcos Wi) 20- ‘Yor and chat eveabonay lender nado pinto hese menor onl egeriencs in thor om soir ncomtset pera ad = ‘rath ogi of eben. Web. Crowfy (990 Fora (19973), End Ess 2A hae agued ht is eos ta provide esa or anes beeen elites ad pople gros Calhoun (1994 as farther Prine on tht Melis cry acne ent a group erm Then, which bel ssi an orate the ace ewok that mobi: rope freon ston. Tees ha elope ly so may a El les in revoltoary proces hat thet frag Melogy fag reveonary theory st begining “The pr challenge oredr thor toscana encompass ‘he mejor evoinions fhe te twentieth ent iading enol,ott tional, pd ander reolons sich those in Cabs ea, the Philipines ad th farmer cmon eines Herero eos f= lation have made signin ores, wih flrs by many scl to ‘sopplewih ler on of ene Foci (1997), Wie Crowey (192), Gown 2000, Goodin nd Shp (198, and Gldstone, Gand Msi (191) hve a Shown that moder revlon share camman fetes wih the her evaliions in agrarian monarch and rnpres Moro tne Kates sree red od ont in hess poachers ee ‘Resse rb nrc confics and popular mobiation rea hy onponentsinthe doleen: ofreehonay ation vena deen Tepes Howere dae bod factors ool tobe maid gin scare correspondence withthe events ered revlon anda tedeto he aed for idsogy a wl AM aph these share to "lng degree in eging the ors enpertan to moder rvs, thay dono apes preity ic condos sul comprise ore ‘freon theres Titeroatonl prewar fr ample are nt sfcienty deere in ‘ermsofitermatonal mary or economic competion nce de reeforeign meron and sppor or wheal of spor a ‘onanon In Cn lay Nicaragua the Pippin, he pte or "al US opp fodiens lowe by etn or witareval Support comtibted theatres of revkonary conics ali bm Sider 19, ‘Steers abo noteely poem of ates rnning it i ge stance t ef n moder ses, the rebtionsip beeen ran lisse quitevaredFitstmay ps rer bra of arr pace se, problns neconmie detlopnen, eloson fom pi power ela of progres on rons gly, Godwin (19%, 2001), Galnone (0998), Wicar- Crowley (1920), and Sipe (1990, 2 bing ‘he hy work of Dix (1985, 1985, have argue that oe ype of tater Sctorsip~ the personas or neoptimildcatersip 0 which ‘inl nal bar ama rent pme and gilt loyalty say Oy ‘lepers favor and poston it pec uber snl rey ‘Sone This Hind of epne can appear ute tong when the orb toe ites sonal sd depends set wn com ‘rnteronal piel rears weaken the tater iyo cnt the ete thee ae other eae entire er is ‘egime Such regimes can thr fal wth marta wifi when hy “The Sey Reon Jee lie suppor In aon, becuse the ator eo estab orgs ‘tno tons neni and mini opaar appr, he Feprenion ofthe poe and altar ete cn ally exp enous pop UGtroppatin fhe epee inten pat wena or ening to deen he gine. This pene af copa regime colle a8 leiden te eosonin Cbs (198, Narags (1979) an an (Q979) a was epect nin fread sn dhe Phin (988, Innes 1 a Zar (1998) Incomes, cars ink 0 nd singly spore by parc poap be heal, land les indo, or pols pry onion, 6 more ble "The soy of moder elton ha ako howe Siete con fice are near so crete conden Geshe to reve, 8s evotomry theme generally rye cosas cans inks ‘Sean pu rope orn 992,197 Pas 20 Goodin 001. ‘Thr partlay ro where revleonry movenen tke te for of peril war pi ihe gonemment For sack more 0 sac the Foal gels rs fd aes among ees and wan rp heres ‘hey remain ltd ip rl rebalion (Wikhnr-Croney 191, 192). “Kbelarshevedemuasysed ehateen the clap of oan gies a be broup ithin sh scpe of eaanary hear. a aa of the cle ofthe Sve Uno, Kha nd proes rating to Soman tt the role nal tern and eqnce ra em pie eo tne Goldeone 19980). neoatonal compere maar snd emnomic rene fom se West oghsfacon af Sve lites ad by Nba {Garichev to sec myo fora in the communist epme (0s ot pees). However by he hse loom occeed bacon: ‘Son in Sve ccnomigromls ad lendy weakened the tate ay Frode conaed employment provement a hgher ng nda [Eri popltion. ln aon che ation of poesia employe proce lrgnmberof edad cs (echnical) wheal degrees ‘owes kn te callarjob nd exten pola orecnamie Teancanert fils saped pe tha fied cle bo were ded {hades over ste obey 04 pbs fei mob aineos Jeng, song wh eons pollution al ineicent heh coed dn products marked ern ne evga ce he id= 19th Hah and safety concern were parcary song thre ae withthe mont palling so dangroa acre dines: Urban rows miner ur been rar sors f poplar nbn pat“The technical lites atm work and mines sw Gorbachev Sonn 24 oppo ot neey ofa bt on coment tl ver fie nd eames They opposed the vei ‘en lel by Bows Yen in Ra and by oer ans ees nthe Tals, Canoes, acd Cental Asan Soe eps psd fr the cd ofommunit cnt They lemons hi proce nnatioea pes state wena, ete conic roses cals mang ‘hte referers and poplar groups cing eyes Iing coins and ‘logs of ebelon manag national tt nied rime op- ponents a inspite vebetion = ae presly thse found in oer Wajor Feoiions Asa connote, gpd ht tn most other ‘lusonssragsls for poe would Hk consnue, ad in he sbance of Teaer stony ommedt emi —an abenc len oat mer omit reper cept fr few in Enter Europe and he Bales ‘horsy ano yt devel, hatee he hopes of Wester i omens and wel wishes "Good ina compas xe aly fhe scm re ‘hms in Eaten Eaope fortron that difrnces inthe ‘roy those cvitonsunfled releded ieencs in sate scare Romania reeion ast the pepsin Cespescerpine a tnt ie the sdien aod lent overt of exer ese dc ‘ors wh eed resstince pu py he communi reiner in Er ‘Germany and Caechvakia ean that beens nfl more ‘ol prota movement A New SymtbesieFonsng om Case of Sabir, While ese efor have swe ow revelations tery canbe mode cd and plied to enn modern revolotony, they hare sl eee ‘heen prilen i the compe ta ase rg the exes fof tory toner move es Inte course ofthe llr he ea Tar pa of setihng short and content of exes lead evo seca to ve been lt Fr exaple, whe sate weeks (ecru reece a conden of revolt, whet a the comes tht produce ta soni? Sears have enumtraed such ‘sess mila dle compassion, economic downtu eacere ‘ated or fsa ran longterm demogrpic perc unern or ‘sexo coon deropment ssn om cla powers roe: metisapyrt rer Spurr om reosrorsaomalse pine, ‘eS of Reon orig terse hie in ate eure Je to changing export or ingore pice, ee cones, erate or exe fepresn by lr ‘fs eosin standard for oman ih, ad Hare ares for eher nc rere Gnduing cartes, foods and dios), ‘iho tro revluson having pec the me cates Sal ina ‘te confice my arto fom she dvs, pial exci, ste Scone te vrs pula group, elo visions, canes oe = toro or exonene Jelpment ar sien sce roby Unt ro fhce no ete spats thar undermine the consi of esig te ‘anes short, fs Boome ote ic wo lk end he “condos” of ceaton such tater oe lector cores store ‘owes Theva simply to dere nd vary to rare ae, to sere m the foundation fora general hea Moret, there se lawton thatthe uing of rovoluioes ar emergent property once {reoltonary anton ns begun, the cons and decir esd ulnar une fre evo Certain mechani erst 27033 ‘ena sao (eA, Tow pd Tay 2001) pope mo ‘late, lenderbip Heslop ming, building coe la clon, tonteating sie wih massac yt they ay Salon der neways inden exes. Tha, spy stg cao fr revo ‘eonrtells how runs denop, beer thee condos cmbine {concent diferent aye For eal Rosy intaete confit ws no portant ‘World War Iprodacedscoligiofthe tars mata Lent and Dy lealenkp snd mliliaton of worker then pore nt nthe eng inti voplesfor comto fhe posta sete In Ira, by contra erty wasneverweakenel yoko confit Rather net nfs pecipined preesteve the sae oars alin ‘rsh the United Sten there rte then eto ote cnaraned US. Thppor ands Secon by te sha tary to with fom defend Ing the hh again rue opposiion In cher cae olin ders ‘hrophguerlawars insillohes trophy prcefil ikenae rote A lis of teens of revinon har on set cape the rely ofthe eraltcnry pos n which ena tos oc ile ‘combination and emp pen, nesting withthe Jone a ‘sn revo fo prods ried revluanenyjetnies The ‘Horsf coli oachere preter aecorcyinunderandng he cnt ‘elon na inesingmumer fc Us apes ve sneer dadCottons the expense of pasiony and geneity (reer sad Tee 1970, 205). Ths ently sggetel (Godson 201 » way otf this inpase ly ting the problem of reelainary cation around. Theorie of ‘elon hae gency proceed on the msumpon tha tts ae + ager of wyrto oper normal batho only smellnd parca ‘stofeonitoareucely rapivto produce revlon Homers, tore tena cary of empirical vents and iveigaons now gfe tty not bead open thae sage arey fever ae oe, in vrions combions, in profacog ier rates of revelotonry ‘tions Ths, sed of tenn stb 8 wnproblemati and pig ‘pase of condos that ed wo revolt, Ihre ag hat wey Ueber served by testang tb ase problem pl eng elton thereat of the los or undermining of the conisons that mana ‘big: small number of cndtons ey in et be rea toa ‘at ali, lle many diffrent combinations and ptr of ene ‘Shundermin thaw condton ln tose ew The leer ‘rps this happen il generat deren njecoiesIaingSo vaos oconer and once: of pot snd rvolsoon "The conons or iy sem ly ena enmerted by berating fron and inverang the mach loner at of evens condone They tte) males or tang organs) tat re widely perce a Doh ‘fete ad) cle tse nied sad oy the eine on) pl group tht re slet secure heir cuomay tana fining {ree manner Sater tar met these condone ae rely ste the ‘ore ater shore of meeting tee cndon the oe Hey hey ae ‘© aperene confi, protest, and eatin, ‘Depreres fo the condita fr stbliy ten cre stations a ‘hich ecto lenes can baw mobi opposed rl to plan dee roponse Te decison ad scons of rls pd eel ‘nas, he parc elite ceavags and group tht are mote, the ‘ese Melo wel wo genente spor ad internal rence them genet the vane the pater of protest and ree that ‘ee cnene some ang sel ware some oan the rd Cols of ete, sme onurang i meopaimonal tarp, me ‘one pry state some in ermecace Byfocung on the lor undermining of onions of mab ec Sionay theory cn allow much peter scope fr dani proce ch [ener mbit, nd decion making y rulers and revleomary “The Say of Revlon ngonets nt forthe interplay ofthe roses to ary oer ne In lion specfing codon for sity allows te enomons ange of {rete concret factor shown to be porn in revlutone~ ith ‘lay or eronomi ules, ures to wphal repous or natok tales or exe o nent reprenion or rpms to de, {Sm # Kw =o lay + ole without having to soc the se oto ‘somal or being vale nl relatos Ine wy he mpeie ‘ex speci by Sopa ~mitary esr that nerines sate fe ‘ren eaters tude cl tad ppt or the vig communal oration ing more oneon eer an rene theome ply one parc eof condon undermining ste sabi “The demogrphie precores ad noedin ate pendula and she way ht proali diaoshps may deinen fetes o = Sele loyal sins besore spies sou under the reader ‘hoo of eine stability. The leecivees af the We regan tat let the Net evolution edhe wettest Chinese imperial cr ‘Heels comr-counsy dion seventeen centery England nin the ‘elm cooeretve Hos nthe Corin Py of he Soret Union Inthe ate went eters the pact of demographic premres nd of ‘nmerclved prcalare on pent ros mead space all ca be rough ino = cammon famework of tas tat ermine second fone fsa stain, When ll hee of awe conde of ay are ‘imataneoa lt, by whatever meas,» eolonrysuaton the king ack Weber view frelon requiring the nin sionals of ew alae the proce and cotame f revelations ‘hen ke comapeaied aan ongoing lr recat he condo of ati Retusonay Inder ve eclogsal args and mobi ‘oscuelte por forthe reolton, whe bling rong sate ‘ten wo pin fecvenes for he ne evens regime Seeing ‘sable orca exienc forthe poplaon safe he ox dia to ‘dn comet ad norma wo exe erent popu proce at pu ofthe revlon poss Indeed he ial ofebuiing stble nna ipl Unt evolaonry sus wl fen ast fox yeas of ‘ren fr deca and hte fal of he lepine wl genera ia ring oct popu prosper, le loyal ao effete ant jus gorerance Sanchcanbe 199) ‘eiroa ea toallif theory bed on anions of tail wl rove sheto singly hereof revelation whdlecompreending aera ok festa cinerea oktGotbcome csesad pec ofthe prose of eons, Hors tapper promi: Ing, ar the range of exelent work dodo elo om elton in ‘nspainaal ies, gril asad on the cole of eomms seiner eo thay harappears well on sy tome ‘erent halen, ‘By focsng a interationlpesre, sae weaken cone ice, come-cne coon, prea regimes, deals of ebelion, ttleation never popsar ving sansa revesocay lead ‘ip, CHAS of reolon have moved toward » common explanstry Irameworkconeing centering fom the French Revoloton othe ea Lic ofthe Soviet Uni, Thin fameworthas itso einai he fathers facili tery, bt ie cntnnaly deve oer ine in ‘eps new event eying to inorprse ewes 8 ions ‘En ofthe evolsonry procs, Tere end onto itp ct, we shoul be les that por tant fre challenges orerlonary sais emai. Along eee Ing iceman the ole of omen and ender es rl ‘on ar yer ob adel shale (Moghadsm 1997 Teves 199, Winscrer 1999) Although stil hace hears ere some ad cs 9 mathematical formieston of evoknary procs Wily ‘ected. And although thre ate bomising sar (Sea 190; Goodwin 1997, scroll there of ean stil ned to be seni wih acl pyohlogcal aries findve Rebi Ari any ral eld ‘rear father ones best, Kwledge Accomaion nthe Sy of Reoltions Tn th soto, wih 0 mma ely soe fe By dings ee ‘toed by scl wg CHA rearing revlon, lie el be ‘ident athens cold nox hate Bsn nce by ay eth ds other hn ae proces tracing nd conacnce tno Sstete Korea cae Compra Coston (CHA of revlon ha shown shat here single eof eonary and ‘ficient ae th ind allrevetions Rater, revolutions ae he reslofs conju ofan aa stream, andthe ype ad evel Ineo revluon depend on he pei cembmaioo ma components “The Say of Relat ‘nthe cel areams. The key w undestang clas of ao of ‘ghia a endo revelations that they inv he estou faster ees in sxe ate emma over es ye niyo oopetation issuers popular cepance of uli aaanty tor cei te pideges replaced by aie reject, "An coco range of eve and conins on conibute to ech eajunetre, Aco vared ss, schol te Meni at eae, Snprtant al ofthe fon aterm itary essre on sate = caelth and eecnenessdemiprapc pene’ on agra exowaies {nd wan suse reranent citation teaming om polis ‘cison by personal dicts te and pope aenson dew suikng repression o ural and Feliious devin yee epee unc downturn dses that no onl ing ese poplar ‘ares bt are psn a cated or exacerbated by the rept dee ‘elpen of ero claeor malls cits of soy te Spread ‘cooling Wolo of oppetion rooted nna rls, of ‘he despre and poplar eral ims he emergence of ndrhip ‘at bathing sa propmateay ete ad meta met ‘works, wheter onl infra ha dew on personal Se gro laos forge ppoional denies "The completo te precefig ht ineparble om he cote fhe evens collie revlovons However tis desea they aes compere empnntion oven yes ur aa By sberacing fn concrete rer, sh tose ene ‘lin the preceding pargraps and oesng on nore gene eotons ‘haindat the clap ote, we cin ave atte flog ae lve ey conto ha mat arse rs reohonary piso opin? 1, Acris of tae ashy in whi dhe sxe is widely presi ‘es nd pale rou both neti anuj 2, Aeshofeerelansipin wich lies bene dd ested, {nd polar ectone a apecover hw orci ‘ako 3, Keni of populrwelfe fn wich ean andor rl gop ad i ict msinain ther cutomary saad of rng tog omened cs. 2 Tuc cp ih oe sin ery an nf ged (bine hana Pa een Oo Wr 4 Ktiieic SBNGodne 4. The emergence ofan ete-popur nlition tac the autos ofthe sete 5 Anidcloy of opposition ta hinds ete and poplar ropa thie ‘stack onthe cores, ues thar ata ab agp alentve toc Wie the presece of anyone o sever of thee condom can le toa pitiless ar pest belo ean tingle eval ‘rcp orl wa olf fhe cons seem tobe rogue for ray rey in Prac nd Oxeomes One of eos crcl igh of CHA of eosins the need tp nae leat th dy fergis, poceses, al oneomes of even: “The cal rp of evenness audit ‘ety of reine = nea with pi candor 4 with scons by Sets oppotion grea tnd interacts robe cone nd regenerlesonary proce ofan formato, realtomy ‘acti an confor deol ren. These procs a r= ‘ony confer for deeds before sable ose eschewed. “Thaconcome nt bighiyontingenton the parades con ios delgin and epee tht eee dint rm th re Ionary pres asi unl "Metre sendymennoed ht some revelations devop lowly ot of ‘sb actverenlatorry movenon hat paul gin eng, we ‘her voto erp seen and wnespetedy er he iplsion of ‘heold reine Each ae eet diferent combina fra om ponents. Whar stats retain oneal ete spor and ical strength rac ently and speniely, eon movement fen bal ‘he periphery, tating sit nse senghor ene alliances oo ‘ie a oppor fr aces ebellon. Led by arial or disidee ‘hes they aed bt to min ne denna lesan etend he pop ‘ar spp Thirwa she tern the Cabo, Niro and Chere ‘communi rvelaon. Where sates sewelening Inthe ate Te Sours nae eens incrangy flected here ete deetons fe widesed sen claps sat uo mayo, es ‘naling poplar groupe Se can tn forthe onrio of ‘heregie. This the per nthe Eglin French Mer, Resi, dant Svecrovloone “The Sad of Revoans Both of ses patterns canin tn produc warty of outcomes, Here ‘he ealogy of elon, the contalion of ermal 2d tera yp es cng the reaktion, and the crc f the revatio lear ‘hiparcrcalHevolonry leer who bbe in democracy ata chit ‘2a romping ote sas peat be ese cee democratic ot ‘Sines they have that oa ahs Nleon Mandela in oath Ati, the Sadia Ncaogua,o Corman Aquitoio the Pippin - hn cen courteresltionay then, severe ete conic, i die econmie ‘ontions do not yee the constwion of dancer teoane ontras adrw a wing to scbordnste bung democrats tonsa eter els whether ccna rigor miltary tend to Proce prsystites dcr, even eng ser dens, a in [ya Knenpoeveainsy rime en ‘Other economic and pola ager of reoltonary tomer ae ong raed the esogy of the eins ede, x bow ‘Satins wih thiesertnceand theca the ce ey r= ‘haomryleseship ste poe ofhow to esore stabi hich ‘an egues effec an military ato bythe new regis ining theligay of eles an edcing popu gence How tele ‘rune soltiono hee poems fen detente omcoe ote ‘repme, Oey, heightened uleson ad burenrasaton oe ne ‘pe compared tothe old secon SoreRetve mobiationef meney “ulmanpower However cn more import sow then em ‘hfs ofthe ld epee od ree wasn ed uae ‘peed frm pn visors, wich now aed oe esored the an tty hve ighly ameretie cy een terest new ions of perme, for expla Ma ape Inconel renee {fens fad beast ed ight lb iva dead pi Sip he relton wil ne ral ace cre ifin any peste ‘inp eendeand molest oft vein in ch {Rosin eolon Laser nce hatin process oats feo Iaonsareemergeatnknovablewl they ae prodiedinrescon othe rent ofthe evolonry roses set Many reolton ia ene {ily refrmis ony wo become radial ur the alre of neste ‘oaecue lili rin eet flat wih canter forge nd dene foes. For rape, Franc Mader efi evo {i Mesco asin Porfso Da only edt mse psa belo Gulvarbet ofthenpetion ofthe conntereraioney dela eta_gime. Smilin the wake ofthe moderate New Economie Progra {Resa revotion and Lenin dea power soggeator bern ‘howe who whol a more rab em t cmmunian and hse who sovghtt onus ons more grado pth nsec, The coy of he ermersnde neh Stan pt the Rassan Revolaon ons more dain onmmuntt and wubortrian pt, Contasion Revolusine der profoundly nthe conrete canes thir pater of ‘ing, and hi oatomen, Moreover, the pater of Slept nd ‘outcome of gen revatio se eget popes tat Spend on vent and sites within he unig revaton, ab on testes ff psc ade. perme! aos popula Given this ‘comple, CHA iran venta mao for understanding the ange so ‘are fetal mechanised revlon. Processing revel thre crs nchanans dow peat Invarodcotets wie congronc ting can dementias snd ierencs among reolnsry eben. These mets of CHA have ‘tilly confonel prior belt shor revlon wth new empties) fing, callenging and exonding on ws, This poses erin ‘oti tse ually ot we hve esate levees of ‘umton or outcomes tha revlon cold produce specially with hat Frovpet, CHA wil remain cuca wo continue the cama progrs it be lee of ens a evi move fcr ‘i 19 “ies of Tiel Si See rate ere ee Saas ENT as Sa Ce, a Change Hr ef akin marco De 193 Reston me Mir One The Rosia Ste Tata Suey Onrd OxrdUnrery re ce eke, Ant Gre, et on aoe Roel nd Bry a i ahr Rs Bone, NP Oey ‘Poeun of Rowtons eae Andon nd Aen Gage. 197 Pen Tigi Cae Seay "Kcuach Poe rl Micra onion Wars onC ‘Sto Mets Her Cemero Ss a nro Ae WS, ipord Unmet abe to Ss stealer Gane Sd age De oy Cin Behe Uniross aA Aid 968 Ts prt fo Po etn Cnt ‘Cet Vaerty re ate Dn 198 The Cape Me”, 15-19n Pia Sare “Ste rope ely A Far Wengen DC Anson Fre Sen oc i Habe 190 The Vals Reson” Cpr Pi 15:2 1801 "Wy Reto Sud nd Fal” Pao 1628-46, ht Sea THE Te pr of Reon on Sol Wels Lain “cea Thy ad Scag ad FR ry Rein hg Uy a inn N 178 Rennie Fafa New Yet ‘aie, Man Je ost 194 “New Ary Ce ad he rom Ay noon rae Suny 99118 eh Sand i ri at nara, ie ‘inlay Rosle serena Bey A. Neel 196 Sec “angen Pe Vv Nsol Pere P26 ane se etd pre Pe cy Hoh Crs ‘aun 1 “A These ra We Sc ero a Niragen, we Stir Comp” CrialSeg 05 7 19h“ Compe Hiner Sova Tad Wal Sec Rese tha iret Mar ap 27-0 mm 7 ‘mJ one co 19. every Ones in ad ‘ian Caoe Faron, War sede Lis of Soc Tae Ieee oy 38 ae ep an Th Aer nd Epc Resi T7650 eed by [Teens Coe Unveaty oo Pee ot em epg rk ee, Cae: Coes Gans Tmoy. 199 “Rf a Hangs a Poland Nos ik Rss is aap 8. eae Meena ener. 197, “The Role ofthe Congrenceatte Met nC Sn Rms” Pps pred a 1 Al Con hh 1 “Comaing Canes nd med Onn ae olisone ik A 19% “Ut and Ile: ean fame Ea Tchad Cans aaa re Ra eat i a or ete Ua \ohl Retna Rana Ari nd icy 39. {So -Revttee sam Dig. 10.9 when or ‘Compara and HS ed yc A Glan Fa 197 "Sccal Mowsnt or Reveloins? On the Elon sd Ones Gatlin By 548i Dray end Cee Set iy nt sis CBee 9th Th Sri Unio Rein and Tenormin Pp. 913 ls, “un, de pr of gered 6 Mates Da al Job High Toler CO Rome eh tity asinine re DC Cangran a a aoe corseeataaetcar Soieinte Piece vey cat cr tt eo srry oan ater Jl 19.“ emia Comp: Mec Seon A on OP ee to i ls cet oe tn ay LLU ————— hr 2001. Ne Ober Wiy One Snes and Rrtiery Movements, 945-19 oe en cost ne Epa tthe colt Sh nh ron His a Be ty So onl are et Sh Seana “The Say of Relations ‘Glee 18. "The itn ce of Cone ons” Sai == —rs— eee em ne eerie et ee A staan HR. king rec ener Co Ca shag. eosetacnctocece iby Dongs A 197%, Mar Pal Vee A Cr-Nal Cail A ET a noarr promt a ee core ities cemeeeio coh Ranma taene ciate SE Scena (reer ee en Eee ied rae eran Le eel recon RET Mcgee eet wae ele eae Ee i Rae Sonar oa wn interne ntiaen eee ers Ee ere i apa satel eisaiDep in Hier Sly” Ty ad Sy 9 5- Ciara eeriona Sabpaaaniatate tama erat. 1996, To Aon Fai Use Pr Pr Soe Me Dg ti Pr ose eye Bl reg. 1. Sorat ence [LS Rina, Care Sr ce Rt cn od Aan Se etre [McKeown fmt 199 "ae Sas he Siti Ween” fer Seana ee acon nents Sa ee prain meee ey pany toe Ree et erent eon Perera See cepa ote ee aa nena oor aera salanatataca oe heme nga nsec et "eon as iE ye ares feet eres Ree tem epgme (0s, Menge 1997 ret Saarigy The Relig eandaone te Ph eae a eon Seiden Soke ae ober ae ae Ener ‘enn age 198 To Pf sein, New Ya Roe Ro The Say f Reams Sn, 196 “ce Key aor Ges in een ‘cn Aan el Hoy Tene 070. Ta Le oper Sl, ‘Newer Wie ec gin Cte 1 fining the Tee Tow Ce Ove Reser Chaleoge th Oded Racach Gre Sl a 7 alt kr 75 “Cosine el Mn eli ‘Seo Ja mm Dain ee rf Ronis Tarps Now ‘Sain, E1993 Mor ai mere Resi: Boer, CO Wes: Sh ee aero Soc Res Reon one Tn Cn aot Hay Se. 19 Te oper vad Bc Sl” Pp 295200 Te "ao Tn eas rss ech evel eos Urea at ape ee Soph Ball a Ser ei Cae Cm 10k Rota Sn Sh Line it Reon Tryon $i hh capes Ro, Woes Ce Front 19) St est ale Ma el Cae Cane Une hoe Ss eh iis ee in ‘Ghhabioed)J Line Bun MD Jes Hops Unirey Pre sap Rte ining US ad Te al Rey Ser Ur “Sn fn 8” rn ny i mares p35 ne NO Suk ae 0a Hy ea Tia: Naie ad Sgt ig ep aba re 18 Tan iy ee Me Sart oe i, a Coutige Cos aren Boe vied a tarde go 1h Oe oh uum cf WD Mes nS i an ees We Sati eheay ee Coe en ‘nC hs Nae aa” npn 19 rm in in: Reig, MA Adi Wee te og ings Nat eeTy, 120.1959. The aie Re, led nd te By FW, res “sey Mn man Ne Yr Desay oar Bas ‘tat C1901 “erin Reon Pa oe ‘ih gan aS M197 Th ni inte Compe ey Ps alan a Tea ely. Ne i Aoi Wa Sg M. 19% Rei on ren, NY Corl Us Pr. ‘Waves iny 04 Canes Retelon i Ean aa ‘fame Hay 5.008090 Worl fn 98 Some Nev Bence on Carel of Pei Vien 0 Cain nd Rn mon tee Pion ion, Wal E11. Po rf ft ay. New Yr Harpe 2 What We Know about the Development of Social Policy COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL RESEARCH IN COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE, Edwin Amenta 1 1975, wo importa quanaive comparative aac foci poly sere aol Wikensy Ti ifr Stra ply are “Re irencesin scl pending elas ang sry cana the 1s and fond thar the keh of eenamie deepen nd he ae of epaatons accounted for mos ofthe vance fe Thi say {Er bt and nea in sri of rset nae of comes snd ‘American tat sggite Ut enc doc ertion r= ‘cov decried ol poi even in Shop and Ament 198). The ‘Seon snd, Dard Calc od Rachrd Monit "Prerequisite Diao: Teng Alters Fapenans of Sxl Security lop” ‘amined asinlr group of coun, bt wih wider ne orn, od bene the adaption of sce nsrnce poe, Thr digs et ‘om dob onthe mideratonhypothess swell he eaten of teri fem seis of any ermtres on ail pending ot sng Pi ine Jet year ate, Hog Helo had pabthed Mey Si ‘ris ran and Seder, oe of eG tthe a compare snd histor approach othe devcopment facil pole ‘noma Uscy 308 od id Uti Noe 20 od he Soo connec ees Soe cea ecemnect acuerdo ee Soe AMSsee In the generation sinc he, we ave area get de abou Social policy Inge hrogh comparative tod tre! work of he ral. "are. On the ent se, we hve lane when varios comes opted soci propams, when tee program were pu cone "ace dhe forms tht acl poly har ken, when nuns completsd ‘har tans of sl pl diferencerin socal spending amon ooh ‘ea diferent poser ne, and which coun hae som sgt ‘eenchment incl poly of what set Mere impor conpurave tn ore work inthis are lt or hotel Koei, bas teen he ous or contd to the thee mi tear of cal po i andthe wees, tr of wich exe txton to quae ‘arch on the uderiaton thess A the sume ney the DG fo (al pb ia empartie pees ha served an empfel roing (ground for hypothe tae on thse here Ine compete Sd hors research hale to he eon of ewe gmetad Ins hep sco to plc scope cottons on theora genera ths, aber way ht lsh an pore Compertive snd ior {lethal hve developed new metho aprenden para Ip syuhesing soma ad hater and qantas enue in inva reste, Pre met important ofa, comparative nd Ns ical research on sil paicy hs ptt aos ines of esearch ‘ing ome lange gestion id dentiping empirical pk ov nd iy derpening the crn fc poliy lo anfomning our desta ing of oil plots peje have sed theoreti rene and ‘anced th sear ages thir ‘Why ha there bse such rest progres? Part ws bene of bod concep agreement on whit ms mprtnt to tay Incondarng har ‘esc cholrstended see soa poly alin ofsateactin‘orebe Incoelassary end pone minima sadarsofincome nd serves {nd hos reduce gates, See poems tha worked in thse way srerecaled “scl programs” or smesimes ore pele ste [rosrams” withthe leo these peas kn “ox pot.” Ths undersanking bs anchored empties aa alo rated that scholar dined on the tort arguments test me to ex * Sau pl tenis pencil Erm ah tons ep Devloment fac Poy social pay while echng bod agecment on the et of tered ‘Spud ecmed wort deelopg an sppesingSebaars foes ona ‘cE aancconomis pla, att rgoment, which were ate Siclipirwotlngertbereefthesateorof pice There were aso ‘Stomasealpesndtons the rely sali of exensve histone ‘cov and compan at Final colar indiana group dan open-minded ontocon methodsly and teary lhe com ura nd ioral reach engage in sn omar and fl dalogve ‘Tih qemu crtona wrk. The tein ofthe ogress de Tixin wth lane strep and wees of comparative sod iste= {Gat pprochey ich ewe ed fr sleijing and ndresing big tucson employing conprons trl ot era aswer pprasing ‘heen ntl yang er ie Be costae dpton an developmen and denn new ert ‘Srpoments iwc in providing ong tes of gnarl ype Ta wht flows cu some fhe port things we kno by ofcoperaine istration of howlte in hse, nding pra, hate andtehosoge) fro ae adres why we now st mach swe ka and wy the Eng sl bh ae ef mp md wl apron comping oer ne te ompurstive an hora ras of cil ply with compare an rea wok nlite SEE Maite thery balding potinchesosslogy oftnowlepe. Tih by nvesing ne new and yemising kines of eomparave nd Final esearch on sol ply std the callgs they fae Comparative and Historia Comsat Research and Is Progress “Toscan the pot of comparative and ister cus resenchon he ewcnans of oval ply ne node ro deny eT See ota 2 ‘Bison apt ehodo ehiqs,bueasan pprch hats been cr Rdken ty elas with ve scenic sheer and methlog Sidon and pcerences Hy “compartir” nen tes aa thc exer wo or more com cepa 1971), as ‘nc covnty sts hse pel qsons ina comparatvecon- {Greor mie Spica marolereleomparsons in cal argrmentaton {Compurntve sade do x hare owe Mas tions Lieberson 192), Ines hobs undertaning of theater aga 198, o employ seem evel vals to eplnin deeacr in webiste telahCompare ep anwar o No Ginga Op Soetee Germatiak mach eeplOanne em nent o o (@rrewoth sn Tene 1970) By “historical Tea ht the vega Stats the stl win te elon isto cotes taker» sophie ‘eed spon ohistoigrny, thinks seul about eso pro- ‘os nn tonal ujectorie and guinea dep ander of {he ces" Hrd work dos not pees have to ele back more ‘han ty yar employ dat no canted bythe earcher (Mons td Hughes 1978, ov seca sees (Last 1996 aes mari tre for ake eu arguments bcd om ues fet A 192; Gaia 1992) Final oi, aes av 0 ake ena sero in dbl some to ater explain pore itr erences ot ‘ote and to open, no rode someting theoreti orale ne fatal spumencon concealed wo 0 098% (her ceo ine esol? ‘Gomporave wo hire cual naa in scl pcy appear in the ton he oper ef of Table Th egy wich an eling "pe 1 nclods moor sal: menograp soc as Gaston Ringers (O97) re Ply nd Idan Es, Ameri nd Rae And Helos sforemeaoned MelreSaia Plt Brn ond Sor. ‘Ako incl here, hogh, ae qomsatieandconparsie an hina 2 agony Per "Octal sch et Sn tee werent” Sse ity en rc dg tana Deveopnent of Sl Pobcy nthe sch Jo Stephens (199) The Trentino Capit ‘Stel nd comparstve informed xe air ach et Theda Sop (0992) Prec Slo ont Met forse nol American cm Pes, tea Ketznclon and ietytowai 1991, Quad 1994 Howat 1997; Lishernun 199), These nai state USS, developmen in i arsine espocts,empeycomparsve method and empl arguments tha could be wed out the US conten. Soties witht x cae pase woud il ovbide Table 31 ad de cl work tha ses ray oun ny concern sted the lover of he le (pe 9 Ths eatpoyincdes most thi-coutry ganna wot inci tesng general hypotheses om xpenenes of U.S. stats oon ines ‘er of al coe wel a g-counry case es cing {hse perspec. The mat etatndig eres of compute ni wort at bte ley yp) ae the many re atonal ana ces on ssl plc exendares in the yo Weld War I period “The “horal x)" ope (2) nclads historiography on sc poly such 2 nke mous Aerize, Michel Ks 1980 be ‘Shake Prob oJaresPaesoa (980) Americ Sve dea Por. "Teer what we hve lene rom comparative and orca searchin so ple means toes, What woud bos here babe ‘compuntvesod bina searchin sre? Adany anew tothe er thm ios defining solr progres. omy way of dng an aea ts prope s importne queso ve ben dod apd arose sd ifinlormed, heresy ening answers have be lance by sry of pea desnorstatins, wi schol wag the ren to fr ‘uit cher quesson, ncwering them nsphsocted way hat reine ‘heartland to nen questions andan on Ith proces we appa and ‘evap new score segument, scars the ondinsunde wich thoy amo dons cng tees argumenttio slong the wean ‘sncer ne empisiel fond pera et fae ues ad ‘thew much work exiason a subj or how frequent i sce. “nico es mei nmin mi i a "Sond ata caching ofa or ep ps te ion eng ots ried caecone Soweto MC 5:“The fae maybe ever to aes by breaking t down into sale questions What hve ben th cena gis empl Knowledge oe parse and historical woken socal pie? To wht degre bs his ‘roe slded wo our there Inowledge? Have eal Iypates ba ‘ese eres by his workin a ay that refines then? Hasthery be ‘leveled hr work chin eresngdheoy and in ending Have ‘hol despened th cenceper im em of what to be elaine’ ant “ployed here concepts deveop or dein hors agumenon ave scolts baton bod the emp and thereat knowledge slecap new aged of each at have promise or sched progres? Hive cher been colt Veen eter ren of schol wit new tnchdelogealdrances mae inthe aes od torte argunentason Tring expe pod elon other rea? "Thee uesion a not ery to anor ite, bu ay anempe td so mgges tac wher we bac leaned frm compra td irl ‘earch scl ply aetna deli. Inporane gi ke Teens in empire knowl, muchnaeso none weal epee ‘meomyrsove and hisursal work: the epi knowledge is bee on shire andestndings abot what wort knowing ap hae led ape in rin scholar wont co now, There have ben more spect the ‘rol une Comparste and hore earch has mae emporane ‘Gotrbetion othe deropment of midrange theory, deed om nore oreching theo! amewers 2 pli cal poy. Tho ‘eal pin have slo ome om apa hypohee on ile oc ‘ass and ine periods Progress as ben made speci ring ot tome aspect of oad gerne and apeing the ech of ‘hearst argameneion dey play eat oer ne, Thoogh hypo ‘esting. shorten ao bate been med anoter pore ft of bling knowledge Some of the renter sce of wean {m hsare, however, hve cme troup the srs of gaesione hat ae ‘een led comparative and hore esearch guess ae a uy t0 deve stl anowe for in questa research ~ and te [roresine deeopmen of he research agenda in thi aren. Tit Sve ‘pment has coed thoogh the prcer of king rsech quo, ‘Sdvancing increasingly sophia nd emily soporte awe ‘hem, uncaring new abomabs in he proces, aig to Dew guess, ‘exmive towers nso on Thor ve i been se ipo tee ther at of sly aon the develope of metho] tecniges Abo thee gin ave come ts ree of proce ad Deven Scilly though ndidaprojetshae produced contains aos boar, etme bg withthe empl prope Enpircl Canribainns of Comparatoe and Hire Research According 0 some standard views, comprise and istic re feurch valves a dvison of borin wich Matra werk for oc ‘Senos Hstonan wnte monopraps entered on pei oun and ‘nes srouning the denopnent of democracy, the progres of Feo- ony and on. Compara strc mcl cents ronnie the problem, ath ge compart questo why demoeray ore ‘done ecu here and oe there, nd 0 om — scour Bstogry ‘Several diferent cous a tne peidsrepding the sedge ‘cs and hen pode more compere captors ht secon x levees aos te cours Inthe proce they ny mi the incon and sometimes parochial armen pnb to eaperisn oe ‘out slane. Sach fs, though maybe te bythe dato ner eon the biography om which thy rely (ati 1990, een hols employ al extn stowigraphy a gh nla coi a the ov imerpeaions. ‘Si cies morlinginthe comparative and hrc nde on soi pale baw fen diverged fom thie! Signin they ofa ave fered ey infrmaton on which such ighenorder alse have been tase apd bee bee et intervene ia primary Bestar ake sd ‘feed their own interpretations Sei poly ecole dal uch of the ntl ging ht lowe the compare gueton tobe Famed and tikes: Also, whore need, comparative and historia schol ave ‘Bpploneed horiograpy wih hr owm archival work 0 lin pein Information orto sdadeate sony irl ierpetaions feces To destino there proces wrkedand the owlegeginedy hem, Iciewothale discos what Tal he conse on scl ple” the ‘ones sec sents employed ad the peal ys Ua Soil pay ‘stmde opersbonaln empiec sty "The cones view estat mlern scl pley met ae fora to race como ineaity by providing certain Hoos om income rd ‘see nd peventing nce lamer duet cersin vk These pri inclode rowing oi nd inn ang ire t wor, Becoming il ©} Mek or diated Necming unemployed or underemployed and being ina al where the rina wge eer or canes are inept ot ‘ae: aeemone by these ther Hs or where there ino pol wage earner ‘Tye connection berween neq apd insearty of come Wat» dae ny eames ack programs tae etn nce et es rene of equ nd pore Aa, ate wae oat ‘he ance deste af porn ce ser woul nee ‘neal Ieqaly or sort eel war derstood where Somschol Resech eins and pce ware ont on hi commen, ‘ertanlng of xl ple Im the 199 compere td ier lpr of cal poly pal fos on to tgs the eoeenent mr scl insrance programs nd ferences in he on oo ‘paling or flare” soon spending fee Stopol apd Ament 1986, ‘innt 1975) The foca of temton Ws er soci merce ad = al asisunce programs: The source of the cnet iste car ‘ut che ation spectsare he US Soil Ser Admueraton, which Collected» gent deal of informacion of we fh compare ica Sd quaniaine sas Ringe 1971; Wiley 1975), and Wil Bosra were jond desing uhac ce be Known inne le te” "Ths undeening osc poly ha conden py vs sy to make the ce that scl poly mattered bec wan at the center of ‘he remenoan genta changer int cuatro any ee Inthe wens onary K wold be ipo undersand a expan the delopmentf tec te withour uadentanding sil py oa Toe of he sheer amount of money and bene fr expend mst oi ge plograne nd health porans pel sm compton ‘ith cena ogo. Many sates har bon eee nn walle ates ty reat anton dt ofits the inking pbc wel Stostolas Ths conception of saci ply ao theron for tying badge die the reeacheflonsf compere and hora oli They raed on the resco horas to esr, Dt hey a seo te martin rough gnemmenal recede informe rpding when ‘oc inserence potas were adopted iret counties nd when ‘hey werecspanded loo new spent easy Inshothey helps the paraneter by ichcmpare sl his questa foal be aked. The os gaan camps of sore dt ale thn sersing ence! wblerstnding ere be ech pots Peter Flr and stint, icing Th Deeper of ire Sa age ‘nd ria 1981) wel 8 Ch amt(1989) a8 he parative Devsoeent of Scab a ein tomy in Say i Mor a 11519 wm). ° ‘Individual cotnparative and historical researchers, however, also bailt et capaecg by lenin yoo oon Sires tc pma ror nh The SEY ove ck tn mo ay rnb Seat neon lpg gh 5 ling seen ote War rena tnt ping mb lage 2ST poor as med omy cons ning “ihe gvsnnce rds eaten sr nee "ty oars iintennita weed stn ton icant ee he meaning of cl pty By gS pay [EeE acme cal ce nddigs of pol Bort conned ae eye Topanga py ern chingem hereon ek RET Owe shee meres ome te ptoo tracer esa ec on here om wan nc ory ee ose, oi cee Thc rath Peron ane lb 98 slim ies Seltinpsn nbn ace oem ope ‘Shee Uncles sed et ene of he et Theinum cones ne nee ec conten a ‘sate ono nd etn inte ee ser he ei eoy age by dn he pd ompsng wo Seat ema ow ta tienes poy be {Seen 199 Tecoeh ee Ooi ep po ‘Thott mers py oe else eo “ay comts cp eetg we ms oan wee ped. {pond abe pone wetin pg set mpl rch wenden crf soln dew noah eon Sache! Theoret Adeances Comortve nd his workin socal poly hs lo mde great these ‘secon = probly ore eens nn tos in copa nd hse work in erst ress Thr bce compare a ‘Reon chars In vc poi os roped and developed jor sempredoen ea cs pt yet sgeretreprente papa crae tiene oa eee Seprtednmaron me eee Ticrened deny de orrepeapeaee pean ply oe ey cent ae Fish tnaltearenalyceians eekaase ees Pope tent iar) dente ep epepreranyd Pepin peep ronment apety tecr tine reponse shot he cte aee ot matte amp niches kareena aan enlace teases ‘cocina Shion Singesncaieecisepe et Girairon wironiysdieommasectrets aie Sccopnie dort eeebene oe het parent Tac ey et a poly og. Tam Peach Win sy ha) one Sep a ot ean ae ei ‘String noses ene al era rence ee eee Sources oe Tanacinageeinmaliarey teen eer eer ey sett cepa gel aptareanae erat Peatpacy noe meee Bra ae oem Licorice pe Seticrwm dur comme molniosee notes rena tng pep etaeppanio paces leet ieee eich etl toa nn et ener) ‘rae an rer uoecoeet ct cme se mee ae eos eae Paes ‘Sosa te 7) The Nese a centage sy ne ere aces eee Frost teroerin en 9) ere ee > Gea Foran Aber 8; Kaal 960s Skyline etare en = tn ro dey, oo min ores eens donated sinking bw compet cl elev of hn Sey sy oftemprnre Scone sn tee sine [Woe cael pel spina apres ely © rerio te mason epic pope ar owned > fac of al ey Otho apnea eS ped pon Tbecr ech ee eran Moon {hry tng cme hg ened rman tran wl Soca pbc eh gen fc He fb Helen sr on ree sol pening ‘ioph ths ugonet hsbc sl aww vo et wae ‘Sects se compote nf il an soe nae ‘Grn Hon od the mer tne ee te ees Eicon, Eee Alene ad at Rehecpn 19, erent ‘rere pgs mow nal emer a JD Spent {io 7 Pn fon Capaln Sean poe {Stampa tse utes Tare Feo iet0 setmne floa pwnesoat fe pc fl moreno et gy en nn © S-curt nl quinn sero doped emp oe thetondrne of compen nbc lr Ge he oe = Sages knew 2 Tier mn erento vain rater Ft te of Weer Tq tne 98, Tro Seno 99, Tika 19) swe a yo ae pute dsl wrk eclectic tumor aaa cb 90 lS as a i Ort {eh Sen go Sy Na ae rsa nd weed n Ein Go. gS oA al a ‘won! ugene he en ed yn nego 99) iat aio esecns (93) tin ny Tsing ‘ein, bs las ae a he op lg of Fingered prs tin nd weeps nl fea pss ae forse iS apne pel ate nope mes Te nun “ei et ner whe domo be Soitcncoeplopmig nd wih Sens Th ee te.iy elated argent hae ben supplemented by oer pil ins ‘nal rumen abou th indence dif ome of poll pry ‘semon so pole (ments 1998 see thereiwin ental 2000). Ferthe mos pure stn of ramen itu and ystenic and alps eal longum diference mpc rman ad procener The developmen of midle-ane theoretic arumention bs gone yn the crenon of thereat perspectives to the reinement of ‘Georetalsrpumenatin tough conjure sod biol mpi Spratle an che deepening ofthe cance uf ox poly. The sca locate ype nar morta armed aed sored ener tine y compantre and nareal work From fois on levi oe “ol democrat pare in power, hola hve comidered the rao the und ighwing pre (Caer 1985), farmer abe pal con ions sig Aden 190, expert lbor linc (Oe 19) and {Chesson Derr (an Resergen 195). Snr he role of Insine onpnisaton in ifening vl plicy ha een eed int sore sophie mane (eg, Senso 1995; hl) seeking wo so out {Be condone der whch capi opps or aor some versions of {ocal policy, Compuratve snd Hera wok ar aged ta he le fei spt or seconay pees for poly teins maybe ‘spell smporant one pls of ply deepest when pes ave been i fc ora lng oe ahve Ind the oppor saci peerences Ge theron Puson 200) seams be dig trex een large ppd ply ind stges (Ono and Parker 1990, Ament 198; Haber ond Steph 2001). “Theleepury hypothe arin been ecnded in work ht es il poly in porcommunist Ear Earope (Cook and Oreste 1 uescmeyer and Wek 1999) ‘Comparten hii rebolarsBae aloo gone ow build mee shewescaly sted on conigurna srpment. Same ofthe mere rombing oes combine the star srenth fedora cen ‘ih shove aed om pil dents and nm (Sknepl192; Amen Too Hicks 19%, Huber an Stephens 2001 sce he review a Ament a 20), Ths segments ely on conjunc or eombiainle- ‘Sn Raps 1987; Kataneon 199) ia which diferent combinations of factor ae hype wo lng abut specie ocns. Has or Tica acn cated nines soci oly developent ude soe ‘sonal condsons rather thon oes (Ament 1998), Sete thes Development of Soc Pay serene hae been appre byway of ermal quae compare techniques Hk, Mira and Np 1995, Ameen nd Poe 1994 Amen nd Hatinnn 2100, "Theoretical refinements hare come lage through tbe appa of Iypothesesin compara and ire work: ln splng cpa tet thee ae somebig ke dvison of bor betwen soc scents em oyng comparative and histori proaches ose employing quan "bovecrossmbond ales. Sol emer who dhe week ofen esol the emconet and expansion of the ig Se” scl race programs wore compensiton, ola aarancewnempleymen ‘rans heh irene snd fal allowancer (Fora nd Meee 1961) and ches growth There ave been numer ee sles al lose ompartons ofthe pai ener and fies of fe corel cho ‘en, conomialy developed nation og Rimlngr 1971 eco 974, Seiens 1979 Fl and Heidenhene 1981; Ocal and Socpal 198%, (Cae 1985, sping Andersen 198,19 Baldwin 199 mega 92, (dot 199%; Steno 1995; Pierson 193; Rouchemeyer and Skocpl 1996; Ament 1998). In hse ater ss, ennai ceamsanee were ald eae constant Dinergences nthe copon of iy norton din the form of oc sper seems have been elaine by range ‘ft, epeily spec ofthe tate wd police ene ch 2 (he frm td otro beer wed party aoe "Comparative od Hol ie old do can hing tht quai ‘esac culdnotn aonghypthees For one thing hey cance {he soil process by nich nda pograne wee nope. No ‘ably cheap orinplicmestnian ote yperhcecscouldbe en ‘Sot scrutiny, Tae one span nape in te socal poly oe ‘es pombler arena whether soa democrat pares wre en We ore adopion ofl scl programs or whether hse programs ‘ame inthe mae ofthe campais of ngnied workers for thm. The ‘ropndernc fis edence wa tha sx eae ps didn Il power unl ser the prod ent opin that rom ort of ran emis pies wee te ope that acted hese progr ne thereiowin Ament 1999), This Tesomescaasto develop dierct srpumen abot the ogi foc pole (ick 19 To tk nether ‘sunlit wa pombleoscerin whet the cel problems oat ‘ith economic molester rouge gener scl ply ep "he mderton theory sugges Inthe period beeen the werd wars Iwere what conse» polly moran rs tothe cameof iene ail and cous ook diferent approaches wo poetng ‘pees fom dst nome ad employment had noe comerged ob ‘pes polices wo als thee ras (Kable 1981; Ono apd Skocpl 1984 Ament 199). ‘More general serial negueces ould be eained oe wher levels were lepine with theoretical claims (occ ‘snd Stephene 197). This poly wa sides by theft atthe al Stes ofe were ofthe “ost sar systems" ype Przewrls ad ‘Teane 170), in which ese were snr en 2 mer of theoretical relevant dimecions. A rember of aie (begining ith Olof ant Skvpol 1960) were anderen wo umertand why the Ute Stes Si no move forward in developing ei cal programs in cat hizoeal erode in compsrisn to coun wth sila conan, cl pl nd cll crouch se Caad an Bun, Cre ftir were ow fen done much diferndy tan the ponerng es ty Thome and Maral. The new ses rere ingly compre in ‘ha pai dovsopment in one euney were sealed wh the nck ‘fe eperinc eter ote ining nam at ipo, ave not been apprised mainly ebrugh + proces in which schon inne whether ne of ore cise sem 9S canta ee) “men, a in the Inertre on demos in uboreianie (Gee Mahoney, thir volume), bat have epicly een appa acres {irene comey css in vaio sis har employ patel compare ‘nd argumentation bac on eos Me Although Mills mete dros have as dou am the mot ener cite of sce argent ein vtage Fh pe of work Fs been in apensing yet gating the mechanisms of here Ie a been posse tough th werk 10 se whether tore fnpunents se coset wth he ergo of socal pley whch bat ‘en et fr guanttate wok toast gen the dt ie rom er solar haven bless dreop md range too fre. ‘nts, compartie an istic workin sclpliy fas xpi anager inherenn thee vor of anaes ‘Comparsveand historia rsech hae wel-uwn drags inaporasing hypoess, ough Isle ge argument gers ‘et arom compete popes of en, fr given the cp knot {iformbomleement of comparsne nd store work ithe ‘Brecomparsve and hetoncl ey hat can adres the poplin of he ‘Seortaly elevate (Eran 197), Tere fe fen 0 a8 veo of Sac Pay pps chasing to few observations, making ioral ontsme rose seratehyphess And coe sclectoni nt nee random, ‘ithe pots eo nd ott. A wl arp, hawee compere {hbo eer inthis tea bs werk in yh wy ih “gansta work to eance the ve ofeach mane of ppruig st {ersopingteorecl arpmentson Conpnal Deepening, Big Questions, and New Research Agentas Peshape the geste advantage of the smal. N sae and compari informed ae ses war hat they allowed solar ak he a gue Som tou the dewlpaen ool ple secing fe rocesin which their were developed or apace bath, with hora remem ted once dsepesing in st ang 0 new questions oak Tat resi or comportie ad stl rnechers 0 ok wy some coun ‘is wee ede nd lags sci pac and why some oni had ny diferent yet focal police om thereon = ques (Got werefcal oe quntatne rsenchere to approach ica the need Torani comparable ats srt populitions or are sles. Con arate and hire scolar were sl fet rethink wha otal pey ment a deepen the once yep is boundries, dvding {no processor umping soi pay development ger ype In ‘orkng rom bt qostning the consensus onthe conception apd “pestinlietio scl pb and ping to Jpeg the once ‘npratve and hse colar hae ade the progres of hry a ‘earch In hs proce, compari ad are soars have deviod ew quran are opened new esearch ages Bling deep tn rene here spumentaton. (Comparative and Boral rescore hae ask the big questions stout the dendopnent of cil pair nd they ve not ben erie twang qveson ony for which her are sfc atom popatin ‘feast anesthe questions. These questions heeled te alow lng Why dsl pli ake off when tha why di bene 29 rev? Why dd oe conti len and iy il sore eter al be din dierent phases of he development foci polie? Why di some Sat lope dence forms of sacl pole? By ating the rps tf ferent coun apse the group porta, compare and stor ‘al scholre brought igh ioral anomalies nd ples sve fa sein thse questions thee colar sso xen ypbes asadAmes ‘carpe theo rpms noted previously and in iio ‘scar ao llenged the foc socal pley reer ‘One important my Sols have developed hs rescarch aged snd adapt tery tough ing sil he aes of deeopment ins poy ade posta erent mers of cl oly bad Alene determinate rm pin of ven, becae hy die ‘sun the ton foal ali maybe deen by erent es thant npenion oie eencnen The brealng down of ol paiey Indien prcanes not ony neo cur empl nme talon Ielped schlr t form plas eset etn. One cold eine shy one county alae or ey aor, cnsldn cr complete (fsanen! sl pole The comparative work of Ord (19%) and (Orff an Spal (1989) onthe adopon of scl pol amet mind here. Bren ose is Were formed by his ser f hing howere In aris nnc hs Ben writen boot he tenes of the US opin ‘standard scl poly andthe incompetent poly fame “These ses implied looked wo European were est ep apn what made US pai derlpmentodiferent~with aire etl enderstodsbatwardin some respec (Stoel 1992; Wei 192, ‘unde 1998, Ts oncepaiton refs ack on theoryin another way By bel ing scl poly nto dierent proces, ti cnpectl that onions ‘ables il ea difernt anges then Psp ave i [rows clit nthe phaser of adoption and conto, poi ek Fes efecs inthe pues of pansion and etencinet, morse inlencs ofthe stat tty hare meting fla al ie wy ceva Fo insane ithar been argo! with ean to the scl dermoid at 1 peed of cal demerits ru ft theese oscil poly tary ae lip thn wen sates hve bare well sts, A ied tem of socal democrat ule in the 190s wl ha ae sale ft the im the 1950s or 10s, when scl pices mere being adopted ot ‘hanged form, licks 19). “Ts cae for teat dierent proces sparta as been made os fans fr the retencment of ca poy Pann (19) as Inge convincingly tthe rence of scalp ensues + ‘trent proses than he aption of sl ple. The se thet focing tick soc poly rw mer ie prove than ang oe td depends crcalyonpocenes in moton Wyte mats lth ey Sn qustion The argument ar be doce pproite oean sc Derclopent faci Pay tc developments sine the 19808 oe lo Her and Stephens 203, ‘eal 2001) By hs tine, nt ters foc pen had bon com pieedand panded had btsne "stoned" and letocat the ‘ection piace muy pola epee Atnogh thee were ternal rar nal states hs period ny be eel oo ‘Sdersetenchncntaarerserent poe dough heh fal lc wth diferent deteminanr when poly hs been ced ‘compared when is aan ent sag of stnonaletion. Howeee ‘oe approaches, dhs emceplionon of ply sae thet theoreacal ‘rpuentsneotn be developed ean pee proctasesinocal pai. "Th coneposation f diferent hss of scl pe by emp seen lise orth has bd encore inpaceen ocala theory. elas been ged ut the inital elias of wl pi nen is fer fan mportant way = ht the sratare of cl pobey fas tnporant parson de plc of cal policy and tha nts ore (Fopng Anderen 1900 Skoepl 1992 Dian 1908, From sway of thing plies hee feedback flee tha inoenc ater wc pc "Ths gs tk t the dictions mate by Taare Lown he 142 oncering te pais surounding disrbune and reatrbutve ple Sie Progam for pone pepe male poor progam in ha hci tha can to end them re Hel eo be wee These ages were once nwayethat make ose o constrict nd spe he ‘eel coer pt- dependent gyment Gee Abbot 1992 Gai 1992; aoney 200; Berson 2000). Noob, hs so of dai as been mae od added in wk ranging fom exning the ogo oc pe (koxp! 192) and emesis (Wee 197) to werkepaining ‘orto revench it Person 199). ‘Conyers od hii slars ve ben able a wel oapesie beoretalangumens by adesng socal prgas ether than the ma ‘oc prograns that re sly surparedn quasi werk Campa ‘Neto chars hve noted terse progr ta ened ‘conan neat or incon and thee scholar en have ean {bel ether ste policy respons to base aks to employment, Irene, ad economic scat (Wei Or and Skoepl 198). hese sar hare ao recone thet sl elaon i the moder ap td democratic wel produce a amber of ei t9 ome jon the ‘andar one fornicate have deeopd responce Ady have ‘Splred canal argument abou the determinants fl poli on ee exper crn als“Thee has been no shorage of programs offered fo nays by com pete sn histo revarchers. Among the possi were orn? ene Gtocpa 1992, eacson(Heenhemer 198; Kate a ‘Weir 1985; dSwaan 198) eatin picy (Steno 198; Howard 197), sing plcy Person 19; Cater 1998 Bonar 200), eames pt icy Pa 1986; Wee 1992, gpl Deni 200), and ware pega (Rent 1995), In each eae was gate ine of sae non bal imporan imac ese nec ad ie and ht vuln gored thes pale the yer. Tne nadesing progr oud the stndarboundrie schol tien anged that cre ony ee or set of exes be enter reed: Oe of thee fons © Stopol (192) elim ht Cl War ‘tran’ bees were tore gentoo than Eopen i-age sd ds ly programe, hough reece to grog ther than oder worker, ‘thes Stn 193; Howard 197 Nye Pleo 99) aeged hat tenon eens ned vo be arene in der to undersand si ley US soci ptey mayne cer pen the grea efor his ex batnerly dere in for Toa ype ample Tne {198 how through the conventional moder of meanest of peng ‘Hl that work paces daring the New Del ade the United Stes ne ‘the ork ede in he te 1930 Sometines however, US. ply ‘rscntn be ven ore cad than wa rei thought see ‘rea ecmamipley Wer 192) Rabtpttaion ere ato apg Uy aa ofedcaton soc piey(Hesdnheine 198] Kaci nd War 1985jenfemlrnoneof ame wmerhpaesposbleineonl ‘abstinence porate 199 Coley 00 These ‘tues pace sec ly in iferen ight aon y showing the ‘sincenee of oid ce, and ave promoted he aking one ‘Cemportin an historia rescch bas been portant in the dee ope of to ether cnceptaizabon fs picy el per ae ‘horace pliner a whole Bling on pesos modes fsx pl ‘oj Esping Andere 190) "were sate reins adres socal py Influence on abrsmrtetelatons, coding to this scheme, the soc kas regine en seen in Nore coun best for Wout ‘stm he proces of wnierlien ddr work. trea reed rom inegsy det he aed ok what le rk ‘lee. Tpcly sen in ovine Europe, he second bs "conser Corpor regimes ical does nocmoutsanerdaances Development of Sol Ply . tecnesn grouped pols he tonal any with amalebesnner ranging homes fy woe. The “iba” nelare ee, the mos ine on is dosgned io ae or markets nso tthe expen of spun poley bs smal presence and alge mews ested cm oot, abd sofmened by pint enol over aear eaerhere handled pars Ge ag Csdes nd Michal 99, Haber and Sopne 2013. [tong thse concer ave been contested egies to store = each they hae been el goodastantge in earch on tence ‘rer the las cen diferent conBpuraons of sal ply ave Tenshows oon iferent bli forrrechent leon 20000. ‘New cocepaliatons of socal poly hve also been prided Senin share (oes in Oro 196 Haney 200 Peron 2003), ‘sun of whom wok in compare and histone mode Skee 192, Paden 195, Sainsbry 1995, O'Connor, On Share 19). The ‘in repose hve ern 0 modly Erin Andee peso ice thar with gener bse poly repens Or (93, formas, Hops sping Andese’ ype bu warms ther ky ang new ‘oem nding aces to pi abr and be aby 2 xb a ‘Enomoos hones Ine deonmnoieaon mary nob fr ‘any wort, an ae to pid wrk for women, “ammodiing em, hen promot thir ancl stoma fom ben (O'Connor 195; Oral {W9at. Ths iy upping eel patton he pid lab fee, {s heaugh atidnrminon snd engl worth rogra ee ite wonnn fr pose neon lnc on hen arbresdwianer By ‘one Suita (990 elas png Andersen's whew bed tn unequal gender eons ~ he Hrendsnner ad nid mes — nd employ» mime fire denon o separate the pes. A ree, hgh that os on the elaonhp eer poly ah emer uly testicle ges tht diffe thwe concerning py ‘economic eqs Ste ant programe that endo ate eco- oo inequity snong bowls ty have ie nence on eal te eee sees may eve ene he eon Andee 1995, Impact on Oter Type of Recerchand Methodology Conran hore research asso haanimpacon ter pes ‘sual ect ining rom mao nae andor Worn ‘hon ply and workin other ares: Nowy, comparaee and toraworkin soi poy as pdm generate shoei aimee to be teed om lage ates jaro national quantitative work has po ‘ided hype fr comprivesnd irl appa The cmpratne dist wock bass don impcron Hore wor ahi ‘erasing the reso sere concept, fame a, ‘nd develop thrown projects. Comptia historia Work has so ‘roeghtmeodelogicl contin. ‘Comparave geitctve sees typical alee the amoune of spending om sol ply in eatin fo 4 ety income or atone Jrotact to ew how toch efor ws beg pot ft sate ites se equality or cery- wing the oun er coany Ye) st Chen of tna To ummarice ea socal sata keg ih ‘ana, row sections eis fal he countries of the pet Word ‘Warll word (eg Cagh 1965; Wienay 1975) nd yey for that sedocconmicsmoesnition” cpl indusizaton an the aging ‘fhe ppulton, under so spending derences US. states, with ‘hee lng poplin and exemivescecomome vacation were an ‘eed a unre boratre ot hte propos sd ether with ‘eect plc inporton and spending (eg, Dye 166 Sears and offer 1969), Son, honeer eam scholars began fig en ‘he potae capenencs of cpa demecrce which rove here Teale tha proper nme spe conor or cna dass schol ‘yw ht wealthy expt democrae woul have determinant ll poly tafe ror hee of eer ort fps The mon ‘idly spore apunent war version ofthe sc! democrat ape ‘mene "These snr eile cnet an ine ‘eis ha provided nate mamber of oberon to es hypo "pine one ait, adda fom te 1 on were lately comple ‘eoerge (ae he dca in Ament 193), ‘Guamtstveaahy ses ofprevr ait demeraes have done wllto pt apie me apc of he sana argument fen se {thesoal.¥ histor sti, An nati ace ty Huber Ragin Sten 1993)areses the polesorconanl tres ‘dat hine sin lector mje nating poly an th abet ob ssrciois fom sl ups aking night oie oy nd atempting to merge it with argent encrning de sop of cal deere and Chessan Democrat itl prin sy Susie colloboraions on Ameren Pi (e Anentnond Pal 1; Caen and Asents 1986; ments se al 200), aes event Sc Ply anormal ait argument swell = eson of pica ons ‘neamining onto deemed portant rem histor investigations. “Thelin ofeach, boneer rliered om istations eeninsetding se debts shot the eqns of oc poby i hese prof police ‘One inion bus o dt Scie wat thar wa il fo apeae Some thease. Given ir sel and sometimes more comple ure she aati tien thor were moe iil eo ae than the plitiealons Pare fue problem is atte vlevan ta Were een able es interantorl onion wa clleting hem. ven ating she plical argument, war ese to appa Te nes ‘ued thentonl pole of econ, cabinet mation and bot ‘movers rather tan he iformaticn poor atin ofsochl mores vem iy sues dat wed the sume indoors carers dete that ‘mening 5 ics and Mis (1993) ad Huber eta 99) epee ‘pon ntr dic fom ech othe awe a ere om Inodematon thecits Mor inporent none ested onthe pe of ‘eench abd the mpi ting to ichitascontned Very few ofthese ‘oanis develope now an ge soi spending programs sn 1960 “Thos ths peo evarch hasbeen unable to bres ea omens sch athe oming ad cone ints in public spending "Tere weresomenpertnt guanine comparative stdesfthe ehy eats of oil programs (Caller ad Meck 1975; Seeder 1982, age, Hanne, ad Gap 189) nd quanuive Wook within cour. tis (Wight 1974 Skcp ral, 1995 Stcnmets 1998; Caen and ‘Ament 190, br give the le than comprehesine mate ofthe ee ‘ower and aa coneragect hypoth wrk ike ths ws ro fn the: Ass roul af compari nl hse wor, howe quae Sls hve ben exec with incessng a coniere hse hatin. Clore enti pone pr, Apricarly pws ‘ample ofthis lender Hila Su Demarco Wal Copal (Gomi corre quantitative alesse a Baca ele incre comparative analy ae employed on dienes ofwelire ‘te develope. Seve done ch beer ncn tere ‘Gleancepinto toil prope nde ep in a Tall Sober fame "Comparative nd Harkalreachers ve made inportne mete loge coer, ntblyinceding estes of quanta sd onpertv and hteicl als By th mean someting erent {rom King Keshane,and Verba (1998 injunction wo se dierent date hed Aik ic ib ei ibaa.sore the ame lnes of argument Gea Ragin 1987, p82), Sais Tae ben aber dren tage queons abut dines in Ging or ‘jets or outcomes in soil poi by emminng 2 ew ces one ‘Sic in comparative conten In these aes, se poble to derop ‘nd wnat appre relly emplerapunent sometines nel ‘gmp ad compra amaton (Rapin 1987) sanetnes ining ‘mechani of roc Stand uanatietedniqus hate diay in aening thse more comps arguments, ch 3 tap compan ‘heal histo work can prove ely redpenary ts of hype Ss All the sane, some cpus abd Mtr sli ve gone 08 to appeal posible thse compen argue on leant eo ‘toca dt tor at et on sbi within oun By japon the rel ofthe ae to he ober, one an then mo the agent Indi cence, most scholar are comforabe with one se eset tnd the wiles and lt of inal sees this ere {o combine mtbologil appreachey, seine in ingle mors rev “The pioneering ymhac work nas Jn Sen (1979) The Tow +i fom Cpt Siti n which emparve uartie is ‘veretypmentd wih comprniveand hitorcalanaet of coun, ‘Jen Myles (1984/1989) Ol ge he fie Seat ao a een of hs quali, Osher examples cme from scholars wh ely ier tect on heme bjt mater coe ifn wrk Papel ‘snd Willamaon 1989; Snel 1992, Shogo esl. 199, Willson ad Pamgel 193) In ad Ral 0998 foe nan ppc Inston pcs ther byway of sural tas ofthe Usted ‘Sts rng the 1930 ad 1948 apd in comparison with Btn aso ‘aie stv ejector in pay ern fone state and apie he ‘gen state eel dt sty whore enol poly ae Fed the Bsr wr In elite projets employ Bool gi sate compare analjon, whch can ares the configs in the ‘nstiional al pla rpumens (ent and Pouen 19%, Ames ‘nd Hann 200. Fveype Hue ah Jn Stephens rear t he ‘pothesis af analy in eee Dope and Cis of he Wile ‘Ste 2001} which adress the ie a wl ste aswell a firs ‘sc tewenchineat ovr the bt dead They jin poled ine series aod ‘eset! rgresion anaes ids detaled exe Batre of difeeae types ight developed welire sei examining the deepen of stl poly overlong prod. The ter are ae node ge aod Development of Sec Pai the shore se ites regrenion ane and to ely enamine real pti of pole deepen. "The compare and hari work o scl pi Seid cher ‘ork that employe oe formal qultave ad met -N mebodl {Be lie sequence anaes and Botean qualeainesnpartve cass (rsp Dein 192; Ragin 1994; Hicks tl 1999, An slog the at of methodnlopea edocs ike gaaove compare aly Sand voqence anaes doesnot nfl make foe = compare and oral sy clare ave been able capone hese anes on >= il poly ens tec of compara and bial work ArT suggest ie hs sot of works pose bene of conn on what it be ‘apne and th ne with which cucomes ad argument can be ogee ‘onan nn enteric or sequence variables And at noted pei. ntemeintances these negations ave been inbnced by comps thors work eens tne sks were not working it ly saubeteway ‘Comparative an Kore anaes of vce! pig Rav ao had an Jngact on snd biography and onenunry des. To ae US. ‘Samples gin, hiorigrphion sci poly now freuen lets i toca! quion boa the develope of scl py by way of id ing and conceptions rom comparative an sta work. This ‘hang cn be een, fr instance, by comping FavardBertowits and Kin Me Qua (980) Crt ke Wife Sete with second elton (0985 or nith Beko (1991) mera ele Sate. Sm, US ‘entered torial cnr on cal poly mh at Francs Fox Pe bd Richard A Cloward (197/193) Rpt the Par bare been ee by sry of etn on thi err. Recent hore sade of US. a {Son Brome 197 Zaz 199), for insane, bv een inne by the evenperatve and ito Iertre onthe mle se- Ara ret ‘he corer ts bere fea wo spre othe impact ‘feompartiv torial work on is ew hstriogaphy, Dow ae ‘emblscompertve nd store work in sconce lace Hat ‘lpmens in comparstve cote nde xin nem ‘Sic the 1970 weve learned ach scl ply trough Som- parative an iso work tn 1775, Hare Wick coal care {tat etn of atone ae arg ta roses finda ore ‘calepenting Rayo quinn wy woul arpethatan snl ‘nnpehotofslrgenumber fous cold appeste complex there «ramen In che eotine, bene of comparative and str WorkAherehie teen many new emi nding new eos perspec, ‘engi ppeia arr dient cess ine prods the despeing ofthe concept of scl plc coy both aggregation ah degre ‘on teeta rent esto empl pase cone ‘Eepning ada research gnats moved om quesn gueton ‘Wineacouns or eh progesand gel iesed sopistaton? Why Compara and Historical Resear Stil Ply War Se Pract “Te irs this quero, I place the compara a histor eterh nsocalpliy of he 1nd early 1980 in compart nd ra peste Thar, faape with the research rogenthat went {oreand with anme cueat ines feet nT tpare compare snd Korea work on wl poly with compart ao ira work in velit arse. Another pl scogy sven tat Iw in —soca ‘movement has tese much ttenonifactmore ar hassen Ted ‘obit, advanced fir nether compertive and sora or ante ‘work Twouldalsovertretsay ht the rex ancl acy har pogesed Turis and pogrsed farther tro compart s hse wrk, thantheocher aes revenedin three My estonia have not reviewed deal he other Kersten ny nero in theory bling bee ee of presentation Til te the pot Tally pose “The Meroe on nia pli ha nranced fr sithas ly bee here was rntve agreement on wa war be ene, whe the ves dmgreement over he posible expanston Alt the saan {eintion focal ple wa mre ike an anchor em aed tandpo, (hs nor of concen about what wa oe explain tamed verge "ersoninasmiardsecon Athen chulrstendedte dgree tout the posal espinton. Thi station proms the ting ef Inypheses nd the detelpment of middle range scl ces theory ie ‘he nance Bese igs escarcher wih tachment oink ‘hears prpeetver someting wit which to opps ir arumen Teal provides wa of shpening arguments a schol ses ow they gotoespansmething of greed ypenimportanceandvo think at ‘ny agent are te. Hing scolar with allpance 0 eat “heoretagumens ensures Inely debate over he dre td tre ofthe empivelsapore ving at erect on wba tobe expe Derlopment of Sec Poy “Bile 3.2, Rea Progen king Apna ed Disgratt Wha Bie ie pi Ean : Dingo a ewenon Rect dri Read pois ‘ae “Terma ews ame "pins stay ne Ape Sones oe "aN re she lp schol oct empiri anomalies and to sckeplncons feethom “The iret ostiisregnding agreanent snd dagreement batt tobecphned and ptcntal elastin ae coined sn ite 2 [ithe opperlf ofthe blelsthesitantion nwa scholrof oil ply fd he wef stat oad themselves daring the 19S ed eal ‘There was rately high recment on wht wast be exained ~ the Mopson al exuion of major scl programs — ba elie ngre nent smeng thers perpectve Sonecneeicmotersaton eo ‘os were appeased slog tas Maran plo ares and ate Centre or nasnal heres. Ths ston tid not peclde thers ith whl diferens erence png ir hand ar wel ehlped, {oo tact ofthe hart argument ade were of he mle range sone Th seton resin hae fa alg werent pial of comune hypeteses” Sols would be ableton fern earch ‘Sites nappratiandeeop argent Thisentraiing ofmorethan one Teg noy have abe the procs by which Aileen scolar moved eo elaine we sided toed agents sods soi So ‘Sano ota egmens to wore hye ones (CF Oa ed ‘Sovpa 9 snd Stop 1992 cf Super 1999 and Haber ta. 193) In hee fs movement, by cont, dee i lately lie sree en what st be expe, ith mre ata precent 2 {fe theortl perspectives “Soci movement” hs noone ming he ‘larly ecard thar been eld oreleroeeyhing fm does falc pin for tang othe ceton of sei rps reds ‘equliesamony fe reltively powers to he ninaieonl polis son eage in by mach prope: Perper hs azo, soars Bae iy, =dae wide variety ofl movement ontomes ing the nog Of the emergence of socal movement, esos pil by them hs Prtipntes the numberof parson, i tees f pons the ental esas fmovemens and soon revewedia Medan Meaty Ed Zald 19658), Even newer ony that the emerges of movements the mom important qo, bon of digress inthe dfn tf oil orenets is ie oases There ako mote o eat ‘pecment onthe Unreal rogram aan y Dog Mca Jo D McCarthy, nd Maer Zald (1996 hat scl toners pense ca be understood and explined by proves of ming aban Sucre, and plicaloppornies. gain the match ise perfect ft ‘npeneral the santon cone in wich enn tort eguments re applied wo diferent se of omcomen ose wheter there an xpi {eM ofthe week in he ares i by way of ene ses of nda movement or organizations bu here some compares historia stork Us pose crete diferent ores ofan sss hr, with the oul fort of hype apse to dierent cutomer Beate ofthe various cones an spon however, ch alnce sees ‘ral be mar diese costo ‘second recon fr the progres in soil iy wa the nator ofthe conan ha wa 0 Bese ws fla way that wet Jolt drape ofreement. Sc policy marconcepaotin way ‘Gur were iyo operas but fr rom spline eel sont ‘ewatiedinanal or nthe sinthetining of elopion of roan hic is eser wo pinpuine han the emergence of sch mere Ba “ere weremare varied aye teingit downto cirhiaswell Scholes Toeaedonespeacstafzate xen progr wthscme eit ptt than ochers gies hi ely impt ocean ine ‘rs deed appara aaje especies ts Pos Uetonddupscal policy inmesningfl aye. The programe wee reel ewig it posible to deep research projets naming tel Bt ‘ach of he programs bad enough going for an tha ne cold wri ‘anirehisorkl monograpon specie program otto meatia gu ‘Se esarch pager Having base peementon an opertonslaten of ‘oc polio made iclerwhenand bee oe wae dgesing wth ‘dias posse ola fom hat well The concept war anne “Isparegete or agpreptd inher stl wa when diferent pr ees of cal ply oer ype of sca poly were ane. Uelerethateheadnnges or tnone cpg an ocloiott Development of Sxl Pty : 1 deta the way that the phenomena have een derstood than with tae ofthe pencmens themes Hal thi roan). “Thin «good da of reat infermaton about roca potiey wat ibe ewan ae dat reams of new data were bing cect by ‘esearhersslmow alte twee itorilin the ene of ing lene ‘Gon he d-geneaing projects of organizations al sats sinter oneal orgsens Adan rea atoalJoamen ere Sule a ne woul expect with the objet ofthe nee ing ate ‘Sci nd they probaly were more informe han hae ed a he ‘She erature ae formson gen the rst increases in Pe ‘rtaaon of tater in he twentieth centr. Thi wath of infomation ‘ese the writing ofthe high-qaliy istonography and ter secondary soc whch comparative ad stv wok gray res. The rely ‘rally ofgorermenel recede ao opened the wy er oil se ‘to doth own trp shia work or ned, whoo exec font, fd the dae were sl for theres rpc wel, bere ‘heute of obevaden were not mer acomenene an aren of ‘ev and elanshpr win the border of hen con, bie ‘seo ken the ate nding raonhipe beeen he stead ‘linens The ae o goverment tee ond recoded qounaine ‘ha cers moc, ad that my be atest to bythe ree ck of on fprhensie comport research on poe counts Vor xeon, ee amped sed Willanson 1989: revi in Skog and Arent 1989), “There were sacl bnew wel oth erably the mvelailiy ‘fom of dnt Hard and systema ats sable For guanine sea ‘es cxted ony forthe pereds of expansion ap reenchent, wie ‘Spleen of thst wa alae fo he er spon, ‘tiation snd engleson Thiele 0» dvison of bor of re Table 3.5 mre Quanta comparative researchers may aad forthe 196 and beyond, and compare dha sores vwak charge ofthe fist ai fee cena. The eamparave an hte ‘ol researchers tended co work where the Mtoe perspective ha he ‘restroom tomate and they were marek to lave mare recent Seapets to Une working with quant techniques The rl re deincy of hard dats othe eer period probably prevented the ‘uate searcher om peempting the posttest re {arch There war ager del of ieresing work ar well bowen, on ‘he off ingen stuns noted in Tale 3a the ic wer fen ‘es oFinnonson and puso aabi of hear vin Mary Rogie‘Compe Tian Fa Geis FeSeond Herta fopse Hida San rte ME Era jose eens (098 frien, addres th impact of ci poy om gender re Sons, pd Pau io (1999) opened nee of inking sd earth fon rarendiment, providing hypesexs ate ter by ganas ‘eecher The uantacearele by Clie and Meck (975) xt gre Soak a he eden thes wth spt othe adoption of i Pale and sured compare and Hrs work onthe ction The fou ream nthe oper ninded etholopat uk of may of he romion rsh in the ar, The sch cna sn ing soci poli were well ved in debe ver empties i tere mets, an ow tok shard ln in favor of ee ove aoe ‘Alhoug schol hal perme for onto notes Ie of wrk hey ‘sey denigrated the wor ofthe. Few quntatve researchers Seriel ‘ieworkofcompustie spl store racrcersa corn is Fw compas and ister reeucherr su the wrk of the ana ‘ve cholo a sips and ng im dep an vii. Th tne a ‘<1 on, wih Gaston Rinkinger (1971) emioying the gol aad ‘fqn td, he ease of scl pending fe” tare hit pth. being compare and sori ivestiniony. The wing and lity of searchers workin diferent mes we ky Jn Steps, Eye Haber, Theda Skolt Gata Exang- Arden ‘ret prominent song thos schol poet in one ype a methods 2 bet wing ce deren artes employ ether Aemping se in fren mods was noe the typi respon ts ini she tis ints een, bur the research othe oe set of chlas na eed Deveopment of Sxl Py Tile 24. Compt nia Rear Programe ing Pra of (uae Wek an men Cpa on Hat Reon Prams Conan Wik Seog Wat a GEER wa seepnaccte” samp reading forthe oer: These scholars understood th dient approaches fad atrenages and dsadvanges, sd tes of sceting the disean tages in exch clr exe the arate nach low gree ogre than could beacieve by oe a ater approach. Conca prement on sol pay, he ably to peratonaie e in sophisti wap the aalbility of eliflerent pes of tat dow dhe wiingpee focal tae bath per fala is eerste ergy bene compare ad srl sd eamarave {gneve work The wort dnon ced by thane worn ly depicted nthe upper le are of abe 3, which says te sone of quinine wrk wih engagement wis compas ad [soil wor Here there war tong presence o quanti work ad {rng eng with comparatneand iste racarch: Theres hehe sssrage ofeach ype fread the thei ay nt Ted grsachicsrens than wou hare Ben oes on thar om ‘hereof earch done have the same fort of competion Be ven spare abd eral and quart wok. In he eaepory ihe boro ih, bere tere se quniave compare work {disk comers Setwcen ean comparative and hiner work, 9 nyo thi sre snot pose. pice the ene sade rsa on ‘ect! monenents hee the reves in Mea ta 1988, Guia Wot mane, the elt lck of quate compare work ie de pao lack of agreement among rsechers nth rs abo ‘ais ieprtan wo explin.Abo, tere reno extensive dn, yesh Tecan ofthe rltelyBetng mae of movement often ahd svi, salable pertionae the mat bse wndestndings of scl ‘movements conti Ther lare ensures png sleep ripen neem sre of plea acon srs soe counts fot1 tine prods (Daan 198) bt hese meses no Se Bly t9 ‘wn consenr tats among cholate or he concep fc ‘oision. Because of corp dgrecens deck fata oe ‘an say compeling)y weber soil omen ere ese me oui rter than ees or whee they ae beroming more import in india counties ovr tine: Fr the sume t,he compart tl Rr err inted mainly to broad compe recs unt of the sad ips f nda scl moves daring the porta period (eg, Kinch 1986, rio tal 199; Baan 1996). Toker earth are scons pile fr there wo be seme ergy eenen the iferent ype of wk bu wih ie poten or nzeained ote. erape neds ony here here ie quanta co frie work ot ew prone fey there hos or thi soe. {nthe ene ofevluon heise quence wrt ht arg ca rpms tothe ain conceptatnadon of reves in he Iertre (er Golson, hr ome) tthe posites fr Seay thi aes ‘renin, perhapeinpary de standard conception eee ‘Sons sll ranting outcomes revents Themore exer guanine “omparnve rte on cece nen, fr which da ar ale ‘ler ao adres he stv subj. seems pone ti nse et ‘here nay be fot qotitaie red cmperstive snd ire wk at ‘here eer sxe fr ayer by concen the bs ‘famalyssmoch ier oy paying ee eon w ope another, In stdhing the cnn fac poly colar dong comparative snd Iie wort have emacd toni gre ana, cee ‘onal earch awe tbe wrk of rin, The ent hs bee protean esearch on scl pois ban the bt fr New Thesofresaich comesting he ol consemsson hat weworessining in socal poly hve sen proce rests Ii or anf here M9 room for mproveren ese dough, as the new wy of cncepaing Sexi ply have ought more qeion than anor Ilse Wi tae edectons oo emerging reach aenda and pg or cont one Ut compart a oral esearch may make As ee ‘esearch devel, hope ht colar ef ack ob What worked in the psa lear fom Cone ‘Oncof the ens that compara an hina work ns pote mae sich date progress that there ws» fal coment othe Development of Sac Ply nerd of socal ply. This conse begun wo siin the se (ode ead so mertant mgs mpd figs ahd opening “nce Sbjct for say archer lage nore some qusooes ‘udu theo conenisand have rowed on Butt worth eleting ‘ackon bets werkedin se ys cncepaly spin toseehow ew ndcrcnng of sol poly an be employed rare a par aber PO way tis might be done further is through examining policies and ropa ties runing ef neal pay Tees een {sbntoc ofosprve sn hasrl wrk bowing that opus Sher n soccer he ngs eyo neyo ‘Corset rch ar ene ihn cl pied he (cc de sha Ti ok ae el eth ang oe Sardpr rte e ccep oso oc sn probe sons op oreitstospai nd ee hen. ae conyre an ara ‘ie Geen 99 Howl 197), bree mae scene ‘Ste weeds inn mnt ur pete fr sa pup rls of il poly vtec ta eee fn fc oes ‘spending ogra eso werk ns be dont eh ea ‘pale noe euch ngs nor make wal compen Monee pnt or Some epee re lyre ‘Soro eth ld ned dren Roms poly at ‘Stony peermedia vente ore Be ae Siochl pale, The eco hane oa or pra retbare ‘Sosa bt ore ein ace ea op Chrome compre Hc se taking ned sqrt one Sti do caplet cts ploy mel how ocean hs Frm ere ‘heal be pile how mach eps mt co furl tothe sand ons page ont ocr ome eh 5 De ‘Secon af pores wep the bent opened Uy npr lore vr ne 1iinal pec fay. “Th reins comepiaon wt Seve in wort wt compe axe tinal ss, bx to free flowed wp ie rr tht cme erage gion fs li Compe Meo ech a hep pes mctn won ieee oe ted themesourinthae dep Sonyorec erage heres ning aly stopp Howey dare a or hea nah xe nin declopmns oft pet wlio Ane {Toy igptnos rte eopmcnte e pesavrben cypried by his own oe esearch, Given ther more een xg, ens anos ofthe sate ave nd gree fost on recent develop ‘ment I woul! so be wordebile wo dee compute ed Hatrel ‘oearch projects oad the quan of he long development ‘Bern gender aed types of ail pb. Soc poly reine pe ve advanced rescarch nzclplcy ut right be male mare fale x prvous undereantings of sal ply. (Onc way tice the ex ad ally of te concepts would bets ny the wo in yes -Esing- Andere rege tel on fing ‘rerkr from maker ad emi oes concerned wih ve pact of Sat pay on gender eqs The dgee to which ats prove egal sc op Ibo and ese the posit of esabishingrtonomons oushols suggested by Oa 1993) O'Connor (193) am fi ‘he mos ilies for further concept deveapmen. Thee dine ‘Sons might be employed bull eon capo tha fil onevhere ‘erweun ply eis and indi! programs This sort of cones ‘tason woul be fl forthe devdopmen of crea armeratin ‘Sat cold he appeed by rneach of the compare and oral Kod sel th quanta nd fra ire sor Repime mol ite Fin. Aneres have been pl in xpi ‘conn irene in eeachnent efforts Person 200 Hee ‘nd Stephens 201, and thse gens ave Begun it the prmibe rhe umserare fl oy wl infoence the potenti fay orto patie More work alng dhe ines come roi, with schol ppg {arefianerdon costs arguments that hve cea an apps Impicaons srs counties and polices, Thi a re where compar ‘ve and isn schobes might make there pus specie omperby apr ws Ube “ota” aguante hos ‘mocha ptf Us rte an mpeg compare nl stra techniques tose these rps Tay be fl think of states kta in rent was bower Sls stnying the tate ocd ls ene on anal ply [elas ten sed hte soil ply Soonte and tts ome oe ‘hace elie ee tpn nd pining specs of tes ‘rldininh Tiss uencnsary tae however Recent US. prin Tas ineaed sha incensed acl pending has goe lng ot only wh ‘eked tary pending, tao with nested efor wal mpi {ett Ste conception nd heres ny eed Wo ales he ar ‘er feces no merely the aspects ofthese at prviesevies Devlopmen Socal Pacy sdincome protein fom rl: Comparative sn historic earch on ‘oc plc len bed on theo fhe sae and poli and might Tink up wid she err on wate bling by adden tate ach Think we shuld rer reogaize the renga pes of research arth in rarer done eveyone were otk sort ‘fap yk hee sing oot the conto of ampere td hurl sarc wo 2 gen subi sty — would be emery td probably inpeble Bence colle work oper 0 wel i ‘hr Bel fram the arose diel Refrmes ‘Ses ti om Cn ets Na Ne ian” SA Rca sey yen i i oir Amen, Ein. 193. "The Stat ofthe Arn Wire Ste Reserch on Soci Le an a ay A a ti Ny te rg ae Ain a oer Bin i Bnd Nl Cres“, Sc Pay in set Be lees 8 ti tnd a de Win sug Ss Py here od Aan Edin nde DP 195 Ss lt in Cont Th el Pl ay Socal Sng wt a fe New Dk atin Pe 99 Te us Sa Sin: Clr eof ogo io Sut 15s Centre: Combe Use ree et ln 200 “Cling Dg in he Welire Se: Amen Pay i eae Hl Renn” PD ert, Bp ok ecto, Ear 1981 ir Wie See: Fre Reet Rag akrare MD Jeon ey Ps ‘ct Eda Mea 98 A, Orang he ii Sate The ‘a Emmy of Foc wren: Unt ReES een ‘ai Cie 0 yi enn ing Flag peer eerrs eror se ong ie Ari 19 Cee cong Teg a ao ea pe Sa oa a St RS am ni iit Cates, Ponca ad Deo iil 199) “Wd of Wel an Pa ae ae ee eran (ioe hetiphanre Cre arse eR pea cuba crane Ne hs in thes nmencaetar ata noes cs ‘emcees accom ip aroe dst co en 9, The ef eh Tutnpetor be WS on nied gs Tae has Sat ra her a oy con Ea nC fer Smad Ou ant ‘Fiat enka eh Comeau tb ae cng Rage HO hed ee, Enel Depa wt Ne Se ee ee Daten an. 198i an Wore Damar: Pie Opin nd "Rint Pr Utd Sut Ga ray Wen Geman ed Fe hai, Cho ome ke Snu Ato, D C ofth Sate Ha Cay, a a ii "Bp ue US a Noe Vk Over Uno Pre 1p Toa i, et a Ply So anh 197 roto Big Sand Ripe Badia "tn Ea Nw gee Ss Cape te png, Cos 98. yg Mr To St Dera Ral ‘eer rout Neon Ui Pes ih i Pe io pa Pe NP ey Devsopment Sl Ptey ee FF hL———~—L lca, Pete, {a is Tr apn Hire St lcs Poca ker 18, Breton Descanso an th Dv Fen enn ent sages tan en acy Pyeng eros ra aT ey a en at en a eg rs i i el eo gn oe ma ae apa eee merle Ny aeeas al pickers teaatecsetaaesee catty 90" Ranpriy Etat ond Ean ie Soy ag aD Ra Henne, unl Edoed Grn 196), Se Rupes "nd Stee Anoiam Londan: Unwin Hyman. LET RRsat tan gamete ‘Haney, Ljme 000, -Paninit Sate Theory Coepering Gender Regimes Acros ea A ae aah dan ret “Heide, Amid). 1961 “Edson and Sac Sec Emtement a rane re Re ee i et apn Sad Dewan nd Wf Capit Cnty me ape ren Aen Capri Dero, 1801002 era arf a eer aN ee omg. an Mer Sa png al id ah En Cit po Sens, em Tina a of Seay 911-89,ey Bryden 20 Degen rit fe ior "Sete Pir ant sm Ge Mork Chg Uy Chg 200 "Were Sate don Rees in the i of Reet: "tio eh ft fon Sey Pd an ‘nme, er M17 He Pa: nd ei Br Barge nti Canes Unters Pre etc, 19) “Smare an Cannon i Canpanie Pac ‘Tp HCI in Grr Pex Rey Clr, Sr, Mak rg eh at Sn Zao Se ee Ca ated rc pow 190 Reding he evn Se ‘hc fam he TOs" Gees sr cd Dt 2 ‘ain ange i185, Sing Al Cle a he Dene fennel Sty Dain Sl gs {ae Gar Rater Rey ol ty Vt: 7, Di Sia Se gba mur ech Pn ten One int 1 "ail Orrin Scr Pia re Serta ame ‘Ks ler ee! Koon Willen Drenden Gin io hc Se Amen Bag opr rs ‘Kalle Sein 198. "The Grow of Sl Insrecs Progra in Sean “Ga acs and cl Fes Bp 200-908 Te raps ie Se Bae ra hd by Pete Pr seal J teertemer New bani moe Bok ‘me abe 99 Siig he Cl an at on he ron Wii “See Cant, MA Hoel ner Prt ‘tron Suny 12 Soa nd Bi Caeisons Ae Benin a Rosai in Cours Sue ed 2 Sal Nae of Cs Fy tit arraigned Shi agli Ber Cogs ey a nd, “Come Ri ose Campte Ne” Mane Jc 200, “Pah Dependence Hose Soeog Ty ad See oe Degen et Py Maal: H.196 Cs, Ci nl Si rym, Ci Unig Calas Pe Mot, Ba, D- MeCary, and Maer N.Zall. 1988 “Soc Moe mea” 08.9 in Te Had of Sa, ed Wy Ne) So, Sov Cx Sige 1978 tnd: Opps, Meng Sus nd Prnig Po ones Tor Se, Comprne Pepe er More” ‘p22 Compote Pere Seal Nemes Paal Operas, ESsng Srsr nd Cara ena ed ty Dog Metta en Dinter nd ger NZ. New Wr Cnet Uiey Pos spi Hana Dan Has 1978. Toe Uns of Pan De ‘neon Hoar Sng The fers Sept 310813 sama le i pn a ferme My Jo 90007 eae iS The Pad ny of Pac “Hames Dako Laer Unery Penof Kanom Mylene alo 998d Renee The Rela Ltrs? ‘Wire Suc node need Se Pend Say 25-40-72 ‘Cans ln 199“ Ch hii ce Cpr ole tie tenon orclna i Son Sho Ol nd Shea Stor. 199. St, Marks tts Une Sw: Cambvge Cane Usvety Prox nal 1950 Th ot of Pe Cnt Sabet of Bri, "Gust he Ce Ses 198 190 Mai Unc fc 190 Ganesh Sol igh of Cea The Comer ear “a Gander Rd ae We Ses ran Segal a S830 ‘ot an So He utero ot So Pay Cone ‘on tn Sa Tn Soet 90 iy No Ege rece Ee ake aS one on "or Conge Cones Cory ae on ee a tr Sey Ce Mot ese Se Jo When 181 Th Gt of i aged he ‘ep Pct Ninn ney edn 195) Foal Edm sey be ire Set Bate Foy 1910-105 Coma Cog Vey Prosol "Tre Werf Ware Se ech” Cpe il Se hth Poh Depends, Ineing Rens and te Sealy of Pic” “Aue Benorars” Fp 810-3 in Te Neo Pas of be Wire So, ‘Shey Pa Pore Nr Ont Urea ro ‘ine Paso en Rb 8 Ch 97] 19), aun Poe Ta Th ler ac New as Ve Bo ‘Pree mad Tae 190 Lag Cpe Sl agin ‘Nowe Wines leg Trt Se We See” AR of Sein 9B Thi if ai ning er Pty Now "tbc i Gg Pn yd The Sai td Menor ics Nos Wa Cache Uae Pe ‘Range a 1 ir iy ond aera ape rs, ts New Yr Wey Rocthemee Diol hed Shar 196, Su Stl ie a te “rps ars ae Pc Nh Pore Un oe Roose ich sla DSc Camping Hse Sejm ior Cl ns" ne Sa ae yea, Mary a tran I Wak 299, "The Renn of Lt ‘rant al Peso Eanes ery a te Cit epics Th Sic alec PA a Lf Pay nl Sl ty Pa Geer cin Ck, Nl Oct wan hg hi OT Sed Mog Wisc NY Cae Urey Sin Dar 19% Gr: yn iS Cnt Canes ‘Sceler Shndes 1982. The Segal Development of Sol Progr pin le Sc” Craps Rand 15-29 State Mic 198) "Tee Sua ema Na Bavod: To ena of Cangurhe Rew one Wire Ste” Cpt Sharan utd Richard Hebe. 196. Dimension of Sa Polis Ex id Pi Pk" un Pe Sa Re 8-78 Devcon Socal Py Sloe, Th 5, gg te SH Sop of dp Tole st Rite rat dy ETT Al aye Tee [Ske aire mee ter ee wart a “Eich! Wane Antti lth Eco Moe Sc aT uch amnion ana ee ra sue Ten aA 18 "St dc Pier Aa een ssl pe Te tf Compre He Ty fc in Eyre Sin SHES ses 9 id if San ae St hte te se Bt Bn dr ee en Se enn suo 5h no pt in sea 0, tind Dery la, Ma! in ee rs er se tong is ier Now Dot” AL Sk ine ae ge oe i of ‘a et tS Serene a se oe ee a ain om onic cig ome Spray el cae eh te fmatonrntgomtgatcr sen ose Remon Nw 5 Tana, Hen 158 “War an Sal iy” Pp. 7-57 ihr Tos "yee Weir Land len 2 wn ‘in Keven Kee 1 Sol Caton fo Rae ‘Wek Map 98 cc oe Te Bf Epes yn he ‘ed Se rice, Ponce Une oe Weg pre, Ann Shel Ol apd hele Sora 8, *Undevondng “aman Sn Pls” $7 i Ti i Sa Pate Seep, a St Ov a acs Sc."espe New Yr Ox Utena rac ST? "more vor heal cy ee Dept An 2s on a ee ‘tr. Ni, Cres, ad he Sa, 4 5 a RECN EASED TT Knowledge Accumulation in Comparative Historical Research THE CASE OF DEMOCRACY AND AUTHORITARIANISM James Maboney Supringy He ein ha en devoted thinking bout nowt sctmalign nthe soci ener Aough many ucla gree “ats hae parpoo oth eect prods umlave lege sboutthe wd hey donototenrfesonthenanreof ch accmtn ‘nd tae plc. Careay, we ck clear anewer og ch ‘Wine costines knowlege seculatn in he oc scenes? How ‘nt be mesred and compared cus des shot reserch pro- [pum Wor promos orifibs knowlege scsi in the sal ‘ence? One might be inclined ose these quion ing epi ‘loge ean be ese som parte scl c= ‘pani, Howere Isl age nth oy hat moet soe ets Sc gree on hom aewe hee question tes iy dn ‘road erm Inaempeing outed pion, Lec inte ‘ager dacs ot hw ty lle seul in soi scenes ‘My Smeine gulistostenthe tent Shawlogescumlson at hen pace i the Sl ofcomparnive historians earch re ‘Sat seinen oie sing fede chee cums ale ‘sige {int my dacasion #0 ses ofthe npins of democratic nd “torr patna eines Aka tht elstiely pee fot, few thle wold ny that he sty of democracy aed aterm” i ries fer order questions ~ tht ig "quesions hat da people to sey soc ein the et plc, haar cams ised the ihe ere a et if msn gee. Te See cednelty hase Sms Fn ee cat SnMatoney ‘minds of sony” Rae 1997p 40), Any program fei resarch "hase to make eal din wo soy advances al woe ol he atenon of sonpelis ~ mst ale proges n aldeing ‘uch inorder ution I the ell feonopartie hrc ales + ‘ery mans Body of rsarch ores onthe eso demos and {hortaranon andthe survey hat lows ot engl to be cr prehensineoveri: nex eancetat on certain works tht views ara sear li inthe eg chang ere, with rch ‘Sremion bing devoted to stalss of Eope id Latin Aves he mo ropa eos where my own soba ares Tn parce Tap iden and dicen de major research peograns— wha eal he Biringln Moore, Gaile O Donel, andJosn ine and led Stepan arch programs, Between they hee propane ben 3 food del ff he compare hierar oo Somecacy a autora fam inching its leading ena esearch ing and centr es facta In eramining these esearch programs Lem concerned sil wi the ‘ssa of whether knoalge cumulsoniu en pss spec kao ‘lge abou eal rocars Whe do fr sme son of fy ae Imation hao as ot ose hi ot my ain interes py ‘eckonlyto document he camuline Knowledge at ns een seated Tiwi forthe mot pat leet otro explore ieee ich ‘sha working our th compare hora ei be pnd Cumulative knavledgesbot democracy ad authors. For ea te comider workin he Blof nal Gc theory ad tata lal ly ofa a it a atl he setey of wedge sce ‘nonin comparative bisa Defining Kowotedge Accmaaton “fentomloe scum, illo each some conten ‘on the meaning of accion” and he meaning of Enowledge” Let te begin by dscusingscumultion, Ata nim, mosh il pe that accumaton imps progress in undesending 0 esings ew and wel Inowledge mate produced for scunmion ro eee (Caen 1989, 319) ert pals al sho are at ecu se not merely ep thenroacion of new knoe the ell ison of ew empl igh In hs sens, knowlege carn ‘Sot alent o nowledge pnraion, Unlen te ew Ecce et emocryandAuthoraranin, eat = ager | [ee -| gore At Hleefacclon ne rach aon ut of preening omg, nklon ox research program dot nt ‘Signy aceon Frese 1980, pp. 1841-2; Rule 1977p 27}. Tham ‘omlition occurs when the jeeraton fnew noes ede ot Prevouasned Loong “Thequstionfwhetconstatesbivwtedge probshyannorbersed In fcion the wl plese asda Hee Tim for the moe det fal densfing een ements ht many sal sell realy opine sy iportar components of the wo Thigh fr ase ‘ent deserigire Sing, earl nding, nebo ol ea ‘hos te Figure 4.1). The fet woo ive pre knulde ‘Shine oll by pacing social sents, wher the se 0 oh tales develope nd we by ia ini for peers Unlege ‘Si Scholar rcpcsening ferent adios wil gre sow he ‘ase imortnc ofeach ofthese ements In aon, sme scaly ‘now not pone scholar, ay amis the eeleance fone ‘Ss oy pon ate now bge mot nrg a pede SSL UEe lcremnicsernvi nloaguee inet he fae Wee cen neces ‘echt pn iy Thence Tmt ped eon rts Tea sla ‘irc eSiger mac tte he ene ee ‘pt some ce fae enn el ‘Me enti nr see sy Lae ing lm tn ey Se oeMatoney ‘or fis tes, However Tange tht the lementeaesngssa pod ‘alot what most esa oc cents reds knowlege. Ts, descpeve Ending shot the soci woe ae rutin sonics foo strkfaral cence ould: These Sndinginclae ‘aoa clleons of dat, wether gaat oe quectae, conten {anor Bsr The aon of oew deities ‘moulin he soil sens a aoa ater more snd more data hou th world ower, the poducton of aw despre Lnowedge oes not neces ign cama, ice the new data equ do te depend onthe exe of ny pir infrmason. Rate, a iran, eve mah fur deserigiv infomation abr he saci wor ag. ‘mented nd uncom For xine een iterate on deme ‘ein developing connie rapid dn cllecton oft hs ouput the ‘My of aso orgie ings erat sich ia we now have {pet def winters sfomton sont any cots "Koomlogexcumelton ough decripon is flit when schl- srs chip eng information sang well peed concepts, polo, ‘td quindeve inde These cletcaton apart etl aml {oformulte ie and wal lnriage hats prematy reltedo sd ‘Ependent on pornos Fer ance, ar we wil oe, Jan J- Lines _desicton oie pe of oa oimer nar crac tthe so ‘mundon of much espe inonfee- As pola tems ead rer ‘heyeas ss erable ouraniethe ae iforan ytamataly ‘night o Li’ peeing epi ypolgy This developmen parallels auc coss-atona sas of debocrtraton, where the ren ‘ows of emcracy his promoted knowedgescamoltion by provid {ng acl with ol Sor eorelyorattng dts sour drei ‘Fecdoms and process ‘Second, ndings shout cual process te a sh component of sec scence knoe See arly 9 28 Se that i nding are the liste pe of wal sence reser Reels of ether one gery ts denise nt ged of cholate [Gated wo thivend es one il bare cmp scl wet fails bid en ch thers eave ndings Skeptic are ght ser that ‘rehuvemoch fagmenedand uncertain noledge about xl oes {olin norte and solid nowioge tha can provides eable ie erenplaing es "When sl rerechers acemlieknoeldge above cas dings, they stl don pie ndings in hrc eae In eg ocr al Ashi 2, they offen purse wo kind fates tat hypothe eng ‘lpothess orate, With rated ype tng on or mare re ‘exrchers conduc sofa ensal hypothesis (rset of ype) eat tes prevony devopel and tnd by a diferent sear? The new Tovearcher my atenpw reps the xgnal Sang enc o hey Itoy rte the eral hypoth wng now at and ee the ay, the goa terse hypotheeeing ito cael rains preciing pees inorder tere acholarly confidence above vai Tt ‘Set noting th cule research doe no depend on the epee «mpi onmation of gen hypothesis nowdge progression ro "nel takes ple Ugh he etn fa ial hypoth Cae 198%,p.300. The proces of phe aration aca when anal we a iit sual hypotessar2eppingsoneor the delopeneand eg Iypsbae ce Wapner and Berger 198, p77) For camp, hola ‘my intros new independent mah that wet in conjuction with vou ened one baer esn se ome ae oridet- ‘on Likewise may eend depen vrs ed to cou {ora gen ome oa now of outcomes tee eon he got cli othe ial exlaton Hypothes cboraion ao can ae lace Upmere peel senting tesa coins ht gone ype Gesmore any inet the ables hat ake op the eondoons ‘era gen ype cm be epeced to operat) Ta ech of thee camps of hypo cberaton, a il yj eres 989 pring tendo ereon oe hypothesis yedsndoral informe ovecul pater ‘ese aed sl Sings ae ve asic knowlege pode by snot prcacing soca scents Hower, when erakang te oral lnowleige genre by 2 rere rate och 5 comparative sor tal analyse inportan vo comider progres ering the fl ed {ofrmate ecrpve and eal ding A prope reer Shon shld be characterized by camo nth espe to ter ol Methodology sp mes theory the hid and our lemons of noel ge specie prey ar mporaoe examples of ch one aa er oc ig seo ed ey pbs pry dee aMethodology enon the bud rang of procedure anaes ae to genemte doen aod cawl inference Inde hee at aos ‘nlesconering dt celleon, ase seleon variable operation, ‘tenet, hypo tering and recording roping ek ‘Uist, ch of metboolgy i conerel with califing gers predic for proscng vad ings wither deseo nal By ostrt, mcte thr Fees © overthing sompton and erations {Gatcanbe edo formulate cope puede sac peter and {Sat lp ames fae more spe reach quer Metts ‘ees oienig concep re ein nds of warble pre, {nd pointo sles ofreearchandeaplanaon Hower they do etal ‘he specie anya of rece propos As we wise, ‘parse biorelzhlarsworkingondemocty nd uthorraion ve nse overarching ms theoreti iets sch suction td vlenarin xen Camel progress in mahalo and mets thors desop- smenerees tht schol conssiouy aldon one anothers mock. When ‘tae plc i tay na at the eneraon of edge bt ‘specific cual and dsp poceses? Mach dyson nthe lem phyofsciene as foc on met theo acoanaanthogh sas {nares researc programs Kan 1970; Lats and Musgrave 1070), Although scholar debate the een ro wich tention ean be soled wo the sal soem, a minima they er wal aes In inking show mee chore evln nthe el of emparsie ‘ricl angi For eampl, ome clr have charted he caste on plea eine change se ving ved fom cura ‘mathe, to. alma meteor, oan npn ett, [Regard etholoy hee arta welladapeedto scam, srcanbeswen day th Geld of stats, where ee rans ‘gh dependent one developments In cmparsne iiaa Ju the etluon om).5.Millvmetbos of yrounen ad in, 0 Boolean alge 2s teciqus ray sa se popes, “The secomolationoFlnowledge eh resp to mete peal) onstage Atbngedotopeelens ‘Stes wn er elec Democracy nd Ancora, able when the elses win sane earch When hs {aes pce, new methodology ily becane indigent ach thant “ned o know thes ennotfd dow he ‘le, 5-9, Te bens eh shut he derive and oul dng rd sacle geneuting wos bap cnt an cent of sneering NO nner how power se mete chor or metbologil tole the rece iow zamolo does ot calniatein he prdeon o “fe tare deve wus Rather, nowledge ty one pol ine ‘saahaysesubeaned clei question Insc renderseanot ‘Spat compara hte alo any othe eer won fr ‘eeucr= co roe soe it of Ging at ae proven beyond a ie dost Po twig tas wil xplre thee ces of know coe non, onsng mae cently on al aig abo the ogi of {toca a anhitarnrgnesToncente on th rs bese stnyscobowhowerkin the Bel -inding vo eis fennparave ‘otowal sass preg cal aay he lite gol fs ‘ene rata, Coles of eomparve Noor snl ay conde {hare Gli secumdated some owe wth eps to expire fnings edt onan nl post ethlopes How ‘reir would be esky oake aer coneeson regu al fing Hence, he reson of cal nding provers hard cor Se comparnve Miso ay of deme and suberarasan. ‘Poe Barrington Meare Resear Pregram aringon Moor) Sul Origin of ian nd Doma Laan Post be Maling tbe Mer Wi (966) often regal he sige ostinportattookin the computivehisoriel research ean ‘Yer fom contemporary perspective, the mportance of ore work eee ooo the ality of cal hypothe concerning oii of frrmentry dete fc ditt and comment cece. In fc Moore pie pres wee sated israel rape man er that as ma i ificufor sobquem sels to eat is lis * wegen fg, abs pag mp i een cern nen nseMatoney compli. Moreoey in the procs af ered hypoth testing, ase ‘gentacolr fen have not ound epee soporte yobs "Nevertdes, Moore work Jered cesta lace the small compartir sural each For More err conebton ‘wis orto end darasion ofthe ont of deatorip and demoery {ene be eo inspire sbesuent pote elaboration sad met Thee derlomens on sel a supa early anyother wrk mses ene rated Hype Tsing end the Flifeation of More Aga Moot illargament cannot een atin’ He emphnsie he ining ferent elaine to ane mother ete ning of commer agricre elt ores of gain sta) mange cia spc thea tmenein terms of sat vale Porter be was concerned wit he ‘ap in wich varies bund eee waft oneness with how rst sodegehal conten infeed the working of thee vc thie Ase sn colt be ad ficalysucariing Sic Orig, ieing to rater divers ef nteertonsreprding dein ago sens of tie book (compar, or erp, Ska 1973 Steers 1968, ‘ed uige 197} Nevrlen derpte some contin abot he arament whale thre wide apromenton prea hypothe tht ide ‘he smal Since my concer with demtcrcy and aberrant, T ler eee ype abet he tabisment ofthese rane Comme The vo ype do ot socal Moore apne, tar hi falaon world eal ine quinn portance he toys Fist Moor aruethaca song bourgeie(unertakmainlastomn cole engaged in commerce sind simone othe creston ‘st demacry npr, denncrydeeope in Fee, Engh, an ‘the United Sates eras theorgol imately avoided Beroming he “erdinte pre nan llnce wth ded ele aie the pesary (Hypnos 1) This ances allnce was pase in Moores deo {rn countries Ucar nde lies mee weakened or placed daring ‘erleionary prod in wich care anor polite war neared (he, evans sounding the Elk Revolt, he French eran. td the American Ci Ws). Wath shi weakening of inde ete, be targa sable ul itor le and abc primentary amocry ond Autoren, ‘Second, in resesonay-authoraran ess, orev landlords angen sla with he bourgeaise agus the pests piel {cory thorn ewelopedin Japan Garay bene or ‘epee nor tien he per and nan nese cosion ‘ra Bones of interned sng Hypthess 2). In thee cases Ine epresive hal were ot dsc by barges evletons ad eon lated te aia sete osc lea revelations or below A rer a epressve sits developed in which lene ees sed the ste to nese supe nor ftom te pany ‘fing the pos of pri commeraltion. ‘Numer cmpurtie hore researches have dco idreciy vane hee yates. The eience om hae laeguet est oes cconteny yppre Moores ypotbes(ee aber 414.2), Sone Ute met pore allen are come Fomor who pres 8 (noo the ign ee aed in Sal Org For example Moore ‘dscson of Blan as been ale aw gestion because Pls d= lows wereamong th mot pil owen Earope onl wellino he ‘nett cent yt England deeope » Some rine (Stacy 19% Stephens 1)" Ia aon sthogh mach esac sper Moore hint the Engl ours secon que 00 tp the nineteenth ena schol have raised dons Bat the Glorious Royalton on Be consereda burp eon, veh nthe ited ene tering Gouge otros inthe stant are Pam 196, ‘Stone 1967, Sul her oats uve quenoned whee the Dourgoise ‘Ser atone pe fore demerit intent ety ‘Shear bing peered by ker actor Srepen 198, pp 1032-4 ee io Cole 199, p. 96-100, ‘Stas have san riod Moote argent ht the Ameria Ch War war cru tthe etalshment of democracy. Fr Moore, the (C War war tourer in which an alias of Nobern * The eel Moin crs npra ce Me iti ee Singer Tego png pen ge Jee mumps plan brig tore le he ‘ere Pace can sale nn an ‘fe sens dn tera do ety Eland Howe Shope Cioran te sete a SedMaton “ile etal pa Tsing oe Mae Rare rr Demat ISFOTESS Ceres tn mpi ona abate eee ee faa x Sema Shee Foe x Sioa Sect x caw 1S 8 Seinnind x 5 Sch Soca x Sopot Noor i 5 Sep Niclas x 1S Demmee io Sn x PS oa x ‘ice 1 ere 9s oer x ‘sop oma x ape indus nd Wester Srmers defo or repre ples rom ‘he South Yr alse pointed ot that bor epee arcs ‘sereinponad ihe Uased Seer thei War sucht the ot ‘sot hep short pth (Wiener 1975, 1978, Some scalar ave pune art ert ht he Union ior ay hee hire ro rots nd pial develo (hee 90) Inet eer Ermer eve ht he de one parern forge dang to (Ch War were ne dese for democrat, een in he Soh nl emocrcy nd Antaris “Beh rd tg Mara re Arig {NPOTHESS An spews lace hn sheep il cle ‘isp ree co "apf Wer Eon sata Sig nage ee > ee mm = * ore = x as mo, me sim & Se = : = mt ene a = : Sak ; Eee i ek taherel pus ordeocrcy nner cl ore and eons ‘pte diferent rm hove amaled ly Moore Roncheneye, Seren ‘Stephen 192, p. 122-32, ‘New dence ome rec te mined Moore downplay the dire oleate bogie the ren Reet aang et demos portant era the retlton was to deo Soorl peveger and te Pisa poweref the une de. Thee ae delated, bat ay ah ogee the Moe reese weakening of he noi he emma ofthe olen aed anderesnet the eportance of erent ‘hem incre center for democaiton (Reeth tl. 192, x. 8.9, Haber nd Stephens 1995 pp. 214-19) Likes, Skocpl 97, 33) angoe hat Moor rt ren ht the revlon ceed "tect tat Became porn aa dencrtn.Money Moore argues soot cn in Gran bss benchegedon merous np oaed= Dring one est hel ‘Sher (9p. 187) sow that we an sneer te Es Elian ded perc huey de nds de develo barge -notibrrepeselanedces that ‘heute paren aie Psndener ead Scans tcachde tht More vrei e ipo a ce bur fr ‘enc Tt wie Speman abr epee lade cs wee inpratr the cena cnn Geo, Labs (97, 17.3089) als een is oe ted sen usin Len am venetian a note ae anes {pee vr fo nny sd oper ofc wt ng wey hw oes ot domi yn ch ode Soma Flys guns ate ned about teva of Meare srgwmet for Jp. sols have pane ot hat oon ined a infocatal sd pobtly pone co of begs {Seopa 1973 Haran Sens 193, pp. 216-1} Hae, Ms ‘ponent en cnr 9 ching anny noon ‘erie cmt be mained A mos dnd ped the Tey sive rol of aleming om en nl ny cas oe ‘pti nb aay ede “Gren tat hrare cpa inion wth Moore poten ‘ppl oi own ses iss phigh pens an an ‘thcsunt anijs hat nk ther cme ea era aly te Moore ses th ached eonaion clans ae Cae 1979) so Tike 979) ayes of Snotatatn in Sele Ton see the the forms of Cares Xin thee sete cea cnet the poe ft Seth ln ite sed Goa Il pce sss tani thors anc ing ne phat cy ene hans nr han tM au ye at Cate gst indecently wet ese {hie Xtra eam ed pols alfne with inital od feacate ete foe soho Eris Moore} “mannge ton sd ye aig to nection owes ac Gray anion ey ‘Spoon eb Sc ec Democracy and Aubacartaiom enc, Cases mages tht Sweden shoal have dele eionry ‘nthoriarian regime f Moores argmes is cose. OF the oo sce, Cate appear be bred on more ater evdece "Themosrabantal efor tote Moore hypoeein ight ofall cass Is the wok of Russdeneyer ta (1992) Gre ao Hier Stephos 1985; Stephens 1987 and Hater and Sard 1995. Thee suhor to ‘iy iferent inpicaon of Moore argument eching nal de ‘demise concnsenrabowtheraiy Ofte inter auhorkarin ‘erin Erp that were aoe id by More, Anse opr ‘ide the mort ppo fr Moore hes. In teri pla foveal ond Ibbor epee indlordsforgedanallance wid hecown at te any verse highly astern rege. Moreover the Aes bourgene ‘elinked ose ane les» sborate purterSepen 198, 1057) By const the ne utorrent in Spin and aly pr ‘ides only pasta support or Mores argument Alou lendeleing wat, Igy concent nthe eth ane pr cn mo dey caggel in nborsepesie air and dno arume a polly Tending ol, sgt io Moore consonal rumen of sehr sams aon the boargeosie was a0 end om nde les ‘Span ad ely (Stee 189 pp 1040, 1d ba se Seats 200, Reschemeyer ea (192) ao stays Moore’ hei lation 1 emotion n Dennark Norn, Swe, Swine, Dlg {he Netherlands. The erence from thee css gener tore Sn emer cn or he anny fetes ec empzel by Moore sede mtn ables wer Inches oui or repesivelanded ites mre not power eng ‘oleadauthortarian colons whe tent although ot nets ‘ly erogg at one impo aon nthe eablshmen of doers Peshup the bat cfr thereof he bourgeise in democrtiaton ‘a be mae fr Swit wheve cry ndseanton alowed han “ele playa mor pro he dager democracy (Reerhemeyer ‘tal 199 pp 85s to H Colle 199), Theale between ban rile cls ad esas to vas portant eary ep of democt ‘ion Denmark Nore Likewise Begim ad the Neheand, * ee on Wee Bp Frm of ae pce eo Se tse (9, ep tape Ses eh Sora yal oe ebay eseMahony ‘he bourgeois played a olin brosder coson of bade ators ‘nearly suge extension ad pol refrms (Cale 199 chap. 3). Yer arndingto Roechoeyer etal (192, p23) he bourecsese ‘ly rtd the pola cnrporton finportant bord In chs iter four ounre, Hene, thy conlae hat the borg Ile in farbering democracy wae amb, eng oly paral ppt for Moores hype ‘Several lars hve sho seed Moore hyde in rein to ‘he soll pola aston Oat has daca the counter of (Cena Arca (Guano 195; Paige 197; Maney 201) The ‘jor of the esdnc or reine oatcomesin thre of the counties = fthortaransn in Contes and El Saad and demos in Cota Tic eapporie of Moers oaondl argument. In Gea rd EL Salvator enerenced cof cits to os weaker bougei ton {nan anpenant allance was one important lament in he eesti od ‘earn of autora Tikes, consent with Moore, he ‘ahishment of democracy i Costs Ri has Bee inked wth reve ‘hance ofliborrepeenivaprcltie slong ithe relate sang 70° ‘ison of commercial ned proming ite es boargeosi, Hom ter, the een more problema fr ahontarnim in Nig nd Hondas where ned eles loser f ti pois power sn ‘ema pode of US. inrrenton nthe aly trenton” "Ehcwhere In Latin Armeicy Moore seh a ened 90m- ac tenon Gee]. Valera 2001, Huber Seen 190) ad the ‘says in Haber and Safir (195), espacial the ong cape ber an Stephene (195). For theft hal ofthe went cena in Ch oe sales pee ha denote 95 able wo deep det the presence of borrgweniveagcotire and 3 pore landed tee (uc sce JS lene 200 In Argent the burgess {fel om an alance mh ded eles, apd st could be argued ohare ‘ipl a prot sole easing democracy i the ery tre ‘hceamry aes 1995) though wth Urey a roghly the me Sime the son oil demernetion ore orp bese re Tandownars scely sported long wath an ncpent hou fois (uber aol tees 1995, p20), OF the aubortarian ces ey and madre carry Lain Amero, nly th of ra * Songtime ence and Athans under the Ol Repsbleseomgy supports Moore, other counties de- ‘eloped stor ens wathowr special b-repeiy ln ‘hes png sii role Parepu esador and Mio) = Bs lngonly rather malo Per and Calbia (ce Huber aa Sepiens 199). ‘Seer coachsion fom hit usey of eeac ar worth under Fis with repr to new evdene that reed ve the a he ‘sce, Moore shyt shout nce ad autora reece only lint and ght condi ppar Given ta eiperor $eroatves More bypass sow exe Ge te) Teeth ew ‘Sidon safe ofl be ewe hypotsesconidre inthis secton {a generl explain of egime outeme: Secon, there conte {cp evieae a coe De on nw ess at More ld a comer, tev from new onthe cours scully ale in Sal Ogi Given ‘llthe steno th the snal-N problem har receved om rr fe paruivistoria ans, kisreveaing tt hypotheses ode ofesarc lee ough he reassert ‘Theda the efor reemine Moores pores 4 et Sel of information owt the cas of democracy and auortaranis bo encrted. Even tt fs pubes ha come up eg” hate ch to teh a0 long a he hrpthons heretical intrest bein ih Fourth Moore workin inomledge socmbion wih espe dexripecatpeiy ep sc cacti This be sen by ‘the work ofthe many colar ho plied Moor ctor new cae occosiered by More himett Moreover, colts entirely did ‘Moore cs categories in thir oboe enc, Fo example Paige (Q9erhanjssof cote ete of Cental Americ lento defines ew ‘hs catagory agri bourgeoisie ~ the combined fers of Mote Ianllord aod bourgeois dls Likewise, Raschemeye el (192) made important enemens in understanding the role of bor rete inthe ‘conception frre nerds odin thtinfonce eer “cempunve hte reachers 9, Wood 200, ps 89) Fly of ‘rue he survey shows thar Enowlge scouting ered [pote ting ar en place on lng ale the ogra i= tonal erate on deocrcy and ance, Although achars ‘enlace achat aural adngs are rly sce oepton ‘nd repeated eign the sci ince hs charge does ct pp othe Brsngton Moor esearch rosa,Matoney eb btn nd Kole Progen “The cera consibton of Moore bak wa to se communiy cf scholars elt is yee ac tte mow hve ech co here nowelge sb the ene of democracy nd suerte, Sock hypothesis eorton hasnt merely meld ad hoe modes to Moor erg Gin. Rather the proces of rerhation A eo ‘ow hypotheses ih ny eben ot eoesiered by Moore, ethos new npc aw tn Besloped, abegaen ives have etd em, hereby inating new proses of ete ype sting Rrscemeyer et aL Capa Depend Diary rgb the morgane work nti Hasngton More esearch pogo ‘decry ad satorertiom. The bok i epecaly fering be ‘re builds on ganstatie rare on domecrcy, sng ths esearch ‘Sstatng pole fos compere iol agent opera he ‘ors bop ith he stem agoton between cpt decoy Inestnd denecrac, ith bar een ret eatmedn oe quar {he terse!” Though fart analy of ital quence ie {pal tolocte the intervening pees that expan wy hereon “Thessthoraieat numberof fuk maieaonste Mooek argo meat Ther mon bse hypothe hit epi Sevlopeay ico aed with democracy bene he lt ance fc power sci" Inari, devlenen eso sete he working clas ticle aoa camer mle weakening he nde oper ae The {chore hyphae the the werk cs wi tpl ead he hag or ‘morn hough my need pest recs, bags ses {o esablih democracy mccatly By contains abe cbeton of “Moores work they Bpotese that nde ec djendenton ge ‘wpply fehesp labor net cesar bor epese nnd ul Be ‘her nneny atidanscra force. The thors his rues ' ancy ge ste ft Bn Keene {SS eg ba Nemo “pene deny ml ee Lace ed P90 Goer and Pn "aan dn pone eas ee enamel Secinlyeritomcqe seer emocry ond Authvreian, tyexaminingsnimpeive range ofadance cpa and Latin Anerean Rath Beis Cole (1955 ef Bere 197) has rece presented ‘somenbat sire complied port of he sei oe ofthe woke fing es in democratization. On the oe bands Cole empbuac hat the woeking es been wiestined in many expats of om temporary democrtzason (slay Collet and Maboney 197) he ther hand, however abe rete Rahemeyer ea pote fr he Sete and cary rwenesentary cs, nding he worn ‘Sa rales boo overemphasized fr cern cote She once {hat while denmcrazaton iim pat eb proses 0 2 pola and suatge proces in which parc and ies have 4 gree {ole play then is ofen acknowledged nthe Baring Moore research roe “orks sachs these —along witha her elaebooksandaricesby shin te More wasn Haber and Seaford 1995, Dupe 197 “ta 1997, Shocpl 1958 Wo 200)=tellsimach bout the lag rig of democracy and dcetrsbp. We now ar ai vdence tat {he pmer of abo dependent nde ites” ot ior epresiv landed ‘dus, a8 Moore ipoteszed~ is neve conned with he eab- Teor sn perience of democracy. For eng Europe, we know fem the work of Stpen (199) that Elan! perp the ony ma jnrecpton tothe verse ratensip beeen sprain lite eye Thu dmocraie sonal daring th intrenr pod ln Latin Ane ‘Shee coumutes with notaly sian democrat itor ~ Uragy Aryentn sn Cota Ric - hae all ben characterise by ley weak [Bnllona By cots teas before the 18 oom with ee i ‘ent aboiepennt landed sites were entaly more eubitran, Incleng Br Ba, Per, Hound, Goat, an Sado Ge aber and Sesfrd 1993), Th gg oer fr Lt Ameri rob ‘iy Che hich fn democrat ory bars oie vcwed ving * pomet labrdepennt ne elie” At these ne severe ‘eb ogg thatthe ine fal in shaping astern a Tat Anes be see nthe ight of one sa eqn salving th fxm of pt ones fg, Caer nd Cale 10, “isha 197): ar expe wen nord ay be sce preventing ooo nn he acy mi en care my ‘Seemuofeen tele Se senemo ifebordnate aes are abl ofr ots. Given these ‘rel cng here tis wo s4 that the weakening ofl eer ‘caren de mes ate epnaton for wy eta develope ‘Sasi wih the eerie ser enlraeof demoeracy nr ‘tonal qunttve sue ‘ie kate much knowledge abou the le of other cases in demo razon We mow fo exe ht the bomen pied the irl propreiverelecnnged y Moores ote Marsala ‘ker welnow that dle crass have ben fre cs for ofdemoeratiasin than many moderation teeithe opr (Ge Reshemeyer etal 192). Tn generate bougeise and the me lass lve soporte he ows pole ncason and when dil and fang pe compen fico oes clasebve sates ‘heincson oseboninate grows mobilize pic por He, ‘a many htc and contemporary cn, the bourene and thei decane bre heen sng concde demerit to «Don ‘pesram face (D. Caer 17x; Leber 19, Rsheae eta. 192 Haber an Seto 195; Psige 1997 Cole 199), Campsie irl earchers ave ths sh that ne spl conn sen te general cum chat the boars othe mide dass have ben cera ‘Smee of dencracy mod les necessary er deanery "We have cose evince hat he working cst ws one of impart sos any stone nd omer process of ‘enon. Likewise teres good evden song ha he work Jing ds hs be 3 consent prodenocr eas ator even if thee {st importan exceptions when te wring law aopted a arn {Gasestance (Thetbor 197,179; Raescherefer etal 199; Caller 1990) Indeed, eno hare 2 underage vas hat shape sweking ls sins toward deocranyincdg arto pee {Ga Belin 200, Yr, we so know thar Semocraeaton hs ay ben 1 ump or loin which worker ter Towers group beat ‘ert free ape toed re Su as CES ao tie age ct dome ete so, aa hn oe ee na ad SOMERS eet ep ast dens emote Anbar scleor even primary espeny For one thing ral (1971) saggese ‘eral poses of democratization often iovolve many ee which ‘Sterne ces and sor ar ntl diferent sages A ener ton for the European cs, one cn sty tha wrk snd tate groupe tended 0 lay thet mo npn re inthe al ages il ies ad the primary role inthe ety sages. Overall che wrkng ‘hs role in Prope ended tobe genes tn thee hsv cases where Adanocrcy was tabbed relay bee, Sweden in 1918, Fad a 1919, Bim 91918) and ls ene wre ews eich eer (ex, Switelnd in 188, Denon 188, Grosse in 168) Re Cale 195) Tn adon ro lnowlee shou pci cas ctor, engagement with Moorethypothesr aed many sso develop new isp nate clas esional tases of egine ottores Although thee sds donot ‘secesrlyf uieslse agumens hat can be pp ol nes td place thy tec mach about peti sanaf xee For example chet rua lu be cal ls elton tht poaced Ue ‘dencrey coil donee ed tino Eoope daring nce ‘dahon ighton she ways iwi atl pare spe oa ‘Sonal confgurtone. Although terted Dyess esting hs ele (ust ome of Lucbberspropson for pci es ae Kishk 1992; Erman 1998) shere aan empl evince oppor his eral agumeneta (1) lances betwee il puts sel taker Imorenea before World Wa ped faite eral demoxray daring ‘heintrar prod an) the decision ane purest age ances woes pres ot wih Eight partes grey inneed whutber socal democracy rfc developed. Among Luchert mos important ‘molifcation wo Moore wrk are concen ith he wy which ela ‘rts edn the tere and demands fecal ce nde el (a tecuder ary of cos ten Moor aed ees, bowie td pens. Other flora a byptheis carson have invaved sting vce puro e proton of more adranced casa good nS Boosey noes tel pio ey seek fri inosment. Second daring the ear nd ey puso ightMahoney Indssisation, worker and other poplar actors deepest uli once under the protection of popu steps With he Innoyeton of canons rer an orth polis howee sep lily ated rou wuld be roe to cay ot tesa prota, ‘crcerintogoogsingecnoic and oli pts Tie tal nd ‘Glan led oh expansion of chratin the pate sco andthe ‘te ing te mary. The peeing lines ete try ‘vil echo cud promote he formation of coup cain Thewoul akinacly blah a epee Be eine Thee angucots strated anid atic he Wi1V7 at ‘©>Donnellthzory erga fomalated when ot Aes a Brea Ind TVA rogines seemed to rei ery te energence of bars: ‘ic auoetaran in Chand Urapay atl as 1 reappeanc [get The prdiane xpect ofthe thor hunched eae tert Typothes esting among schol thet iow of which took pce set he pletion f The Nr Arran Latin mer (Cet 1994) Ded Caller (1979) a caper yn togter O'Donnel ‘row argument at single eet mode ring» dear cone. {bal umenerk and se of hypothos fret comiators to ae Saeguent chaps inthe role then rigors rated eb, ected here concep angie, Ar with Moore week, ome af he ‘met important chaenges to O'Donnel cane rom rales at ‘evant th cident in igh ofthe B-A canes hamsles For x ‘ih expec he yates sow degeing, Han (1979) Sera (197, tt Katina (1979 fon ile suppor: utd of Agena. ‘ed thee choline thts concereth openings ‘ester of ie nortan toy pla cede BA reps ‘Other bape ch hoe cosering te oe of pp seca owes ad chores ed spor and wee seen ‘Shorted inf deco dog omparsne ith ions Ltn -Anercan counties. ar examp erent sas foun ee grow lng ob rle of he popular set wis one element inthe cretion of Avene, However antong te Latin Ane comics te argh ‘lth parser vege: el anda lB Aces wer athe by spore poplar sso (eg Bai) Oe spec hypathe were sore iste suppor ty the Lan Ameren ours Thi at tro nth the genera een of Donnas rpment ht parti sly anere “demande perfomance gap" was sont ith he ome ‘fleece autostart Be, Ageing, Ung, an Cie Democracy nd Aor ‘he cancoing hate, Clee (197%) wey ghee te vl tines fink, rorsng + kad of corecatd fo assing Dost phe ad ping tomard pire for fur ser Satcgnon lle decade» rsing O‘Donnals hypotheses ‘wed her speci inpaoar of O'Donnell origin! mode, Rem an Merk 190, Cammack 1985; Reamer), Most of ise nan, however, sed O‘DennellsBypostee =» point of rte fee the vn epee shout soars in Lain Americ, For ‘cape, Mone (1998) we O'Donnell work at» ts for toring “Sow tke vanskon fom baeanene shri to democrc in {Linn Americ In dng 2, be emphasize how regimes eve though tis elie ole phue (origin, evolaon, a uation) and bow iSeries regen eh ‘opposition, and instna arrangements) de the ovement fom nc ps othe nest, Remmer (95) sobs O'Donnel mode iy psig ecoionary sabortrian reps ae Hel 0 rege rsa low and elite ih evel ofsocoecnomic modersizacon, ‘Thee moc intone aortrin epee ley C0 emerge Ith lvl of ecoetnooie mseriaaon. Rammer proposed pr Censor ednting tse retook xneraina tpt, fate ames adsochlingualty were enesonst te Dono tote "O Donne didnot pei spe condensin wy unabiguy ine asec resting the BeA ml No sarpisingy, pte ‘pcg marge vere exesion ofthe B-Aaepument 0 ios ‘Ghesonsieof Lat Amerie, For erm, qusone eer sbot hear the aumento be menningly tet nth dence from unis techs Tukey nd South Krenn or regions sch Souter Earope hal Aen (© Denne 197, p 99-3 Caller 1979, p-395-7, Mowoels 1986p 17 n 1987; Rcd pe tery 90.359). Mot ls who extended O'Donnel’ apunen tie of Lain Arve “Soemue paral conern nit sing now eenceo ref the Be Teel Re, thy drew onthe dl eat fest conc and renin poe ig tat O'Donls es bad susan wy ‘hen fined opi othe ne ese In this ens, ven hough any Urine speaichyprhess of Donel med were led ino goestion th dene om Latin Amerie capers on repione se hh Uatin [meron were sl ale wo drawl onthe desi ining and ‘neu theoretca erento propre Donel1 the ld of Latin Ameria pts, O"Donaels otk ma one in portant ata for Colerpd Coliers Shaping be Pall Aen (1991), ‘hich ep yale he etc unrure approach now ved a many ‘muri het anc nthe cocling cpr of Te Nex hortarini, D- Caliee(979) had wget hte is 0 fl of "thorn soa be sen win the fmewerk of langer les of ‘ogime change. Siping ihe Pail Aree picked op ie deme by ge ‘ag tha the flere way which bor incorporation ecard i ny ‘to mi ens cena Lau Aner hd 2 mor inet on ee in ‘he pas Word Worl peri Por enol, Brea io corporation ‘ra cael out by the sain te 130 an ay 1940 wi the pal of dpaicsng and eonmolng he abr movement. Ae res by the Ine 19505 Brad was charac by obras plc panto ed patie immobi, oaone ht diet conte othe bern tf decry and theeregens of lity rl in 1968, By ont, ‘Venere pla pay whthe ol of oblizing and setvey promot ing the bor movement cared ont bor incorporation in the 130 aod 1940s Asa realty then 1950s, Venezia estab lately pce clesoral tem marked campeon between ero camp ‘Calicrand Colle argument war onepnginscoeand dei rn sng fie ried analy of eight connie sro ever decade The read and mance ofthis rpment hae ne ia or ches ‘oparican teste hype teting program. Neverthe the ce ine franework deep in Shige Pla rns ashen p= ‘sloped several scholars working ene dann port ten. ‘solaionnEatn Anerca eg, Selly 1982 Yshar 1997 aon 201) “These works sila import mersetion between the lame radon of compare histrel sass wsocsted ith Moore and De pole ‘al ecu td depentene perspecies sociated with work x Latin ‘AmercTs now dcl or pone opts hoe repie charge ‘tei that fllin the Monee ton fm de a the di ODenoal. A Were Met-Teay Lene end Beyond Agate fern research gra hs ois in the famous Beir (f Domarat Regime Kea J Linea Aled Stepan 107) ‘This Line Stun progron we tote Uy » concer wath peal Democry snl Aucecin agency an volutarom ining a foto ave sy fom he more cin trl aprons ound wih he emerging More nd OD snech porns The oa af hese wan compo {neleaeshipand cmtnge pile alnpsdemare rts faeces cole ALi (1979) explsnointhe theca ‘ne forthe Ba ere, "We fel tht the sacs characters ‘Feoctes.coneste + erie of oppornie and const for he Soci an pole acts” Howes he went on wo peat "We hall ‘tor nthe spon that hse story have erin cies ha can incase or desrene the probly of de persitence and sabi of ¢ pie, Haden be decane and cannot be pedi by a) omic. 4 5-18 the cv sale of the Brak eet, the we ine arcane developed thi vlaearic thane undarcring tit rane oflenerhip arte "resimof tenon nevablen ee change feces (Stepan 976 se also A Vleeal 1973. ‘Gren hr mpc on poli cles sn wltaris, ti ardy ising ha Lins and Stepan mere sconce with dein the eer Elements and moth soges of dancer resklowas ws with planing ‘sevens dough welspeeliependent vaatce Mach tenon Sect on the plea proces ap sequnces tha characterised demo cc reskin Forexampe Line (1978) mapped othe characte sage trogh wich democrat rpms eae in the proces freaking ‘don io utoratan regimes There sage ince decreed rope ‘ffcacy and tetienem the emergence of uncle” problems decin- Ingles of evel ree gt the appearance of power disloyal oppeiions the transtormasn of yal oppo int serio ‘ston snd crntaly the retro ofthe deer epi, Css ‘pa nas pce on te role once inerying oot ton that ‘cal dese reine css, thee hinding mosereat to subsequent Sous and etn shor she brealown proce. In dn, within he ‘bl pres of below, ouch say emery was spent on dee ‘ing bps, nsncon and wai ale pre cseof ‘pec inerse to Line (ex 1998, 9p. 75-8 ‘Along the was the Lis-Stepan program so fee a es ipl ‘ty several hypothe abot the caer of authori. Many of (hes byes were pounded i smpeions sour the ein} of jeter, wih Sing ltimacy under ogeetitedeo= (Gre reakdowns Other pers nel convenin but inporant ‘hlerndings abo the pil ends that posed 4 tnle shorn, For empl Lia ented hin he dette o- ‘rd pares othe exeme rig and condemnations ofthe ginemnet by Innortn lt perpen ef Semocrbresdown. These poe stereos surnam oese program af tered eration ‘Suen to wht chances the Mors and O'enael programs For ‘Gap problems seen sublshiog measures of lepimacy ta were {alyanependent of reine sli, schol di ot dete btn ‘al ellrtr tein whee Ue pbal vet ened by Lins wre in fx concisely reed wo repime change. “The comprssvel bated camaatne kaoiedge abou cl poets Inthe Lin Sepa ogra parlance by the pogrom eset ‘Mining knee secamaaton thru descriptive finds, erage thereat conrbton the LS program cnc Se ‘tent apd epimecssiion Lin (1975) fous work en the en Ie dineysore af democrat thorn, and wae ime at Intec cours aes egine cng: His dein fan ato aan reine Limited poral an sce of an borate soy tno pversing elites an nite ols tetany {e¥5sp. 26 remain the mot floral neers Ti tia thon eed he resto of stern ype cha bere Sechoriarni, ler authori, and pone hora ‘nis Ge stl). Those ome ae ang the ote stale ale ‘stg ine eld, representing real founstions ors et da of ‘chy woe Line ploy a0 hep sols Formal spec the ‘hincon betwen hora einer oh Franco Sia nd wa lenin const stench Soret Unio the te, Line ated, ‘freed by more dan braiding oly snag gore Ingles od by high eel of canned olignoy paren win Pethpesecand aly to Rott Dal (171), Lin waa mse oander ‘file precoder and nial etn of democracy tbo he “omen employoie earch on derstand Stenocracy a Toa et ome and advocate pli era: ‘reewihcheconomiantrghtsto mocton, Ferme ani oer base Freeda of pron fe th nner competion ang ates wh oe aston ofthe cl to ra nclron ell ei pls tein the democrs rocens a prorsion fr the prpatio fa ‘emer of he pol communi, hurr the oil pecs (0978 ps3). For ny or oe scholar today, democracy bunk in ilar terme encnpsing contented clos wth bond sufage nd he absence of mor ng wih fet erates of si = ‘rs acading tenor of sey ely, ad sociation Rough tnmy ompuntve inal seencers te 6 dion vo understand {ect a choos ares they a oie erpoyrpine ‘sinype (elector demoeray erie denaray soft horn Spat cape diene rains ne Caer nd Leite 7) ‘Ar forthe lunar etter of te Lins Stepan propa, uence an be eal sen inthe sons erate” on conten ‘ay denncazton, ee oss Sy Tne Chios eat ‘rate Demarest O'Dell Sener 198) eee the a0 cua ono of Li tnd Sepa, ggg hat "oe 5 hee ay at be appre expsing contemporary dente) i> the developing word The sors Hews flawed Lie a Stepan iasfing a pimaily deste proach, one oriented toward den= ‘ine te tol pre 00g which autora egies ee SECs Wien compared so mroctaral explanatory there wera leat ‘Bin fu oer pots, plea afin, and ellie lender = ‘bones that nee gly pikes up by other sha epHaloys 187; ‘ata 199 Higley nd Gane 1982)" Asmore ad more counties ame democrats erat eterged hat eegrized aerate to demecracy andes fein” for direesetsofeoure, ‘hen drwing dacs aed on the aying re layed by pit in antene a aposi scors (Lin 198, Share ant Maimosing P86, Spon 86 Kr 1990; Ka ap Schite 199). ‘Boe canlepinasy aie queen aot the ene sbich the Liz Step progam fle wit te comport har eseareh wan, dened nthe intdaton wo thi cme Othe ae band the pro {am os been ity sues orig cone ad cseon ‘Ehcnes nc ne Desome balding ck ornare ns Geld. The rogram ao bor ed itary ar bs or lining overall mo poems frie change Ye, om tbe ter ha comparative histori Toone aden he evans of wel specie ostesmin cae Filly deinen ce The Lin Stepan progr as been ese oust on so ma Ln nip (18-2 id Dat Deng Ses eee name iten tae,“hs avi The uasons ete prs, a no Hee he te ofsalsantl euulaverseuch shou cua ndings Arca och Nancy Bermeo (1990 Karen Remee (19, nd Gerar Munk (79) ave aged he enti aderinning of i work hve el iy sip © carters ech anon ar anigne and unpedicblyie ‘mparsoely Ee cfortarbeen dewte fg generations that nigtstimlatiesed posses bypassing Are ren clr, the noes asmich om one soter abcess proces in recent ‘manors democracy awa tre with resach proms proxi ih trove rural et eoron, ‘Orerthelaefew years vo ruilextensonsfthe wasn ernie haetakn glace tht might aera more sos serch ra theta Fi chlo an sera methodol lea ‘ieation anal cic nals hare Been dev tthe arsring Sd egoiason aspects of thi rte In O‘Denaell and Scheer “ginal formalin, he anon pocess wae porryed a our player {ue ven the sates of regime hardiness sain ano. ‘on masini and minimis. Thee asa been more fama fronted sing the ols of game deo (eg, Bova 1991, Colmer 1991) Tnaddon ana ave wd arose theory models compare ad ‘etre the tnston procs acre ipl course, Prevent 1991, Caben 199, Gees 1999, ‘second promising extension moles first bul bie beween ‘he lane emphases of the essons Heatran he more sae {wl concer a mechin te Moore and O'Donnell programe Sere PHsngron(191) Te Tid Wie: Demaratiti ibe Lt Toe) Conary sep ich a yah by itnging bermeen the “soa” fof democracy wht correspond ohol and seca ch ach "economic developmen, changer in the lol economy, a the pend ‘titration norms and the ener” fdemoera which nso tothe regime acters ad opps fos who make ey cess Gu ing trnsiden pros tha prodocedeocrae eines Ge Mabon 20 Syder 199), Hannon bok fs aremartbl goo! rvew a es Ing sracenl and poce-centee wirs om democrtetin, conti Inpmuchin sown ightto ng sock ferent ndings. Nevers, ‘hebon dee nor flr aot mec fr itrating he dese Sndinge of the exstionebereare ap hestuctaraiHeratr. AS + ‘lw Fhe Thr Wave sande ot fr old caneage of wt ee re nd cass canoe he ad oer ewer hoes could Denecny an Antrim ve diay leige lantren and seem Sir rem an ‘Sande tou any Dimon (9) weeping smi of demecase ‘Sst a comcldon whch ends Heston werk ee {ov an empl democr endrance nde tr of ea Ge dichping we ‘Stephan Hogue and Robert R. Kain (195) Ti Pia Bo ny Demat Toms be resin en of bo nore ‘Tica ts might copie he wansone ence Those Sus dow on serra ape that dss win urn ‘Tito td cts ong aces crcl perc emo [Enna Hwere hy sw ht hr charges wy cerns ESSeic and yest uc cosony npr seer he ‘Dan of mor sco eg Apetin olv, ren Perm, ‘apy ane Pins) By com, when a eno ss oes Se cpeny the tin Che, Kore, Torey and Thon ‘Biengtsabosanan ear ore eyo eave own pie ‘Eun or eran rte ll tl ere ese ine ‘Stns tense" While Haggai egomentse ot Jeo ay Awd Benne oral pres sing they “ss ocely prt poncho cong oc cote Tieng amr cbse “ies ave wel poll nol arable a «meant tess tg trocen he wanton erence nd he oer of more ‘cml apron A good omg Linz and Supa rscon Sin elon of Doss Teon nd Cetin (1930, This bone pbrthaccmnneafaneclen sebortnanreimeshpestbe {Sesclcusdaing Jeers conan the popectr ss ‘Snider te ere of Lie poy of Sorin egestas erry The Lien Sep Stow how Stet ins of senda ges eg shot, ‘Solari ads gins re hrc y ieee ‘tml proper and how ena ces a tr reve {Turton oppor fo serra rp embons ‘nl yelamown chalengas Selo escdeahive een ore ° Dam kay ath nn ‘tn wi egy of nen Sena ree a eeand tod farher in Geddes (199) ior wok on the demi of ‘Stent Ke f ethan rege, The new Lin Sepa bok i part of «boner fs by sas wo “ting te arene backint the dy of eine change fg, Rel 19, eon Van de Walle 197 eso Sper a buncy 199. Aca reloftisrenewed for wenow now maresbowthe castes flaca istatona var tn weil fo ns” Force tpl, we hve god enn Dele tht he wanton eo eoccny Satis eines wil be pec dita ese prodemorae crs ‘not bill sey, he oo am an pole neler in ‘oslo completely Fur sath Lineal Stan 1986, 509) {kei re Kno thatthe dre 10 which sol prot aecompening enema procane depen he aa ofthe ante ee Inport sclera ae epecally scope ole ver throm where B- reper il rely met mach demise eg, Baton ind Wan de Walle 1997) Ae for totais regimes we have od es ene they tend tobe down nando "pomotitaran rpc” elo democracy can bees, Tensions rom ch pastor Etnies 0 democracy wil hen olen req lpr be aya ‘meambets oemoy the option of repesion (Line and Scan 186, ps?) “To recite, Donte eork op Brena auhararain silted fone program oer hypohes testing and ype “Ines inthe 17 and 198s In aon, Doll serch mae ‘Boric andenetodolgial contest he dependency he ‘ry ofthe 197 apd to more recent work on etal ubtres and path Apentrace.Alhogh the workiide seat of democratic egestas ‘hed src ttenon sy fm the fare aborston of Doane. ‘plaon of ubortaranim, be work emai» andes pl of ‘ep for ears who werk onthe topic In contest 0 O'Donnel. oncern vith clas, the Lin Stepan program wos essed ore ‘on eer nd cleat ated ea hl ot ently ‘Se «cule Hear pogram bed on sl Sings Homey, " Telutbaleance nck satteontneettcanesinistee ops! Beacons Se Cay 1 Dwg ng) Th onic eid ag os emecrcy nd Autoren recent works mre cet lcted in the compara hort thom ave tly drown on pra specs of Li Sepa’ work, to develop easing sew agenda forthe soy of decry and ther ein, nln the callnge of beideng antral ‘tether onentatne a inesrprsing woek pled by aoa ‘oie tury it the li of compen heals Concasion Mos scl iets ine that nade acculaion ian mporont ‘meso the aces of esearch progra, Yet the meaning of know lige accumulation fen nace or uedertoedonly tpl In tis {sta ae argued ht aecualson aces when the genera cf Loeliger dpendens ont extence af pear ke Aad ve npc that knowledge in esearch enon uch compara ior ‘STs const of dsr ndings, eal Endings meeps, nd meta-hetl ormaains. In flering hit deion of knoe ‘camalado, Ihave sought int large dseasion about the nate ‘hnowledge acura socal sence ech ‘The exay pred evidence suggesting at know accumulation Instance inthe compare ste ta democracy and aoe iran. Thre rsech programs were cami eng te Moore, ‘Oona nd Line Stepan programs Fach ote props bs ee ‘arsed ky mail clan ing ooo anehers work to - Tne at cansion abo the source of democraey and ahora ‘The Moore pngram has een especialy nea testi a ted research apes need on nel aaa east het tery thc the O'Donnel and Line Stepan tations have made many vale nuttin tien igh nding inherit een formation nd metodo Beton explain the dings his tert, wou ie teflon ‘he question of hy socal seni shoal are soar owledge sccm atom, Wht coer ine yw research comm tht prods cumulative knowlege ppl to an aerate esearch come {tat fers neocons howled? The mower mes be atthe cr rlaie serch peoran os glee tht ore ai and more ‘beantely eigiening hn the bananas progr. Hedeed, the rncion och knowledge canbe considered he mate rteon fr ‘sting cle progres inthe sacl ences (Cone 1979,a Mateney ‘There ae clear esos to ie th th aout of etative cnlghenment produced by» cmv rsarch frog wl apes ‘ha generted by many independent scl working a nonce rogram This itroein part bere soi sence dings re abaya erin, a ite program barre some (at oo al) fs ‘seein though repeat and reeing. More tmpora, toe Lie earch program lows fr consciously sng the knowles ht ther have developed nd thee eign pesos researchers Ta ‘he depres hone lies cots can en foo one athe td hat Jesing fttesknowege geneaon comalae research commas ‘See aninbeene advange ver tenon a ‘Bailing on Cer wer James Rae (197) prove a intereing shovghtexperinone w menue the een of saben cliptenment rode by any ndienl workin a esarch oman He “What ‘eal an the rode semen, shld hi ine of ng ‘ibe sicen rom he elec oo (1). Castine earch [rogram re mach ber than nonmative programs with pect oe qaston. Tn cmulstie programs each ce of research spor tan nat on fr the ings presets, bu ao bean the conlons ‘fsoenqent esearch depend an ese dings. Th oro ge importance ofrescarch fom enlaces camelatine rmwoud ens ge lssononede sce pret del ofstsehet ‘sch would abot et Foremmpl ome the wk of arington ‘Moe rome sed oa ory nalts More fing at he er of aren ther work o democracy so t= ‘hortranan By cri poate program the eos en poe of tar nt aly aos the Bigs eed at peor york the ld of compara hore many scholar sought 1 lear sone he orgie and workings of democrat nd ath regimes. To eshate tc ue doe ca spy Raley standard othe fd ave whole What wuld be lw ne were oak al compre sok work fom the rec? Eee on te receding erence the Aner apes be mache what we cent Enow boat demoary td auhersarancn, For one thing. inter of dexcriptve Bing we ‘roel lve many of the bse coneprand coop yi ht pit “holy communion Scholar siete aningfl dass ‘hoot densercandauhoraranegnes- andthe nlp in par ec compare hiv ears formulated tee caps snd appidthem morcoresconssenly over tine Alc consensas no ‘Gurahouthe damibexton of connie mn democratic hoiaran Tepes mtequent finding abot the oul npn of then repanes have Teen dependent on hs cone deeopmene ‘tou he compere Herc! Hero, we wool! io kao fa les shout the ois of demectc and authoritarian regimes. ive. we righ sil have vale ssa figs concerning the relatos ereen democracy a rely quantal varies sch scene deropmen and eduction, However weed hive maces aledge ‘oer ote ind of examatoyvrnes ch amc elabes,the ate, {td inersonal scree And he formnton we di ave about ere "ables wold often be bight midleg, foe amply wrong Forex swe might sl poe thatthe burgess o the mil ins tbe mtn agent behind dtncratiation Oe might il eroneon image ‘he that Jemocratzaons apd ran proces in which ua ‘Sessler play Wemight tot ave ven cosiered tha fe {onach athe rrmoany he tte om he dorian clin can inoene Insure ofp hin we now hve nny ail Sage that rf re reftehen or Sadingof the pare Wehave pod evidencedhnthe ‘working ds pie maior leinpushig forward demacay especially inthe hire manson of Norther Europe and the enter ‘tara Souther Earope, Latin Amero and Alice. Our eng [noe ines tra «geal prposton, working hs srength is postive seid with dene Yet, we ao have good hypothe. ‘2 sont he coton under which woring-ls acagt i nx be ostely antl wth demertay Thse condos ide nibs [th wring caro fr conte with ber ce sors hong ‘rumen suc 5 poli pare, the incnin of aborin the governs ‘lon ofan sthortnan epee andthe exence ose vem ‘Sutenjoeapcleed tus pnton within theory of cour ihan {hortaran egine. Furtenere we iow tht working cn atin ‘on in developing canteen modaty precede a rape che, “huchertiatrannn to Semsecy or auborvaranim, While workers Sues ad protests donot guanneea reine rnstoninthe Third Word, ‘le gor eine olive ta dy make more is. Satta enidence abo ets tthe presence of power lends vie coma gic pent bor mga celal Yo demo. Tn fact, blo the recent nave of dcr, the bce of thiMabey nition aed a an alas ales ecsary conn forthe reson {nd endurance of demorcy (or sid diferendy the reserve of power {al iorcomoling lire warm amet stays aes cons foram ahora once). This ig i cue te mt ae ‘eerpecacon af he nse ascaien sagen at deme regis wit shih eel of econo delpmen rarely become rer {aan egies. Thai danas with igh ee of ec dl ‘ment tend wo ne mek landed, wih edger the tno cf ny ‘otaran raklown Anais of the input of te sO Jeno ad ano ‘win ashen ar st ofsnanie Ging: Compares {oral recarcher who won Latin American rege he sued tha the dovlopmat othe sary sete etd donne Resen,hi oling bs been conned el work Ucn sql nd quanta nls Gee Bown 200), thong has not ‘en wed for ther reo of the Third Wor fa 1 Eno. Mach sec spe ht alluaces between the oor ad the alary ‘be roe or authoritarian in Sovcloping counts acing the rant of rapid economic deeopment. Creat fing ao sp {et ta he ack of rsa detent the sat apes ‘doe tet he pene of promi eines incerta aes of ‘he Thin Word incendie Ltn Ameen nd cep ‘ay Ali) hough neat stony Sem dria cles ‘ry fr dena we an ol reson oer ch atenoyy {cal promo fersonaacathrtaan eps iather conosare ‘ot eae wo democratasin Fer cumple og buck 9 Ma wrk ‘cn Bonapartn, compere sora acres have ond ape ‘sic regimesften eatin wer dominant esr ied ong hanes "The compertve hore lire has made ws ore ses tthe ental eles of intron condons on rege ote, While fserstionleveot may amen det ee egime change le pont Jpa), they te ofen nee y Jmenic enone’ spe ular ch is ds and sce sre that compare ks Call reearcher enplore Fer example, international ret ae ely to promote democry if try ween Led las seaptien wring ‘les weak te mt andor anemia beeen anna ‘Ses ad the niry (opposite tle on the vats make ao ‘aii ore ie). Wor-htorelchange se nence theses fe ie id moc an Ambocoreion of enor autora, nd compar htc searchers Tare conta oar inowlage sot the fe of hese change Fee insane they esr the crentapenda of abyig demeraticave ‘ined pride rng which the mmber of enone or utorar LEnceimato denocrseregner reat exeedhe numberof anetions inthe other diet. Maeve, they ve deeloped rc insights tout how sever procs hat costes anatonoJemocaey hit ‘rertine Forexmple, eres in th inet eye ‘ry democrtaton wm of incremental and slow-moving press In which decade flor accused wo prdce adem egie, lye wen cerry democratization was fc a ft ong ‘tampon which fl own urn reine ma comet Into democracy ina mater of mone Ecising lle ser tat the difeence i he proces of Somocraizang fl is ceed to the sead of knowledge sow Jenerae aston, norms apport. tf danny and er and tains in soy cae of aang leno beh Mt compere hore is of democrcy and ahora ecko ident al pater for crf see dane fe thy {not offer nel argmens dt opp wo al ess and emer Hee, tt aprecon ofthe coven of cmporive hil tals ‘ould ee asking boot the ers of democrats In specie commis sd sesng what ths reich tain he tug ‘tesa thee spriccosnene Alhongh dhs exercise cnn Drs ere the preceding anata rogpersthe compart hist secre ave ndamentaly shape the way we think shout he gins of demom ‘a and athe in any countries fhe weld Indeed inked ‘Nout ees of democracy race (ori Ca i, Seen, Tdi rst oye ay ker india count) ax seas who werk esime change wool robb anower by desing hey on he ndings feomparave hse a Than wo the workof compare orc reaches the we now Snow a god del shout the nig of democracy and autores ° Se cn ge 9 Ma 998, Damen 199 Dept (3 natlnon cy ang Stn em em Twi nrecerme slong et hse lr ‘Sistielan oma fo id oo eno eee Sula pd manage nsape neatoMahaney Mich more work reins be dan, but the prop for fare ia- sigh ae promising A large namber of compare his rescichers ‘tine t anchor their tudes of democracy and etn inthe ‘eosrch progans previo dered. Thee scbles ar oln younger ‘nds noc uncommon» geeron or more in afe reaver ‘ypu vest ie Moore, Deol an Line (eg Downing 1992, her 1996 Ysa 1997; Sayer 998 Gould 199%, Grails Be 202; ‘Ayre 2000, Brnlee 200; Mahoney 200 Bowen 200% Lon 2010) ‘The work ofthe yourger scholar I bieve wil 0 well beyond hata Aheireachers not beer ote ling of er wrk but ee the now generation can bald vec on sting bnowlcge who big to ‘see prise, The fdr taendon compare tat ‘earch radon wh explored qvesion of democracy and sehreian- Ered ancy fae hoped scomplich amigo Peres Angi, Ml 200 “Pa Pare an Rin Form inh Mie Ee rish Democrats Coupe Peprene” Pde aa tn 00) “Cong Denar Indi, sr ol Dem Seon in ae Deng Comer Mi 2.15203 em ir ont, 196 leet ig of Coal Sate ae “tT New Yor Cmte Ute Poe ‘er Nay TA “Rehiking Rn Change Compare Pa 8. err Nia Daren Geary: A Rep" Comer ee 33900 Bal eons 197 “oll Deore and he tan Sapa ee #4 SST Sov el “Pa Doon 0 he et Camano: A “Campane Parpcna” Pp. 38 non dD ‘hm Sc Uno Eaar Barge by Nancy Bemes Tuc bets oie Unity rs oman thle. a pen Pre ‘Beato, Miche nd Rr an de Wil 1997, Doman Eprints a got Pp oie on Democracy and Astoria roe 2001 Ad Yr They Pasi ping Sr od Ts sie Pavinma Reps” Manag Pence Cn ie "rir De to i Ge Cama, Pl: 185. "The Pac enna of Comprar Miary Regie Pp. -35in Genoa Rea ete by Pip Ore od Pal Casa Nc: Necessary Pres Cede, Fan Here 1077 Te Consugon of Dependency Thy tebe Une Ste” Li erin rns ee 273 conto Fran Henge ands Fea, 199 Dep ed Det mi ier Bre Une of alii rs Cui Fane 97. "arog Meare Then Sees Pic Dn “erat” Craven et Opa 1 ce 0, Deg So Sy Thy Maa Cahn ec 1 ads frre: he Primers Nena i eBoy mt Soe ay oO ‘aller vio, 197. Te New dnote Latin ria, Pec 5: son Uri ro 190th rane of Bai Ahan Mol” Pp. 19-32. The Ne na rr yD Pron NS Wiehe Baers ebrein M Ses an Ps ore Renach 36) 9 TiN ters aha hl ty Doo Clie Panton NJ Peston Uni Pres, ain Canpie keh Bed ec 6050 ‘Cater Ruth Berns 199, Pa oan onary. he Wiking Clas dE ia ‘nae Een Stee New Yr Cambie Unray r Cte Rah ond Dw ar 1 Sng i ae ra ra Sermeeltmsgean nan r one, a ei aes Nae 1997. ig Cote tomo ot ‘Sntham Eon Compas Plc 79.2850. parkas al Sine ee #2 GEE Conti Pent eave Mtn Search ofSabce™ “ime Seid Re #17, ‘cori Pi 16 "Nasal Pal Deslpent: Meum a "ati" din Scat ras 2825. Da Rony own Ooi No HeMaboney Dg Sg en er sommes oo Sy noni te owe i lane wey me il ogee fe sec an iiaeaete one EE AE sar a ne oe Be a a Sa sun enn tt oo Thm 97 Bofors Mae! warns Cate com ca vi ts er a a a sn EE eye tn on Elen apna th monet nent Sa ta dam oak et Saretcmmet megan Ssh re ee Penn spa ra US Date cui en rz penne oy eer nisi Sele peep on Seer Fenimore ae S ‘Geo, Loe 195. "Ld and Penh ling of Maden Cents “on S17 gain Srna Plial an and Sater Pervert eran es TM Pon veneer 9. Rl ‘apts Droge “The Bao Sel Ladd Cle nl he Shap "Aen Plc 120199)" Pp. Jean Aare Saeed ‘Rilo Lani ot eu ne ting of a by i i a Sr Fat Bao emocraysn Authur ig, ohn a Reda Gute, 172, fn al Dera Ci "et td Sues Boge Castor Come ones fren itn lb 0. 199-“The Ta Toh aii Lai Aner ‘i Sere ol Dts P st 96 nT rare is ancy Dear acon Puen ‘aes and rn Sali 195 pron Src Pil rr ind Pse nt ins f Lt a Pec Unies ok 1 Sp cn er See ra ei ean te Se — - —”———l ea anieebnlealias te rs oe eee ee Fey ae Dre oe to ce gta LULL— (ate ne roman oa ‘mena, Seutern and arn Barope” boeretnd Sail Stee Jor! ee es Soe cnhgitaenp ional i, Fr a ge eC treo Se es eat st Dery Sg ta a tae = a ,—r— sear TF ghee ae er ~~ a hL,—rrrtrt sleet tirana eenMatoney dy neg de Mab Simon Sei Role, 0: Pepi iets Set ne Jn nd ied Spa eh 17 Te Blof Demers ine MDs Hopi nner Pre 1996: Plow of Dore Tmt sl Cols: Suhre "Si un ar Ca Paige ities Has Unrest Pre ‘pc Saou aan. 1989. Sane Sil Res of Daman Emon ‘Bip aed Legion” nese aa Soe Re a ie dah: ee 198, rH ce Pee ‘thr apy M1 Es oi Su Dry Si re Ra ge fe mir Bap New One Un ‘ng ine 2002 ied Patio Cai i et Sein ara di re Pp Pas Ny Cane Une Mabey Je 2001, Th Lain of Lai: Ph Digna in ‘pp nal ener Baste Jas Hen Una Pr ten i Sr 199 Redkig ge se San ‘hte Cans Soa Crs ha ring Sa and Mao Sobers Sg, 197, Pra a ei ie oa nei ie Pe “Tomei Cue hee a Moar Barge Dt Sel Oa of ir md Dray: Lat oa ‘Bane ing of te ir Ho Bors Bacon ros aa ant 8 ca mda ata Fee tiaras ce ed Cri enc Tati Capi eee” 1998 tenon Dore: Si en Wk Ain, oan, Galea 7, Maan nt ‘ear atin ‘Dam Giro ao Pipe Sin. 186, Tn Causa ‘rom Denar Bal, Mj Hophis Ua Pre Paige ay A DPS Apne on gr Agate hihi Word Newt Fe Pre 9dr, Be nd of Bey Ce Ari Democracy nd Autoren ringing yotiiy Dasiertimar nau: ne enn orn Saat ee cet se ri gen Rete SRE eStart ne pene EE ihe Te cosine ag Te mt ts Ps 8 Stn Tr aera ne Se a te ener sae Ne ie ar eines a, hom nae on Prete cc teins lary bs dalam eo ‘eEERig er ert Rm rd i Se an hn eo era: tn tae agian peat setae ee le "he Spent Seamd Rep, 93-0" Su Hy 2610545. net ane phe ea etc larae sm eens Seles Ces iterates ircieenarseen ss a my rte ntsc ates aes soe hander (earns Seopa Ares the tines en sneer’ wee re ee ce clic in neater angie sibclevin cement ny Tate afacuey hea Ee Zi ie cect os Seca ee yh SUE sae eects “phtancpneth iiernit gee SRSiieans ieeeMahoney Soe inane Mah 19, “The Ming Vase Intent ‘tS fae ge Compe Pn 2108-2 Stein, Mie 198 rue Lesion Rope Bre Be” p03 aT Dato of mete ld We Li 12 Aled Sepa amar ees Hopi Une re 10a Redstation Py 0-4 n Te fm At ‘elec Cpe Pope edly Calle Dem Pape Cited Lane When oor oes Mepis Uae Sse Jan D. 157, “Donec aan an Bown Wen, Beep fea eM a ra a sn nace tnt i Si oe a tetera Beeline Son Larch Neo om Eve” No Hd kf oe 324 sqlcies hy Mceneastanieracmy ERs ha sd Meta omry e sierra spt Sc tw ey on eet “eee a ert eerie Se tetnot Enea eines sf ogg EES tn owe ‘Wognr Deland Jp eget 1985. Do Sclgal Thenres Grow "horn raf cy 92h ‘ws Coe Tiny 192 Garena Lain ri ‘inary dg 8 Po ion cy re ‘Wie, amma 976 “Ren of Reser Hey ad Ty 5 16-75 Sat te Ny Sn 00 Ba Rg sh, Bear 19 fm nd Rtn nC Bot "hd Gal TG Safer Cx Str aera Pe PaRT Sasgieereaneycne ye Analytic ‘Tools5 cementation etnammnmaceanet Big, Slow-Moving, and. MACROSOCIAL PROCESSES IN ‘THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE porirics Invisible (We mas gusto f the pra unent mater Palace ‘ows much after opie ours: Ad plal o ‘alm we have an excessive tendeny To concent othe ere and ‘ow inde toward moves on gar tne wale: roses {ene wo aly expand, tthe porate on wach ths wk st tds that they mer ote — Bard Carmines nd Je tion (1989) [Rleearchts game apne arin wbichae counter witha rt fp of concealnet = Obvioy the effivenes ofa gen ste ‘ Bcsnery wil depend on tres strategy of ones Sythe flocvenes ofthe ls ofaatretastrteny eon, ‘lien onthe sustey chosen y research workers Ind court Tale howe thar sater spl stag of concement my Be ee “rece en acen srotgy of acer A sep we may ah, ‘thou fore ater of malas ess muted carte ‘footage eseteh ae preceoped with ere seional ay ‘teal wt oe nd = Games Car (1972) File gsc mei ger ol Wey co ee oe. {ile Garay acylates ae anon ey Fitch Duster Alcon Suge Pl oper PS ‘cee ei Moin et sonPs srg nds rng ofa oad Max Weber (1996 1921) Many ingoran soci procene aes lng ine sometieranexrenely Teo tme ool Thies probleme fo contemporary soc enc, prey in arse fq bere nel see cin Ine become the cnt nti pit for feaming queso and anos ‘ow sch ie Eeilyi tonomis and polit scene, the me feetone of canals hie bce inrssingh rere In choosing ‘tae we sek to empl and in sch fr explains we Foc on {heise we bak orem otc that te both temporally ensgune tl spy ling Inthe roc weir (Golan 198 Kivhe 199) There are important shngthat we do ose atl, And uist we do sce we often mene, "ay hap sat out by reenter engl rm the wales Conder frat orsado cal accont of the stor ‘gett they dena elie py ad tha thst os ‘ashore. Tiree qui” cnt cama pres fle ‘over short ie pei and 9 does the ote of itr ‘A camintion ofearhgukes wo} orn nk diferent Like the teen, he tome of ines the earthquake elf ae pce ina ‘ery shor pro, + mtr of sn The ean or aa cont ‘peal offered hove noes averylow moving proces the balay fprenore on + fle eran eto pero ne. We wold ‘every una foes repair count on wha happened athe diye wel immediately reeling dhe earths —the as, ins Increment of presto tigers he event Tn hase we ve Ui oncome bt ery sow mong, le-er cl roes ‘third example eaaclpmic eae event ach the hypothe saad mcr tha bt the Earth nln years ago, wigpring dtc ‘lima hae pdms extnesons A snd scout weld poy twat tiara" guek/ow” exe ere, ace fete pate la ‘rer thor tine prod lowed ya ony unl oc (at ‘ange tctincton)Theoecme ca be oeiered ren mere ow Imoning if he object of tres the delopnet of ape mame, ‘hah became pombe cathe ecologies cated en fl esi ela naming. Ml inking the a a ext mio ocean ltl tempers ga haere feta iow Maing, and ae De Th Tne Hi of ire Ca Acts "Hite Gh Wing Ince cnsl toro we woul Bowie see a ttn in tempers dig the net cesta: Mich of he increase, eset ‘enya the pipeie” een he cea fom which el gael terelen iar te sonexphere Sess 200). Ths the oto ge ‘experts inthe Farts aves) slow-moving with soe thle enpor! ag fom the hey asl fore at work Asin he cathe ‘ample the ex proces sel rafal ng emis len) a0 Slow-meving This thn, 8 on8 of sang tenn cl proces Uncen Cormon) ab ang term tame (empertare 0) The"temporltacars of hacen cunt revel stanley asummarize in Tbe The ental prose lie to geerteoetemesof terest mayor ray noun oerasbort pero The outcome thames ar equally suj to vation with seme an spin over avery shor te wh others wok there os completly Snover very ened eid In each awe may reer othe "ne Toron of vatiticor cer of ails” the period tne oer wc Incaingtl ange ces (bor 188) To pay xp dey the ne boron of ae and oacones in ifeen explanatory 2 em an de the pss infor quadrants, wth one othe ‘wt sens examples ecpring ee gaan Asvil beard in rene dep ater nhs s,s imporan 0 ste tet the deco ovo tsa erporl srunie depends ‘on bw dhe at frames the estar question I he meteorite eh the dro of dhe catcome depends pt on ether the objet of [ice she enti of ions or the rege oflne mnt Sy fan an ret he meteorite ellson asthe ent cal reco of ner nfl very apd foe aloo ela need w= Finn how he cei come tare tthe car pti pce tat parc moment the rl pres woul unl ener 3 cklonger pid, Tics analysing parila Kn of poses ‘el done o outer temporal srvtre more Blpl sod crn ing fring poles of ines Te key oie forthe aren ‘ikon nt thes eal acount have diverse tempera recurs, fd thee diferent suctres fe the mays tenon on iferent phenomens. “The reason to ses this diners esha so mach of contrary ese in pla sence ves pared torrd Quadrant 1 Teal Tihs pronenes a ote ne depicted a nfl nly over 2 chore pea of eme T soe of Kanework wl fen te ppeprian There horeer, rem think chat ee plite proces, oF the oe inrestng some ae mene bes esto by fvoing scving with hit nd of orporlsrverze. In many tations, we wl Santo tend or frp eld of on mo amar social nies ‘Bae look more ie the emples in Quaane 2-4 In Pat Uo th ‘ey dnc cl res tht oc rly over eed periods ‘of time = revving some ress wy ean causes ate Sow: orng Sind fing some xaos fom compare research. In Pare Th ‘ipl dhe same st of ac or emg coe Pare I mores the dacaion beyond the stole nmewerk node in ible Tt Feces on two pesot proces here thre nay be dct eps teteen te ower of Cental ce and dhe inion the tine "Throaghowshisdeuson,myemphastion distinguishing and onlin. ‘ng dierent peso process aught opera onrenendl paride of ‘ne Such dnnctoa caelp provide he foundon for frre rs inte longterm resin erst coun Thats ey omic sentation nore ofboth guess bd pti yes = For empitial rar Thy ao ep to clay spec medal {halnges ing imespionso lng-enm pens Fall ad ro tially he entinon of ileensypesof lg tr pocee cn serve ‘pan important ging Seve, Tha say connect rere ace din empirical robles clsifing he etent to which fern ie ‘ors dew on snl conto of esl process (Hal his ae) ‘nd sia pale techie or Shaping and asesing expats (Peron nd Shore 202) Inde Sal secon oF the hey ‘is why mach contemporary resect Test in pial cence, ses tograviene omar Qua and summarise of thea cost oF "hs peocupton. ig Slow Moving nd Eile 1. Slow Moving Caucl Process Sci procene ake ce dierent pede, “Evens of ean cal Impoties;” Andrew Abort br pa" doo a tae the sae tno of tie ro Bapen” (Abo 1988, p18) In hi par {fie ‘om sl frees that develop over an esteded psa of ine. Thee re ene thee dice peso cal oes Un can be dened at slow moving. Slow moving procs maybe cumulative oltre ‘fects or require the folding extend cal cin Temi ach of hte ponrin sn. Comal Cases ‘Themosstighorendeypeofsow moving cal proce can betemed “inerena”o1"camulcve "Her hange naval combust ‘cxvemel grade Asp of tchnolgialchinge rode goes anil Balls ants of pins (Ball 1974) preset slow tek ‘slog hil key cae of inporan pola changes ~a theme r= ‘eotycorpornted to cay wok in compart pll xonomy (Geren and Wren 1998) Sil cetal al mgenent in Rabe Pmt recent amass of denny sal epee the pat of ‘elena, which gradually Reames mote pre aspecof Ameran pala cure over the pat halter Uva 200, This change Stes rom wo calc processes the gad pe felon ahd ‘heradal replacement ofc geertns with se rien sce ‘where tlrisns biglto,Arcerinportancngrey of cumalare “coomieprocenes sf in elaie pcs which may Ree mrs pola emsequenes (Rogol 196%, Nor 190) Mort ofthe caratne Cer thet Lhe tidy bowers are “scoop” ones~snporant soi condone thet change dram ‘one ated period f te bu at + very slow pace: Demoerapy Snesclentexmple Mipaton,scbanisdon, ier rater Dench 1961; Roldan 197% Hronn 1990 langage and scene eneepton af asonhood (Gale 1983), and ase call outa Turow 1972) ‘Mlimpertant socal cables dt opal change ery showy. erpalsea! sens, cumalsonesciolgiel roc arf inked ‘olan term hin etre nln thar prunes Key, for expe sedacel the conep of ect raiment” move ‘hey frm pry party thar emends ovr sera een decanae nd apes ob independet of he pra factoring he werindia eleins (Key 1959p 199), As Fad Carnes a James ‘Saison age slr realmente einen ach eal na oil oes as diferentes etme the pay cnt nets ep apratin pater, or conomictedaogal arora (Camis nd Stineo 198, p19. Teo be hard deny tha oteprary pisces pill -elegtesem per of process to the begun, eerily eon ‘har ptenalinpaton ences of interes. An aay epg ‘or tine fame sly to wet these icremenal or cele varies { ssenaly ed I sich nceental came ft are oma ah ‘ytd see, however, is poset incorporate the in eter ‘qari 2e qualities ean er ine reo Ths [Risers tans conder theoreti nes Um draw ateson ‘hep inper of camel cases Tors Bee ‘Theory generated erie i een more nportnt with a scond,cloy elated ype ofdow- monn sal proces one that ics tend fi In many cs nema or emai feces ny aot encase etl ngs in oncamer of tere. Ines thee prcees have 8 ‘moet or nigh rope a ey ech see ctl which eg frsmorchange. Thesardquale comple presentedin einroduion ‘slain of hind of proces. Another iverson om the pbs scence the procs lading wp eo anatase = 4 slow nig of ses ending tarp te change” one sme eee yb ech “Tiss pres the econ ot Goldene (19) feria i compar- ative ales freon. ow marino (Semone change) ‘Sapeinapl case of pil unolingomtcome reln), Golde ‘os tht soil analjssten have rng ar ogi explant ah ‘hii ofsacare "hove edo near thinking st ile ‘sion may. dsm the rl of popaatin ince: Sach nce fer 1 wee gradual nd mo enormoaay large vet ch a eco ad "eheons re bat age pd eden; thei very tre eat calor ‘ern of explain” (p32. Sincere rte rea eee 1h, Sow Moving an ste “Theres bowers wo reason to exc the pony thatch slo ‘moving varies ay be temendosly portant even ese i480 ‘pn outcomes tat emerge aptly. Tors aw nig teh tl modes ofen make» good del of eee. Sach mos hae be Prominent atures in there! work on collie ston (Grnoneter 1916; Marwell and Olver 1995) ncading aay ose om taint sx groups(eg, Bnumgartaerand Jones 1998) and lose scl movements (AteAdam 198) o cliees sach 2 lngeoge comes Cain 1998), Moee gen esol dams ae Hy to be prlere circumstances where stor Bee biney choices apd where the ces ‘hey vor depend in prt on thi perepan of wha other te hkly ode. ‘Granoreter clasic arc cml ivokesa more roid agent ‘han hat mopped ere Hi fon on the heeogeniy of nal reference andthe reaing diferene in thin esol or arse score Tl go the demonstration expert thers {oe herewith me). Groner main pint tat ensigns serge finda hsb iis paseo generate modes i= ‘shih ey smal hifein he theshols of enen single strc pee “ghangs in ellie Beare By cots, Lam interred cle: ‘he tress where once socal vir reaces» pri ve ges big eles The ey pat ater re cat pois o ing pein my soil proces ado nonlneariis(oceling 197. ‘Tse paces cou: band ete einer of heerogeneons cerences at Ganoeter asin. ‘Dong Meds Puta Prec nde Denman fren, 19301870 (982) rents peril example 2 thrabeld aan ot (atlecive ation. Unie many who pene heel or era a” SEpument, owes, Modan flee ered inthe ing Sais ‘hark pang pnt han in he lee rama process peo ain mnie iene ind er {heead Speony somata. Geldones Somos, roms Pisin for oer meh teh apne el ppt ‘iti ae eh onik MoAdam lcs get weigh on here afi slow-moving paces ‘netblahing he presondions or sso Mack aden he Monae bsp of 7-6. and he 195 Seprome Cat 3 ‘ii nthe Hen creer nda cent None ng them ‘neo th deme cre rep La (Seti apd he pups er anny: apes clea Salon nein pro 1) 0 Sted he [lolol ure act Macon cry wie bo ring [iste etude eenghtobwnch mchochenge baron nhe Weeds anh Nosy sot erred ote og UMedyinigien cptoneo ne oust) At heer of Medan ands te decline of he oto canon the quar cea af 1925 Ths decne beh creme the eng ‘fren opposs oc igeny abd peered pater of gation ‘hat hss the gnats spores (ef mse expansion o ack ‘horses collie tnd Sothern chapters ofthe NasonalAsoeiation for the Advancement of Colored Poole (NAACP) of long-oprese boi ewe thee grad teeonnectl social pocsies a creed Condon ripe fo ase of wigering ev though treble remem have oe pray prominct ‘nube say ocala eon, there aregosdeeonsto expt ts yet ‘Sami be pent ren soil vanes of he owning “cneinexublthe inartona or orpaniatonal tng Sac sent ‘fvsiow spe amc with hee mona” are em aed the seg peril gules of many esting mc arangeent These ees toward perstnce imply that pers wil oes build plore une wits gesting edie ee, When saree levels each acre ems hr oon or expectations abut hen? kaon edng ltl rp change Change in one ain, farthermore, nay guy andere aes The dane chs poi ‘ilar tore at Grater nd Scbeling cine, The salem sie howere long cdew-meving bio cf petra tn The vigger clothe wy awich he ening png pre ay 00? ‘eine Steam nnn ‘ree tnt ue pr w key he veges Sone re eden pene ne edo paepe e Big Stow Morng, Tie “Ths Kind of chim aout trol effets ply an import ele jn Hole and Sten anal ofthe ently eter conta of _evemnent for exlining Welt sat otomes in brane nds {cite aber and Steps 2002) In ouning the rots of Socal Democratic beenony in Sanding, for nuance they see tha 8 Single lection real nliely to hee abi ef on psy wel instead arangement. On the other and letras er entender in lend Spica canes incon e othe ‘pecaon fc ator At sme pm thse actors he pole 15 preferences wo scrote the new eons By dng, hey algo propel cordinaton round hse expecta, raf ene rene Siar arpmene about trol fee re etna the ere alignment tharos hat have pled sack x promanen ein he sy ‘Fhe elon ploes Baraka 1976, Bx 198, Ths He of Srpustent his een snared by Ded Mayhew (he quotas inthe Falowingpessge aero Bar 1970 Serer ese erate a re emahileeteesie) See eee ‘ceed fr ovo poy xp Tey yond eno gece ow an eee endo ‘Si cnn ws oan po wa nd vee ayew 2p.) Mayhew [shold enphasio, f quite excl f hi acco of Are ‘ctrl pls Ind he minin ht shornen proce ar an ‘freer cal iguiicance han ealigament tea allow According to Mabe the "gene melo ress bulyp Tal» eden ongat pots ous ackvrds in wine without warn Mayhew Deon p 24 ef. Bale 198). He righ highlights the need © prone tvidenc forscha prada bp of sen a elas te need conse "he pny that sore erm procera neque to genes sh sh pan ‘Awrher posi danger of sch arguments i tha hey can presen 28 coved deer pict of oil proces, References tos baling ssn ig pnt singe ing eea poineo itl san sugges McAdam notes ha "bnlovenen eer re anita esos the oes by Wc water Fits 8, p 9 Yer tho mode ca ao be sistant moe ae in the way che combine longterm and see-term poets. Consider Figures with loos the necator soc varie ey, ‘he eran resources uf ivantged RroUp) st approaches 4 these evel ha gees scl nemene Dosing tne penod Tye ‘Tree ee Rtas ba threo» edu end, reing oe, ‘vos moving ress toward eres evel hat riggs the come oferta eee preached in persed per “easton above the tend line become nce ky teat Tigges At amit cdot the sree Othe canon ree {ly rade (Magy 190, Aleta de col ek to ean tee flounons x well What detinguise sthrebolé model of is kind, weve hit oes ot aaj the scree of craton within pe ‘od Ty caesptinconnon withan ani ofbe precting longer rosin cone a conten where hee factions ca have aj npuc Ts foe inane, rece te kind of rent pst Meda ona of ac igen Parise cin about role ohn spec coment cus with car. Even ral ant lke Maybe, homeer are ‘hac uh mets sometimes pect 2 ase ol fret = oe thot egies enone to sgt stetces of ne Inthe pe 1g, Sow Moving a Tile Mayhew we ae ne wit conidrbl herein, wl a ‘abut enol reno cl vere eine WeakSows Coat Chins ‘We en think fel proto invahing a ighformnt connection sere deal yey Yet im many ce the ny rane ore Ike the falowing swig the seqence ab, wide" bony 200, Peron 200) tad taesome tine to work themselves Melywobeasebssllagtetveen sandy. Caller and Cale nfo ‘ror on abr ocerorntio Latin hse ements argue as odin which deere ocmes of etre rec sunt key evelopment onr extend periods of tine (Coli an Caller 199, ‘The pe of cm sur lotr ukimage canal races fen ‘vod i work on tending (Plea 193, 1999) emacreation Cebbat 191; Cale 9), ‘Swank 200) fetus inrsce rent enmple Inasong she inguet of plea uttasonson wel ste erepcbment he cet ‘eh conventional ie hat raped inion al beac ied eta ns0c propre The standard erpretaon ol ‘tottenionl paso erie sail ley ange by ices ‘he numer of vo mss vo defenders eat Guo. Sea ‘eceptthat this te a rages He note however tha the ed ‘hain congener ec tna eagmentaion he ‘nh dtm, Not oly doc intational rpmenteon nid ii ‘Spin ofthe wel ste, but alo reinforce Pcl Beteogeny inte the growth of encompuing interet rope an wee ral ‘ommnitnetssuiveralion Al of hes lng cts flo stengthen the ‘eles opponentsand weslen ited Inshore, Sek es, Tay of the mit imgotane elles of isn ragmentaon ek Themes tal ini abd ovr ended prod of ine, Sckng ‘eames he eat iteneremtle ling er vaible constant ‘ay snail teal ofthese wee emer Input the long conssuen of inanal cares, Gunde Inveioneie therfore ey toma acta We pac fi sana ste othe contemporary pli of hewlett. Pesron (1099 asain cal chinngtmentin smamenmeatof comenporay process of were ater bnent a gauging te rot omerave goverment the mele ste, iene eet 2ipl enesine thc diet flrs to en sclpograms programmatic evenchment) Late, ae hao comer th pity hrs (gyre cara fc ow of arerenne) wl ie pate ‘hain tht tae pram eal aera a sequence Cystic = ‘wenchmen”-In sachs se, conserve goveaen® mia pac ‘he wel ste might be fea dose or moar te fc ‘Cael chin argent ar often lized who ky ton ply, x ecannana oto le sme dite i te em inital pins ‘feral politcal hace. They ar on pec proming noes ‘where pail acons ave mull consequences ad mj longterm. ‘Satcome are yprofac rather than the ipl foc of inn e- ‘Sone Underssch rsmstnces aly ae aan fac one ‘ot mediate, high, nd clei consequent 1997. Yer as Pierson ans of construe nares how, cual ca argent oy ao son neta, b net, zt at py outony rush soqenc ef eeopnent ovr ‘Cel chal arguments rae sme ly ina A ey challenge 0 show tht the in sch chin ae song er (Sgt cotled Mahoney 2000 pts The ermine Of cal har argue stir icky thre are many sage of the proabsscted rh any pura ge ae ot ey high Fearon 16 Lieberson 197), Trent chan a onthe and he py tec ak wll al 80 percent, there ethan a yy canes Ua the ene hai wil pert. Ths hs argent ae Hel be persuasive oly ‘when shechuinrinsokedhaesvcry sal ber ofaks end we bv “Deore ox mp rons obeying that helms gue srg Aspe nny den ofthe meter stp agement aed cm casa ois alo ice a nite repre prblem: threw alays sone {Geri he cain, 0 wine ie hep oe fro nde sok ‘Sat cre stage? There are tee rene 2 awe his question, "in, at ty cone to ek the bin oe nce tht ‘mus punt eich thi eves gn oder in sigteanr ways, TH Isthe state employed bythe Coles orinsanc. Secon, males my ea th nin athe pin where coal conetions coe del > pin down. Ite persosnenes often tout cal ins pes ‘he demonsrain of ela at comping among thinks, temas ‘seo onthe chains where nh inka anor be exh "The hid and prt tnt spose fer curent papers todelnithcend of ect cn the bn he ene ere Big, Som Moving dl Insite ofthe ans. Ths asoclogsntereed in denograpy ight del with Tingterm process at over with those ofits to pola sor {Veta wld nvenipates somewhere cal cain, Coser {he flowing example Ian corny underage ‘pal amacted with the emergence of lange er of unemployed ounmen. This demogrphibulge stn pari om rong ati aes adopted allowing he 197 eevelaon, One rel of ie caret Stsnshasbenheinrodaedonofaer pe fiating fay planing {nit convol~ these cen in he Mn wld Ths example ‘as involes of devcopment of conical intrest oth pl ‘alsin and demograpers: Howevt te demograpbe’s hin wool rola end ithe Jemogrphictonm self andi begin wit some ‘er scilogial vibes (eg soe rponcr he ita et ‘lit pices Apc sett wold be mo il to begin lor wih pail yheomes the revlon o r-mail the ‘ut ad the ol wet or new fly ping pls mt heel of ‘hechain Ths erampeilsrser bow de temporl structure eal evnts depends ws conidene eer on tele cone ll the be therevn Famewoskempyet ythe ane Thee shape ‘he fining key nome ob conde, te te me covered Uytbe ams andthe phe tha are eon Alle ofthese er ofargumentton sw sal pocens-cline shoetcemulave eons resold fis ad cual chin vee ‘heanayteo granu yom Quaint Eachsnes itt metho loa hllenges: Hach iy tbe ve only an analy serch “esjn nd meds ate open to te pb thi uch proses are ‘sully siguitane Ther are sen theresa rounds oblige tach proces characters» soba ings of sc phere et ‘hss onl para he try. When wert the consideration of on ‘mes ne abo cnfon considerable trp ders, Many utes ‘ot pet interes to socal sensi ake ng tne to ol. Poceses rl much ig slow-moving cuties tthe sje of the pest I. Stoe-Meving Ontcomes Stow-moing oatcome are nes wih long ie ion —thati proce ‘shee meaningfl change inthe dependent varie ocr nly over He Tongran.Themaincatepeyofach process thes net srtha inthe ear dacusion of uml incremental ees J at sis may ae low, cmoltie gui, these may bet ofthe mcs of imeros fo soc sini. For insane ifsc were ‘ceking plain any ofthe slow-moving mili warble cash ‘Part dey nou be exploring jostsach camel coronene ‘Sew imzodice » shin, 5, bt teste impact on poplin wl ere nly over ery extended period of time. Taina con, pola ura ay bees dow ving, cin Inge race. Ts wl be he ene fr erage fhe pple ‘mechani volved one of element Beet indie pis ‘Gchmens revel coset ineria for inst evicoametl changes ‘isle tbirmor powell aetonnewotrsPatianrslipnment therefor ten workhroghtheeawanely neal replacment ops talgenertons aol members diff anbre replied ih ew one who Ikea stamens. Argument genetionl move forest le, focson he expsure of para ag rps sl at hare tain consqaeoes (Monn 195; Pomam 200), Sowing oot tomes ret om the changing dstibton of these genesis i the ener poplin ver ie "Th mecha of repcement is appleable in a variety of ants suggesting a cental reson wy any pols oatcomes have 2 ery how~ ‘monng gol Comer te Geof polit eter If oxepnt of ete ‘Pans pote hallo he dtd the puts apse [Sallenger mor hangs in ete crpnson wl often oper shout low moving roca of relacement nthe US. Carer frinsane, incumbent pss sch emendowe ranges at hy ae ate ot tx ofc. Th ain mechan fete eve stacy ead replacment: when partir places reare or i they at succeeded Up lt we eer matt the acy scl sion. Thar eve 1 major change inte fran of partial cere of poiicins e, ‘keting proxpcs fr mere Repblan inthe Nonhes and for Deere ofl pes inthe Soh fer 190) may ake deci wrk ‘ele ‘As this lngoge suggests one god clas of uh agement ar the rounded in theories of eolaonary procs which posta sletion ‘cana operating oe extend pes of Une (Spry 194; Neon 1095; Kallr 199), Foliar ed ationstats my pasa mary fvul nd employ ony strategie but socal eno fen arg over tine thos pring pera gols etd employing pear seis Big Sow Moving and vise moe eyo sss Sina anayenarevery commen soil where thee i rob resarch pee nthe ed of erga ecg ‘Sich analyse, withthe frveon lng term pater ofan dent ‘ty eg populations beveled the derpmen of distinie meted lope rnp tn cemstical options laut and Frecmen 1989, (Croll and Hannan 2000, ‘Gum cuir yao be viet the developmen f ple policy (Rowe and Dives 199). Pubic expendare om income tar, ferns, am incremental slowly unfolding ozone of euler pot icy choices (See and Kava 196). Ti i igh vlan for ay tooteopority suds ia palit cory, bese sex el f the ‘om piece sine 1975 rele these lage poli cme Innes rather than he stedacson of rw none geen pices Conte the cs of pesos pay Pern 20h Her nd Spent 2001), Pole penon sesan fr rough 10 percent of expendtare on {ci protein nd ths are depp ne erent gery ‘ers sing dred welfare states In th ply seat a en ‘lng ine ngs beveen the enc fs poly ad thereon fk major pbc eed inp. In ete of conto enna, may be xn yer the ine takes fr the blk of te Foo opaaon woe coord ft wa hl woking er Fee unr ew les before ple ccs ar ly ected ong, ‘apendores arco regio the exunt to which pac oly outcomes ate role and ow toning can ellen socal seni stray. Pesming ‘thc pe canges are quickly atlted so epee lvl ht ‘ssuning api wold otame) salts may mika contac temeraly consid cue sccmtt Nowy they may abe po ley anges Gre framing spending level) sleeps (Ge goltin) ha i hc ceed fer the ply changes ok se “ein he eater empleo ite eve, this publi poy encome ‘nslow moving bec operates toga nes of elas ‘Only cobre who ener the labor marker fs py change nl work ‘herwlelncrunder de now rues hss hese now woke Iavecomplety rela ler worker within te popuaan of penne ‘hardhene polos fllespendre paso whe see! Yea ‘many arguments bl on eplcenet his one not evans nthe see ofempleyings section mechan” that eters es” Bele 2 Tine His Dif Si Si At ‘the genet! trmorer argument cs eal it emphasoes dae ‘Gren chor il hee ben afleedby dire sina Som moning ‘oucomes based on compte oon arly tar ite iret ‘fort and methodical sate tanto anes cork. ‘epee diferente! sparen forse, in che iit mae of Puwam sty focal ope and gnettonal tore and the wor of “Hinran sd otherson oration eso. “ble 2 sommes he ramen preset fr by resin hat nai on te fimewor peed in Til 5 Kgs tha ee ‘en the psi sence nel proces otro soil seis tei teory in uadeane Many css deuce: ne longtime brio. Covel chins rsh angarments ke inde pendent rarabls with ong tine bron Argument: abost cama ‘ect by dentin, lero depend variates wit long tine ez “Argent sone cali cuss, aie teal ramen, vl liter uanrmson in nich ite re of long = podnces se moro low-meving) y. Ths conse ne agnor Teo tine bin fo hab ema torts i Msn Beyond the Foca om Time Horizons ‘So, Laye reed the soil sc may ned to look at etended sos oftime beams they wah to conse thee of ters chat henge tly very radualy In esence, is arpuent sgges the ned foro ‘ens to besentvesn the Braden fran th ge rs echre cao opect fc roses hat ny yb iy oe nsheshor thane chen wbschthere isa consideration Insane berweenheonoctoacrse andthe developmen he mae "Thr emgral poutine cen ty 00 ese proces that Bie Big, Stow Maing, nLite promi in operative nail ales: srl epintons and ph ependen ena. Smcaral Derma Serle conse a prominent ls of aunts bat og Terman Key col dante ed ont eens fee roa ‘Scorer or raonhip among arecnce, Tp hse aguens Chin soa eannerson beech sae an eee ours bak _nengwostcon ius ong (Sop 1979. Teggerngevetsarseen as ‘Sestalrandom einen te core cal procera wrk. In this respect thy resemble de heal argumons diced penny Ty ‘erin src armen aed ot lyon the al bdo reac ne ine nother mors nether nes no atemer eed be Sowioning Oxtcmes however may oscar» consider epee ‘since rm he appearence othe central ere “The diferens eam be son by conaing Fac 5.2 with Figure 5.1% summary of cold armen In Figo 52, + scar ne the cretion of new intone the formation ofa new liane) Introduce Pei 3. Timorese presureon thes ga0 9 22, Imoch fhe eve ery clone wo the hed level Sr ae pela “hange ror ee ci oy rater fe Gi hs, ntl Period §) lore some igen vet precipitate th ooo of ere.Baring Moore acount ofthe opin of dicate ad demoe gy ts dese eanmple of a sracalaeconnt (Moore 166) He focuses cu macrnocal ares tae prodpone commis wo iret egjimeotoaws Given praca auescnthesrcaral vray Moore ‘spec ceminctore tobe eed none oer ot Moor ge Ingevents ar seni sper and shal ot dre one ton {om the bse eal roctres two Skrocarl couns foc rons cane emacs nstances of ‘absorbing Matovchai" abd a ef expt ay clr the ie of ‘his Rnd of argument: Ores» parce peso tae seme probly ‘ha para enes (35 wil be uaetormed into F(Schne 174, leer 1983) These proces ier om the cel ins ced po oy Ia many ewer tyres ange attri (> 9) athe ‘hanes ith seerlinks Ia Maroy cains howe she ome tions onetany pecan ei ae pobticnac e pota lnofeachs tinny shor pera may ow saree iho [ow re hing wild any prc point in ie. Tres how er anata hs ese 7). Xm ino Tb Yona i 3. ‘Ore thelong tex he sem in question conrergeon single ean. ‘Cameron (200) we the metro» Hog hppa fem iy pal to ypu ina pnd whee one ily pad is conte with spegle. We dono Aww when the fg wil metal onthe opera pd, and ny take qe ng ba the vata ont fly eerie Nor dosch arguments ee dhe trong ch tha Ys ever er into XE the probly of» y wtsarmatns scansdertly higher ha the prolly of 5 islrmaton, we wil rete ed wp with = Poplason made wp anos enue of "Wise ehmsy seemless conacio,thiktcpmzes ‘he Kinds feet abou al proce he scl sent fen tke road want 0 make (Lichson 195), Prcwor and Linco (090 fer ines make an argent of hi nti hi als ‘cnet, Once come each x rane of emo develop Inet tees signs prolly thr nuboracien goverment Wil ‘um no democracy chance of rsormatosin th opp St direcsion Ove me we mold eet se emer a fewer sr fain governments hove ht enamel lee. ora ‘able wenld pt, however explain the ig fpr weston. "Tis ind of proces spss he posit ofa satan por ‘eovean they esl poss a the evel otcme The ene” gS Moving a vale {hice these thar erate bering Mato chain dani ‘The chin mya sme neo lay out ih oa quickening \hetempo andthe areaiarpthenen The kimateoneme, were oll the ik. The core nigh tha tempera one ‘sles Tea os reonapdon wh sre phenome, while deeper {dime Rnd crs ae mid Path Depends Pit Peck Pres A feqvent chim ncompsrtve ioral anapisisthatotcomesat cit ‘clan inde pats depend rocenceOve tine, thse roses leadtsingy divergent ones eve fom inal snr eno’ (Gee Set 1977; Coles and Clie 191; Hache 198; Huber nd Sees 201) Mach of sess impli refer tothe amis of selbreinring or pose edb proces in poise — wat oneal ncreingreuns rocses Piso 200 f Mahoney 200) fay mdse change notes» feline hop, ich ioe ‘hein drecoon of change Collie aon for ntance, may nd ‘ifs im epecton and rou tht fassate moe elective seem: ‘Silty inwtensnaon may ese problems of coordination, eng, "hth dependences scot employ pari tmporal re ‘ove hightpsthe rae of hat Arthur Since has ered ie ‘orca ston” in which dynamics wigeed yan evento roc = ‘oe pit nine repre nd ifs hemes renin he absence fae reurrense of the orignal event or proces (Senchcombe 196) ‘Ths the fall ovo of ttre ray require atta ne fortes selernforig process ope, eaerging at cee diane in tie rom he cl fore or “hires” One eld te pce his pe of agua involving slowing ee withthe ‘elezdnforang proces cousing prt of he case of the ei ttcome ob conslered*Trenting ths ng tem oes invle= Ing tempo sprain bowers empaszs he hy pt agents Isami aay re cette ‘cent renoae ber . aero cgi ei pres rsshout hisorc cama. An went ora proce becca inkod Ine onan, even fora aly ote a ascend epee ag tive th fal outeome or ier (85). “Ar with may ofthelng term process considered her thee are aso ‘aot grounder bring dep dependers prcenes te plein ol ile Person 200s) Once esses spose pt vers of pole! moblzon the ination rls of the gn” ad fen itene base mas of hiking se the pai weed il fen ‘ener rnoring onice, Sochnagument, or ede ne Matin Sheers arpmeneabot th inp ial pater Opry ‘noblizatin (Sheer 1977), Dongias Nor rays ofthe isan foundations or eoomie prom (Nort 190), and Raber Waco s ‘plato of thers of moder elie Wann 1987, Mia ecelne ilnseaton of @ pub-dependene acount is Thomas a etment of the lasing teperasinn of the Seacg meted doped in thse aropean sts at ced military competion before there of oie aurescraces (Eran 19%), Following pedecesns he Hite al Ty Harman argc in Tb rb of Lethe ht the font of mierycompesion contd cin unter emerging ate What npn a ths jncae bad» pel eet on pater ‘of European ste dreclopmen and mac er, on the prospec de ‘loping prnmentary democracie, Canon the pve poem of eer let eens wig longed wre, soe nacht Were forel tray on stems of ropa oficeoldng nd sing Sich were mach mere bene o [hese fecha) than to hee oral employers” Osher cold wih const roe ode bea ‘Gras sel oon the eration fei om he een of te ae Thaler Tes worth oting ats hey prof Eran expansion rhe ‘Srengences slow-moving anal: The een of Br ey largely detenioed the taping power of monarchs wes hone ‘spe of kanding alist re: Ths teeing fos of ‘ary empeon i crcl = cone Sin hr ctenge er wee ‘tach more kl 2 ome ange py open antaters "Erna rpment iene of iti ton Incl espe hi Sagi calenge wer congue eee they were sl raering (Once dene network of sn dinero sro a ng hd develop iw set impose to sich ert me eer Sermo ancing speci ins one where ar OE hd an ‘mmedne eed for reve An the diferet putea ge del ig, Stow Moving Tae eaman args Deco the bret akerative wastrel in ying war and more conde be develope of prams ‘tations Ar ted pious, sums with» salar Sacre te ‘om wilson in compe ino week ‘Grint an Simon sdf se ein” inthe US ply inventgnes» very diferent empl sering, ba he arly sure ‘he agement sla (Carnes Stinn 199). Carmines ad ‘Stinson ae ecking to ein + moreno change postwar Arian lieth fin the Se ernment fan on in which eo ‘oor panio Gnd hr spor) wre eterogenton on ai tanto to one i wich stmalyBoogeneats parses goed ar (reve prtnan plsrinonsoand ace Lake Map, hey ite ‘at eagmenttheny for sopping» far oo rp “eran” ‘hanged utomn Ite ther mls reer cre ner of ‘Stone opel hao 1964 bao at of 1968 which eres arta irene on flowed ys pete prin which Een in erament and derortment eth the a od cee fore Usain dfeence. The nj pbiteal tenet ae inter ‘edin develope er de lng ten: alitcreer inne ple ‘fon des ot compleethepwces bacon Bie engin on 2 change sa grows nersme” (Carmine a Sten 198, p15) “Thar oil rons may ot only be downing hey may alo ee res tongemeDecse hre ia signi emporl separa beeen ly ease and eh uterine nether se he fal proce) fot be wble ules he analy concider Yer Stans sec of ‘Se, My dicusion of Ue diferent ot proces smmarizad In ible 5 Tebphlphss numberof et sol poses hace ‘let one oft following estes cal proces wih ang te ber ons, cece wth ong te herons, Spica exper spur tena key came an he ene fiat teres A ce sal ‘rte revewed in is ey suger the ire pe of proces cep Sas i Ths Coir dso ct tp ‘Bopha arate ey ee “Serpe ig gene ‘etal rs ge i : ‘Fees pric fpr tec eh spline ce i oe“le 53. Corwin Lamp Tra Pras Sn Ramee xe Ri ‘Trott steer Lena) Ne ban Estar) in Set amine Shr No speimt Sase ‘Socom Imps) "lke 8 sues See tree % ‘Natmechan Shanes) Pah Dopndoce Santee ee ‘pare oe “i ty mp orenone singh in Tale 5. encompass ange of argmensthacan he nd Ive ened oiling tres to ol reat Packing Palit into Quadrant 1 ow longtime me shoo analy eply nsdn soil phenom= ru Thay Ged aner to th queion Ince dept on the Jars problams ta anaes hope otal, tei smn abot The strofthemontnporant proces hte Best workin he eh ‘hy ae sadn. dager shore eal fpr was roceding_ Ar Din Lak and Rober Powel ve au“ Fel approaches by thei very nacre, pele see forms fenton torr others and rine, bet Sunt wt wl ee tbe ay to tack ceri es of probes” (Lake apd Pell 199 p 16). Soa ‘sense coment pacing thee bes very ely on Qndret Ly ‘te ae ed i ey ga nn a pri SSR ag adn site nine eros ig Slow Moin, and ie sngunenisntthat Quadra rere wofheevaoe Rather ete we ‘Bonk dea our bet Chokes shout he scope of ne covered in pt ‘slaraulve pound fee They lado ania sin the [En of there we employ he etbods we we the Kind fcc trea ey tose at wrk sd even the oecmes ofits hat we ‘Disdeifyin te place. Foraacl sence common rey caine {© Quien gre del foci ie spy of he ear cee, Pola satis have tot alway shown such desdedpreerence for Jveaignonsocwed on Quadrant | Frm the 150 hough the 1705 Sorin, the fel ofeonprave ples wa ony animacedy ses ‘tmoeriasoa apd site bling tated the inven oe ty hed of lag longterm proceeded here Desc 16, rntingon 196; Nerdinger 195 lors 1999 Asinwell nwa, ch ofthe moderation ferro arlene of ce net ‘Sac foreibiing ter complacent ncn alco ent ‘hat soured even convergence on the adel of Westen detocrae. ert clae ofthe modesto Inert ea clea ve of owing ‘owt the aby with the batter, The sii jsonel a dene Tinos ad lag (wich only har often zeppered a ‘nw raat form) Alo wth wen he dein’ mex send ‘Sorts think sot anger proses of oc and plea change “Attion og log tena pocane resin aren Bale where ‘empire historia amis bar gine a ran fool, icing ‘worn desertion, reltons, sod the development of he wel (te! Vers namber of tends am to hive phe compara ingy ‘oman » fcr on sort tem pocene: Quanta arc af 8 1 ‘nc incompatible with tersienes longterm slow-moving et ‘fsocl eInded tyne el edo eaing the le fc ‘tre Some sacral argent frie te ay corporate i lag: Naas, and well bsigned qonttate stadia te rare cto as wel erin pice, nfs ind the roi on gene fring high coreions preps sallow” (super preston besrtautolgiasconmsoner"Ueepews Rasehemeye, Spe a Sten 1992; Kischl 199, ern fe tat ee gc pce ot ‘opinthe alee or roam neh dines gh -rr ‘Amore fundamental probe it hat many of the lng term process ‘ulin here, sch ose invoking thro argument or mia ‘aul chins ar unl be ncorposted in quand ses wes ‘he thors that ana roy pean thom in thee. The => ‘ion, afer all sot je wha parla ecnique eapale of 0 Prine bat how i acral enploye in pace = diction hat amo ays post over in gener dices of method nd theory [As Rona Jeppson bs noted, he ced wih cal acon employ ing loge poral ctr, guia (eel aon ‘ice ters) mphewel spony exci, "Tan ovel hat?” This pent oes och of ite, boweer the thors imagens these ‘lsc rary leu noid he ones or ype ik ‘weston Geppon a. nde mach in oremoray scl cence leads rely t hire sat Jom Else, astomg ober is ro He einen a are ‘ate no senate og Geel Ut cual nah STeaye sve to en ecu =the nore rio the er Ener 198; Helse and Sedberg 19) Fores, thedsve oie socal cca pec ner of raping eter alow pote in {ime tothe ontome ob explained "The le of mechani wh Fs thy enable ogo om he rer othe salle fom meas to atm fom itis ode Send nd more onde thoy rade the ne og Benue expan an expand Ache rie prods «ented cogs chain of eval or steno! Tinks.” ler 1982 Yt ths esos deseo create scam ‘one chi fri yp othe pre shoul be onan roy ad esol noc come tbe pie of psig porn scl proces ‘he scope fel agement Wis ints reser hs the creningpcralenc fron chie count in onpuive ole caer t enge al ward Quant String othe chose fiddle (or sui aggregated 8 osegc cor) sony encooags the amis ounce he esi Son n vanes eget, incon thee diersen of ine, Recent ‘orks uanione democracy, sete rnd ie brining od ‘ty poids a good esa of the is hs mgr to alan (Clie 1999).As Cove Til pts =~ reentharat ave cele. ted she tmp 20 nt atime oe anon to emery lok mort Iataneons pot the pct near and go" Til 1995, 36), Ge "eee apronhes do nt ean mech ovr ended es oad Mig, Stow: Moving a uate secs apreat) long sine perade without reeing key aumsions ‘ofthe model implasie™ Tes or that rational choke theory. or even game coy is simply in- ‘comple id the examinsion of lngvenm proces Qt 19, “Comparisons, fer ene way adres sme obese ladles Hera game tors model ron with iret praees, slowing th sae kwh happens if srt varie och she fe asrinon of popalin) undergoes sme sit eng 178), ‘While Help hi sens ase oben very prs solution. Tappes topule of adresing a cos» ew of th lng proces dined inthis, and even dose insite rescind anne: And of couse, suageted preity sales wold ned nb hiking lng these es ined place Raonal cae imagery focal on the ste eh ter factor, may ao ete mt prom Wat ner ee of ‘kinking. Rasa choice theory ay cotribe othe temporal conan of nays in comparative pli in le dec manner a wel. Shas pling his proach pally gant economies fo inp. This ‘rotation aly wm tg aerence men cer cing Ot ‘onc In pact thre ppt 2 be ong ete antes berwcen the ts theretal imagene als employ and the hypotheses dey ‘honwe to eat, Ihave aed that many of the tongs ens {or lig sdow-moing cal acount ae iy to be scopes, Even ifm pace sme of thse proces ode nnpratedia thotccealnsong hey atenoe ins of hypoth tht hee nee ‘ial go aking "The pl of Quant eident not nly in quantitate and rt ral choice inventions. Quali ens re lola gavate to Quadrant Toles they make x conor eplore ther = Tne, Wag ina ily dicen cone, Racbemeyer el (192, pp 323) summarie he ay problem. Sutin hin ho ey toplsiy nl e ‘lege trig pe of See o tree ne "cen ey ‘Ro shernarsresnder tndeeda tere pnmery en * ms Ha 0 el eof ing oe ne ‘Aci amnesia ay mr sna ‘Tse Sal ey son op neape href lat con a nd py down ying em pron srr a pen feral al By aking computive cae, an ant may be able so overcome semme ofthe Und spot aie wh sua for tht onc Rouchaneyreral Deg ieaey to adres the bem fet ing spectc mp oftow-noving caval process, however nes he invesigtion nt oly ets addtional ase bo ao taka ented frst ine rec of thn ce A ed prey table p= Pets ta ny eo eigen of ats dem. P ‘hosenot grounded ingaetheory have often wand ig Whose or nay ttle eplanon (Kil 199), Compantve hist anal wl fen do good jb of eprerng Jeng proce ar mpg bythe meron» exalted ia at cas Thee inenipons pal comin consersheswerchesof me ‘Equal mprany, hey dew oo theo! Udon, seeing tack wo ‘he gresrwors of Mar and Web, th pitt pasar it hor ‘tenga rvtre Yeti ther metbodlogie compesve hte Salen are Hy ome cer sei outcomes hat are vise oly Or ‘he ang ten une theese nme the ned coer ‘ch ponies inthe fie place And the potent forages be {ree sal. sn qatar methods er examining sich low ming [rocco oe ely become ‘Canter Cannon and Sno reflections a thst fs to ito doce aang em epectie ith ody of Aner publi oiien rd ‘von Tei conli roves ling sary of the core pots hie stay and woh qosng eng “onetime pes ei hu epble mer elon hal a odogpsounl ‘eterna Thactarvesn Cosa ees iene get ‘Sxpourol tmat mrement oroniy yon wnesene tren ep sie) treme cence espns be ‘Seu arg wre ly chgel oho moh henge do po Ingo roc wang eft spent Clemens nee ena ‘tpn Ch oh es castes alae ‘Shenton ha ence peng mapa | | | | vu howto sve angen vbeina geno ‘Efe c pcms nq’ then axa re bs ae “slp nl lve gy Sere dort In fo es we i es Sy gers mnt Orson wold bey pa We swale cna fom eh pnp bees co ‘bebe none ea cere crayon eo rahe mtr yh fre ood ate eed {Sem olor snl ter Pas coco wo be spc en (fe cw ice hone an neha ondy ee eg of ‘ly. (Comin sf Stn 98. 198) “The cowdig of escarches in Quadrant comes aay pce 18 some ess tbe oc ht nxt scl oer lt are ip ‘ntsc aeton In her i hat mor acl oes ook ‘uri oes cn of pla ie simply bens hose frees cert th presurs ener extended periods of tne Inet cas 6 ‘ected thom tr hat oper ar tiggcr ewe tha eee" ‘aly prsiut to otomer of inert tof elie nor sgn. Insel eer sing naps can be med st the vey hacer of the otcmer they veg Decne they al 0 recognise how slowly ‘hore uteeer nfl Int, hi cn ed ose chai abuts ‘sto. As Swank earch show, even lead anasto hii ‘hime sbostshor termes eff when thelong termes proces zm eatly comer helo use posits spe he crac ‘onbuton of ail res cover comsiderae secs of me “Macneil Sneha a id hat be socogy of he ong pl” (Siccmbe 197, 408) Both in chery development and in ‘copia work we eed 0 ty atenie othe sigaeance ig, long erent ‘et Ano 158. “Toming Genel Li Rey” Sa hay Sat ony an ng, HP" Ea ‘eur PRs Jes, 198 Agee ein eee "Bie: Chango, Umer of Cae Pre Be, Dan DA Te Conn Pal ity New We Bae Ho ay ad W988. Onl Bod Cop Py ag. EX Senrd Unmerty Pree an a dt Mgr fa iCameron, Che, 20, Congres Comarca 79-200" Mee rere far mat Sage Fcnon Contre. Hier nl Plo, Ct Gn, 1972 “Lge Snes Ce Sed Md” Ate Cavan’ Eid & ie ome A Siac. 1959, Baie Ra nd “Tenjou of men Pdi Poneto, Nj. Pinetn Unies tl Gi 8 Ne Ho 00 Th omy frente Cote Rah ie 199. Pa To Dy To ig ls nd ei ia ange on Sts nrc Cae Use Pre ote send Da Cas 19. Song ela re: coe, "Ni: roceun UnrerayPow ae Hl St Mn dol De dre te on Chg Caps Can ey eer Ser sana so Bi ns hy Sg a ae atin Ray eet oe, cco Pacer tee ain peers oes ea erro oat ae Frat te be a Eg crane Lr 1 hace a ae mean cabins tera Ne Tacs Fe oa yo bee ee cecera etecet rie ee Se oe eee oe e—Lrttt— taste epee slr ia Fans Nop Vass ster ihc Sooo 196, Sec Manis cia ‘sey, New a: Cate Unventy Pres i 072 Theol Lt rh Cag Harder epee a aye ad a8 Pa rg ee oe erect se cans nae a el nee i at ng ce anal seth Sagar That rn ier ee (aN sete Src einai SC ae iol cee oeen as or ag gna yr To eg Oren th Cems fevel whe Ancean Pl Sens Secs merge ha sect ‘en reece te ie ‘ake, Dv Aad Raber Powel 19 nto Reins A Sei re pe erm i ‘iran baunecthonetnoentieas un el. ear mt ea rat ata one Tye ah et Tbeepom mie snemtheuamatne Setanta Sgt rar og tat rn SASS iar ree America Saal Revie $5: 8-26, Soe Feet wa hy maMani Ka 192 “The rt of Geese” Bp. 276-20 in yon th Seo mi cee Pa Keakeme Pande Hage Sul Thay, Cantey Urey Pros te, Da 208. “ror Regan: A Cor 0 he Chi Mca Dog 18a rn anf Dyan Bi erg, 1938-1970 Chg: Unventy ofChs Pre Notas: St Oe of Bry Der, or Maa Ge 10 "Gane Thea anCanpve ale New Popes "nO Crem rs Pa 19-1 ‘Change! far of aes Lara 95, ecg Ech i Dosen Tine Sens nd as of ‘Nero 190 er, tinned Ch Fai Prom ‘Gn Camp Unie Pre nwa, Bl 8 bio Si? Re, The an Ms ‘fie Cage Canteens Pre 2g Reams, Pts Deedee, the Soy of Piss” “erin PSone Re 94 BI 2004 Roxon ae bat ee Ting en Sonn Poli Process” "Sine et Dep 1723, 200“ ene Wer of Were Se Res Compote sil Sar ‘rn Te gl, 20“ mon Cm ‘a ban NewS WW Norn ‘cpr A Fam an 17": Tit ‘Pana oder 20 Boge Neow Yr Sim Scher. Rope Get Coe ae ail Iolani 1 cies Ve ts Tow e Pole Genet of “he cm Mes et Sar gran 395 yds i Dae 98 bra Pale Py Chane ih “hee Now Haven, CT te Une Pro acoser ict Erie He Suen an Jo D See 19 ‘Grind Dean, Chen Unter of gs Pre Sch Fe 198 om fa hw Pi tn Coe eat "By Reweh Beier CO Wen re Seng. "Trome 17 Mowat ou Marci, Cami, MA ‘uted Uren Pre ig Show-Me, and nis Shi Mari 197 Pay an Pasa: Gana Eg ny" Pie a Suu? 408-5 Ty, Se an Sul Ri: Can Coe Steal geet Ka e196 Teo ed Fl One Wahi, Secs, Willan 200. "The Oc An Mach of bl Wiring, Sealy Soca rar 1th can Si Tore Now Yr: Haro, ec. 974 "Mon Theory of Sa See” Pp 33 Teh Sl ‘Sra ff ha, ty Gre No 1997 ome aoa Sees of Fas” Bp 87-0 oR fo "a Purse yn Tay. Latin MA Rowe Lt Swe Dn, 0 "Pola ivousesna le Sta Rear pe Isto Sxl Pay Chant n Oreo Damecrce™ {pina eRe Rte ii So ny Pre. “iy Chars 195 "Democi at Lake“ 35-47 nT Sia Cri "pe heb Geo Rs Ce Na re ‘Tem Sey 1998. Menai Pol Ce, ad Cave Acton rer Conercing hemings dah Accom 1-2 For ‘a Set Mena Ty ccd by Aloe D Ma eal Marte Ne Hines CI tle Urry Pro ‘Weer ae 16 92 "Pars Vea" Pp 7-18 oe Mex er “Eanrn Stati, lend HH Gertand G Wap Mile Or Oster Garey es ‘Weng Bn 198 Noon Poel of trainin “en aia ie cy Pred rte Rel ape Pn Weck Raber 195. Coma f Dr: Kat nt Sil Scr ‘Efe tng, nf ston. angHow Institutions Evolve INSIGHTS FROM COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL ANALYSIS: Kathleen Thelen 1 Introduction ‘Thsesayeaploresthequston oho» fomainions ange! Despite ‘he imporance sped by many schol the role of stan ace poi Me, thee of ew heen ae heme ‘taped and reconfigured overtime noereceed the steno dae Inthe 1970rand 198s » good del of compare nstsioalat work otra on comparative nate and wat cocernel wih demons the ‘prin diferent tena angers rove Siegen plea Ind ply oetsmes eg, Karen 1978) In iton, scl in {hecomparsve strc eon hs ide important sah it the sees of dvergeat silly nana) uectres Vin hs in oe ‘Sadesoeclsessuchas Grsehelous (1962), Moor 1965) and Sher {G97 7hbueabo sige recent contro sch aCe and Caer {190 Stopol 1092), Saye (1999, Frome (197), Goal (199), nd Haber and Stephens 001) Final we hae a mbes of ones hat tc the geo "Yedack mechan” tha ae repo foc the Teproduction rion inten and paicy poner See Prerana 1995, Shoxpl 192; Wei 19920 lamas eel re seen cng a et ‘Mende Coro Eat ote Re ak ee yprem nyu eng "hg ice a i nn hc fr pl ne (ine hepa seutne apse Ongsing theoreti work cemeig on the concep of pat depen ly Mahoney, Pierson, ad oes fs Tent greater pred to preva formes based on te dul noes fea nctar” nd “hor tel sacri” (Mshoney 2000 Person 2000. Ar thee aos have ‘hown some of he major wrk in comparative rol aac eda illsrions of path dependence incl and poles! develo ‘nen. Mahoney ha conte to ana Sari by sing vars mechanisms of reproducn hat my be sustaining dierent isin ‘king and distinguishing wlan, Fanos, power, nd lems ‘Son agumnens Mahone 200) Fistreaement ofp dependence reas ‘oh fom Artur unchcombe dat note tha the fos espeible ferthegeneds of an eta nay oot the ue the tet sai over tne (Sinchembe 1959). Bat pth dependence at curren conepained tnd to encore ‘ther sc separation ofthe ise of tte notion ad a ‘sana reproduction? Mach of the work ht lvoe th concept rembed ons puncuoted equliteum model at emphsics moment of Eepemes” an innovation ellomed by long ere fies sossorlocksn(eg, Kenner 188 The inpetion ht ino, nee rated, er perstor breakdown nthe oe ofsome ind of ge ‘owt hoc: Caran hr id of poncrts eqn model pees ‘ne inportae rode of ange mpi In my own work (Plen 1999), Thane apes hae aay exile sat insiionlinpration and he sey feedback eas ios about stations reproction) could be bought nos mre usa diogwe By examining the specie melanins of reget behind prea ins arangernens, we wl gaining noth kde of og events tend wo beet ely ing st nina ‘ean or dey ‘Bur what sbow inaonl changer ta fil shor of benkown? I sccm some tha ne reson we aren 0 te ay of nso [rece chs, gue, paren toonalarangement ented Fy esti and essa evens he ceo age sore reas Gel ‘hom, defen warn ote word, exogenous shocks ofthe sr chat ‘ne wou expect sp revi ate aoe ie otra » Yost cl Seman Tae (1%,Jnnoraion, Buti wot wha we fd epi eet noe ay One thinks, er expe af ow spe aston ing employer xoraion reemsgedin Geman and apn afer the Scand Wee Wir in some ces dete ec rt y the Alo prevent th (Or the way in ich the ntl sragerens tat deeoped ip ater Europe befor: and ander srmant rele rein set even afer the dre of 1989 and otis So ape since tc ‘sin the poston pero? Othe erate of pra odes ‘fins inermedstn ral” the Unie Se scorns in ‘ome nother Barpean oon, "satin Fre) though aor ‘necator wattomaton sich aidan and deer ‘tn that empty sawed dept snd conan andes frown then ‘Convery, we al fe srk by the cumulant of nguing taoften ale changesin iar arangmet th ps oe on Secs of tine The Bish Home of Lado nh eed ‘wemendow saying Power and in seme mye Power sion of Uttronal ecines” er ck in Balan ss clear ta thi ute diferent sation sony then its tre oes ago, md pled ‘Sinisa acl re tly ot eto ueresed inte wey Ins lange ver tines hey tein the fre a ye sind The 1, Soprene Gout s nother ation thaw peeing ny of ‘score sibs ss tones undergone ater eration fer tens sever decas Inthe ninemsn the Cnt peed ey diferent much mare lined role in Arica polis ding ‘uly with flea ses, pte over comme, and oxen, ‘he se of presents par. In the cure ofthe tenet ean, ‘he role and fection othe Cart within Aerio potts have bea ‘beanally taste, pry and pre mar cose ‘Brough es emergence yam importa for the ois of mine righ and india feces * cum sh roan ey a8 ea i Pr ee ese oe gn ing Ct nen pa ew een fe SS ene md bec {Req ty 9M Ma Rabin orae ange Ios Flee Inf fone ink shi these ae many pli inti that are linuron pecaely ees ie lok em toy we re stick, il ‘neon, Byhow blend hw nach ey hee changed ne tne? Se the into medatng gender radon ote deed dente ‘lex come oid arenes onl Be oud inthe tons {sGning rons bernecn oben and atonal pnermens a may {ederlaotems Fromm the perspec of puotatl eqn mod ‘hereon seas to he po mack conta) Unoygh ative bens Inhsory bata oen on much ange been he suc oS apaeady tbl formal seat rangement “The conemporary erate on nan dom oye very good encep or teoreltfr addreing thee phnomens, Some ‘the cry Herre om hers tna mare tended fo ob the ioe by croceing of intone a8 te “ore eile of cr fal nce o the stay Ignis of previous pit bales (ex, Lise an Rotdan 1968, Moe recent Inte om pth dep ‘ace and ocreing rears efits ae phe te date fowasd iy ‘pesing the yuan pocase tht stain insenons over bg pes tts of time (gy Param 200. Bet ees rene argument ll fy pre of he sry thy are beer a crng the mechani ‘feprodocion ling prc nsstons yn they aes pant the lp of tat volton and change: Moreover mame ee, ‘pling ional perience fuel may rere o Sk Byer nguments aon ocesing rem Tiss Dee ae we san the por Tiel and pabel-ccomic lndcapes, wef tn intone ‘inal is fen arenpy laced ith laments of nal anformatin to ing insinons a ine with changing soc, lis snd economic ‘oodiiens "Tics proceed allows. ogi with aif review of tos pr species on ttone and explore bom the ifn pei lead ‘Frege vews of Bow tons emerge abd vere were 1 Sat er Un prominent apes = elt cna, power ‘devon a carnal ~ that se nstions 0 beat sour sd sete by para, spose cul factors ~ wheter 9k of nina equine, an ending balan of rctlo pola Power ora sbue clara understanding wet rpanaonl os are * cat yr ama ksi on heii Gm ‘STi nae mi enn nh hemcuidate or approve” AS sch xh of thee pepetives ‘tans an plc sheory of change: sans reson and ret 3 Jarl ounttion (sheter efcency based, power bared or ar) ‘then they shod change aa rl of he in thse undering condos, ‘Path dependence perspectives drow on he ime agus he fac thee papi, at where they difer that they no ce ‘ly lnk foreman env” troogh sme and spe Ae Mahoney ots out 2000, p. S15}, pth dependence perspectives po thatthe {Ekin espomal for the genes a aniston ny wel be diferent from thon tha an er Une Sock pees oe aos ‘he produce of sete ht epoes or eng pss tarsi ‘onfguatine ttn St conan on abequen dels oe ‘spoil Cale and Colle 1991, pp 35:83 nem of ter pooch to guests of tinal ene and change, coer epmens ‘ont pth dependence fen emphae momen int enor tan in which agency, coi and comngeny Swe prominently. Sach omens ar then ftwed y psi of initenal erodacton where ‘heinpetnc fant and cole recede reat to roca ‘ain oil icenies and conse nol chan, thisview bofen sen to be Fanci of cogeame sols dn apt revo sl srangement and open the doe oi for intone "The let om ath dependence an poy ik edd i tant igs nto the wap which try ere and es a po tic some onpaling scoot fending cro ntoal irene ltl necores However, the mot petie conception ed ol eomehat tow view fw te pst weighs on the presen The frst ‘tat ay ells °c poi” ad odin mechan” omens ‘ge ve soningent view ofthe “bce poi” and rat Je {eine ve faunal production (Felen 199). Tees ‘sein oe at station herpes and Brome ines tended are abandoned. Thre re ew hit orgs ere 0 he * Seay ho desing na sas es = 19 SS cM “eat pa Same foeere n amc cee ay ran he es pr Ino Bole |uesion of how insta bemsele change neve in more ule ‘ecmeinee more interetig wep ove tne Tnerertoapprecefillythe cau wip tthe pas. ne neal oom ment slat of path dependence and puncte ela models ‘its concept tol that a espe the lope of tonal eon Td change" Specialy, we ned to ake com ofthe way fo which ‘ns or tring points cn be generated endopenrs incaing tough theworingoutafdeloscaf rons orc pins Weslo need to cam Sidr the way in which new poles ar coneied an soltns soph ze ens products ofthe partathertan sot iden aye 19), This spot cal fring sev more care at ‘he "on ca ofthe amas intonal eveopnen han mot ph ‘pendence argument by atendinge he sm wbich ioral ‘cold sroctrestinit he option of cl ctor ven atrial hie ot Kelso cal orinjesing ome more apenas ae "eck co”ofsuch argument by emphasing thew in whi sta ‘on operate ot jt csi ba a saree ees fran "he espn changes in the pliacaland conan contes at recat ‘now oppor oom up ne calende= "Theos ofan change an cnomonsl compton, and sy ai in th ay clave, I meaece two way of one ‘aang the problem fino vlan tees the caret osm ew of nos ino er estinonalreprogacen ‘hat hae hoon sharers of mh of the errs i thi as date ‘Argun ator intitaonal change ough erin and hgh one ‘im ncupeste ements of increasing rren rpement fom the path i nd Dome ee cocinmntodinghone es, Se vc mn iy er rc as Ca te Sentinel ty CRE niyo wets ph er yeti to mest em ot ee ee ech kan ann oso see att can ml ch Ses er oe ck lemme exh epataonh deca ce ee Joncas ene oe Se et men none lee, oslo oo ein TOSSES) acon cy Casa ery in a a np pas de wee Ses tefe cht ey eter ho ee am ol he Coa ae es Se mach aly a emir Sam ohne ay of i)simlancooy desc om 9) rlsns smog secs eat or Instance) are dele ro the same pops and 2) reasons ong opalaions fered he sue inde of eres, Th hungry end he lg ih, or eas, be elated soar a oth cee seco Solan sy abso cool be red ele Boose bh a litre oy ‘he una) Moh ean show tat ph representing the pater of ota ove tine, ndeting changin smcing He the stcnne ‘Whatever story Mr tt sont tee shifts iis ot yt ear why ‘hist is net = it wil depend fo lyon owing, to belie ht thes pares of orelpe aen some wy mein It we sept hat they ae then std of i Kind ve the pent ie the sais of concree Socal eI dicate ai otal or seneshing that conmetonal story he motu. Mohrs sly might cove Ee lista that 4 Cia moment Christin ceanetons ved fe ‘ihe senders ftmorl recite ne offunecharay Te nesta dif hin si he moe cial comet asrel meade ‘onl hve in deniing ‘The dnllage to his network rach ofthis kind, bower, stems fom the fc hay bp thence tiled ero subj arable ol aoe Network abe of chon for grates tat patton sae undersod assach by pte on) hts tis he saregaton ofthe er no ger ems the Seca sach agpepnoon tase hough tbe dicen yw eet rtipatsae not ar of them, Burne eth nett of sed sxece/envnotnaoasinear-wentit- entry Nn Wark ene neces are areal conrats Whi ity ee ets pairs of erations recognised hi latins bean the ho feed oup tothe hangs col ot ete in gener ‘when any monies of Lind of people might ne been in soe ‘eed fil, Netwonk aah andy ye woos eats flowing the diester of “sro susie” conta this et wih ‘fring A second since of hs das of rsach sis more of «blancs ‘ewon eek nperian andthe see ly a he eats ‘amine Bakes a Vin Rese (197 rnc res os {he Oxoman Empire in the 160s (more presi, fom wen Anal inthe 1650) nts aewo elton tong vies They sed eo lowing rode this tranormation ecient owe been comma et or ged git ich ter iar he com Sc ye cd hig opptneal hy wer en eae Sica oe de commenter wu mpd + copmnne The Cre codiny reso rein cms tr se ae, {cg Salo cud Say scope SR es mill hn of cn hoe es ce cur peterson nigh smd of opr enc Sckopurong slg montreal tn rth cos ‘Salle high fa em nt, gle ge col re ite mat fc ofc so cs bea ype ‘bc of mera coger eos? Pay oer Ka ‘ean tng sar nliarnel wee dated on trate dan ven mee) Tare an in Ron cod alg alae ilages ino kad be pen fee dogs te sheila gers cy ht gs ee ‘eeveen rs cr an oe acer ed Slr sae tcc i Tepe cefnercommanty ir pena isa nee ‘Senn pen a en oti es fred wah ng ne oc ive wha acne” Tish line dengs sae ratte Bayan “Vin Rooen mre ecw swig oo oma od Ikelite ipacon maple poe (Gecvan comm conmersicenfdbepsecocso Serene Se Taine oh peed ad ma eh ey {2p made ger lef conten ted sate ant ‘meh nc pay ede cml crm By yo (el comin Ry gg ine oy at wel recy ple ‘sv nme ni ‘tpn flag suc vests re “Theqnnsi afternoon he consent fiero econ fcople cnn es cred fom sdb a Sewbi he inptsire lock nembertipe nd sey ofp teres ‘re ay Ve Roe rete he sth erly Thyme te ek gn ile ee feast lsh og nesta scat ge ‘rin The oto elas niin ofa teGoats oir ot imei ds ieee in ier vay Ween eis neo ntertanbsos tose ‘meta dance om he marc ener nd ha ayes inure witches tincmpkee ita; es ‘nee ilges wre wealthy and oe es an he ‘nek wv dey ecg ine lag cee vt, Comet fed noe tt ofc fas re na Sern chng inh erat oh cen erst sd Frespesty dang ih he cases ote, "ter wordy the angen aba he eer nea iwi iran hy ath, hen, a te ek ‘ments dened om hem, a npc sano he ‘dering races sister nso eda ay and Va Rosen’ iesycon esas ng ‘ese michael a essen neal nee coer, Ing conor ers unre rape, mong an cnet ‘roems senting fo gre enteral son hye "eh and tts ng at thr bop enc persons 8a oven itil ai ering comms eet oe setndgenian vit deuce fo cea cones ie os fares prac ad oh me roe techy the septs Thr omcgece nds th ie te pineal iste onc puerto he ‘chop knovlege us het dds nee” The ss hop thet ber deed ws epn wing seve ete ‘cpa eopastn ake ded yng comenonl aca et (oh Issuing tere sn contr Balog ete ie aiigeaaiemaenecnn ear ect Serco eanoragi amen ar ate nea Sts ton duough other methods bt socaraliss ght ave bean more plese {wea ahr mets nd Sloe perl koi prec that ‘ere nobthler intersting ad plane” Newer ifs nd Large Sal Mobi Another sein whi compara storia eseatcershave app et ‘orkmetoe aout el commiting tthe strc worker isthe sty of rte mobilation spl with reference ote role scl en the isin actin. The eave sen of rear ‘heoriinginhissecarch sn seine Tolerved eter thy anaes of “aeons dint om sales of memory guerra sig a which andard varias ike cls cmpontion and weg ‘ment et with scl sate for esate reac ‘Arne ve atl, silo and orca df sci prot Bad gun to alk sbot the ole of mcs pro ei ‘Sons join prone movement wl fre formal newer ale eh ‘ero the pete (Getic a Hine 170 McAdam 1985, Sao, Za ‘nd Ean 1980 bse ses uel the ener ania he Teraire sever stp farther witht to docene the diis of ‘obiisonthronh largesele net (Harm 19%, Helen, Snel nd Sun P00 the ingect of ra and infor etek oe lips apparel tothe mere presence of ane newer” (Goel 1 dhe ik teen ol newer peters anole ety re ation (Ase 197, Gould 1995) Heda esearch ha documented 2 ison eer xen tony, mediated by oth gegen! pron ig and scl contac inthe fending rae of Swe rade anor rd ‘hopen ofthe Sci Dente Paty yen rscarch ont Part {Commne of 1571 (Gould 1991 sagged tat elo igency i find throoph rer night contend by lta ern ster An enon fs work (Gold 1995) showed ta the So anc ofconmunigy- ed apps depended on the execs street pihborhodsinwhich socal cena areca sr ths nepiorboods, act thing aes a ar cond "nbc i Tid Sip opener ar mht ‘eto mrp wh pee er i cm ere eulaT i mpends nt gettl we pee Ses ifecomearemngta ee Beny othe mas moblttion of May 1671 dha i he arian belgrade enter he Hace a arin eens Jom ctrasin ofschamalyesto“ymbobi wards AaslN (Por aeinaton ofthe crsaiaon of yams ence rnc speed te the ilo cently of te gene ae the French rial movement gout the ops kale ot ona paves he abr ecanges te sang an en French denne abe Wha these sir sare the combintion of an eres in sci ‘scorns with inseam metology modified to nce se orkefocs All hee ule employ aspen ofvanble bcd ‘ecniqs— even history meh in Heim ca, acer reson the oer wo ina ay ta xplcly pete stan ee of ere inp of ever es retchsry mn o foo ‘nes permit station he bod of funding cag ae onal on wwe ober cmt where eng ar ey scr. Thisfetis etn ner othe npc eer tr ee se of tn indus workin, Sry autcorcaion eeeoeny sma the degre 1 can ote vile (mbites ‘ppt or the geen sk) Rows hugh notort Hesse e “hth oe (toro or te) seyocly nace eek ery omcome~ api, eto the inp of oer Unlike the other sles of eter reach ied thi ey his ap oath de 0 ferred rm repens a eter Be ‘he sbi henry ndigeed oom ve tad 1s-The netceo des the demons ht ear rd ed mater in he ditson of mobo: bt ease the nth oe ee talent; rater than represented in relied fms we no He shou jist wh Links of mew seaside ot {his Kind The wrk of skng sch gesions ns ee my hop ‘een sce formal sling or lon ase ose ‘oohigh ob ntedinely wf or comparairchisesal noni ‘Weekes the wr of work acento a ane pm cuphobe dy, Redeem imps fsa wrens oes ‘he patos othe canpcunty ware, fe the resecr en a ‘lee emumeradon of eeyk so. Tht edo Srltancny ye elder here formlaorin he racer op rye se sion shored a timer, mesa ons re ae ‘ore Ke Asrecarch on norte bce doesn es of Narr Foke comple ewer tev oneo contemplate gle stl : of social net Tow torch yng the pp ever ip sais anda face the ps oboe an Ey tie ogee bepress eee teecyet ppt ind putenr compte Toke oe ‘Saopl te mig” el pronces Pod Fn a ‘eho sera ral mao change =r, comer Sn nn th erin oe ia ‘ah es i ey st i oe is Serer wie supe inion pcre he ne By a ae ewe sy tach rene oc ng Sm ovo eon compet oti Coma : weld ges dc coasts he moe fete ‘sping of ecw las» pb ire seo ‘rman i oi era a ah 1 pedir vd of newor st, and the seed paces neott methods aha orepond wen experience ear Sok ion mtert "What errs fare made progres posite thresh pe «oct fs resins ey om wich deve kr qos 2 ley meaner neon ht sre ec Zecca trai. ce Al 197th eee ‘Specado arr! sain edn te etn [ced ie ‘Sign hse teh src fh ewe vere ‘Sepp ben fet by nachna tore “Sih om the oe ta nh a ox ing dbs wet hve pied voice onde -aany acer anl eunneti dt eae “Sissy Wen meet ‘Sac oc lpr eomewere witha nen peraton on oe tafe Seer nie ermal dl pope ‘ithe fr psiting hat pean Alea ned ext Cole te or da ounce of te yen re ee Stout oe me ean etl nyse mar ators teGo “Thal she more ment when the aay of hick desig rarer is diminished ees when on nial data sors tec! document For theron, Iwi offer the edition tha the Tenet of major workings of momnerwer dt int eon! for wl eine ltd to ow hsorcl the ht Trt hat the sepa ae aed in desig strong stra Js ee eskes more sen in ight ofthis pain Network aralssic Frese described apo olf dein sil tre, ‘Tas might mean one of wo ngs st, igh ne a the se of were metods alow et cover portant phsomens Bo ec file orarany rate noes dentable trough er mene Secon, ‘emighemean tat con te ape to. roa ngs of phenome, th ‘esta enplcaions or how ack gh pin! hereby. Merri {aly speaking we mighy dni Berween power the sens ‘aang be fights power inthe sense steam hummer The Sex metaphor lw ewe the too we wil =e mone fe, ‘hou dsoring the werd oo much the cd lle a ec th ong oe, stamp ay patter cn pa ets hat we cone a "Te concern ave edt high thc may be tempi to phy sol bene thas lorofpomey bat that we re bee of we rat tnrslestorenron pom Inte presen conte yen che lier sm served bot when netwerk sale pid ier dat ate elect cil otek oe Domnetwork dt wen We ‘re rememly cafe an hve a god they ota meer, ie estar, at ostream rot the sometimes my oyu or ana poets genes, Netw ‘lps good Teng deta cre tt oes or aaj dn ‘truly sighed wy If, racy Joss cee vl se (or ump ane wero apy eco oconezy ays ‘as on fenshp ins mara earor one woud probably Bd sl ache enti cena tat lok snd ges were Demo ‘pocourwith spectre Butchi eserves weal ot need nero aly oral oom a) Aaa connec, reach hfe one ‘onal da in relaional or without song atone eso 23 ‘orl kellyd meaning vol © mes ae mrs A hy tre a ‘errhp per ab pg a ok bo samen ner of Netw Toe Timer she word “meaning” testy a nen 0 a costo eho nprans fcc rmerors, Thee of meni etiam ating soncwssenterofthebectne eng the 0 ty mine etsy tn ca bono ect it TREES Semee ting och 9 mer one mein TESESSRSicn ne oo ds: And those ening ne Yop Jtms ht sys comet ur Sings ere ieTpeone ndings oc yes or dle rige eos "es per maynotine ose ee or clr, seep cma expen sol rhe hen Oy Jot {Judo ge at set, Feta rn, Uwe id Hite Sty ican scaonly rel newer aa fr" ‘Slur catar ammo tt oy or cnc Ea nt Cont 19, Ez nr nel 2 “ere incrponting or meting jon xin mening, Eegpatseuter = coe flr’ ont tr nenc SRO chow,Bcto se tar act ti for it rer ie Sinprvesteelteae serena Difco metnde ot weesear tng and forthe omen, et, woneoe ge saint to make veya acre pod 3 modeing ein, web GRINS amen ih the pt newest eth ae messng foc ming scl neces : of the French ik gin omen 97 “Nerf Cis eh aero earns Se enced crear Taipei ahs monte ranterecmar eee eisai fon m pos screen tac Paat wierd i hates oR a mane ng meme ena inchcout owls Mot New Sat fe i Sa alone 8,16: The er Sei, Ne Yn re Pom fGen rst Msn ano Got 4 wr Ai Cae athe ‘eel pec eran fra Sg 9°18 oth ate Fd pn He PCy Men Pr deep ate Mer ‘ol Rg 1 Mpe Newer Mtn the Pa Co ‘cepenriaomoe on eA jemme ntomn cc sn rs Oye ee FE a a el ten 198, re ace es Seeaitacen pene sng ay TES Re ya ng in Ste vel rt, Tr ea Ba as 1k cee a ho ores aR aTREE gg eee ome peer me rt ere es oC ASN oh ary Se ne SE ate tere SETS a ats sea he elon a ‘Soi 16: 435-63. ae esse fon sua aru tice se err sur St 7 ah ny ay 2 Mat aha 199 “Sellers, Mars, Teg nde Dic Rein Tie tia Noe Yk Chay Dic e557 Mat) We ie Dene. 197, “The aly of Care nd Pre Poe Reel n Now Yn Cy 168 87" hy ond Sey 3 Mor} 1195, Wy Stal Sa Ben, Be Hai: MEER ore soe pe 8-98 T Ono ry of Bi, "Ah byKenmeh.Meepn Oxo One Unive Pres ee etn fs nf Garg I, 2 Tendo Mend “ Newco Teor TT Again Pras Now Yk ll Rie “oi nen use eT ad Chip Sa 9% Rest Aton nd he iso Te Rinder GOE3 1 tran ara of Sa 719 ote Hh Wm an Meat oy Winker a sens Prgran Coin yb ne Hae Copan ‘ete hee so Cot Had ety Po 000 at kD ae Sele Es tn 190, "Saal Ne “nl Sc Moran A Meroe) Agron 6 Dire) erent dr egal rie 787-98. sun ica, HH an st nk 19% Br m Rb Bk One, ely Dye, od rae Tin Now, un oes tn ary 5 hl 8, Sel Seas he Newt wn on 190 Any of oy ged CB, NP rice ‘nite Tan C, Sc Herman and mB 1976 “Ss Se “si tenitaleNeweksLBadmaicre lord Pia Ane apne Th Ce Cy en Sn heen,8 pene ama ST Periodization and Preferences REFLECTIONS ON PURPOSIVE ACTION IN COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL SOCIAL SCIENCE Ira Katenelion 1 Garo f noe he Pf Ma era ining ity cel e155 by ve per wiry ieee eee owisotin The Hp anf, agen in rect both inh ie feud wee pte go 'y Per Pal Hates Th uh puch which ae pace avo, shin nlgond tied with dons Drs and he re sel ng donee hch he Poona nica exhange sot ‘te yan Breage he le Peer cgi Pl ed ‘fiend Hates! This calabro, est amps oe a ‘aaa onion lennon gets aha Soins snl wrt pete of a ane Ny ‘beet ment when sng cg dette wed sete te ss of banner ‘eal ee wk ots ut insti ces event constedly ery of pant oes Meter Bra Cate nn hy er Hae as Pes ER og tem hr erage ha ela nyo od a Povo nd Preferences What 1 wid to sy about the via ad pili of cxsprte soil scholthip econ hice, ace gee by Maciel tain te diecton of pean Tisch ‘sin oflenning with ineagein Mat sy ofeach wrens hl cls ed apeny anda Weber combination of ubete proba. tig with onsen and pater of purl con compen wba ec ores of nego neato” ina fsge ase trae fog term pers rk by ni nant? The ‘arab enor efor to Ger eprs Sas tenaty ‘thin history esos comply. No work of hi hase ah {in rithon projec of peat hat res on Gg er eid Sssumpns bon ron rac ered inl mace These Sec enema “Tis ere concern with temporal vie nwo, Compre sen save bc omer topper bth he orgies he Sheer ofremens marked by mane change ad oy te vce Spams ofiterrenng prods hat he he on he cs pel daring rs ero sora infleson. Thee qossin he i ‘eof compare snl oc enc ve ben me 8 e556 praesion for arr an biramoenc of lence but agi Lert ‘adie ans prominent tet manner whic pedo Sul bs trop aention 1 prrncen thes ore of een snd peering objec ofc syed nan ero paki. The an arerbedhapecf npr Tele would probs, bcm, om toon seat atenton wo preference, om wish can hana [reece be acrporred ea components f pps se, rpetoceon' parr How mph preilestons indadse sted intpoial ond cporl conte equ ofan nee en alo ‘sec being pelt can ake ne oly in sch spec erie the ations tnd restore) tal fn complement, sd afr Wore oc oStoe with peration tere The onl osu at peers ore nace parc eee he nerfed ‘teresa he aonnon of mcrae. ‘By coat the way perenne een ete a uhenstined or gens by many tenons and in Somespsion * Lat ta ini yon Mei ey di 19 3 Fo ‘ik ta ee gs ha he ie fis Cnet oe G7eanchon ‘leer omega wn cans th ge ea how the yma ty teen he non ‘lst i aed mene tote conse sayfa ‘dpectrencs Thea thn ors pe often nesta ‘er sd nt conn, dca er tt holm sins 8 not ncaa et pn pas en inl oan ond hts ty an nil nego, Me, ‘rma conine wo rember, ropes isa merous ‘Sly inseam nde and mle ‘hens meotominos ele ing sd waren 3y hag aco well teers and newer of tr in ton, eats of petdaen aes re mactoandstus or Inmate, Compare eri vel soe a ged sen "anton depot pete by omens of eee pees neem Asa sodal sence hepa grounded maya podem coc net and eepois nd tgesee are bern dios vara ngage trae page snd nance Note Say Bt hear af stay at rk een among ocep dnd ent heeded ts wy comer Abang se Ina ae ‘oot er deans dmtnacr cg and aso sou har of te pcos cor expe deed {ty darn ohne a ates? Wha nt be corer esinton play ncaa leer ‘ug en elect tnden rasta parson det cos rampart hte sil coe urs nortan tng ok om eke nsarch ans ho oa choc elo ‘2ccinomianloy comeing ids wit) osoclopen iat Soa sing the mac que red bac an oe phos ‘once gens rept er aon nero hehe ‘cls pres ler ptr itig sep ne en, Wit wig tose inarance my tgleatin oul eer {pope tht we tenn the fiance ointment ony enced frown oath oer coal see el 3y dengbing wo pry vrgpng al Ona ene wrk ‘is ation compre hire al ses panda ‘smiles histor nani ly dacening tlre * awa ein nny ia ak ken See se +P Aecwrencaerandrecnt sna hil ci ec) iio ‘ie, Saget see how hayfever o's ore devlop eka ima rei ei ms i which oto ‘Sepang ppc refs Comps til sl sence dead he nei of spying wrongs cen for encase cae sod Tif setae drecon tan sate umnnes be eno ‘Soy room valproic wr indaing solasipen ‘nulealnt ey madcnep o ibd presentetepons ee {Con fic rope fr scl mele bay wie a ‘Shnwto the properties breed oon ‘eh hes mao ng a, Sly nd democracy (Cole 19% Cole nd Calier 191 de Saan 19 Downing 1% ra 1997 Mar 198 Rchenee Spa tnd Sten 195, Sern 1993, Shao 192 bs bc seang © Fete ofpneinthe pn ede aerated ine ae ConotManinpeedbaorclomraam degen ern ‘Froth aso whch hel Baringo More (10 Peay ‘alton (197) Rear a1, Cre ily 69, and ‘Waconia (199) ad Tele Soe (1979 Lew wer ee sate efi inti ured do cnc of nl loge a ater spe tr Aonamong omni edand ew bec Snort in the 8 oy non! ra ya toa mg imi prep with hv underting ompne ‘Str soa! secon se hrm preferences more oats Kate ofits endeners Tce ying he loin tes Fi revs and eee the fl cand celine ingle the gener ‘enka ellowel th pin f Moores Sel Orig of Drip ‘Mi bemny while lig mae of he one sere of eon 0 freee sts body schol. Fosnng cma the {Lop coveted sant of he ois of poet st broue iy Pay Andean 1 sug whens sn approach scr “Tart at rma ich enh "Th en ie toy th Thal hp So See,Keer compeing ad when tis roy wang. and show wy the svc em the hear of ch er of ron iol ange ned no ie tis reference ote inate Both Dolio ad dion Iie snderood in puts faon, Notes, send, how oct ‘Sepusre hei dee fog eine formation ad he Selon oil plier a bsn home inthe tn “"Sromuicinogreon f reece when desig ith onan fn gyn i nr ee See an ef psy congenial poe scion Then pened pean Ge nd Uae ats {in profonyreape rues that onl Bush scl pies. ‘in, ving to more Stel eroded nerve bene change (ot heprac I regi how hol inca strip ‘mor und seqcacing ander the robe of pth Sgendence Bat “peed pe queso show bow operon sn peeraces ‘Being he tmp, yer cncrnd as work thi an ec fo verate comingccy ath one path whe veeating means ‘Suro pra tra een in ple Ts athe concn {2 dene ners conuring steam bound, cyan, Fret te namber nang of thy come in thes ae by ceding tr endenening ofan Dowsing1d Eman inportany have changed the acenuaion oj fr te macrotis anys oferty mosernEaropean cling Wheat “Ander aghtn ower Weer why Europe gen yaaa ‘nthe contention of nt and made anda attend Sevan slate a hep of envi = igs Instat ton capa ede bend cw bcs Tiyan ‘vcallabrses hadi unernd he camens fot enact ‘erat oar ore decent forms ofr and wheres Mose, ‘whoa aso ete questions ou he branching of reps sertioed ‘Ga confiprations 1 understand esnion, Dowsing ant Exon he Tooke rise pola Europe to essorer te porance of repe= ‘ena dense beady intandem with he ene theme of ra fol ry sine Locke Pence tho aeons loeton oftranscioasheween sts nd siya ste forthe formation, atc, and contention of el fre I Wi Blocks pt apenation ear erly 0 ke preset an ter” (1, the key quan Become mx oy ‘pecan novos were ited, amine, and expanded ot cn trrsedin sone and espns, who weeps by whom et ‘ne content The feet of Erope int ste fr Her denoray {nd dcr, om ths vantage, pvr on wheter monary mee limiteoromintedin hence oforrcgny thas wheter coal ‘elegy owes rad wacom ool nd tena ere eae oes ewe 198 er 997, Morgan 198}, Where ach ‘tes exited oncom ain the content of age ale pate dierent that dingo the sosetlg se er the enemy, fran cy and re cer ates the gable hy exons sel omens med en Bow lings ah parame other co ‘rose nasser! transits king the stat ach of thee ree noes Nope icons of momach bt thos of represen ‘decried thee ontcomes Peery sod center; apa of ete of omen mall, reread dvantineone eae he ss fsoerigny an ses and new fmf ain ety Spear nd conte Preerencssmatered in nly fe Wa ‘ices were made sot how and wham orl and shou e scope of onemanee (Los 19%). Preferences have abo bean to appear a+ cllaborsce with pr “otinaton inches recet macoaalyted Gontatons. Among, ‘her Tey Mar fers compare sategic anaes of white ee Petition nd Perens | amare acs el anon ion patent tee soars Taipan a sorte crs a extension of governmental i a itt Ge en aoa rhea at Terrien entero nets See gerptatn iin are hese cares Si game “Nero ot ther recsnlara see ett ets a ie ys oe in ran edo "Sage tfc en meet ete el rn Se aac Agi sac bonne irr cer aor and ers se enter he cay toe dul om ce ce eter om ar ore ace gale eg Cee Ne nfm ly 2 ogni en hl ee ea prt of Te es es npn gn Ep. 2) "Tis prev lcs Yrgining Derwer actors ade determinate oles Ze ha uf ieee nnvation witht ing a7 +& Keen ro ssp of sonal hrc vs ies of owen the itn ing tt. sl opmings wide door the ortega of eee ogy Tesh hart es oman eer oe al ering ie the robe they fle con with fre perpen, pee ‘command apeiron tp iiindepescthonelop bowers tore rss unl aoe tse Eventhough eel lowe cn tan, rede Sheen, snl pron ter eis hy rary ent rere Scrat in te td sod oly sobeeotls linge of fiaeny. ‘owe al she way power a sso nine ater. By rendering the como of Ral pla recs ona in hs nner cn rm prover hn ih whch Un ila coor alps lps ge ona mes oir tnd econ sane te ry, cpl = ay ‘concern the dentsaon ol elses of aerate pall reper ‘7h reper we ww dey const lags bce he sori sae {nd he sonny cl sce etna ae In hi ‘Smmparstve hat nrc come al aco dey el tol comer dsc he ond ples of Baringon Me “Wha he scene Water dam en ae wy lens ro hier ne cana frre Buti of ‘hfe crt freak he hat fhe pent, hy wl ane ‘derstand he oes ht fel he" 1965, p50. m “The clenge of snes a rakes importantes shor how mo mentor eaermaone of ty ey and scr Sn {june ascent of i sfernath od sien te Thee ‘raduction of the conequnes that cme inte make of Bins ig dplcenent abet that ceaty wood bene om the speceston ‘of hw they shape homanpeferena ta rm ue esi od ‘Sone tn he ono Three ht as ees en op within Simi oon fee iby Tame Kr fon clei onseraian’ (187) asking to epi how seas goo in gc reproduced even when at ods ith the pete referents ‘acts. By contr, te nen fo he sources of long sd ‘enduring jes sod moment ow the sverige me ma, Portion nd Preferences pric eime yes were forges hy part insf reseraet re ubionewythescpeet gencel esposibies aaa ‘Sed compart hiss sol sone has ended to make the Sit toquences and beer sm tbr too stoma and desea Piling eer as Kaen Belen ots te fara se af uh Sec ngage ling pl sec” othe fersaliaion” ot ‘cl of pions tht sere 8 owt or the charactition ‘tment ake te leclesof ey Historical mores endure ‘CTsen 199, pp. 390-1. The ropes in comparative soil work tn acne ahr Kart Pola stated hi neon: “we all make ‘la loc of esl perod ants comple ez com acing avec of une” Pay 188, pf). Te dominance has ‘ecnteenifya prs elena weitere ten ook Tack fra noc w fy he oncre when the eme cas (eShp th clon memen gi St ppsted (Kate 1981) oes tandem wih ds tendencye foc prima one oe ore, aetna om spend pat dependence as «re Teoh quiy era ieconnecs se pends sce ime. AS Rar snd Dad Coler caus, the "imprtanc rack of te fame ‘Suan te eblished in ger Dt oly with eee ta pec Tonseal eagy 9M. p33). Without + dsiaaton bh of oncomes dof the ane io which hey are repo ox canta ad er ‘Eh ears ual empl theo awe Wosions ‘four ihe duro of ie formative memento to disgish bore=n ‘Re dco and epson of rent These cots hie Been wrike come ohn tonal porte ae to grape ina tempory adler of chang under eae of ath (pendence TR pein heme i inoces of curse ach ike scm sion ocr bo reste pst ode animated cscs oF Fee, how wo orgie clad sequen mods of tay Viner convene rreases ost ys aves ars imphit Thelutiacon af ph dependent ings fom soko sosomics (ee eases hs teen mthlogtly sions paki aenecat ot undereandingof hiss equeeing to ber under ee scadonseomocing caters f event 0 Subveguet chasers ‘earning ek the pra fr fm ie ie epee ‘ronan he impreson da the marae xsl hor eee ‘dee fie langunge of atv nul” (Secombe 1978p),Kaeaaton ‘his cremation to temporality which lange th new fron regimes Inhisorel mcroum the seed majorite of aan tn compartve hcl soil ens sek to dcoer anoint = fed between thee eine description and fo abun fst neuer te bral of oncogene Path dependency approaches pores simple, nd appealing, cual seca ey deo a hice points proce otcomes at tk toryom ure wove mechan of tedson make be il lesion unsoppati=” Moving bye a teeny to employ volasenary Tanguge sch sx pce eli, ape rn Darwin logy In gue general a etapocel tras to underscore hwy aera i ‘iver choses are made apa etoy ona cous fo which sei cn ps on ei Instr hove sought psy the conep more roi, Dit ‘hdwithyoftcaimsabouthow development atioreal nig ps {eee no roam forse thy ave eored the pose feedback, ‘eltganlring proces ready sme eon econ de "rye em er cn ey Scot eemieee cetcraneecn ones ‘imac emptied ed inate | = —d ‘Soe Tecipeens tte sy of peseece yo peng Sareea Sen Sinemar eset See a ere pierre ba te oa ieee Petition ad Preferences the huang of inreasing eur! Samar this orenaton’ pic (aE or plcal nny, ra ierson bs odescored ts element of seer Cran smal eet, ecaring atthe ight moment ct Pet id enduring cneeqaence”, ony and eaencing Cb an te or naybecroral Heeiecarberparsofasequsee mater mich ‘Sop hon er pro an event ta appr oon’ maybe oe, “iQue might hee teen great eamegence he timing ad et ‘Three and nes Conce an nein exams proces hasbeen et Weer peeve eedbeckiny endo single eqlieen This eqn Invariant change” Pison 2009268), Like, James ‘Ney sss ta athe anaes analy be [ilning fem Thee be ete hgh sexs onl com ‘onthe ce “nesta he sequence are cua by (Ceetrgene and tha “enc In oon, paedependent eqeene ‘Ske by fecrely petcble o ‘rami coal pater” {Divya seof il condos whl poses ee 0 Inyo cnecng etry especie ofhow mintison wis ist reise dean mechnim of erosion cn be ented. “Ph pthdenten peestve de the quest of rin 40 “The cates of econ tang ide a gven eval jae i coun TT Sa Ye coed dependent of thse ds repre Ot ‘Ks Pk ence mes nay no we er etl Wain permed thr work Once ds ela) onomy i 6- Treen fete mechan of penitence tht lock the reste seo clemson be Mod Thooh she kang end ‘Gene ecinion of connement to the pth he imported nao ts dv om en og a, Enact we mage ae Ma cn Thos iia ele Seer ot iy Epos pits Tem tnersecipe moore Seer te a cron : "hier de he ngec ne ae sor pea sso geome sere he SE Sesame harof nrg resus tht eed not abet the i fede, James “Mahoney and Kathieen Then thar have proposed eden te ren tory of ich hans to nce eer poe feedback ements ‘chasincntie races cmencons, noaie pe ole wet (Ataboey 200, pp. 10-17 Thelen 199, pp 392. Whar sng ‘real bower howe me caret krow abou te rang of Pot Ue sjecri c abat ecanims sing path Spence ging from hoe rechng into pesos cele fenton ec sare ommend expectations, othe working of no wrangement at Sacer stout hie "here distin Berween ite unctre al pth dependence andanejanonfintrament ofrodion beyond decane eth Rune meee of ces etre ae panne Coben ef 0 specfybow tension su flare see rmments of cage bare payed onsite le inshapingsteguen detelopnetsclearty mt {epend on speciation lowly snort thos produced by te pat ‘ependntapprosch Boot eigen iho consider odin, Tor rl te patrdcpendee pprenc at bens ated by 3 une flan es resk with stoi acrosmasi ome pete ‘roe hi bench ar ben aie ba een mach 0 ah Dyondencorng the imp onal anon eves the ot of origin fs ienpath view ofthe mr arto een more by fc tan by ‘ther farm ocontngecy a deen ene commie elt ee, igh pain view of instraonal oes, hapsard mitre of chance and opportnim deeply cs wit he compartir hate eadion have been ayn By regi oningeiy, teat ncn of lage change cet to heaton of macrbordslashy in ec ae rll nt of tee Aare pt of opr ted ean ved in myer. och eric mite eno mach wre realy scene [Asi the macohitorialschobship ofthe 1966 and 1975, ph dependent approaches pein tend to command pee Tedsneugn teen costes where cio are mae behind People ack nd rade witht as overspend moron wt es ‘yt an ootime peso. Unerainghaw grsnence el may be "pot ofthe character fhe cokes ken athe Hora nee, ih depeodene lees appreciate Hyd shrew ter "he many way ht histo sich come log fore ie Choices ‘coe ped no ery imi frre optns they yao espe er Pein snd Preferences ries smazre ssl options nd supe the chon made hoe SRR ST Gligd op, 59). Tomer eof ince the in of seinen cel exper unchanged. The vey Hage of ath See tang he oem cq a ines, of ot hs ‘Siig ue sheypenrince of gency a intrest for ening he protic sn posi Fo rence een of persoce, beard» clei velo nae stned aes otto in re oto Peterlee The een tir wine i of ‘Skane noc scl ence amangerments cmp fre aoe dices il of tne mth oon congas fi Sian Thesepene en eae ccs ora ee ‘Ripe Phenom otoromile onal ates wins aerate th cnstrne abun bing impse ohana ec cing ota ots ‘So andl ad fro cnta eo Sess corto erent carci Rus 1995 p15) eres of cnt, om tine ene and plac plc. lj ely he apt och che ad Bog hematite pr of, th fallen a er Fe aac afr tempiaiy beeen 9 ecm Tee ein! couigron es dace of uch ing ae Sheer inte ty eer shock o endogenous posse eee ahoniy iy cbt of thc thy te aed analy ery igh certain pny os eck tran apy spe eer andy ote on hat Setting eis oa and its 0 poy ‘irlarsa however, when i jncues come nen Beas sion os el io Ss Sve 8) SEER now lpn he eggs of the Clas! OY prodang Seto bse sc on apo ta ea He Teja wel a trey when tcl pit of econ eee one as what esi eres 8 ow lng they TeeGate ad Caer 191 yp 0. onsioing 9 they do the Scope cn ay eee sdtemcantsatani esas mance ‘Siete itatesos (Cat Cae 1hsng sista aon sre tec “crepe teenie era sSiesiy Renee ogee Soca tom ings Stee me me else fee toy Sec Fone Se ie ay te sears afresh a tere sre os rte te on wes ely ry shy Np anenrca Se i pt pt neem Sree eigimbite Neainvomecnas ae Sap tvemats earch Feeney cra ennai mee opera oS np ae Sxrect nipaer ney Winget bent Seabees Set Sohne ae sSetgecucpunegaty cmc ome ‘Soe eee ee ee oer Teg thecepscame cfr smandenanig of what it be ceri agency z aren ete eee rananentns go ca Sammie re “ersentations, access to inform re ‘ional ces tment eran tec ‘iets gp scireein it pein tome tence. Thy slo an Pelp ary when nd bow peny opener te Serta pecs Serdar gemee nected (Ciera Cte gp Te oe Dp evi and rece “Th st ete i comcesned wih borders abd with the way i ie icbning bouncy ape the crater and coment of ee saul ein mind the pring contusion oe etre he cont in hich he ssbropoli rede Barts eeiewithe an tht roopeare dein in hia, ht ey eral bs and icrgronp intercon, He noon bc eh mn te esd oe as ine fees feed cb Fe Regu ander, Thre reno spate popes who Meee ceca rs th hl wie pd values. Rather, Bath SoG fu on the ee fama ht defies the group, 9% he 1 sat onder Te the buna whch he undead ‘demons ston of lice tendencies in socal democrat oraniatont {Gey dhe yxy pte promoters of dmocrey i god mpl, il (genly incre the past ehe aera orto unending Sey meet “Fe bythe, which are decloped or reed) a ne case cn be texted and ted eaplntons in the sie ae nore conor Howeves, good Norcal plantions deci aay etd Isc sates do pres thi- Thome leary rf aelithit ‘wn aj of cl Fron nee 1790 snd 1830 in Engh when Fetal abot he lope, in which stoi pace charac nee: hangar bere ne neue elegy nme mess “rtp on he an un an es sno en Se SEES ripen oh rte ps ‘pores witch il ew eee er esing shih J e i ss enggenen (angen 8p 3) ‘Raghioaareremaraumn ‘ea comin wht ch lb Sear ce nto Enh (17).Reeschoneee ‘Thi resly wha the pages of The Malin foe Bug irkng (Gla. Ad the sme ci bes boa Michelsen of he Plo and corals fun ain in Fad Pare Par of is nip ceo, eng revsing an tengo hypothe may gam. eored: butt this cmples proses ein he ara he “on chime nh onBience er rpmentepre in te rear It ‘Eater al thi daloge cen tery a eines at nas campornive advanap of compare historical pals. ‘One sure of is ever tnewed uestning a ting oF bypochoer may e suring itns ois neree, Given he standard vce ‘ect hao nay argsmewtral bey may berth ‘nomen efoion Ie ab eany re tae ao bal hee tec cen ere exemplars were continously ive pusinste all ecu ith endl erstone of coon ae th ‘Sidence and conser, all inert en of ne, ncaa ‘fling and Ted od so in psig social ei Yee lil nee on ao center strong ge sean {be condone onder which ope ate cm bere, ha he major ‘htc ae which gol rt be ctesiered opi, temps ‘riley pore thane wha the conenqentes oe restart {siomte commianer wl, damon. The poweralehetetcal rns ‘fthesthre mors seem sin to herein on sese poi ‘ould ic be wari o make the cope alge tetany esl imaginton and enpital evidence Ut charac 20 mach of Compare orcal wn ex? Fem nethodloiel prof i, ‘heanener ous bean ungslied ye, But ineiting on fll econ ‘ily to mece with resandig ce econ he ae wh he ‘ay tioy i ao mt, hater al wore Ror muy the Sontest oF discovery” neler more cs inerreated with the “comet ‘of aliinon” than the took sme, May slo sare Max Webs (dts for methdlopea econ and ookleeing othe earch proces ing that would mgr dr win, drs oman ners and cramp maitre nin es wel eet peer ‘Sone tars ott authors sch EP Thonn ame Mek Weber" are quite capac of metlopcal argument when coertsy rest neha in the ace of ceaton aboot Sng, mich of theca ana lteropetion of ie eribece cme rece “Thompeon oe than Mil Lint To and Cole — wat only nied way treed in aking heel dime Ney ‘can One oa Fe Caves Wel Phere ais? tcdion an ean of th pre iol depen he SOE eu eta neonate of cs fi sr tae hs cones doer confined to aon copra hoof wring es esomen xe SENET ey. king rest rc at bw Se Stl pte sooner explo eon ca cece aces) duped te epee the mein Seipncson nen ep wrt Reeeatennc ery ced ong ikon sa price cect os haemo ants nero nth options ble varios isa asp irene intel toe st an tage he ene corel hiner ae epee aod aia oem NYSE Saati ap thaeptesth a wdetantng 07 TEE cts nl sso wees ecient er ann 2 eee os uta soi so Se Sn cos ane wc eamons wih omer a ence atx hero wang cs wh Past wate orzan bs bs eso geet bsg SaeSy cay rls et vr uc one th pon co et Ae Sore cnt mt rang of at co eee hs bec notre aber Oa ee nc eng sso note of Thoms ing ne cubing tsi winged cur ps Name eto use ers ene en eee eee ‘Tae el dspace andy bp? menthol a oreo hen pre fr eon od ‘Eentup Pongo 978 64 techno eit te 6 wth Hc tk ea an ermal Fe et nto whe op om econ poten emer 98 p25 ho porns a mnReeser Bre ond to mizoerations within the rel histori ae. ‘xu oft “mln ofthe English working htc propose fees rm sheer narrate, adhe a tings iy Thongs Heres how he describes the consracton a oat by eas ‘Te dr fc mL ema. ns ar frre priest cen" ect hyo ope one ‘eta in tec nara et es coe homer ah a cp poops tector engsnner cen tx tov bs hoe ‘eo bgat cent ainsi ee tata inne on nye ei fo ee) oof con lh dsr pinay serene ‘hac oral even rh ss ae ce ey heshinie cre cfoch mame me nq core ‘Sizpnicsenteion “ Qe Tiempo rain ta aboot fallen sean ye ih then ie een “tes ings cd oa by hey bal to ha hanpon 19F5 9). Te eran sw see ea Sot tse fen ght ager se a onteo fends Fr tered souseconectaee ee Sabopn Trem hs one boeed racer ee etn the oto eel fede eral age Whee Sedhasencofopaes tac eae depad after ne serine Sana mph edu eae * Tempe 7 9.2 ain hw we eee net ‘Buco seme oa sae a a cen oy wna dang ng eae ers nds dene apo ier ol cin tah sees Soest nae peor nbn a” snc eh (Can One or Few Cate Weld Tirta? ‘amples eth reprodacion of insane cha mage pea roper inna Known sets whe others ach the oneomes of ‘ear or och achivement “ant te oi" alge working ss “npization or the oie of independent plea wiy seo te Indeed open. Clee hisore axminaton cn en ed omer ‘stmt thee erates I pps wee ata uo ‘ots deri tt overdone, The continent ro {Guy ih orerlagesectonsof predate capialia mon Weer paisa ‘cnomies andthe prt of any neo ete ion ar probaly ‘dermal fama his phenonean of redetermination fers = ‘ther res or rere abot nn of fin ee me than ne Condition fient acon fr a outcome, became ey te ‘ica ag notion in pine) vo Henly deren sng ‘fist ene, Whee th primar intrest explain onthe gene nionof thee roortiony, detledcae anaes fe etal ego ron, esting, ein bd ening of explanatory pepo thin the tame camper tnt. The dpe that nich deers ‘ct on will inerpetion sod pean derive rm th en age ‘umber of thortly ere oberon an rm ho tht fo ‘ich ofthe snl inet and empincal een on be fly oy rnc more cee San x pole in any stipe NTH 1 te git of Dona Camels “erie” ale on he vale of otivpalgial ewe sais Inte sy dey nals ent wh rug qn, {Bonny he we poe fa sent pees eet ‘Spetntne onan ler pcs there aed fost tn he ‘Brule ont a he ne come nb ate ey Tapani’ olpcannchig nthe se oye ‘aly ay erm hr Campbell ites thine fanart nog omsracon jn eey ‘hy, nd he cols hi ce mth a ere hen he ‘olonary Bas aman cove tiny ar lai iRocebemeyer extn wr compte nos and quali cone ess ‘Sere y gta ning “om tha anteplogl ntprectionsofaulpaters ad sic exons sero oceans eves clr ae ot ‘tery dolphin a cpa wo eee tropisounds af coed Slag dep conning sev wrens he he rroptnmasfrmalne See peaing”Fanmte nts ‘Salo sate aes an aap hosp ‘ite hisey tobe sal wil os verde Sal eee ek ‘Ahr Stochambe oer ignt nT Meta Sad I with an icine pe ebb of nce heen ‘ofthe nt ey Ka dy the Vena Sc oe ecards evel anette reinyeperinceat roach Wedont fem hiteretimepeg ‘ke ang ot nits ung om Ory rapport evens cul grt ch one” achomle Bake De ‘conmos iwi ae artless ‘ech wel. Years ad comin rma eases ‘ors orn desperate condone? Tabs Intel simple sae noch ror wake gy hoe ‘ipa er suc popononbny ogee witha eioernci ‘stdin tet eye nerf nos thaksohennv cn stscnan oan no mane eck thence vas~insom sn kwnin bce, Ar Suan ‘nt brig han inti en cp mehoonoe (Gti earner rb ns ‘Review dos me pny omar conle pas fede Seer. te. er cnt eset Sivntinapetapiaphaioteiuaenin oh chensecetrenecised Poets aneierrmit Stet Sno eurinencahe es ease enemas ie inte cfc heme ‘ine esis hw cl ny ahem nd Sen 1p (Can One ore Cates Weld Torti Gin Wiis thc histor esearch often ivi teory development sel they teting ad explanatory theory wet ao ta tha the ‘Rte tt ave ee tes analy might were nln yen five advance here rcleron, Theres of hi reBecon ma hare resin rely mpi they may ve Den sated asa exp the rial mea of guns cones, oGenting ean cen by bees Sich reflection not onl shapes the questions an the pris ‘the cea, ao inks them toca scolar Tye work on ter intanes fhe es nde vets. I therore ‘teres indeed ~ the numberof cst on wich coelons re tre ‘ein dy ene a in power nigh mov econ ene ‘Serre cuouadapien depen ofeisins te ere ema ‘then ime ensue porte crown at SAS Se hee mar ng ens Gash ‘Theol of wh a here umework mst be til ie fo (Ber and Arthur Sancconbe fers a god fl. He opens his bok on There Mel Sul History withthe sero tha wht ly ceed theory” leat fr anally oriented hrc inves on “When t cames down o as of pecans, I weal ange that ‘when the dos god jb of street, Mare and Wer and Paronrand Try sd Seber al oer the ne way” Sncheembe 1978p 2) He jee rand meta thor a “dr” ad look pro onset aclly on explain istrilprocens: Does then th ‘ethereal menor jt refered rein Stinchoombe olen tj drow? The ort fameworks Ihave in mind af Ne theories they ae no primary ensembles of ae roposons ‘hgh dey may contin some of thee Toa lrg exten hey cows ‘of prblem formations, conceptions, a esos piven fr hese ‘Theresa hich prepre nal pals by pining ators ily to * tnusag eS ef Pi dy rind pam ent geet) ‘esp may ei Saher ‘sin fs wc fave pone ee i red STepsmle toes tendbrcllegptheniste Serr aa cnt SikestonRocrhemsrer le rev er dere ocean coin wha Thorens “heorecalepentations "In fael set, there mene ate laray mets theoetal in chars, o they contain few Get wstble ‘yp bur-andtisis crcl thse mework ace cay ‘problem pei desing with ca forma, oranientona dem, tribe growth of wel ste plies he fod meth, here ‘menor arin these ey iret fom the gran eee ‘alec oa, fnconali estoy ork nd ite Imateris. They ae inane peprtory wha Stinehconbe loos Fonetabiecxantery ross od Ibelev athe grey ance theese fac explanatory hry. "Thereof thre reflections shot inguiento single isc ese can be sme up amply. Sach ove sates an do more than Sere theoreti ea Tey con ethereal proportions wl ny tan er peracivecusl xpeaions Skat shut en rt ‘himsiyonthemisalendasesacnfainge cas witha sale ober “aon Good istration got ough Teeene erin of oenng earn pops wi ary at rons fh cnfontaton der ae pred wid the uaa ve of Rana em hit yay erotn eine wy easing many ‘lezen impientoas ofthe explantory proposition entertain er thls ives many ch epi hele. And tyne ety presly rom thet Between eos ls nd hi comple ip ‘ons on the ee land nd the be empl eden the oer Tihs conootaon of there hime with ep eden aly ‘el itr en two sine antag compe tal bt he et ‘een quanta ents pert mach more tet od f= ‘gem repeted itr berseentheoreialdevlopment an 3 ‘ols fora cinr matching of once nents erp eee Before nove oom coder le nde sana ing beyond sine cn, neil of he argent Svloped {01s plnsbowd emade epic. A pood deaf he evant goatee ‘search confined ta sgle county cr 2 single com. Ti ‘ich though proceeding eth dient teshiques of dt collection nd ‘als a much confit sng eae a god ac hers ‘ork that dea wih the emergence a parzalyerined woking 1 Going bond Single Cse ‘Wien eaploring what an be ie en ing Bord te confine = tingle se et confot vedeetirely pe quesions What» a ene bomdared! Ph din ta nally oem ‘Brea ene sis deelap and wstnany entry hype ad Ei poss make wa flange meas theoreti release ‘son mia contre with he objection tha it deeive sea Tarcafcsnl es: nel, night be argued ese sts lame Me sper of expe perme so what then eset 5 086 “Fin spent as an pprenisticton whe spied vo Michels sat Pro, Not aly dt Miche nab reer to soils ares ihe than th SPD ort eratntons ocer than pares, sch 200% ickbccnnlagumem vals demonstrated inca poo oan ‘eon wl inthe abort Thi eine he ways aa ‘intake by Les, Teo ad Coletan when they staid he FTU in [Nc Yrs devant ce erin ante eos, Michel empl sy {sin pary athe SPD ~ pony, by extension, athe continental nvopean sc nement ace ierpesentd he pit fe wich ‘he sarong la ay democrat gol Tn this broae ee, the ce soci of cist pares ad ened ersitons ‘icighborng counties. ae wanscnds mao Yas but we ado ste een chosen wits of tals in compara i {eal ss fr the gos reson et ony impor Os ate 0- ‘Shed sah monaotengoiaton, aggregates of inert orp ‘Sone aces rasa boundaries can sr} cones # Ce a Tay tat we de hve 9 jas with many observations tak many case docs not en ve fe py when spied 0 Thon tng fe Engl Haring lao 0 Uris Demaray In th works There ied many sr planar rumen bas o0 mere ‘herons, bo the ain lr ge am acount of ie orion ‘fm ore ol sls nan csr apd the Sntoning 4 thocrat esol i te ITU. Ld nn er sine nae tw a by an See iby he Ra ed ee We Sa a ayochre “The oso ofthese mere nes a oor tre inl example an snower tothe guests thar ampli pring ye ite cx inact {er Whats coe and Where ares boodaie are ques howe Tver depen cn the thoes rblem pose. Even. Theses ‘Weekcanbe taken amamber ofctesin wich pest caterl pte cape ‘he work ad ie experene of lfleret working cla prop nd te Tepetel col ccm within the oe ny give the soos mh of Iereiiy, Or cn be rad what penn a the ccun of| ne complex hist developmen: Whether we de with one ceo 2 ‘empleo instancs hen anober ise to be desided the there frmevork tha dies polems proposes coneplions ad pes ‘exo for tee dso whee tha meson only by che also ade expla even whether the ning ered bythe ‘iia tho or iat nse by secondary mal. "Anyi ho har ee ehgaged in macocmparieresach ws ofthe imprest gis tht can be eaped when one moe eres bond ‘nes within whch cal Spars bu hore perhaps nec thor abel conta This gt often theca when we one ‘rot setl atona acl bonds One en cnet ‘his mone ase om thine arly oper level tale (GL Prewor and Tene 1970 Scewer 199 pp 508) dngh woh prefer nore pustinthetersofgstem tory angange. Thee pit eee single nl by going Yeon the st eds the pac off for onthe eutsamer of iteres cae ito view thet doe ot show pin ‘in-camera thst ae completely age Bld "hrecetcsmple sound in Roere Patan septs expe is Stings sot adele of ee engagement nthe Unie Seat Siace ‘he 1970 Panam frst empasiedhe nreased aor fre prison ‘women wile nter ging reer weigh othe npc leon. “The sco explanation war made pale with compensa of the developmen of eleven wing andthe gecrtonal me ofthe ‘ln in soc prcption nthe Unt Stats Pun 1958, 1958, 1098), Thowph nor untested io te ight of American eidece (6 [Now 1990, thee exlnaons rn int rch mee porn PBS ‘Shen vewedinthlightolemestay cor national compara NOY Td Sweden hare highs women’ rece prion tthe Unie Sts, yc they hve experienced no ssc din in sce ‘snd poles parspan, Snr andeqaly song bjesions ese cus Ove or Few Canes Meld Theil Gao? coco + npercl cosmo omparon king ising eison SJeing ads ince ngage “Ret amon, ese compnsnr epg fos roe gusts abn an fas opponent wen Nore) open css deprecation Sees Nt nd velar sopeing women aor re prkiton ‘roe lpn Snr nd i my np IT he tmss and co engagement Moe Pony comes ia SEA ee Sapa oppesng othe pic welsh over t= ‘reper it eget career snc inna oes ndimress a Soin wins {GE reson ornare! ore ving an JOR ela he pose New Deal Unie Stes sod we range ee st ore daly nerd wth pl toons ad $uaeSSomes nal becomes ne United Se i te ic toe ecg othe irene in i dP rae lpia ie oun ce ee! OF aetna ae rele! of anal otal opposer an tthe itp niavlolofbengedanidot pss Moeehamey, cthemeye and Wink 19, Wek me ad cei of epi rie ater ee Met cing et of saning the aa yen single. Free jalopy yea rally eco” ew tn arn FR eS eke clei thre coded nay fo the a Ae pola orer Ina mally oral rol Seer tangle ref os reat te inane sce feign iy np ime he Sen Sewer acolo ew th vers nd sate eee rc heal yp” fal anal aw in he ar eer omar. tbc he meio hit Ee nt card epeon tthe sme tne entyoie a sje sh in that conic ae he ao ys prin gl orem he Pe Fee ea besatstntd bythe chat forties eo Fie Geman el tem which bce gly 8- aaa ree enn a the coe of air depen ra und prt + henge The Bag gl Frere th verde fh oman anna Serer fe couney edd brit xpi ohSacehemeyes Wer never eae to + Sr slon ofthis Engl bien’ econ serie fara Iyperen, which Somme he power feof moving comparasy Pye macocot in ahich ‘Seorigialpeopeston ws Sloper {ng yen aaly dagfeyt iedo- by ying peo the mer ars) England lc ‘threat orb rherin se lice Te ‘Ins alongs kawee on prea anu deO)T Eo ‘rele for rm leper ati Enkei sss eee an red Footer np dell. agi ay wa ais dng apn ete cen nape ‘tise te ne peg ep ene dare ak Selgin Ser ech an ae t ‘Si de heart Wane mince ee ‘Teeben Eng donne ek Disp athea Sain Yyo oan within hich cay leant fs ay icone thn,bngs obser ath Dean clan of the ete ofc engage nthe Ud Sues and Wel ncoe fhe elon erent ne thea tom and the oes tapas srl con be scanty igre by cain tee on oe tt aon ocean he interes of pe, mc he to ane sane ys ge he ‘yo ean behing ach the amg dep of mele ‘Secs fh werd) “Thecomre inthe alana may onene be dat mor ew ‘corto pono semaorch inane coon of Weer chen ‘sehypetes sow gan who de ps coment psc sosrogredicbe ly tere mre et fot ol cae “pls eeprenees Aten mercy sananed el ‘eto ef diferen ome te son se ny seach ee te ino ire meron sn erie wel an cs acelin thoes or onc shot te cin {hein of labor oe prison wren onc engagemenhe ‘veenthe United Soe Sandmmien sn ms yeemainanite. Sipe of ‘Oona os i ey ay on se qu about hin octet ier soe Tween cya ets ‘Smtlivon where these pets cnet dente date ‘Can One or Few Cans Wd Ther Gad Ahn cote y he tind ie — he econ pale of {be cao of nope cio by ys ane Conierhe Iteenein epi of ors ct nb rife ‘Soh hor ander pc ns nyo cen thesmondionc ego Meta chao coal aoa pny leat yw beundemocrate ‘ojod hy ncenig the meer of cross compara won, ning the avenge Sn ity wth ecole tones ingertve. ypates bo ors th er sc geass SASS ti allinpethsersoucmcoca phone -reqae ‘Sang pin ae hegh nt ena rye mn {necting the minber of macesanparae ceases orion ‘ee ws an fang he ue pope ol of xn ‘bicolor lace pees and th ecto bold ‘clench ‘os often ayn ing ce fn prt wi pen de ignorance sb emai the phenomenon nr ay ste the eomertl ong sey wl go eines felon a min on™ “The lcs of crcompartie ai ae nol coed a enti rm a Tel ri i wear andthe robles cmprions ase shea na ‘br afcwcs wil ot rene her apa he conde elo ‘cen thx hve ee chee sling with roe pokes ace they ae eatin can by Nshony his, 0 wih 0 “ize at the peste gel yfcsng on eerie {te dice though witness at he pens of oe ean irene ge As Mabey 0D sein ohn) trae cln wbi-ce nfoescrpementniporant we iene Ios ofrn-oseexprstn npr» proses hel" ‘hose ty obs wkirce cual eens whee ‘ete ey cv er 1 cn amy na SE a ren rf Sa iy ry re ‘Schorr et mls ef ewly camel ts Te cent ‘eon ann Esc pc ey ped od ‘Sipe comm 9 Sg Sp ams| i Racschonger A fa pin sh oper anaes hat amare ‘sera kona neo edenwdc s at srantaie cota stes employing ele vps be ‘ulin shoal at lee ere een gh ‘ete ed ane Heal search rene se ‘ny inp, cepa hist mosh ho sl es {© Gal wth ren prosens tt ene fo de epea anapsswbenidesonh macoctal scsan threes henna ‘mane fess Thos compe hora wrk dansko {sea cos-oe inm cameos mur couplet incacton ney {Su ty ap beer tae ip paso canine ee ‘oxtak the spin of na a bene niente tender dante san afer ag ther ans ven esa cts nd cones ema ee sls fen age Ad it Thre Are Limit the Theoretical Rorts of Single and Small-N Case Stor 1eisone hing dpe myth shout single nd cmp herel snsbsisinquteamaheriodain nt qultgremacanees {ev orso nos tuhodhogel tens Dec comidecic eben ‘a aig cp i send nd ce cme a ans have prac for lng tine there iets forsee ‘scr ofthe of malic conan se \Comperine Norio oe tx enna iow aay ie ge tom ater menigesns cei beta hero oe etal srs The tm aor een pblenon the meth at altace recarchighi) non hispoine bet TeConprace ded sper nett enatee seen Seer tert Siac ca eee caeteneic mca 2 eeeeemne eserarte trgontngcnemens Pea ‘qe ns tt aly aed tc omc ha a, Soe a (Can One or Fe Cate ld Pore Cala? ly Chats Rapin (1987) a Desig Si! In by Gary King, Rober Ketan 20d Sidney Verb (19%) bod the gle ed gtanre ‘esearch flowin perme th ame amdrvng oie™ Tinea ane [neh potheres developed ed edn ana hier woek met te cect stem snd in complex mle wey spin emp ‘idence ave ued rhistesiginfet takes in many oie ‘ue anajec,Shough Both the fc of sive er eng Ahearn sopbsocned modes of hyptheealy Heng tang nt seznperng cual eae ve oe ened mpi "ee cmareive etre macommly of cm- So sien pp te er a Tico Ror Bend heme 9% re ey ee eth ene Se ecg og a gg UT ne SosRocheneyer YI, Wot Cam Be Learned from One o Fes Cases? emotive iran on do mich mor ha i dear aoe lsat a st coin: mesa ee Sve tesech~ of heed aeopeaom te sum oy sively splice ol they we peptone cee ‘esingfl nd hold wie sce cons nei of a plc Is que pose dt he cece Dewan tae et ‘meceodl una cnmebe clo ‘ern rents aio ier cman Yiu patna pe Ths ier hale es {était hh ec ete at cy» propane om conan de ey ‘i They nce geen nee paces vel eke ‘Sng eating at eos panstorea on ‘aon fon Maho depen ut toe at sovehner cae Ses ero he hen cea ‘seh slo "ee ig str proce nt ely ied thom, ‘smo The shrink ges yo eons ese posite inal arena his ner dein y {eth eal hinnyhehrcened ehh epest ia seit codes ie gel pes err indore frmewes Thee deel ieorher ee festa ude the ing whaher ean inary src aoe eipmce dapat reed fem be ee ot ‘eng the tere repos in sch enlanaons ‘Aosta we conned ong css whet ey oe eae hero gracile nary ot tv wih rs ha ag romp hl ono ek {he boasts (or spy cae a

Snape af Cael Asem vn hot compara itor waist do rely eeniely on rn ts fehl problems ca are when omacatve iol rseachers at expt ctbine on ein sey with nominate ncomparaie [eral esearch npr, the practi of first sesang a varuble as Tecra rsa conn sadn rascsingthi wre ae {uncle of aggregation eng srl cnparon rises concerns. The [woblemis tht neces orem cases do not pal flow aie [mer when led pint an tee Ye hen eserchers us oda ‘sto amen hypesestey do perl tt tose wheter vibe Sovscan be atchedin tern tht revembl incr change One wold therefore notnecenrly expects peso safe codon spre ual imporsn when rlned rough oda comparison. nh this blr, emer store esearch ere ere ht nil dings sould be interes modeling Tra ro epee conreonal en Instead they m2) trp tht rn secaton cold be ewedsrefletng ecesay end ‘tine nso Per espe an cxplarsny cr that eee very ‘SSomp econ than utc abe in a oe nas coud be ‘neatly merlot neces and sft ond ‘Son noter ners Ue bivra sester plot for arb ta isa ocean safety wl pee 2 ey song elton in ocd aas “This diamwefon aes wo general poe of relevance wo both ais cal eathor tnd compares rsarcher Fest, conven ‘Sedo we by states vesarches cul portal be recs a tol ‘Satseckeo ofp necayay and wfcet condos. For example a {Take Incr modes gt be sen a tole deed locate cs fe ‘tre aepotbaelsfilent nt acer fra outa Tass compu he efi of ach eanatory rare neta (iher wrbbls unr she esspion aire cn a eentny ‘rl ns geben increase or des) ona xe "SIEM by foul This en tind aera capable of po “orogens by thecherwitinsome probability consent withthe ° ain sone compile enfin a a tn sre peer eg et heabe Soen See » Fane capt aig oomMaken understanding of prbabitisc alien case Gut nota pobiisiens. ‘sry nse) Anata egution tha fly exe the ran ‘one outcome cold be seen eng enti le end ar ables tht arsfiiet for ales on he depen arable A ey ny fermethodalogss sou et explore cent wih vow ai calmebods an be reamed ner of nse) Ost codon, Second comparative Kora serch Bo combine onal ‘nal nays shold bee i they ee te explanatory aia ‘de ondertion operate scone he sce an lin, ‘condo tha neces bc oe sien cottin ha ious ‘choc nce oa in ca tht incre ores alee ‘tan. a gener, gl bles wil re thease este ‘Ste necenary bur slit cmon or sii bt ot, {sary condom in oma ston and then ese s+ secenry ad set contono probable en the rial ai. The exception to thre i scolar who ages ‘hearse when shin fom noni wo dina ana eg Soa 1979). When ds ees pe the sae can meaning scam ae ‘the diggrepsted ysis ved inte orial senna low act tem os pte of eceary and scent crust, wheter the op {gate nominal ari follows a panern of eer bo mt ice ‘calcet be nor nec ston, amps tf Oral Analysin Conpartv Hire Resa fn se ss conga biti aalss may weer pas to srenen an argent has developed primarily hgh oval eo son. Inter aes they may employ ei opr ashen {emer ofiveipon. Iisa ceser amp Wh er ‘Lasers 1987, 1991) wok om teva ene in Faopeeploys ‘nial mls rengthn pmaiy nil apne is oe "ching nominal sessment, Lace ge that the presence ose of hatin” Ge ier payor lanes) before World War ex tin iba vers panier reine rates rng the tre fs Fd Gee Title 102) ‘Ths when ible wes reste bears Wd ‘War Ia in England, Swisartind sd France,» Heal ope dee opti th itera period By cota isbn satan ‘Norway, Sweden, Deak, Geen ay and Spin oie eine ae Strats of Casal Assessment “Die 102 Ns Compr Later aha rags eloped. Hence, the dichotenus explanatory varie fb im rely sted with mere era “Alsop hs man exten reer on nominal comparison, Luber reccnepantse Hb and tense tera a aries dat ae Tanke sero ae Table 103 presets emus of this raking fr ‘hemain coun considered by Laer the wood rales ae ‘sompard aco cates, ir apparent th tre att et mo pe fe matching, Among the ren cies them ane, Belg, he [Nahe Dna, Spin, an Garay) inti thir rank ode ‘he ass Swivel gland Norway) more oly ne rank order tes and two css Ty hd Swede) more abot tre rank order bus Us nerpes seul, bt not prey aca with ib eral he pena ak order eurelion forthe esi tbe bei 92, ‘hecorrltion signin x01 lve. The of ord comprzn allows Losers mie certsin i ingens mre uanced wy than pone when nomial aegis te srimly employed For ample, be pin ou at atang the cons ‘ere iain ed fore Word War Regma the Neheinds “inert coy appoinaed the Brith Fene Swie gern of rl hegemooy" (Loeber 191, p56), That sy tse eso counties were oderne sores ens ire the dchottmons cpl rriale ‘of Ub-Lbian In ea, Bam and he Nebeands emablabedSerwar ‘eine in wich pica eral clement were preset mang em 2 ‘Sbype of iberl regimes (Leber 1991, pp. 245,250, Ie appa taeMahong “Be 103. Onn Comper ao pit erin Lae Imma) (lea mon pet ote SRS caramel ERP ia ees Sea ee Rua 9, 3 a om Nh, "Eee eee ie emen” ‘Leche Gv ibm fa ames say neces and ste ‘ame of itervar itera a Earp In ft his ened maa ‘dia analy co be een x rcienay amp seo Iebde aus thi nd of cuca, Inher wrk cil evans, Skpol(199 ao es a cy paso to plenent wha primis mil egment Sheds ly dsregting nmin re ito ns bases a «yale raph orn compari et Mahoney 1999, Hens te Skool (1979, pp. 154-7) eslantry veal of “concen tse air nel dcr oral te ug chads of agreement sb diferens ti reas Sagres {nts ont haa Gna peer ty, ean bckarcnes) when ented thong nd compar, These cosimen iis ae ranked ao ltr f reves Straten of Cal Annem onerlaon iter, Slat dchtoman cme vale of o- ‘alertness of tinal content proces Soe ‘revlon dete x part“ ace earn fois ote and dass star (Skoepal 1979p) and Skool noes od tl iferencs swing ee slong thse dimensions For eal, sia veut enflded mse pio Rosin lease raply hia, ad {inermedite pace in Fane These dieenes ar line i pat OY ‘din enor on ay exnatoy warble nea he eet ‘Senna prema ttc ued he ewaonty prota Shoo 179, p12) aus ere hough Shopatron fr sc ofa Tilconparton dough he methods of agree and Sir, ein {esis plas a mao le i undepining the moa arene ‘Wie Liste and Sop! ordinal analyst sengten sndsap- orth rel nina amen oheacholars ond omarion {the pincpl cros-exe metodofmvexpton, One exam Calas ‘hu Caer (1991) woe on her incayporaton i eight in Aer Gn cour Cole nd Caller dent oar pes of bor incrpor ‘hn prods ahd the ek epi onal difrences i he scope of ‘an’ tha charred these pring They En line erin Solnatory ort ck any constentelasonebe cope mobil ‘on. Forcamale, esata jet epltins etered 08 he meng of elitr mover Rene tere "yo rte teltonship be ween hormowemert szengeh ane of norporsonpesod i750, “Theor then show how their nn eplapteyrarale Uy piel sent the lic = docreeala cepa with mobion dr {nthe inarporston period Inparicalr,tegrors shows reap ‘eves elit bermes he pel strength ofthe ogee he sete which.-mobiaan was pee the incorporation pera” (p48), Akg dere inverevlndip for a ier nd Caller igh cn wo ce deviate om disper La Per ‘Arsen the orc was in many apes ute power Ye hse ‘cael reel high le of abr uilinston daring ther fem poi threes sting behypoesied inverse pen The ‘ethers ein the devas aed om eucil wnee =oengh of | the Pravin snd Argentine lgrhis (9p. 748-9). Once these ws te ‘ae nc acon the ese elonsip at worl forthe oo secs hombre Persad Argentina hwy he tore sw how “nha apes be» devin in et cc he gener ee ser cnce ote appropriate messes indeMahony Another worth els eerily on orn comparton i Oty (0993 compaonive hist amy fecal pose forthe ery ‘sin, Cana, andthe United Sts, Orff no ony concep ba ne cent exaatry varies odin eters bs ees ‘alexis using his ype ferent For cample she 478) ‘sero comparison orojexplanation ofthe rene Gningetiocat rovo that foes onchange inthe aber of ged poor pee ot soci: Sh argues that hemes lato beeen age dation ‘nd the timing of pension legion i ot soporte ty he cog ample Bitinwitnewed nl amarginalinceein he amber afte, ions but neverthles enacted poson tam erly dae y entry, Canasta very sont increment elderly population beso ‘lage insrance ts rly ted, Forte United Sees th ley placon cahiited intermediates ec yet pensions odege scary te dt Hence tee isn spar reahip sen tet "aa, ad Ori linia seu the elit pops es pe ‘Splansar for Within Cave Analysis Teaddon comparing ese wth oe another most compart her ‘alana alo cmpare proces daa erm within preachy ‘acy ofwithi-cse enlists eamining lols ene of hat ‘wis orgmly onside ony nl cue oases yates delay ‘rong ers arly. aking within-ooe natn, eae wl fe ely on nomial and ordinal mesriemens Hoeer, wheres ‘he minal and oral stg ced previ cad highly sp sept comparisons cos cae, he procebcs demse nh tecon ‘nv preps compar within cn ence a wives st yi ngs fom nominal and ral seis nto Led lagen, ‘Whim ays ie» wel specicaly designed wo compen fe iin acted with ross mec, The mort gener pe of itive aml i “pate thing” + prcece nw hea lye amesescas-ase socton in ight of ale wares ty ‘thes. A imporan sibype of sip spe wing 8 techno In which the atat ates to lcate te eel et ‘sinking hypthesized xnav on acme Filly ‘hid echnsqe "ees mst” combines enc dl withi-coe Spt Caml Aeasment sib comparing sein es ot ighly dngrepaed coven of oct and ere hala ontomes- Panorm Matching oval pen dered rm once coping de Aeon typos abn aps of pieces Falling ¢ pce SSeccampel G97ycae pec mehing? compare Steal an ips teats sted se craig wet pers eed {Eon cance ache math wih xenon win ‘ccm Cp 73, pan ot pate mg rots «poe fal fr hey fern nmol Nm {esp mney Sh ir apne cmot be al he ihre pth ar wed Ateronely Hither {ono wcrepnedy cnn th screens fading reserces ve ‘Senge rumor being these nding pase hui spare ptr hig wing er cotta of enencncnt Deh eels el tore ‘Tenn in cnpectonwth pers ing Researches a ‘sera manta wen semng ice Ipties ade f 1s mun of wile sectnoo ae etane wa al teeny empl ail neat, proelre The cumple of chew of se reach for he ep of et cca making Gtdnone (981) eek o tl ugh ay ‘non pel Galton oc oe argue ges Sopa whew o eons yup eral cer, 2S Gey ene and nose conf se ops). TS iterait concn eal-N expen, be cncepains opaery nis ge mer a ives grant tee {Telembins tes nennretoan neal pale tester et ostumedsatascly Thee sinc cnlanerreedsseplnen Spells trace lye ha pt anal se fc, teingpencrconimey enlecelenppor fGoldcone ena 8 “Tort w Golsooe tail ass of within paers Les (191) we etal sn onal Compan when slongMaton ter matching Fox example his argument thar anal etme tbe ‘exis pat and he mide ease >rl-ecn alloc) ese oo (il democraey in interwar Eso ht male we bapleone ‘Some ofthe wihin-case plein etl dn! ppoiens f example the gorening scl csiton wl ack «high lel fecal ‘atc wl ci ih apes oh hte ‘and high eres of sikes an bor nen il dere fst 19 9-2-0. Oe wihinase pbc rl mma prope forcnagl, iis wl noe lege the aig of wh the onside or ty to mci he rapt an te le yom ay wil oe prvie vibe sot bese forthe ei Lacy, 1991, pp 2689, 272, 286-8). Laces wio-cse sna fd op tenor thse lnpaees an ang ce en te abel ne oem mint ea om ee te cn eg cy pc mating np Snr weaneseferes-ene rp Fr cam cote os of eee noid art see ep po te ‘rooney then ein nario ear trending ‘bicep me pera, Paterna eho tow the rae of potent explana fe lon maa liming aio. Merri chmimte cop proomree Inga rates oak a mae prmenoe pes "arm nang ab yw hn compre hele reteset lect tn ar ‘bck comgh coro enpey thew Meds platy Are oe ‘etn ching wo show dt aeip nel Sh nl npn ono nih ‘son the expany nd ott abs Gre han ont temo macng For cay enh tee of res ee, Seacapatn ofmatchingon minal plan snencsne ree, ‘my concepts ra oon ey ea ‘ica within ope Likes ao may Paton may tone thre elsomhp in mc oren oh ose ‘cytes prolyl wih sermon ores ng ‘roc si assent They en dy owing hw ees se pte is to ppe when se ite wines totes Hence, compare ial angeles oat he Senn poh arma ern mag See of Cl Atnamene reaningexplnatiry aie tae Jo nox within dein cr {or oil enw rej ocr psy varie even gh (hoy do witch es Flay pater matching can be «alse opment reece or ll comparison: arn mtching alps ae beer tment bout the nl sta a eladonship tht argos when ee ‘ated ough coe eve ordinal ls Laws, pater mtn on ‘lit question then fost conparinn showing bow a 3p reyes onaip i et notch when cme eh mal wise psn. Pree Tn -Avimportint pr ofcualaaj noes sbi that here some {Secon between eatery vases and an uc eile, Ye for ‘many comparative bine analyst an equal impor par ivabes Sieaing the cil chnsas ht kenya wth he ‘orm warble stock 196, p 9; Eber 1989, pp. 47, Glo {997 Hein ad Suber 1998 Sala 29H, ch 3). Canal mech eis an be dened se proces ad inereing vars cron ‘tic an elannon vais cura aunt’ gan oacome rare (Wena 197) Following George and MeKzown (1985, the for t= ‘er cml throogh he lenieston of al mene can be ead oes cing Prot acng rat nd ro bp che anal wb wos with nal snr of cerned misoking prio corrltin fo cals ‘lt, The problem f suis are when vo coined var pp beard on et ae te prod of a eee ‘tl: smallN seer, eaene comparative nti te Oe ‘rina wo thi problem. Fo cramp, hen tee temporally ordered ‘raesarecovteedinasequence mall Nanas itil Ug "ose meth 9 detemine the scence Feet rl pth trasparins concton. The rare insich sequence nae pe. {ety cnc ih both he een and hid tables Spall Nr ‘te meth do ot provide» ong bt or ung beter hee ‘Sab epee antecedent ce the epi vay the sun "al men ed igi ce re re SSSA Tp ape me. Mahoney ‘ata relonship bene the second a shir ail or meter the Sra tid artes ae cored crs of he sence hs ‘aril in whichcae the ies of eu pth aes seve, Proce tring «anblp the analy ngs bev hese we joss y showing whether casa mechan nk the vrs ogee, Tha, po ‘sad ral mechani canbe ented beeen the second aad nd ‘arial trh ross acing, he nay a bas fo belong that "he sequence al pay hat the son vale he eal «fc onthe thd varie. Akematyey i ex meshis canoe be dented Between he second sd hd asthenia rede fer elvng hae sagoence nay he sprcu coslton tht th second and thi ables ne cnr only bcs ofthe presence of the Brace are Conrail lat equentyague tht coreaton er ‘ed ireugh cros-ce ana is no eal ese mechani ing ‘thepesunedexpsnaeryrablenthe cone arateeennt elds Ue For expe, Shcpl¥ (1799p, 17- 1} werk on engine ‘inion ss procs acing treet vale chase ‘motraed vanguard moverens Ue wer ns clined top erom ‘se methods. Although ean motte nuances nee prone in her three ces ofl seoltion the gusta they ds ‘nesta jor ena effin ringing bowels Inpertiey, ‘ncomasto wb ter choles hae hypotheses anges tan te movant were not eoponle for riegering wise eat ‘pin ants and tae agente Rte, nerd Snepl, ang ‘ovens were marginal tthe centa pial proceeded ‘il eons emer on the Sot ol ery ne wee mata ‘tons the di oer. Hence, she once tha thse aneenes ere not sci ens of sod olny in France, Ro, nd Chine ‘Lewis Lacie es pects wang t0 eliminate the “Moore Gechensor sw le tt ac regimes rsa ths prs eer of bor ejesive landed cle that nae od ui eme laser port fr cin Leber 199), p. 3089. hough hee ‘eatatching between he eenclateence ofa represen shan) the prsen/abence of faciem, Lebe sgeethat he mechanisms ‘hough wie thisspeie ror sppnedly press mre ns pre by the histone repro the fst er Fy ur por fr cm na gery mot prest in ree where land lite podem ted Like he cident show ha he ane ches who coal dele ‘Seis of Catal Asean large mabe of votes dd os ually suport con (Lava 161, p08) In sor, dept the aching Lact ec the Moore {Gechntron hypothess bees rent abled by proce tac ‘Other scl proces tracing noo eliminate al facts DE suppor their wm expeans For carpe, Clie ad Caler (1991) ‘eraly mdb inking diferent tps of aborincperation per ce oth diferent types of pay stent he els of Colombia Ugo Cen ier pin eh seed ‘rents hrngh ich he ncrorton pate of elon melon Ipatratina par” edt the pury stem omcnne of ectorl tatty tnd socal confit These proses ince pei in which the ary {hat oer inarpraion bly mainte’ poner, the rab emer ecu onze psn, pred ofits pli pletion, ly coup an, aly he cenon of purty aed by le ‘le ith nd co Each oft et ‘sim inking labor neporton with» parte ptey te etn ‘The ay ofthe utr to show how thee and othr reson co nected lana and outcome aes crucial tthe ce of ee frgumen teed, bcogh any work en prety Senet rm proce trking an epi pron to tht es ac a Caler nd Coles in which exon nd ute varibles re sepered by eng pit oF ae Comat Narain 1 final pred ets how compaave htc reaches we ‘rons cmparion of withinaee cronies a hase or makings ‘smal infrece, Wid i equ o wal narrate, to we Sells (09% terminology th aap aempts to ade greg crosese "ection by “breaing sara oo conse sequences of ‘deggrogited een and comparing thee agree ooqences 2 ‘auc The purpose of anpckng aggregated vrs thongh arate e ‘poten to prvi omental! dserpton ofc ae the gale Tocappor scons uments more dangyepaed ke The technigee reson hire nyratie which har eve icant atenon in roeat nthoolgil deanna (eq. Abbot 1930, 199% Amsmace 192; Frans 1995; Gin 1992, 193, Haye 198, Tee 1997 Mahoney 19% Somers 192, Sryher 1990. Mowery the rocedoe thaw which ana decide whether snarvescenanelendsMaboney spor rosa cma pater hae been well spf. Gin (OPb seal Hae 196 dca ferent sre anal the mos tel developed statement on bow arate c be weed to col lr Tce, Erenratacae any prods oral parte for peng, ‘Sena ccm he comin ports et al interpret [SE harcal procenee This proces can underpin cal arate by ening thecal linked procs ht conan hy aggregated “bls com ana (Maney 199, pp 1165-7. With eal ‘urate the alsecompars vent snquencer srr ctestoSetrine the cts cn vensmably be sean falwing agreed cue pte at {ine ine ried le In these, cas marin nas he ate Inge event rarer sconces Gif and Ragin 198, pe 15, ‘Sova 19% p. 262)" In adn, al mtr can be wed sor owe or mor ese that ae marked by portant irene cal oven at an agprepted level of ye aso hacer boo only dif ever scree gargs ea ‘A grdexamplf thee ofl arate compere RTOS ‘efound in Sopa (1979 werk oc veins Mang of Srp ey expan ables are scaly mabe ap of neous rsd ocene Like the ostee of ial ecient compe (a ere of cullycomneced erent Tete conse procs ‘eprsen an evenesvucere ater tat ol be formally diagramed ‘compared yrs cance Mahoney 1999 Akhogh kool doer not ‘Grryouts foal mapyngof eee tects eds gly cepare the event sracce a he ees joe wheter they flow a sar ‘us logieaes digested lee Arcoring wo Seve (190, Skog iy toshow thar vee sence at ok n ech eae fecal ‘evotn reacties othe peste of er argue. "an een xp fs wrk ate sel mae to cont see atrocarregunte Ysa (1997eacllet analyte ripe ‘of derocacy in Cot Rie 19 and ucortertano a Gate in 1954 aca ots ha oth Coss Rea and Gastemaaegerienod mo ‘enor an sai form peso he 94rd 195 However, ter nae shows ot these efor period were arly cmpond of (gute deren evr rose sd the diferent process nee highly Ses iet Caal Assent consequent orth evel of conraing eines Ths, Yasar trae shows how parca actor cle boot ction aies eed ifeing refer fer exons, and cumeseacions. These i Ercvcesin event sequences nd porto shark overrching eget, Snbcharess the importance of pla colton and allanee pater. ‘Mos comparative hina naa eel trative aa informal techie preset through “ore” of even proces trams te teen whether eal mtv can be more foal employed thea ‘renstacire digs esl ap cach sep ad lp cow ‘econ in nvrae rngument. Gi (199) work on erent-tocare Salas sgests tht orally ngraraning rates ca be compete ‘The loge mune of evens ae conse. Ye, wot sah oral ‘Eiprnming, he proseares troush wich ans compar and con (rotenone eens: eam nest easly eval Te Compl ele of beeen ie cry of fra marae resentons ithe igor of epiy dremel marae accounts warrant fare ‘enon fom methodle Contin atoll cps proc sce rh ener pom aeeetetc Nowca arse ef beer oor erp sls irene he gogo work and eer pret et rag or cn cher Rar i i as SESE Pac usownl de nse ef cwal eomesr ein Spent nou ench mnal cooptinm ota copa, SSEEMin coe any by wo fom woke 0 bog ‘PhS umcafbeuneled usin snd rect ges Regaadly te aceion ofc once Ten wih po mil et he yf aes nd sl cinco ting pb peter noes on) ‘Coes re tenon netgear tweet do tay i mca ch ‘ry Compute hsm vena ne profucieaysudied se “Onna werk pve st of dpe ose ‘hore meres ntarnng none Is ineed none tha ede Tens fer ck wong merngl eon uments bw Scour nfs on, T veld courage bath qe ‘Siqbatne meboflogs leanne Sb ese et neeates them sabiecompooentofteircoasonecarch methods anf lt ‘nts mk pei mm mina poten apc in compare rece ‘Second theft ny compu itor tere combine an cial stegy woh anil stgy sets tht they ay hin thet oil elatoshipsin em of esr apd slice conden Yer ee compare tre searchers bee ora yoshi ‘efcalinear pater fsa slay hese in mht ‘Rese Thee oro atertvs net be sored tin fie werk eer quests about ents wich near it eng ano ‘Bonldbctandnted io the langage ofaecenaryandufient condo’ “rl ot be resavd atl metiodlogis give nore enon nmin) Thetis Filly, mor metholoial work esto be done onthe elton lexweenocaveand thine sie Par the probe ander Stoning reason at corparase histor tees end ‘potsayenoth stouthow the) entice nals heir suave ‘ez For example, we til do at Bate many state dicions fwithin-ce analy informing the telson of eeporis and cs [ef frmal noite ae apps Mores once a notin ‘ston reese, moe nea be sid sbow te apoio ‘rca gps of whine anaes, With pera matching reccrs eed ocr especial es tha ay av when ie sty a {eh mia ad "atch es tocol she sae within ee erations, Likewise, when ining proces dep, methodologies eed tecrlore more only the ett whch rs rely poe opt ‘il mechan a mpi Iyptieses ith diel table mpi ‘Sone Rep cra rte the cnr debate betwen wing woes ‘errs formal dagreming event rats 3 ean of eset “heggregtel ater of wince cytion eed to eon ot “Te ages lly he e he foro of he nee gnc vorcon nmin ini method Refs ‘eye: 190 Canpages vec ems Mts ‘Col and Nurse hgh" Hara Mes 310 1992 “on Cats Neon Nee Penn Sad Me "arora, Strange of Cal tse y sm mig Mn fe ee ieee see a apts miei wale om nn 4.0 ina re ‘be Hubert M196 Cal ire Neral Ro Chapel ‘eee Soe CSTE Step rece Nem Sotaa Renee punt a cope neat opm as cat at mans comin in col Rte nr is Si a yr SE Ra ce ces hich bois "a agate sont Cone al Reis Pel Se tke rt i sig ae onscreen ah EHO ia in et a” me og ne Compe Ce Sa Do Oo en ton nen Ba ac ee Nas fas 2 and Che Ragin, 199, QOS Gules Omer Pasy oe hohe me ratenree akin Hay. 1975. "Cae Sais nd Taryn Pale Scene” Pp = Sia sate atta aR EL 2 smn oe Cmte rw, Tour T997. Bnd of he Levin Big Sts on Rapin a ak ot EeMaton ‘gat nant tn ae eee sent apo uit on tr cn ttre te coat ime Ston emt ey ofp mee Site a coer ene Hine ataeatiyve ce terpenes onli? at fansatlet i Saat "eat tae onc cul ath tame nd Soar a Soe eee culecnnerate hanna, i aR geet open uit cnx rp a 8 whe I Sta ere Oxford Oxford University Pres. ame cut enema sy iectan Cnpanseryae i dicate eg as reiericayaage oan a ree sige gea Htiamieaa gees nn ot Mt ee ae coe ity an oy Sa "in rit og nna rr ce ee te ne aa a ry stg ey sos gine Ca ascetic eee aed oe a ern oe a reece te ag | Srp of Cm Aeament 199M nny Cn ng pM SC penne ut Seale 123 1960 Cat Asad Re Wit Cn We Lor on Said Seah oo Cra he 4 ee Tend arate eb be Pes Beane rien Lugar Aen, Capen Pb nd the Compre Meo” Mirae Rb Sine Roo 93 27 T Campas CovaSy Copenin Rech" Come Race ino etn Cage io oii PS “Sa i hows Roepe ss Poe Ne te Contes Cavey salen gfe earn ee Ea A es cremen nae “ica tee saa recat Sr ae satay eee yee ea vee ac el ety Ee amu ereteeen separa i sto wrt wee ig a ee fog aha Ss ae = ie sar (90) 197 St fg Tm: Uy of Ta en SS in nd ri bi sn rca bi non STS conc tae ee ea Stl opie ee He ta coe uaa Te od SI aR at tn et a, “Ess ele Ud Se, Nate Cay a Woda ret gag Ton romp se Be om eal ied i act rr OcencdRcenh Cpe Selmer etic aay SU chen. Moos sates te, pe Ser nat ts at tt 1 Eo ot tp gn te eg cs nt es seek ater toe te sr nn tr tart Saami leta rrepetatecot, 3 McDonald on tr: Unie of Mii Press e “ RR ate ane yn edo al elirc ee eect mt rie paceman nonerse eae apna thiete AS ETE Chernin rare ces ep snr potions nator sm nemay herman sali cree sore eee weber anna he a fap P et se cS ‘aces Unrnay en Yor Dea Dam Reform md Bin at it tn Gaca 1-0 Seo CX Sent ey Pe u os Aligning Ontology and Methodology in Comparative Research Peter A Hal Someofthelvin debt stout mology nthe sci sciences center ‘om compari esearch. This may concentrate on compare pals, ld een Sind by slrence to he we of ta copra ‘method but to Bears on snag, fee thre ae contonesy ‘Bowe methodslgal es Is etm "methods" ore othe ‘pensacola employ tices coniene thatthe inference they make Shou dso anole word are va! The mosrimpreant of hese Sreinerencer about sul rlasnsips, where jc mesology irtoierense conSdenee inserts that evra eve) ves ‘oa fle om another). ‘One ofthe curious farce of contemporary deta they noc teaton to methodology han to iver Of ology? “Onto” sm te or ne soem ee be eget ee eae cue ‘sitmme eee Sc sts oe che eopess ieee ioe memes =e Er rem eminent ittyolnirer etched aser ascend orm Serre oeHa ‘ofr to the charter ofthe world at arly Aso Te ‘he ern to refer th fanaa Schr mate shot he ae ofthe sacl dpe word and eaprally aboot te nae a ‘sal elatnshipy thin dh word I mthodlogy consis of tc igi for ming zeae shot cal reams anomaly cons ‘ts of premises abot the dep caus] sracrre of the weld fem ich analy eps at wou which tbo sboet the sail weld wel ot make sense. At indent lel Bow we nai the ala wren obo ‘Used as its bere 1 refer ao sumptions, of cous, non ‘ogy theoreti constr nd the ne Between od the “eos? ‘hol sees 4 Gre one Homeve I wth emo ef ope ‘ly fondue ssmpions aout the cata seuctaes ofthe solo obi world dat my or may no be exp theory Bt ae alas mpi inthe "dale range” their on which mst compare ca ‘eat In his espe, omologes ae analogous tthe soscronemc ‘uchins thet Careight (1997) pot a the inspensble mere for more speci caval Satements Many theres sot phere, such ap ble democracy noscpentsrngement Pal le ‘nce shar the same vetrehing onal, br ifn there cn slay ‘elec diffrent onogen ‘Only alia cuca to mening becaehe ppp nes fa pata staf method fora pen poisson estos ‘out theatre ofthe casa radon ae ment dover Is lide sence apely ethos dsgnedo cab the presen fantom ‘elon, fo ite we confront wri wich vl lao Shipsere oe fanctona Toe the mehodologies sedi el ue ‘etangrocn wiht pean ong. Toseme i il cam cs "lore anaemia hts esate {29 has opened up beeween the methodlgies ppl a operat Fob and he once the ld embraces, Compas pl river wih many caren tt 2s Lphart (1075, p 165) mote eee hs ‘ena potwar ted in compare ple” ows seta meth ‘used preity the andar regres mel? Inca tens ow ge priory to such approaches many acl ave become ‘ttl ether metho (Gedder 19% King, Keane, and Verb 19%, Alig Onalog and Methodology athe 19 me pn np ofthe ae th pendence or stein, howe conopons of the sa ‘racers uaeryingotomes rao withthe semprngs rere ford vepreston wecniqos nd eamvenoal comparative metho to provide vai sl inferences (Bates, Gra Lov, Reventa and ‘eng 198; Prenon 2008). The ontop of cparcne piss aye sual rani methodol. The prpoeof th oye rename the agement of nclogy snd nethdslogy in compere plc wid vert aching the map rode of the problem ad poten slton fre Iehepin with sb {ont ofthe deopment of the ft in oder to som how ontoges {dete developed inne, Ithen examine the cooenpry “Irergene between ology ant metodolgy in moe Beta. Aer r= ‘sewing uve sponse ttt ergence Targue Une sal research Aste tue on scat pra atl oer comer pote ‘orroahing the diernas posed by hs dverpence Leola y noting ‘heimpbcaboarof tee delopment for conventions] understanding of ‘ase maderand the comparative method. ‘The Developmen of Onteogy and Methodology in Comparative Pate _Acompete survey of othe nt reltinsip between ety ad {nethodclgy Ooeaged in taper plc beyond the scope of it ‘say. However» syoptc review vil sete how thse eo 6 of ‘eholutip develope in tandem. A the cost of sme pion, we ‘anos ho the eld be moved os ave omen ‘he bil tiation ‘As Falscin (1965) point othe moder fl of comparative pice ‘nigiatel withthe ay of cnsatons and lel ems. Thi wa be ‘gia ineasonaio" The apeeah ected thermal insons ‘goernnce nd whilesppropenely ial tou ther moreceremenil Fetes, ede assume col aj tat of what pede to Be “ca ern oe of tl enon ani pen SELES a eras Saat eat‘si shout the pais ono by desing is egal san and nna con oper 187; sn 190, Fed 195, Ecscin and ger 1963). From the perspec ology ering the ld ‘rs crcumsrbd Anh he atl wo messi ote goer ty lve rears, he nains othe plea wold ce men ‘inary prod of oa Riser nis epee sce {elt cmmpurive pte wa le dence cen Gna soo economic, whre Mar, Weber, Drei, Marl cn herd ‘ean topost genera cn ors den soa nl pola ns "The methods atop by the poner m this eld wee spropete 10 sch an mol. Tc nlyes were lngely despre, er a trapicin he seme tt they soph compl uadersandng of ene ce fre hn generations a could vl arene cy an {cn ws equ norma: Whee the cary compas ep i cual explimton te antl th code ohne feo

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