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BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS BASIC ELECTRICAL All the forces we encounter in everyday life boil down to two basic types: gravitational forces and electrical forces. A force such as friction or a sticky force arises from electrical forces between individual atoms. Atoms are made of three types of particles: Name charge mass in units of the protons mass location in atom
1 1.001 1/1836
Electricity is the flow of electrons from one place to another. Electrons can flow through any material, but does so more easily in some than in others. How easily it flows is called resistance. The resistance of a material is measured in Ohms. Matter can be broken down into: Conductors: electrons flow easily. Low resistance. Insulator: electrons flow with great difficulty. High resistance. Electrical parameters in a nut shell Current . . . . . the rate at which charge crosses a certain boundary in ampere Voltage . . . . electrical potential energy per unit charge that will be possessed by a charged particle at a certain point in space in volt Power . . . .the work done due to flow of electrons in watts Circuit An electrical device in which charge can come back to its starting point and than getting stuck in a dead end Open circuit . . . a circuit that does not function because it has a gap in it It has full volage across the gap but no current recycled rather
the junction rule: In any circuit that is not storing or releasing charge, conservation of charge implies that the total current flowing out of any junction must be the same as the total flowing in. the loop rule: Assuming the standard convention for plus and minus signs, the sum of the voltage drops around any closed loop in a circuit must be zero.
Resistances in series add to produce a larger equivalent resistance, Rseries = R1 + R2,because the current has to fight its way through both resistances. Parallel resistors combine to produce an equivalent resistance that is smaller than either individual resistance, 1/Rparallel =1/R1+1/R2 because the current has two different paths open to it. In more complex circuits where more than one load is connected, they may be either in series or in parallel. In a series circuit, current must pass through one to get to the next. Voltage is divided between them. If one goes out, they all go out. Circuit conditions requiring protection devices The two types of circuit protection devices are fuses and circuit breakers. A fuse consists of a metal strip or wire fuse element, of small cross-section compared to the circuit conductors, mounted between a pair of electrical terminals, and (usually) enclosed by a non-conducting and non-combustible housing. The fuse is arranged in series to carry all the current passing through the protected circuit A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit. General Safety Rules 1. Do not work when you are tired or taking medicine that makes you drowsy. 2. Do not work in poor light.
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTS TRANSFORMERS A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive
coupling between its winding circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding. ELECTRIC GENERATORS AND MOTORS In electricity generation, an electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. ELECTRIC MOTORS: Electric motors convert Electrical energy to mechanical energy
BASIC ELECTRONICS Materials with conductivity between that of conductors and insulators are called semi conductors which make the base for all electronics ; E.g. germanium Ge, silicon Si The Semiconductor Junction (Diode):
A transistor is a three-terminal semiconductor device that can perform two functions that are fundamental to the design of electronic circuits: amplification and switching.