Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Stress and load relation is not enough for beam design; deflection must also be taken care of.
y
Neutral surface
M x A
L
Due to the loads, beam will deflect as shown (consider only the neutral surface)
y x
Deflection at A Elastic Curve y = f(x)
B
Slope at B
Elastic Curve - deflected shape of the neutral surface. Objectives: 1. Find the equation of the elastic curve 2. Determine the deflection at a particular point 3. Evaluate the slope at any point Deflection is dependent on: 1. stiffness of the material 2. dimensions of the beam 3. applied loads and supports Methods for calculating beam deflections 1. Double Integration Method 2. Area Moment Method 3. Superposition Method 4. Energy Method
Elastic Curve If the elastic curve for a beam seems difficult to establish, it is suggested that the moment diagram for the beam be drawn first. M + M -
P1
P2
P M
M
x
M
x
Inflection point
Inflection point
Moment-Curvature Relationship
For constant bending moment, the elastic curve becomes an arc of circle with radius
c
L M na c L M
+L Before After
2
(1) ( 2)
L =
L + = ( + c )
L L+ = +c L + Lc = L + c = = strain Lc = L
From Hooke's Law,
= E
=
So,
Mc I
Mc = E IE
c Mc == EI
1 M = EI
where - radius of curvature at a point (section) 1/ - curvature at a point (section) M - internal bending moment at a section E - modulus of elasticity of the beam I - moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area
For a given curve, the curvature (from any calculus book) at any point is defined by,
1 =
d2 y dx 2 dy 1 + dx
3 2 2
For small displacements, the deflection y and slope dy/dx are very small quantities. So, (dy/dx)2 0
1 d2 y M = = 2 EI dx d2 y M( x ) = EI 2 dx
Differential Equation for the Elastic Curve of the Beam
Sign Convention:
y
+ dy/dx or + +y x
Note:
x xo
say n = 3 and x o = 5 x5
3
So
75 65 55 45 35
3 3 3 3 3 3
= 2
3 3
= (2 ) = 8
3 3
= 1 = (1) = 1 = 0
3
= (0 ) = 0
3 3
= 1 = 0 = 2
3
=0
1 = 0
Illustration:
x xo
say x o = 5 x5
0
So
75 65 45 35 x5
0 0 0 0 0
= 2 = 1
0 0
= (2 ) = 1
0
= (1) = 1
0 0 0
= 1 = 2 =0
=0 =0
3.
x x o dx =
1 x xo n +1
n +1
+ C
4.
d x xo dx
= n x xo
n 1
when n 1
Illustration:
Singularity Function n y = x xo y
x xo xo
M( x ) = P x x o
xo P
2. Couple
y x C
M( x ) = C x x o
xo
M( x ) =
xo
x xo 2
M( x ) =
xo
m 3 x xo 6 where m slope m= b
Note:
For 3 & 4, the beam must be loaded all the way up to the end of the beam for M(x) to be valid.
1. Obtain the moment function, M(x), using the singularity functions. d2 y 2. Solve the equation EI 2 = M( x ) by integrating the equation dx twice.
3. Obtain boundary conditions at specific points of the beam to get constants of integration, C1 and C2.
Boundary Conditions:
Note: For Maximum Deflection between supports, locate x by dy using the property = 0 at x. dx Example:
y x
P B
A x
ymax
dy =0 dx