WRLD Ip Rts & Rem 13-4 Rel

WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS and REMEDIES
LAWS with COMMENTARY

Dennis CampbellEditor Center for International Legal Studies Salzburg, Austria Volume 1
For Customer Assistance Call 1-800-328-4880 K 2013 Thomson Reuters, 9/2013

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2013 Thomson Reuters This publication was created to provide you with accurate and authoritative information concerning the subject matter covered; however, this publication was not necessarily prepared by persons licensed to practice law in a particular jurisdiction. The publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or other professional advice and this publication is not a substitute for the advice of an attorney. If you require legal or other expert advice, you should seek the services of a competent attorney or other professional.
About the Authors

INTRODUCTION MICHAEL A. GOLLIN Spencer & Frank Suite 1000, 1201 New York Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20005-3917 United States Telephone: (1202) 962 4800 Telefax: (1202) 962 8300 Email: magollin@venable.com Practice areas: Intellectual property, patent law, biotechnology, trade marks, and environmental law. Admitted: 1985, New York and Massachusetts; 1991, District of Columbia and Maryland; registered to practice before the United States Patent and Trademark Oce. Author: Patent Strategies in China, Managing Intellectual Property (November 1997); At the Crossroads: Intellectual Property Rights and Agricultural Biotechnology, Proceedings of the Third Asia-Pacic Conference on Agricultural Biotechnology (1996); Protecting Intellectual Property, Inventors Digest (March and May, 1996); Provisional Patent Applications: File Early, File Often, The Law Works (August, 1995); Biological Materials Transfer Agreements, Bio/Technology 13:243 (1995); Patenting Recipes From Natures Kitchen, Bio/Technology 12:406 (1994); Using Intellectual Property to Improve Environmental Protection, 4 Harvard Journal of Law and Technology (1991) 193; Patent Law and the Environment/Technology Paradox, 20 Environmental Law Reporter (1990) 10171. Member: American Bare Association. Trustee: Rene Dubos Center for Human Environments, Inc. (1994 to present). Member: American Bar Association (Vice-chair, Section on Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Law Committee on Emerging Environmental Technologies, 1992 to present). Education: Princeton University (A.B., 1978); University of Zurich, Switzerland (M.S., 1981); Boston University (J.D., 1984). CHAPTER 1. ARGENTINA EMILIO N. VOGELIUS Estudio Beccar Varela Cerrito 740, Piso 14, 1309 Buenos Aires, Argentina Telefon: (5411) 4379 6836 Telefax: (5411) 4379 6860 Email: evogelius@beccarv.com.ar Practice areas: Commercial law, intellectual property litigation. Admitted: 1976, Argentina. Education: National University of Buenos Aires.
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies DMASO A. PARDO Perez Alati, Grondona, Benites, Arntsen & Martinez de Hoz Tte. Gral. Peron 555, Piso 3 A, C1038AAK Buenos Aires, Argentina Telephone: (5411) 5032 3640 Telefax: (5411) 5032 3644 Email: dap@pagbam.com.ar CHAPTER 2. AUSTRALIA ANDR MEYER Spruson & Ferguson GPO Box 3898 Sydney New South Wales 2001 Australia Tel: (61 2) 93930100 Fax: (61 2) 92615486 Email: Andre.Meyer@sprusons.com.au CHAPTER 3. AUSTRIA PETER PCH Ortner Pch Foramitti Strauchgasse 1-3, 1010 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (431) 535 3721 Telefax: (431) 533 1555 Email: opf.vienna@aon.at Practice areas: Banking law, securities law, capital markets law, intellectual property, unfair competition law, advertising law, antitrust law, arbitration, corporate law, European Union law, foreign investments, international contracts, international private law, trade regulations, copyright law, license negotiation, trade mark litigation. Admitted: 1972, Austria. Education: University of Vienna (Dr. Jur., 1964). Member: Board of the Austrian Association for the Protection of Industrial Property and Copyright. Austrian Correspondent, European Intellectual Property Review. Austrian Correspondent, Journal of International Banking Law. Registered Arbitrator, Austrian Economic Chamber, Vienna. Past-president, Austrian Association for the Protection of Industrial Property and Copyright and International League of Competition Law. CHAPTER 4. BELGIUM LOUIS PUTS DLA Piper UK LLP Avenue Louise 106, 1050 Brussels, Belgium Telephone: (322) 500 1591 Telefax: (322) 500 6536 Email: louis.puts@dlapiper.com NICOLAS BECKER DLA Piper UK LLP Avenue Louise 106, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Authors Telephone: (322) 500 1533 Telefax: (322) 500 1605 Email: nicolas.becker@dla.com Practice areas: Intellectual property law, information technology law and telecommunications with particular focus on legal support in drafting, reviewing, and negotiating contracts, analysis of legislation, solving legal and practical questions, and litigation. Education: law degree, University Libre de Bruxelles, specializing in Information, Communication and Technology Law at the Faculty Universitaires de Namur (CRID). Admitted: Brussels Bar, 1999. Mr. Becker is a regular speaker at conferences, seminars, and colloquia in Belgium, covering mostly ICT and Internet law, and also publishes articles on intellectual property and media law topics. CHAPTER 5. BERMUDA DONNA M. PILGRIM Conyers, Dill & Pearman Clarendon House, 2 Church Street, P.O. Box HM 666 Hamilton HM CX, Bermuda Telephone: (1441) 295 1422 Telefax: (1441) 292 4720 Email: dmpilgrim@cdp.bm CHAPTER 6. BRAZIL LARISS MARIA GALIMBERTI AFONSO Pinheiro Neto Advogados Rua Hungria, 1.100, Jardim Europa 01455-000 Sao Paulo SP Brazil Tel: (55 11) 32478400 Fax: (55 11) 32478600 Email: lgalimberti@pn.com.br JOS MAURO DECOUSSAU MACHADO Pinheiro Neto Advogados Rua Hungria, 1.100, Jardim Europa 01455-000 Sao Paulo SP Brazil Tel: (55 11) 32478400 Fax: (55 11) 32478600 Email: jmachado@pn.com.br ARISTIDES TRANQUILLINI NETO Pinheiro Neto Advogados Rua Hungria, 1.100, Jardim Europa 01455-000 Sao Paulo SP Brazil Tel: (55 11) 32478400 Fax: (55 11) 32478600 Email: atranquillini@pn.com.br CHAPTER 7. CANADA
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies GLORIA HSI Fasken Martineau LLP 2900-550 Burrard Street Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 0A3 Telephone: (1604) 631 3179 Telefax: (1604) 632 3179 Email: ghsi@fasken.com Practice areas: Preparation of patent applications, patent prosecution, and due diligence in the eld of life sciences and corporate and commercial matters, specically assisting clients with intellectual property issues, including life sciences technologies and information technologies. Education: Bachelors degree in biological sciences and Doctorate in the eld of genetics. JANINE MACNEIL Fasken Martineau LLP 2900-550 Burrard Street Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 0A3 Telephone: (1604) 631 3179 Telefax: (1604) 632 3179 Email: jmacneil@fasken.com Practice areas: Registered Trade Mark Agent, trade mark prosecution in Canada, including assessing and providing opinions with respect to the availability and registrability of trade marks, preparation and prosecution of applications to register trade marks, post-registration maintenance, representing clients in trade mark opposition and summary cancellation proceedings, and advising with respect to proper trade mark use and marking. CHAPTER 8. PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA SHEILA O'DONNELL Valeo Transmissions Le Triangle, 15 rue des Rosiers, 93585 Saint-Quen Cedex, France Telephone: (331) 4945 3055 Telefax: (331) 4945 3031 Email: sheila.o-donnel@valeo.com Practice areas: International commercial transactions, international commercial arbitration, and intellectual property law. Member: New York Bar and Paris Bar. Legal counsel, Valeo Cluthches & Transmissions. Education: Union College (B.A., 1981), Pace University School of Law (J.D., 1984), Centre Europeen Universitaire de Nancy (Diplome d'Etudes Superieures Europeennes). ZHAO HUA WANG Michelin (China) Co. Ltd. 9th Floor, POS Plaza, 1600 Century Avenue 200122 Pundong, Shanghai, China Telephone: (8621) 6860 4500 Telefax: (8621) 5820 8321 Email: zhaohua.wang@cn.michelin.com Admitted: Paris Bar. Education: Wuhan University, China (Law), Robert Schuman University of Strasbourg, France (LL.M. and Doctor in Law).
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Authors CHAPTER 9. COLOMBIA CAVELIER ABOGADOS Edicio Siski, Carrera 4 No. 72-35, Bogot 8, Colombia Telephone: (571) 347 3611 Telefax: (571) 211 8650 E-mail: cavelier@cavelier.com CHAPTER 10. COSTA RICA ADRIANA PORRAS-ELIZONDO Castro & Pal Asociados P.O. Box 10488-1000, San Jos, Costa Rica Telephone: (506) 234 8204 Telefax: (506) 234 8337 Email: aporras@castropal.com CHAPTER 11. CYPRUS THEODOSIA KYPRIANOU Kinanis LLC P.O. Box 22303, 1520 Nicosia, Cyprus Telephone: (35722) 558 888 Telefax: (35722) 662 500 Email: property@kinanis.com Practice areas: Immovable property matters, intellectual property, European Union law, wills and succession, trusts law, competition law, environmental law, pharmaceutical law, migration law, and general contract law. Education: LL.B. and LL.M. in European Union Law (Commercial), University of Leicester, England. Member: Cyprus and Nicosia Bar Associations. CHAPTER 12. CZECH REPUBLIC JANA BURSIKOVA AND JIRI ZAPLETAL Prochzka Randl Kubr Jchymova 2, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic Telephone: (4202) 2143 0111 Telefax: (4202) 2423 5450 Email: jana.bursikova@prk.cz CHAPTER 13. DENMARK MADS MARSTRAND-JRGENSEN AND FRANK JRGENSEN Norsker & Co. 10 Landemrket, 1119 K Copenhagen, Denmark Telephone: (45) 3343 3100 Telefax: (45) 3313 3838 Email: mmj@norskerco.dk Practice areas: Business law, intellectual property, copyrights, patents, trade marks, health care, insurance, and professional liability. Admitted: 1972, Denmark. Assistant Professor, University of Copenhagen, 1972-1988. General Counsel to Costa Rica, 1987. Author: Company Law in Europe (1981);
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies International Intellectual Property Law (1995); Copyright Infringement (1997). Member: Danish Bar Association, Danish Law Society, International Bar Association, Danish Insurance Association, AIPPI, ECTA (Committee Member), and INTA (Member, International Committee). Education: University of Copenhagen (LL.M., 1972). CHAPTER 14. EGYPT SAFAA EL DIN EL OTEIFI El Otei Law Oce in association with Denton Wilde Sapte 9 Shagaret El Dor Street, Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt Telephone: (202) 736 5128 Telefax: (202) 736 7717 Email: cairo@dentonwildesapte.com Practice areas: Arbitration and litigation, aviation law, banking and nancial markets, commercial property, company and commercial, construction, corporate nance, employment, energy and natural resources, infrastructure projects and privatization, foreign trade and investment, insolvency, licensing and franchising, project nance, intellectual property, and telecommunications. Former Member: Vice-President of the Egyptian Court of Cassation, Egyptian Supreme Court, and counselor for the General Organization for Housing. Participated in the preparation and enactment of the Kuwaiti Civil Code. CHAPTER 15. ESTONIA VIIVE KAUR Luiga Mody Hl Borenius Kawe Plaza, Prnu mnt 15, 10141 Tallinn, Estonia Telephone: (372) 665 1888 Telefax: (372) 665 1899 Email: Viive.kaur@lmh.ee CHAPTER 16. FINLAND RAINER HILLI Roschier Keskuskatu 7A, 00100 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: (358) 2050 66000 Telefax: (358) 2050 66100 Email: rainer.hilli@roschier.com Practice areas: Intellectual property rights, marketing law, information technology, media law, entertainment law, litigation, arbitration. Admitted: 1991, Finland, Education: University of Helsinki (LL.M., 1986). SAMI SUNILA Roschier Keskuskatu 7A, 00100 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: (358) 2050 66000 Telefax: (358) 2050 66100 Email: sami.sunila@roschier.com
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Authors CHAPTER 17. FRANCE KATHIE D. CLARET Bryan Cave LLP 78 avenue Raymond Poincar, 75116 Paris, France Telephone: (331) 4417 7700 Telefax: (331) 4417 7777 Email: kathie.claret@bryancave.com Practice areas: Corporate law, competition law, domestic and international commercial transactions, intellectual property law, and arbitration. Admitted in Paris and New York. Author: Products Liability in France, Products Liability: European Laws and Practice (1993); French Intellectual Property Law, International Protection of Intellectual Property (1995); Trade Secrets in France, Worldwide Trade Secrets Law (1993); Medical Liability in France (1997). Education: Harvard University (A.B., magna cum laude, 1972); New York University School of Law (J.D., 1975). CHAPTER 18. GERMANY ANDREAS EBERT-WEIDENFELLER Jones Day NEXTOWER Thurn-und-Taxis-Platz 6 60313 Frankfurt am Main Germany Tel: (49 69) 97263939 Fax: (49 69) 97263993 Email: aebert@jonesday.com CHAPTER 19. GREECE STATHIS A. ALEXAKIS Bahas, Gramatidis & Partners 26 Filellinon Street, 105 58 Athens, Greece Telephone: (30210) 331 8170 Telefax: (30210) 331 8171 Practice areas: Contracts, civil law, commercial/trade law. Admitted: 2003, Athens Court of First Instance. Education: University of Athens Law School (LL.B); University of Athens, Program of Postgraduate Studies, Department of Private Law/Civil Law (LLM); University of Southampton, International Trade Law; University of Athens, Law School, Department of Private Law/ Civil Law, Ph.D can. Member: Athens Bar Association, Greek Association of Law and Economics. ELEFTHERIA GEORGOPOULOU Bahas, Gramatidis & Partners 26 Filellinon Street, 105 58 Athens, Greece Telephone: (30210) 331 8170 Telefax: (30210) 331 8171 Email: e.georgopoulou@bahagram.com Practice areas: General practice, labor law, social security law, civil law, commercial law and relevant litigation. Education: University of Athens Law
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies School (LL.B), University of Strasbourg IIIRobert Schuman (DEA de Droit Social) in labor law and social security law (LLM). Member: Athens Bar Association, Association of Jurisprudence Study, Greek Commercial Lawyers Association. CHAPTER 20. HONG KONG ANDREA SUI-YI FONG Wilkinson & Grist 6th Floor, Princes Building, 10 Chater Road, Central Hong Kong, China Telephone: (852) 2524 6011 Telefax: (852) 2527 9041 Email: andreafong@wilgrist.com Practice areas: intellectual property law. Admitted: 1989, Hong Kong, England and Wales, and Australian Capital Territory. CHAPTER 21. HUNGARY PETER NOGRADI Ngrdi Law Oce Montevideo St. 3/A, 1037 Budapest, Hungary Telephone: (361) 240 6354 Telefax: (361) 240 6353 Email: nogradi@enternet.hu Practice areas: Contracts, mergers and acquisitions, labor law, family law, civil litigation, intellectual property, taxation, privatization, company law, joint ventures, arbitration, liquidation, banking, and real estate. Member: Budapest Bar Association and International Bar Association. Education: Budapest Law School, 1984. NOMI BREUER Ngrdi Law Oce 3/A Montevideo Street, 1037 Budapest, Hungary Tel: (36 1) 2406354 Fax: (36 1) 2406353 Email: breuer.nomi@nogradilaw.hu Practice Areas: Labor law, company law, contracts, copyrights, immigration. Education: Etvs Lrnd University (J.D., 2001). CHAPTER 22. INDIA SAJAI SINGH J. Sagar Associates 2 Frontline Grandeur, 14 Walton Road 560 001 Bangalore India Tel: (91 80) 43503600 Fax: (91 80) 43503617 Email: sajai@jsalaw.com Practice areas: Information technology, international licensing, regulatory compliances, corporate, transactional work, joint ventures, strategic allix
Authors ances, acquisitions, venture and project nancing, foreign investment, and technology transfers. Educated: B.Sc, Post Graduate Dip.Bus.M, L.LB (1990), Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (Executive Negotiations Program). CHAPTER 23. INDONESIA ERNA L. KUSOY Erna L. Kusoy & Co. Graha Mas Fatmawati Blok A. No. 27-28 Jl. R.S. Fatmawati No. 71, Cipete Utara, 12150 Jakarta Indonesia Telephone: (6221) 7280 0110 Telefax: (6221) 7280 0220 Email: erna.kusoy@ernakusoy-iprlaw.com Practice areas: Intellectual property. Admitted to practice, 1979, and to the Department of Justice as a Registered Patent Consultant, 1991. Education: Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia (1967). Vice-President, Association Internationale Pour la Protection de la Propriete Industrielle; Vice-President, (AIPPI) Indonesian Group; ex-President, Asian Patent Attorneys Association. Member: Trade Mark Council, APAA; Council, Asean Intellectual Property Association. Co-founder, Indonesian Intellectual Property Society. Qualied as Notary Public, 1980. Education: University of Indonesia (S.H., 1967). CHAPTER 24. IRELAND PATRICIA MCGOVERN DFMG, Solicitors Embassy House, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4, Ireland Telephone: (3531) 637 6600 Telefax: (3531) 637 6601 Email: pmcgovern@dfmgsolicitors.ie Practice areas: Intellectual property, franchising, distribution agreements, competition law, EU law, lm nancing, entertainment law, mergers and acquisitions, management buyouts, share purchase agreements, asset purchase, shareholder agreements, rights issues, listings, pensions law, commercial law. Admitted: 1987, Ireland. Education: Trinity College, Dublin (B.A. (Mod) Legal Science, 1983). CHAPTER 25. ISRAEL ERAN PRESENTI M. FIRON & CO. Aurec House, 16 Abba Hillel Silver Road Ramat Gan 52506 Israel Tel: (972 3) 7540000 Fax: (972 3) 7540011 Email: eranp@ron.co.il Practice areas: Intellectual Property; commercial aspects of IP Law; computer law, defamation and privacy laws. Education: University of East London (1997), Tel Aviv University, Commercial Law (LLB, LLM). Member: Israeli Bar and the England and Wales Law Society.
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies CHAPTER 26. ITALY VINCENZO PENTELLA AND DANIELA AMODEO Studio Legale Pentella Viale delle Milizie 22, 00192 Rome, Italy Telephone: (3906) 320 2776 Telefax: (3906) 323 4488 CHAPTER 27. JAPAN TAKASHI B. YAMAMOTO InfoTech Law Oces Urban Toranomon Bldg., 6th Floor 16-4, Toranomon 1-chome Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan Telephone: (813) 3593 0313 Telefax: (813) 3593 0343 Email: ty@itlaw.jp Practice areas: Intellectual Property, copyright law, patent law. Admitted: 1988, First Tokyo Bar Association; 1995, New York; 1995, Japanese Patent Attorney Association. Education: University of Tokyo (LL.B., 1978); Columbia Law School (LL.M., 1992). CHAPTER 28. LITHUANIA STASYS DRAZDAUSKAS Foigt & Partners / Regija Borenius J. Jasinskio st. 16A, 8th Floor, 01112 Vilnius, Lithuania Telephone: (3705) 264 9555 Telefax: (3705) 260 8327 Email: s.drazdauskas@regija.lt Practice areas: commercial law, intellectual property law, and litigation. Admitted to the Lithuanian Bar, 2004. Education: graduate of Vilnius University Law Faculty, specializing in civil law and civil procedure and focusing on intellectual property law and contract law; doctoral studies at Vilnius University Law Faculty, Civil Law and Civil Procedure, 2003. CHAPTER 29. LUXEMBOURG PIERRE FELTGEN tude Pierre Feltgen B.P. 1843, L-1018 Luxembourg Telephone: (352) 2664 841 Telefax: (352) 2664 8485 Email: pierre@feltgen.lu Practice areas: Corporate, intellectual property, international contracts, insolvency, litigation. Admitted: 1991, Luxembourg. Member: Luxembourg Bar Association. Education: University of Strasbourg (Maitre en Droit, DESS Accords et Propriete Industrielle). CHAPTER 30. MALAYSIA TEH HONG KOON AND SHAMILA NATHAN
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Authors Skrine 8th Floor, Wisma UOA, Damansara Heights, 50 Jalan Dungun 50490 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Telephone: (603) 2094 8111 Telefax: (603) 2094 3211 Email: THK@skrine.com CHAPTER 31. MEXICO AGUSTIN VELZQUEZ G.L., TOMS ARANKOWSKY TAMS, VIVIANA RUZ MARTINEZ, and PALOMA CONTRERAS DAZ AVAH LEGAL, S.C. Av. Constituyentes 908, Col. Lomas Altas. Del. Miguel Hidalgo. 11950 Mexico, D.F. Mexico Tel: (52 55) 55707547 Fax: (52 55) 52590738 Practice areas: Intellectual property law, corporate law. Admitted: 1994, Mexico. Education: Universidad Iberoamericana (Degree in Law, 1994). CHAPTER 32. THE NETHERLANDS BAS BERGHUIS VAN WOORTMAN Simmons & Simons LLP PO Box 79023, 1070 NB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Telephone: +31 20 722 2500 Telefax: +31 20 722 2599 Email: bas.berghuis@simmons-simmons.com Bas experience covers the full range of intellectual property activities, with a focus on patents and technology. Bas has a particular expertise in the life sciences sector, handling patent and technology matters regarding medical devices and pharmaceuticals, and the TMT sector, acting in matters regarding telecommunication equipment, computers and software. Described by clients as business-oriented, responsive and proactive, Bas acts before national and international courts, as well as the Dutch and European Patent Oces. He has been involved in all aspects of litigation, as well as other IP related issues such as patent prosecution strategy, negotiation of research and development agreements and copyright issues. LAURENS KAMP Simmons & Simons LLP PO Box 79023, 1070 NB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Telephone: +31 20 722 2500 Telefax: +31 20 722 2599 Email: laurens.kamp@simmons-simmons.com Laurens specialises in intellectual property law with a focus on copyright law, trademark and design law, and advertising law. He advised several clients on issues relating to copyright and trademark law, product claims, as well as disputes regarding advertisements and trademarks. RUBEN LADD
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies Simmons & Simons LLP PO Box 79023, 1070 NB Amsterdam, The Netherlands Telephone: +31 20 722 2500 Telefax: +31 20 722 2599 Email: ruben.ladde@simmons-simmons.com Ruben specialises in intellectual property law, focusing on patents and technology. He principally assists clients in the TMT sector, particularly in the elds of (electrical) engineering, telecommunications, software and renewable energy. CHAPTER 33. NEW ZEALAND ERICH BACHMANN Hesketh Henry Private Bag 92093, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Telephone: (649) 375 8700 Telefax: (649) 309 4494 Email: Erich.Bachmann@heskethhenry.co.nz Practice areas: Business law, commercial law, company law, corporate law, nance, investments, mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, initial public offerings, privatization, securities, stock exchange regulation. Mr. Bachmann is a legal advisor to the embassy and consulate of the Federal Republic of Germany. He is also the president of the New Zealand-German Business Association. Education: LL.B., University of Auckland. JULIKA WAHLMANN Hesketh Henry Private Bag 92093, Auckland 1142, New Zealand Telephone: (649) 375 8700 Telefax: (649) 309 4494 Email: Julika.Wahlmann@heskethhenry.co.nz CHAPTER 34. NORWAY AMUND BREDE SVENDSEN Advokatrmaet Grette DA P.O. Box 1397 Vika, 0114 Oslo, Norway Telephone: (47) 2234 0000 Telefax: (47) 2234 0001 Email: amund.svendsen@grette.no Practice areas: Patent law, trademark law, technology transfers, licences, competition law and European Union Law. Member: Norwegian Association for the Protection of Industrial Property. Education: University of Bergen (Cand. Jur. 1981); Norwegian School of Business Administration (1978). CHAPTER 34A. PANAMA OLMEDO MIRANDA Arosemena Noriega & Contreras Elvira Mendez Street No 10 Interseco Building, 2nd Floor Panama City Panama
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Authors Tel: (507 ) 3668400 Fax: (507 ) 2644569 Email: omiranda@anorco.com.pa SHANINA CONTRERAS Arosemena Noriega & Contreras Elvira Mendez Street No 10 Interseco Building, 2nd Floor Panama City Panama Tel: (507 ) 3668400 Fax: (507 ) 2644569 Email: scontreras@anorco.com.pa CHAPTER 35. PERU HECTOR ALVAREZ Rodrigo, Elias & Medrano Av. San Felipe 758, Lima 11, Peru Telephone: (511) 619 1900 Telefax: (511) 619 1919 Email: HAlvarez@EstudioRodrigo.com Practice areas: Trademarks and patents, copyrights, trade names, unfair competition, advertising, technology transfer, licensing and franchising, and sports law and contracts. Admitted: 1981, Peru. Member: Colegio de Abogados Lima, Peruvian Association of Industrial Property, Inter-American Association of Industrial Property, International Association of Industrial Property Protection, International Trademark Association, Commission drafting Unfair Competition Law, Intellectual Property Peruvian Association, Executive Committee of the Intellectual Property Inter-American Association, Advisor to the INDECOPI Bureau of Trade Marks, past-President of the Justice Commission of the Peruvian Soccer Federation. Publications: Rgimen Legal de la Propiedad Industrial en el Per (Legal System for Industrial Property in Peru, 1989), Trademarks, Trade names, and Unfair CompetitionPeru (1996), International Treaties in Intellectual Property Matters (1995). Education: Catholic University of Peru (L.LB, 1981). CHAPTER 36. THE PHILIPPINES CESAR C. CRUZ AND LESLIE ANNE T. CRUZ Cesar C. Cruz & Partners 3001 Ayala Life-FGU Center, 6811 Ayala Avenue, Makati City 1227 Metro Manila, The Philippines Telephone: (632) 817 8921 Telefax: (632) 817 8879 Email: ccruzlaw@vasia.com CHAPTER 37. PORTUGAL ANTONIO CORTE-REAL Simes, Garcia, Corte-Real & AssociadosConsultores, Lda. Av. Estados Unidos da Amrica, 131, 7C, 1700-173 Lisbon, Portugal Telephone: (35121) 780 1963 Telefax: (35121) 797 5813
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies Email: sgcr@sgcr.pt Practice areas: Intellectual property, competition law, and general practice (1991). Ocial Industrial Property Attorney. European Patent Attorney. Professional Representative to OHIM. Member: Portuguese Bar Association, Association Europeenne du Droit de la Publicite, ACPI, AIPPI, ECTA, and FICPI. Education: Law School of the University of Lisbon; Portuguese Catholic University (Post-graduate, European Studies). CHAPTER 38. ROMANIA MIHAELA DRAGAN Dragan & Associates Icoanei street no 84, 2nd Floor, apt 4, Second District, Bucharest, Romania Telephone: (40311) 023 931 Telefax: (40311) 023 931 Email: dragan.co@xnet.ro Mihaela Dragan is the managing partner of Dragan & Associates. She advises clients on natural resources law, real estate law, competition law, and intellectual property law, including litigation matters. She received her law degree in 1996 from the University of Bucharest. She is a member of the Bucharest Bar and the International Bar Association and serves as secretary of the Romanian Association of Energy Policy. CHAPTER 39. RUSSIAN FEDERATION VLADIMIR BIRIULIN Gorodissky & Partners B. Spasskaya Str., 25, stroenie 3, 129010 Moscow, Russia Telephone: (7495) 937 1165 Telefax: (7495) 998 5881 Email: BiriulinV@Gorodissky.ru Areas of practice: legislation, licensing, copyright, unfair competition, enforcement, litigation. Education: Moscow State Linguistic University, 1969: Moscow University of Law, 1981: Central Institute of Intellectual Property (Moscow). Member: INTA, AIPPI, AIPLA, ABA. CHAPTER 40. SLOVAK REPUBLIC GERTA SAMELOVA-FLASSIKOVA Alianciaadvoktov Vlckova 8/A 81105 Bratislava, Slovakia Telephone: (4212) 5245 3091 Telefax: (4212) 5245 3071 Email: assikova@aliancia.sk Gerta Smelov-Flassikov is a senior partner at the Alianciaadvoktov Law rm. She advices clients on business law, company law, mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcy and insolvency law, real estate law, and debt collection. She is a member of the Slovak Bar Association, the International Bar Association, and the European Association of Lawyers. She received her law
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Authors degree in 1986 from Comenius University School of Law in Bratislava. She also received a Doctor of Law from Comenius University. JAN VOLOCH Alianciaadvoktov Vlckova 8/A 81105 Bratislava, Slovakia Telephone: (4212) 5245 3091 Telefax: (4212) 5245 3071 Email: voloch@aliancia.sk Jn Voloch is a junior partner at the Alianciaadvoktov Law rm. clients on civil law, commercial law, labor law, bankruptcy and law, and tax law, including litigation matters. He is a member of Bar Association. He received his law degree in 2002 from University School of Law in Bratislava. JAN BRONIS Alianciaadvoktov Vlckova 8/A 81105 Bratislava, Slovakia Telephone: (4212) 5245 3091 Telefax: (4212) 5245 3071 Jn Bronis is an associate at the Alianciaadvoktov Law rm. He advises clients on commercial law, company law, insurance law, real estate law, labor law, and business establishment. He received his law degree in 2005 from Comenius University School of Law in Bratislava. JUDITA PERENYIOVA Alianciaadvoktov Vlckova 8/A, 81105 Bratislava, Slovakia Telephone: (4212) 5245 3091 Telefax: (4212) 5245 3071 Judita Pernyiov is an associate at the Alianciaadvoktov Law rm. She advises clients on civil law, commercial law, corporate law, business establishment, and real estate law, including litigation matters. She received her law degree in 2005 from Comenius University School of Law in Bratislava. IVICA TOMAN Alianciaadvoktov Vlckova 8/A, 81105 Bratislava, Slovakia Telephone: (4212) 5245 3091 Telefax: (4212) 5245 3071 Ivica Toman is an associate at the Alianciaadvoktov Law rm. He advises clients on civil law, commercial law, administrative law, business establishment, bankruptcy law, and international transportation, including litigation matters. He received his law degree in 2002 from Comenius University School of Law in Bratislava. CHAPTER 41. SOUTH AFRICA ALAN J. S. DUNLOP
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He advices insolvency the Slovak Comenius
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies Hahn & Hahn Inc. 222 Richard Street, Hateld, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa Telephone: (2712) 342 1774 Telefax: (2712) 342 3027 Email: alan@hahn.co.za Practice areas: All aspects of intellectual property, from drafting patent specications to design and copyright issues. Registered professional engineer, registered patent agent in South Africa, Canada, and Malawi, and President of the South African Institute of Intellectual Property Law. Education: Mechanical engineering and law degrees. National Council Member: Design South Africa. CHAPTER 42. SPAIN ENRIC ENRICH Enrich Advocats Josep Tarradellas, 155, 2 2a, 08029 Barcelona, Spain Telephone: (3493) 419 3798 Telefax: (3493) 419 4844 Email: eenrich@copyrait.com Practice areas: Private international law and intellectual property (copyright). Professor of commercial law at Universitat Internacional de Catalunya. Chairman, Copyright and Entertainment Law Subcommittee of the International Bar Association (IBA). Arbitrator: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). Member: International Association of Entertainment Lawyers (IAEL), Association Litteraire et Artistique Internationale (ALAI), and Barcelona Bar Association Copyright Committee. CHAPTER 43. SRI LANKA JOHN WILSON JR. John Wilson Partners 365 Dam Street, 12 Colombo, Sri Lanka Telephone: (9411) 232 4579 Telefax: (9411) 244 6954 Email: john@srilankalaw.com CHAPTER 44. SWITZERLAND DIETER GRAENICHER Wenger Plattner Aeschenvorstadt 55, 4010 Basel, Switzerland Telephone: (4161) 279 7000 Telefax: (4161) 279 7001 Email: dieter.graenicher@wenger-plattner.ch Practice areas: Civil, commercial and corporate law, bankruptcy law, trade mark and copyright law, competition law, European Union law, merger and acquisition, estate planning and administration, public notary services, and litigation. Notary Public, 1985. Education: Universities of Basel, Zurich, and Neuchatel. PETER MOSIMANN
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Authors Wenger Plattner Aeschenvorstadt 55, 4010 Basel, Switzerland Telephone: (4161) 279 7000 Telefax: (4161) 279 7001 Email: Peter.Mosimann@wenger-plattner.ch Practice areas: Corporate and contract law, merger and acquisition, labor law, copyright, and media law. Education: Universities of Basel and Geneva. CHAPTER 45. TAIWAN CANDY K. Y. CHEN Tsai, Lee & Chen 11th Floor, 148 Songjiang Rd., 104 Taipei, Taiwan Telephone: (8862) 2564 2565 Telefax: (8862) 2562 7650 Email: info@tsailee.com.tw Candy K. Y. Chen is a partner with Tsai Lee & Chen, a registered Taiwan patent attorney and registered United States patent agent. She specializes in mechanics, consumer electronics, computer hardware and software, business method patents, and legal opinions on intellectual property infringement. She is a director of Asian Patent Attorneys Association, Taiwan Group. She is the author of teaching materials published by the Taiwan Intellectual Property Oce. CRYSTAL J. CHEN Tsai, Lee & Chen 11th Floor, 148 Songjiang Rd., 104 Taipei, Taiwan Telephone: (8862) 2564 2565 Telefax: (8862) 2562 7650 Email: info@tsailee.com.tw Crystal J. Chen is a partner with Tsai Lee & Chen. She is admitted to practice in New York. She has served as the rms Head of the Trade Mark Division. She specializes in brand management and intellectual property licensing. PEI-LING TONG Tsai, Lee & Chen 11th Floor, 148 Songjiang Rd., 104 Taipei, Taiwan Telephone: (8862) 2564 2565 Telefax: (8862) 2562 7650 Email: info@tsailee.com.tw Pei-Ling Tong is a partner with Tsai, Lee & Chen. She is admitted to practice in New York and holds an LL.B degree from Taiwan and an LL.M and Juris Doctor degrees from the United States. She specializes in intellectual property litigation and licensing. She is a certied instructor for intellectual property courses sponsored by the Taiwan Intellectual Property Oce. CHAPTER 46. THAILAND DEJ-UDOM & ASSOCIATES Charn Issara Tower, 9th Floor, 942/142-3 Rama IV Road,
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 10500 Bangkok, Thailand Telephone: (662) 233 0055 Telefax: (662) 236 6681 Email: dej-udom@dejudom.com Practice areas: General corporate and reorganizations. Admitted: 1989, New York; 1990, United States District Court, Southern and Eastern Districts of New York. Luce Scholar, Thailand, 1984; Fulbright Scholar, Thailand, 1992. Member: Board of Editors, Bot Bandit (Thai Law Journal). Member: United States Council on Foreign Relations. Education: Amherst College (B.A., summa cum laude, 1984); Harvard Law School (J.D., 1988). CHAPTER 47. TURKEY UNAL TEKINALP Tekinalp Lawyers Bykdere Caddesi, No: 47 Ben-Tek Is Merkezi No: 606, 806 80310 Mecidiyeky, Istanbul, Turkey Telephone: (90 212) 274 6304 Telefax: (90 212) 274 6303 Email: tekinalp@sim.net.tr Practice Areas: Company, banking, and commercial law, intellectual property, takeovers, mergers, and acquisitions, capital markets, foreign investment, employment, securities, agency agreements, and European Union law. Professor of Commercial and Banking Law at University of Istanbul, Director of Centre for Research and Practice in European Law. Admission: Istanbul Bar (1963). Publications: Das Trkische Aktien-und GmbH-Recht (Zweite Auage, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft); Supplement Turkey on Corporations and Partnership-International Encyclopaedia of Laws (Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers), Supplement Turkey on Commercial and Economic LawInternational Encyclopaedia of Laws (Kluwer Law International). Education: University of Istanbul (LL.B (Hons), 1958), JD (1962), Freie Universitt Berlin, Assistant to Prof. Dr. Hirsch (1962-1964). Member: Committee on Draft Capital Market Law (1964-1965). ARZUM GUNALCIN Tekinalp Lawyers Bykdere Caddesi, No: 47 Ben-Tek Is Merkezi, No 606, 806 80310 Mecidiyeky, Istanbul, Turkey Telephone: (90 212) 274 6304 Telefax: (90 212) 274 6303 Email: tekinalp@sim.net.tr Practice Areas: Corporate, company, and commercial Law, intellectual property, competition law, and general practice. Admission: Istanbul Bar (1994). Education: University of Istanbul (LL.B, 1993). CHAPTER 48. UKRAINE SVITLANA GUSAK B.C. Toms & Co. 18/1 Prorizna Street, Apt. 1, 01034 Kiev, Ukraine Telephone: (38044) 490 6000
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Authors Telefax: (38044) 278 6508 Email: sg@bctoms.net MAKSYM KOLODIY B.C. Toms & Co. 18/1 Prorizna Street, Apt. 1, 01034 Kiev, Ukraine Tel: (380 44) 2781000 Telefax: (38044) 278 6508 Email: mk@bctoms.net CHAPTER 49. UNITED KINGDOM JOHN MAYCOCK Withers LLP 16 Old Bailey, London EC4M 7EG, England Telephone: (44207) 597 6000 Telefax: (44207) 597 6543 Email: john.maycock@withersworldwide.com Practice areas: Contentious and non-contentious intellectual property law, protection and enforcement of rights in patent, trade mark, design and copyright, and other rights of an intellectual property nature, licensing and transactions involving intellectual property rights, matters of privacy, and condentiality, United Kingdom and European competition law. Education: MA and LLM from Cambridge University. TIM BAMFORD Withers LLP 16 Old Bailey, London EC4M 7EG, England Telephone: (44207) 597 6000 Telefax: (44207) 597 6543 Email: tim.bamford@withersworldwide.com Practice areas: Contentious intellectual property work, ranging from technical patent disputes to trade mark and copyright matters arising in a variety of sectors, including media and information technology. Education: BA in biochemistry from London University and MA in law from Nottingham Law School. NICOLE HIRST Withers LLP 16 Old Bailey, London EC4M 7EG, England Telephone: (44207) 597 6000 Telefax: (44207) 597 6543 Email: nicole.hirst@withersworldwide.com Practice areas: Contract law, civil fraud, and contentious intellectual property. Education: Law degree from Reading University and a Postgraduate Diploma in Commercial Intellectual Property Law at Nottingham Trent University. ELIZABETH HARDING Withers LLP 16 Old Bailey, London EC4M 7EG, England
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies Telephone: (44207) 597 6000 Telefax: (44207) 597 6543 Email: elizabeth.harding@withersworldwide.com Practice areas: Intellectual property and technology, trade mark litigation and licensing. Education: Degree from University of the West of England (Bristol). ROMAIN DOURLEN Withers LLP 16 Old Bailey, London EC4M 7EG, England Telephone: (44207) 597 6000 Telefax: (44207) 597 6543 Email: romain.dourlen@withersworldwide.com Practice areas: Non-contentious intellectual property law, branding, advertising, licensing, and commercial contracts. Education: Studies in France and England. CAROLINE HUGHES Withers LLP 16 Old Bailey, London EC4M 7EG, England Telephone: (44207) 597 6000 Telefax: (44207) 597 6543 Email: caroline.hughes@withersworldwide.com Practice areas: Contentious and non-contentious intellectual property, including anti-counterfeiting strategy and brand protection, licensing, collaboration and distribution agreements, commercial contracts, and technology and outsourcing transactions, including software licensing and information technology procurement. Education: Degree from University of Manchester. CHAPTER 50. UNITED STATES ELLEN A. RUBEL AND TREVOR SCHMIDT Moore & Van Allen P.O. Box 13706, Research Triangle Park North Carolina 27709, United States Telephone: (1919) 286 8000 Telefax: (1919) 286 8199 Email: ellenrubel@mvalaw.com trevorschmidt@mvalaw.com CHAPTER 51. VIETNAM HUU NAM TRAN Tran H. N. & Associates 1 Nguyen Gia Thieu, P.O. Box 456, Hanoi, Vietnam Telephone: (844) 942 0020 Telefax: (844) 942 0040 Email: namth@thna.com Practice: Intellectual property law. Admission: Vietnam Bar; Registered patent attorney. Member: AIPPI; APAA; FICPI; and a reporter on intellectual property matters in Indochina for INTA. Education: Faculte Polytechnique
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Authors de Mons, Belgium (Civil Mechanical Engineer, 1985); International Industrial Property Institute of Strasbourg, France (Diploma in Patent, Trademark, and Design Law); Hanoi University, Vietnam (LL.B). PETER IRWIN Tran H. N. & Associates 1 Nguyen Gia Thieu, P.O. Box 456, Hanoi, Vietnam Telephone: (844) 942 0020 Telefax: (844) 942 0040 Email: Irwin peter@thna.com Peter Irwin is a consultant with Tran H. Nam & Associates. He teaches in Hanoi at RMIT International University. He obtained LL.B. and LL.M. degrees from Melbourne University and is admitted to practice as a Barrister and Solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria, Australia, and the National Court of Justice in Papua New Guinea. CHAPTER 52. THE EUROPEAN UNION IVO RUNGG Binder Grsswang Kaiserjgerstrae 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Telephone: (43512) 579 973 Telefax: (43512) 579 9738 Email: rungg@bgnet.at Practice areas: Company law and intellectual property law, more specically, trade mark and design, unfair competition and advertising law, copyright, and information technology law. Education: University of Innsbruck and University of Vienna. Member: Austrian Bar and the International Trade Mark Association. HELLMUT BUCHROITHNER Binder Grsswang Kaiserjgerstrae 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Telephone: (43512) 579 973 Telefax: (43512) 579 9738 Email: buchroithner@bgnet.at Practice Areas: Intellectual property law, contract law and mergers and acquisitions, trade mark and copyright law, and litigation. Education: University of Innsbruck (Dr. iur. and Mag. iur.) and Tulane University Law School, New Orleans (LL.M.). Member: Austrian Bar and the International Trade Mark Association. CHAPTER 53. THE REVISED BERNE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS DOMINIK EICKEMEIER Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek Magnusstrasse 13, 50672 Cologne, Germany Telephone: (49221) 20520 Telefax: (49221) 20521 Email: d.eickemeier@heuking.de
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies Dominik Eickemeier is a partner working in the Cologne oce of Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek. He advises clients on trade mark law, unfair competition law, copyrights, and patent law. He has written several articles and a handbook on intellectual property law and is a speaker at conferences on these topics. He is a Certied Specialist Lawyer in intellectual property rights and a panelist at the Czech Arbitration Court in .eu-domain name disputes. He received his law degree in 1994 from the University of Cologne and passed the bar examination in 1997. He is a member of the German Bar. CHAPTER 54. THE BRUSSELS SATELLITE CONVENTION ASTRID LUEDTKE Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek Georg-Glock-Strae 4 40474 Dsseldorf, Germany Telephone: (49211) 600 5500 Telefax: (49211) 600 55050 Email: a.luedtke@heuking.de Astrid Luedtke is a salaried partner working in the Dsseldorf oce of Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek. She advises clients on media and intellectual property law, including broadcasting, trade mark, and advertising law. She has written several articles and regularly contributes to magazines on questions regarding these topics. She received her law degree in 1997 from the University of Marburg. She is a member of the Dsseldorf Bar and the German Association for the Protection of Intellectual Property, the International Bar Association, and the International Trade Mark Association. CHAPTER 55. EUROPEAN TRADE MARK LAW ALMUT DIEDERICHSEN Bette-Westenberger-Brink Groe Bleiche 60-62, 55116 Mainz, Germany Telephone: (496131) 287 700 Telefax: (496131) 287 7099 Email: die@mainz.bwb-law.de Practice areas: Company law. Education: University of Passau. CHAPTER 56. JURISDICTION AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION GUY MARTIN Carter-Ruck International Press Center, 76 Shoe Lane London EC4A 3JB, England Telephone: (44207) 353 5005 Telefax: (44207) 353 5553 Email: guy.martin@carter-ruck.com Practice areas: Publishing, entertainment and licensing agreements; trademark litigation and passing o; breach of condence actions; copyright and database right infringement; and ownership, licensing and related protection and exploitation issues. Education: Cambridge University (M.A. in Natural Sciences, LL. B.). Admitted as solicitor: 1985. Member: British Literary and Artistic Copyright Association.
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Authors CHAPTER 57. THE LISBON AGREEMENT FOR THE PROTECTION OF APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION SUSANNA KIMMESKAMP Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek Grneburgweg 102, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Telephone: (4969) 975 610 Telefax: (4969) 975 61200 Email: s.kimmeskamp@heuking.de Practice areas: Intellectual property law, particularly competition law, and telecommunications law. Education: University of Trier, University of Bochum, and the European Law School in Maastricht. Member: German bar in Frankfurt/Main and the German Association for Industrial Property Rights and Copyright. FLORIAN GEYER Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek Grneburgweg 102, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Telephone: (4969) 975 610 Telefax: (4969) 975 61200 Email: f.geyer@heuking.de Practice areas: Intellectual property law, particularly trade mark and design rights and competition law. Education: University of Augsburg and Boston University. Member: German Bar in Frankfurt/Main and the German Association for Industrial Property Rights and Copyright. CHAPTER 58. THE LOCARNO AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING AN INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGN THORSTEN A. WIELAND Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek Grneburgweg 102, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Telephone: (4969) 975 610 Telefax: (4969) 975 61200 Email: t.wieland@heuking.de Thorsten A. Wieland is a partner in the Frankfurt oce of Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek. His practice is focussed on indutrial and intellectual property rights, particularly design rights and trade marks, as well as on competition law (contract advice and litigation). He studied at the University of Passau (Germany) and Strathclyde (Scotland). He is a member of the German Association for Industrial Property Rights and Copyright and the International Trade Mark Association. He is admitted at the German Bar in Frankfurt and practices at German Courts. HOLGER ALT Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek Grneburgweg 102, 60323 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Telephone: (4969) 975 610 Telefax: (4969) 975 61200
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies Email: h.alt@heuking.de Holger Alt is working in the Frankfurt oce of Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek. He studied at the University of Hannover (Gemany) and the University of Copenhagen (Denmark) where he obtained his law degree and a Master of European Law (M.L.E.). He has written an inter-disciplinary doctorate thesis on discounts and give-aways. He has specialized in intellectual property law, particularly trade mark and design rights, and competition law. In these areas, he focuses on litigation and anti-counterfeiting activities. He is admitted to the German Bar in Frankfurt and is a member of the German Association for Industrial Property Rights and Copyright. CHAPTER 59. THE MADRID AGREEMENT AND PROTOCOL ADRIAN SMITH Simmons & Simmons City Point, One Ropemaker Street, London EC2Y 9SS, England Telephone: (44207) 628 2020 Telefax: (44207) 628 2070 Email: adrian.smith@simmons-simmons.com Practice areas: Intellectual property and related commercial matters with particular emphasis on registered trade marks, passing-o, copyright, and design right, including enforcement and other contentious work in relation to brands. CHAPTER 60. THE PARIS CONVENTION FOR PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY SETH M. REISS Lex-IP.com 3770 Lurline Drive, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States 96816 Telephone: (1808) 521 7080 Telefax: (1808) 675 5805 Email: seth.reiss@lex-ip.com Seth Reiss received a BA in Biology and Chemistry from New College of Florida, a MS degree in Biochemistry from the University of Hawaii, a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Hawaii School of Law, and a LLM degree in international and comparative law from the University of Cambridge, England. His practice emphasizes patent, trade mark, copyright, technology, and Internet law. He also provides services in business law, commercial litigation and dispute resolution. He is a member of the state bars of Hawaii and California, is admitted before the United States Supreme Court and the Federal and Ninth Circuit Courts of Appeal, and is a registered patent attorney with the United States Patent and Trade Mark Oce. He serves as an arbitration panelist for World Intellectual Property Organization, is a delegate to ICANN, and is a fellow of the American Bar Foundation. CHAPTER 61. THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY DANIEL E. ALTMAN Knobbe, Martens, Olson & Bear, LLP 2040 Main Street, 14th Floor
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Authors Irvine, California, United States 92614-3641 Telephone: (1949) 760 0404 Telefax: (1949) 760 9502 Email: daltman@kmob.com Daniel E. Altman obtained a B.S. in Biochemistry with Distinction. Mr. Altman continued his scientic training by receiving an M.A. in Biology with an emphasis in Molecular Biology at U.C.L.A. He specializes in the practice of patent law and related licensing issues for the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. He serves as an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law. STEPHEN R. JENKINS Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP 10001 Six Pines Drive The Woodlands, Texas, United States 77380 Telephone: (1832) 813 4561 Telefax: (1832) 813 1804 Email: jenkisr@cpchem.com Stephen Jenkins is Intellectual Property Counsel at Chevron Phillips Chemical Company LP in The Woodlands, Texas. He has experience in a wide array of intellectual property matters, including experience in United States and international patent prosecution. He has extensive experience in intellectual property-related agreements. Prior to joining Chevron Phillips, he was an intellectual property attorney at Knobbe Martens Olson & Bear LLP in Irvine, California. He is a member of the State Bar of California and a registered patent attorney at the United States Patent and Trade Mark Oce. CHAPTER 62. THE PATENT LAW TREATY ANTON HORN Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek Georg-Glock-Strasse 4, 40474 Dsseldorf, Germany Telephone: (49211) 600 5500 Telefax: (49211) 600 55050 Email: a.horn@heuking.de Anton Horn is a partner working at the Dsseldorf oce of Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek. He advises large and medium-sized enterprises on German, European, and international patent law. His patent litigation experience includes numerous major infringement court cases in the important German patent litigation courts (Dsseldorf, Mannheim, Frankfurt, and Hamburg), as well as patent opposition and annulment proceedings at the European Patent Oce, the German Patent and Trade Mark Oce and the German Federal Patent Court. He worked for a commercial law rm in Mexico City and as a researcher at the Institute for International Law at the University of Munich. He was admitted to the German Bar in 1999. He is a Certied Specialist Lawyer in intellectual property rights. SABINE DETHOF Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek Georg-Glock-Strasse 4, 40474 Dsseldorf, Germany
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies Telephone: (49211) 600 5500 Telefax: (49211) 600 55050 Email: s.defhof@heuking.de Sabine Dethof is an associate in the Heuking Khn Ler Wojtek oce in Dsseldorf. She renders advice to clients in the areas of patent right enforcement and competition law matters associated with licensing agreements. She also represents clients in patent infringement litigation. She studied in Gttingen and Salamanca and received her law degree in 2001. She was admitted to the German Bar in 2007. CHAPTER 63. THE SINGAPORE TREATY ON LAW OF TRADE MARKS SHAMIN RAGHUNANDAN Spoor & Fisher PO Box 454, 0001 Pretoria, South Africa Telephone: (2712) 676 1111 Telefax: (2712) 676 1100 Email: s.raghunandan@spoor.com Shamin Raghunandan is an attorney and notary employed as a Professional Assistant at Spoor & Fisher in the Centurion Oce, South Africa. Shamin is the head of the Small Business Unit, a sub-department of Spoor & Fishers Trade Mark Searching, Filing and Prosecution Department, which is tailored to provide service to individuals and small business enterprises. She assists clients with local and international trade mark registrations. She has written several articles in local and foreign publications on a variety of trade mark topics and has provided opinions and research relating to South Africa for the International Trade Mark Association. She received her law degree from the University of Natal (Durban) in 2001. She is a member of the South African Institute of Intellectual Property Law. CHAPTER 64. THE TRIPS AGREEMENT WILLIAM H. JONES Wragge & Co. 55 Colmore Row, Birmingham B3 2AS, England Telephone: (44121) 233 1000 Telefax: (44121) 214 1099 Email: bill jones@wragge.com CHAPTER 65. THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION ALASDAIR POORE Mills & Reeve Francis House, 112 Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 1PH, England Telephone: (441223) 364 422 Telefax: (441223) 355 848 Email: apoore@mills-reeve.com Practice areas: Intellectual property. Admitted as barrister. Education: Cambridge University (B.S., LL.B.) CHAPTER 66. LAWS OF ARGENTINA WITH COMMENTARY
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Authors DMASO A. PARDO Alonso, Pardo & Asociados Angel J. Carranza 1852 Capital Federal C1414COV Buenos Aires, Argentina Telephone: (5411) 4773 0259 Telefax: (5411) 4773 1149 Email: alonpar@infovia.com.ar CHAPTER 67. LAWS OF AUSTRALIA WITH COMMENTARY ROBERT CUTLER Clayton Utz Level 8, Canberra House 40 Marcus Clarke Street Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Telephone: (612) 6279 4000 Telefax: (612) 6279 4099 Email: rcutler@claytonutz.com CHAPTER 68. LAWS OF AUSTRIA WITH COMMENTARY FRIEDRICH SCHWANK Law Oces Dr. F. Schwank Stock Exchange Building Wipplingerstrasse 34 1010 Vienna, Austria Telephone: (431) 533 5704 Telefax: (431) 533 5706 Email: oces@schwank.com CHAPTER 69. LAWS OF BELGIUM WITH COMMENTARY CHRISTINE DE KEERSMAEKER Olswang Avenue Louise 326 b 26 1050 Brussels, Belgium Telephone: (322) 647 4772 Telefax: (322) 644 2165 Email: c.dekeersmaeker@olswang.com CHAPTER 70. LAWS OF BRAZIL WITH COMMENTARY HENRY K. SHERRILL Daniel Advogados Av. Repblica do Chile 230/6 20031-170 Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil Telephone: (5521) 2524 4212 Telefax: (5521) 2524 3344 Email: henry.sherrill@daniel-advogados.com.br CHAPTER 71. LAWS OF CANADA WITH COMMENTARY MICHAEL ERDLE, GERVAS WALL, GORDON JEPSON, SHEREEN
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies HAMDY, AILBE FLYNN, JENNIFER JANNUSKA, AND PETER WANG Deeth Williams Wall National Bank Building 150 York Street, Suite 400 Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5H 3S5 Telephone: (1416) 941 9440 Telefax: (1416) 941 9443 Email: info@dww.com CHAPTER 72. LAWS OF COLOMBIA WITH COMMENTARY BEATRIZ GMEZ Cavelier Abogados Edicio Siski, Carrera 4 No. 72-35 8 Bogot, Colombia Telephone: (571) 347 3611 Telefax: (571) 211 8650 Email: beatrizgomez@cavelier.com CHAPTER 73. LAWS OF CYPRUS WITH COMMENTARY RAMONA LIVERA Andreas Neocleous & Co. LLC P.O. Box 50613 3608 Limassol, Cyprus Telephone: (35725) 110 000 Telefax: (35725) 110 001 CHAPTER 74. LAWS OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC WITH COMMENTARY KAREL CERMK JR., JOSEF PLICKA, AND RADKA PELIKNOV Myslil a spol. Cermk Horejs Nrodn 32 110 00 Prague 1, Czech Republic Telephone: (4202) 9616 7111 Telefax: (4202) 2494 6724 Email: kcermak@apk.cz CHAPTER 75. LAWS OF DENMARK WITH COMMENTARY MADS MARSTRAND-JRGENSEN Norsker & Co. Landemrket 10 1119 K Copenhagen, Denmark Telephone: (45) 3343 3100 Telefax: (45) 3313 3838 Email: mmj@norskerco.dk CHAPTER 76. LAWS OF ESTONIA WITH COMMENTARY PIRET LAPPERT, MARIANNE MEIORG AND KERTTU SARAPUU Hedman Partners
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Authors World Trade Center Narva mnt. 11D 10151 Tallinn, Estonia Telephone: (372) 611 6950 Telefax: (372) 611 6951 Email: piret.lappert@hedman.ee marianne.meiorg@hedman.ee kerttu.sarapuu@hedman.ee CHAPTER 77. LAWS OF FINLAND WITH COMMENTARY PETRI ESKOLA Backstrm & Co Ltd. Et. Makasiinikatu 4 00130 Helsinki, Finland Telephone: (3589) 668 9940 Telefax: (3589) 6689 9410 Email: petri.eskola@backstromco. CHAPTER 78. LAWS OF HUNGARY WITH COMMENTARY GABRIELLA SASVRI S.B.G. & K. Patent and Law Oces Andrssy t 113 1062 Budapest, Hungary Telephone: (361) 461 1000 Telefax: (361) 461 1099 Email: sasvari@sbgk.hu CHAPTER 79. LAWS OF ISRAEL WITH COMMENTARY L. MARC ZELL Zell & Co. 21 Herzog Street Jerusalem 93827, Israel Telephone: (9722) 633 6300 Telefax: (9722) 672 1767 Email: mzell@fandz.com GAD SHOSHANY AND NACHUM LAMM Gad Shoshany & Co. 39 Monteore St. Tel Aviv-Yafo 65201, Israel Telephone: (972 72) 220 4030 Telefax: (972 72) 220 4039 Email: oce@gad-shoshany.com CHAPTER 80. LAWS OF ITALY WITH COMMENTARY GIORGIO MONDINI, ANNA CARABELLI, GIACOMO BONELLI, SILVIA MONDINI, AND GIAOCOMO PARMIGIANI Studio Legale Mondini-Rusconi Via Visconti di Modrone, 2 20122 Milan, Italy
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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies Telephone: (3902) 777 351 Telefax: (3902) 777 35333 Email: studiolegale@mondinirusconi.it CHAPTER 81. LAWS OF JAPAN WITH COMMENTARY REIKO NAGATA AND TAKASHI B. YAMAMOTO InfoTech Law Oces Urban Toranomon Bldg., 6th Floor, 16-4 Toranomon 1-chome, Minato-ku Tokyo 105-0001, Japan Telephone: (813) 3593 0313 Telefax: (813) 3593 0343 Email: ty@itlaw.jp CHAPTER 82. LAWS OF MALAYSIA WITH COMMENTARY KAREN ABRAHAM Shearn Delamore & Co. 7th Floor, Wisma Hamzah-Kwong Hing No 1 Leboh Ampang, 50100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Telephone: (603) 2300 644 Telefax: (603) 2385 625 Email: karen@shearndelamore.com CHAPTER 83. LAWS OF MEXICO WITH COMMENTARY AGUSTN VELZQUEZ, ALBERTO HUERTA-BLECK, ALVARO HUERTA, MARCELO BLANCO, VIVIANA RUIZ, SUSANA BERMUDEZ, MARIEL VLEZ, MARIMAR BORDES, TOMS ARANKOWSKY AND EDUARDO OSTOS Avah Legal, S.C. Av. Constituyentes 908, Colonia Lomas Altas 11950 Mexico, D.F., Mexico Telephone: (5255) 5570 7547 Telefax: (5255) 5259 0738 Email: agustin@avah.com.mx, alberto@avah.com.mx alvaro@avah.com.mx, marcelo@avah.com.mx viviana@avah.com.mx, susana@avah.com.mx mariel@avah.com.mx, marimar@avah.com.mx tomas@avah.com.mx, ostos@avah.com.mx CHAPTER 84. LAWS OF NEW ZEALAND WITH COMMENTARY QUINN MILLER Pipers PO Box 5298 1010 Auckland, New Zealand Telephone: (649) 919 9450 Telefax: (649) 919 9454 Email: qmiller@piperpat.com CHAPTER 85. LAWS OF NORWAY WITH COMMENTARY KATE I. LHREN, HARALD FURU, AND JETTE ROBSAHM
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Authors Onsagers AS Universitetsgt. 7, Pb. 6963 St. Olavs Plass 0130 Oslo, Norway Telephone: (47) 2332 7700 Telefax: (47) 2332 7701 Email: kate.l.lohren@onsagers.no harald.furu@onsagers.no jette.robsahm@onsagers.no CHAPTER 86. LAWS OF PERU WITH COMMENTARY GONZALO FERRERO DIEZ CANSECO Ferrero, Lema, Solari & Asociados Calle Los Angeles N 340, Miraores Lima 18, Peru Telephone: (511) 617 9000 Telefax: (511) 617 9010 Email: gferrero@efdc.com.pe CHAPTER 87. LAWS OF THE PHILIPPINES WITH COMMENTARY MYLENE T. MARCIA-CREENCIA Fortun Narvasa & Salazar 23rd Floor, Multinational Bancorporation Centre 6805 Ayala Avenue, 1226 Makati City, The Philippines Telephone: (632) 812 8670 Telefax: (632) 812 7199 Email: mtmcreencia@fnslaw.com.ph CHAPTER 88. LAWS OF POLAND WITH COMMENTARY ANDRZEJ ZACHARZEWSKI Nikiel & Zacharzewski pl. Axentowicza 6, 30-034 Krakow, Poland Telephone: (4812) 632 7102 Telefax: (4812) 632 7106 Email: nz@kki.pl CHAPTER 89. LAWS OF PORTUGAL WITH COMMENTARY DANIEL REIS AND ANA PATRCIA CARVALHO A. M. Pereira, Sragga Leal, Oliveira Martins, Jdice & Associados Av. da Liberdade N 224, 1250-148 Lisbon, Portugal Telephone: (35121) 319 7300 Telefax: (35121) 319 7400 Email: dar@plmj.pt CHAPTER 90. LAWS OF SINGAPORE WITH COMMENTARY IAN F. Y. NG Cooma, Lau & Loh 65 Chulia Street #43-08 OCBC Centre, West Lobby
K 2013 Thomson Reuters, 9/2013 xxxiii
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies Singapore 049513 Telephone: (65) 535 1822 Telefax: (65) 5357 126 Email: ian.ng@coomalauloh.com.sg CHAPTER 91. LAWS OF SOUTH AFRICA WITH COMMENTARY MARK KEMP, JONATHAN WHITTAKER, MEGAN REIMERS, AND LOUISE MYBURGH Spoor and Fisher P.O. Box 454 Pretoria 0001, South Africa Telephone: (2712) 676 1111 Telefax: (2712) 676 1100 Email: info@spoor.com CHAPTER 92. LAWS OF SPAIN WITH COMMENTARY ENRIC ENRICH, MANUEL ALONSO, AND RAQUEL XALABARDER Enrich, Amat i Vidal-Quadras Advocats Josep Tarradellas, 155, 2. 08029 Barcelona, Spain Telephone: (3493) 419 3798 Telefax: (3493) 419 4844 Email: lawspain@lnet.es CHAPTER 93. LAWS OF TAIWAN WITH COMMENTARY CRYSTAL J. CHEN, CANDY K.Y. CHEN, AND PEILING TONG Tsai, Lee & Chen 11th Floor, 148 Songjiang Road 104 Taipei, Taiwan Telephone: (8862) 2564 2565 Telefax: (8862) 2562 7650 Email: info@tsailee.com.tw CHAPTER 94. LAWS OF TURKEY WITH COMMENTARY S. MURAT ELIKTEN Murat & Murat Blten Sokak No: 9/17, Kavaklydere Ankara, Turkey Telephone: (90312) 426 0038 Telefax: (90312) 426 0036 Email: smc@ada.net.tr CHAPTER 95. LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH COMMENTARY NOEL L. ALLEN Allen and Pinnix, P.A. PO Drawer 1270 Raleigh, North Carolina 27602 United States
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Authors Telephone: (1919) 755 0505 Telefax: (1919) 829 8098 Email: nallen@allen-pinnix.com
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Introduction
Michael A. Gollin Spencer & Frank Washington, DC United States A. THE LICENSING TASK Those who work with intellectual propertylawyers and clients, creative people and business peoplend it challenging enough to work within the laws of a single jurisdiction. There are many dierent types of intellectual property, the legal standards are constantly in ux, the procedures are exacting, the subject matter is intangible, and the factual issues are enormously complicated. These challenges seem simple, however, when compared to acting in the international arena. The globalisation of economies draws practitioners increasingly into issues beyond their shores, where foreign laws prevail. The task of protecting intellectual property internationally is complex because laws di er so much from country to country. Generalisations are suspect. The same facts can give rise to dierent results. Experience helps, but it also is unreliable because the laws in most countries are in transition. Thus, it is more important than ever to ask the right questions and to seek adequate tools to address them. An example drawn from recent experience illustrates the international scale of issues one must address on a routine basis. Company A makes and sells a product in Israel under an established trade mark and seeks to enter the market in the United States, Canada, and European and Asian countries. Company B owns a relevant patent in each of these countries. How does Company A proceed? First, Company A asks whether the product will infringe the claims of the patent under the laws of each jurisdiction. This may require obtaining opinions from lawyers in each country. Second, if the conduct of Company A will infringe the patent of Company B in any of the countries and Company A asks whether a favourable licence can be obtained, relevant licensing laws must be reviewed. Third, Company A evaluates the alternative of attacking the patent, and it commences opposition or court proceedings in countries where the law and facts are favourable. Fourth, Company A determines whether it can expand its trade mark for the product. This involves conducting searches in relevant markets, ling applications, and acquiring trade marks that interfere with exclusivity. In sum, Company A must analyse the laws of perhaps half a dozen countries with respect to patent infringement and validity, licensing, and trade mark law.
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As another example, consider two companies that have combined genetic engineering and computer technology in a pioneering invention. They need to consider where to le patents, what they can claim, and what is likely to be enforceable in coming years as laws change. They also need to consider their ownership and licensing strategy, as the consequences of joint ownership and the types of licences that are available may vary from country to country. These concerns are fundamental enough that they should be raised at the beginning of the alliance. Although it may be too early for specic opinions at that time, the parties should have at least a general understanding of the status of protection and trends around the world. B. IMPACT OF GLOBAL COMPETITION The principal force that has increased the importance of intellectual property protection is global competition.1 Those who compete for global markets need to work harder to obtain a competitive advantage in a broader range of activities or they will be put out of business. The rewards for success also are greater than ever. The following are examples of the range of human activities that are aected by global competition and that can be protected using intellectual property: 1. Developing or improving a new product, service, or computer program; 2. Selecting a name or logo for a product, service, or company; 3. Bringing on a key employee or contractor for design, research, or development work; 4. Providing business or technical information to suppliers, investors, or strategic partners; 5. Launching a major sales eort; 6. Preparing new advertising or marketing literature; 7. Maintaining or expanding a customer list; 8. Creating original arts, crafts, or designs; 9. Publishing a home page on the Internet; and 10. Acquiring and developing plant or animal material; and 11. Starting, buying, or selling a business or expanding operations to a new country. By managing commercial activities well, people can enhance the value of their intellectual property assets (eg, patents, trade marks, trade secrets, copyrights, and special forms of protection such as petty patents and plant breeders rights). If they manage the task poorly, on the other hand, they will undercut or eliminate intellectual property rights, and may even infringe the rights of others, leading to devastat1 Doane, TRIPS and International Intellectual Property Protection in an Age of Advancing Technology, 9 American U J Int'l L & Policy 465 (1994).
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ing nancial and personal impacts. Given the range of activities affected, almost everyone involved in international commerce (including prot-making and not-for-prot organisations) needs to understand the global dimensions of protecting intellectual property. The international signicance of intellectual property does not end with commerce. Politicians and the public have increasingly become involved as intellectual property issues assumed a central role on the stage of international aairs. In particular, the Agreement on TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS), negotiated in the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Taris and Trade (GATT), brought widespread and heavily negotiated changes to the level of protection for intellectual property around the world.2 Disputes between countries over intellectual property piracy now command the attention of national leaders. Consequently, a treatise on the subject is valuable for policymakers as well as practitioners. Such broad public interest subjects intellectual property laws and standards to a variety of forces for change. In addition, new technologies, such as the Internet and genetic engineering push the boundaries of the present legal framework. Technological advances require new interpretations of existing laws, or new laws. Thus, increasingly, our knowledge of intellectual property laws is tested not only across national borders, but across time. C. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE The third millennium brings with it a crossroads in terms of international protection of intellectual property. It is impossible to predict exactly what legal reform awaits practitioners, just as one cannot anticipate new technologies. None the less, some lessons may be drawn from a historical perspective. International protection of intellectual property has grown dramatically from its 19th century philosophical and legal underpinnings. The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO), which administers most treaties relating to intellectual property, had grown to 161 members by 1997.3 In 1883, 11 states established the Paris Convention. As of 1997, the number of Paris Convention members had grown to 140 countries.4 The Berne Convention on copyrights, dating to 1886, had 121 member states by 1997. In the quarter century since the Patent Co-operation Treaty was concluded
2 Otten and Wager May, Nature and Scope of the Agreement: Compliance with TRIPS: The Emerging World View, 29 Vanderbilt J Transnat'l L 391 (1996). 3 The World Intellectual Property Organisation maintains information about other relevant treaties at its Internet home page, http://www.wipo.org. See also http:// ra.irv.uit.no/trade law/documents/i p/wipo/art/wipo.htm. 4 World Intellectual Property Organisation, http://www.wipo.org/eng/general/ipip/ paris.htm.
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in 1970, 83 states have joined. The World Trade Organisation (WTO), which administers the farreaching TRIPS Agreement, has more than 130 members.5 Regional initiatives, such as the European Patent Convention, also have become important forces in determining intellectual property rights in member states. The growing relevance of international treaties is mirrored in individual intellectual property instruments. According to WIPO, in 1994, approximately 670,000 patents were granted and 4 million were in force worldwide. More than 1 million trade marks were registered or renewed, for a total of more than 8 million in force.6 In general, the types of protection available have been strengthened and expanded, as in the United States with micro-organism, plant, animal, and gene patenting, and increased protection for software and computer technology. Provisions that tend to weaken protection, such as compulsory licensing, have been reduced. The level of protection has been made more homogeneous around the world, as with the GATT-TRIPS agreement. There are many who hope for, and expect, greater harmonisation.7 However, public opinion supporting unique domestic variations, such as the United States rst to invent system, can be intense. Meanwhile, intellectual property policy has increasingly been linked to other concerns, for example, international trade (as in the GATT-TRIPS Agreement), and the environment (as in the Convention on Biological Diversity). This linkage has emphasised some underlying tensions: 1. There are wide disparities between countries in the type and scope of protection available, in particular for computer technology, and for plants, animals, and genetic material; 2. The relevant laws focus on innovations by individuals rather than traditional or collective knowledge; and 3. Few facts are known about the global social and environmental impacts of intellectual property, but many people have strong opinions on the subject. How are these tensions a ecting intellectual property law? Examples from biotechnology and the Internet can help illustrate some trends in the law. By understanding these trends, one can develop better strategies for protecting intellectual property into the
5 World Intellectual Property Organisation, http://www.wto.org/wto/ memtab2 wpf.html. 6 World Intellectual Property Organisation, http://www.wipo.org/wng/general/ipip/ intro.htm or WIPO International Protection of Industrial Property, Geneva 1996, available at http://www.unicc.org/wipo/. 7 Sabatelli and Rasser, Impediments to Global Patent Law Harmonisation, 22 N Ky L Rev 579 (1995); A Guide to Patent Law Harmonisation: Towards a More InventorFriendly Worldwide Patent System, American Intellectual Property Law Ass'n, 1995, available at http://www.aipla.org/harmoniz.html.
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future. Intellectual property protection can aect the direction of technology innovation. Prior to 1980, there was much less protection available for plants and the components of biotechnology. Then, in Diamond v Chakrabarty,8 the United States Supreme Court held that genetically modi ed bacteria were compositions of matter or manufactures suitable for utility patent protection. This decision led to the issuance of patents on plants and animals, and it is widely viewed as providing a foundation for the biotechnology industrys growth.9 In Chakrabarty, the Supreme Court dodged the argument that patenting recombinant organisms could unleash dangerous environmental and social consequences, observing that genetic research would continue with or without patents on modied bacteria. This point continues to be debated around the world. To what extent does patent protection impact the amount and type of research that is conducted? Is it immoral to turn living organisms or parts of people (genes or cell lines) into intellectual property commodities?10 The 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was initially conceived as a way to promote conservation of living organisms. As it entered into force, the Convention on Biological Diversity linked conservation of biological resources in a trio of goals, including development of the resources, and fair sharing of the bene ts of that development. The Convention on Biological Diversity for the rst time made biological resources subject to sovereign national rights, and required states to support the role of traditional knowledge in maintaining and using such resources. The combination of national rights and traditional knowledge can be seen as the basis for novel quasi-intellectual property rights, several models for which have been proposed.11 Politically, the Convention on Biological Diversity can be seen as a bargain whereby resource-rich developing nations agreed to give access to their biological resources, and technology-rich developed nations agreed to give access to resulting technologies.12 This trade-o initially scared many in the biotechnology industry. Subsequently most of the industrial nations joined the more than 150 member countries who saw the Convention on Biological Diversity as a reasonable way to ensure the continued existence of, and access to the living
Diamond v Chakrabarty, 447 US 303 (1980). Scalise and Nugent, International Intellectual Property Protections for Living Matter: Biotechnology, Multinational Conventions and the Exception for Agriculture, 27 Case W Res J Int'l L 83, at pp 96-98 (1995). 10 Kimbrell, The Human Body Shop (1995). 11 Roht-Arriaza, Of Seeds and Shamans: the Appropriation of the Scientic and Technical Knowledge of Indigenous and Local Communities, 17 Mich J Int'l L 919 (1996). 12 Gollin, An Intellectual Property Rights Framework for Biodiversity Prospecting, in Biodiversity Prospecting, Reid et al, eds, at p 190 (1993, World Resources Institute).
9 8
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organisms that are critical to continued progress. The ongoing process of implementing the CBD continues to underscore the dierent levels of intellectual property protection among nations, the diculty of recognising traditional knowledge, and the lack of comprehensive information we have about the true eects and eectiveness of intellectual property rights.13 Technology innovation can rapidly make intellectual property schemes obsolete, particularly in the computer industry. 14 The Internet has led to a ood of information without national boundaries, which is causing some to question whether the fundamental principles of individual authorship and national borders can survive.15 Libraries are becoming giant globally accessible databases, publications are going on-line, and education and entertainment can be custom-tailored for each computer user. This has led to a struggle over how to apply copyright law or new principles as a basis for controlling access and charging fees.16 Trade mark laws are being tested by the Internet, as well. The Internic registry of Internet domain names established a policy to deal with prior trade mark registrations in the context of the international scope of the Internet. The policy precludes the registration of a domain if there is a registered trade mark anywhere in the world, for any good or service, whether or not it is related to the domain name. This policy has already been challenged in the United States as inconsistent with existing laws relating to trade mark infringement and unfair competition. An international Memormandum of Understanding was established to involve the international community, including WIPO, in domain registration and dispute resolution.17 In sum, political forces and technological change both affect the scope of intellectual property protection available. Intellectual property is important, and it should not be surprising that the relevant laws are constantly in ux.
13 The Impact of Intellectual Property Rights Systems on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological Diversity and on Equitable Sharing of Benets from its Use, UNEP/CBD/COP3/22 (1996), available at http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/biodiv/ cop3/3 22 vnal.htm. 14 Reichman, Charting the Collapse of the Patent-Copyright Dichotomy: Premises for a Restructured International Intellectual Property System, 13 Cardozo Arts & Ent L J 475 (1993); Sherry, Science Based Standards for the Uniform Global Protection of Intellectual Property: The Case of Logic Functions Expressions, 26 Cal W Int'l L J 335 (1996). 15 Aoki, (Intellectual) Property and Sovereignty: Notes Toward a Cultural Geography of Authorship, in Symposium, Surveying Law and Borders, 48 Stanford L Rev 1293 (1996). 16 Hamilton, Impact of the Trips Agreement on Specic Disciplines: Copyrightable Literary and Artistic Works: The Trips Agreement: Imperialistic, Outdated, and Overprotective, 29 Vanderbilt J Transnat'l L 613 (1996). 17 Internet Domain System, Memorandum of Understanding, Generic Top Level Domains (February 1997), http://www.iahc.org/gTLD-MoU.html.
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Introduction
D. PROTECTING INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY This discussion leads to the ultimate issue: Why do countries protect intellectual property? What are the advantages and disadvantages of doing so? According to the WIPO view:
Protection of intellectual property is not an end in itself: it is a means to encourage creative activity, industrialisation, investment, and honest trade. All this is designed to contribute more safety and comfort, less poverty and more beauty, in the lives of men.18
Does intellectual property help achieve these goals? Anecdotal evidence suggests that intellectual property plays a critical role in the individual decisions people make that lead them to invent or create and then develop or invest in such work. Formal studies of the purposes and eects of intellectual property systems show at least an association between strong intellectual property laws and a high rate of innovation.19 However, the existence of a direct causal relationship between strong intellectual property protection and technology progress has not been conclusively demonstrated as a general matter. The situation varies by industry and country.20 For example, the availability of patent protection is an important factor for investment in chemical and pharmaceutical research and development.21 On the other hand, other industries are not patent-dependent, and some countries such as Taiwan and South Korea achieved high levels of technology before strengthening their intellectual property laws; thus, one cannot say that intellectual property brought about that progress. Theorists also have struggled to understand the advantages and disadvantages of intellectual property on purely philosophical grounds.22 In the absence of good data, many people approach these issues as a matter of economic or political faith, raising the same arguments again and again. Accordingly, it is useful to briey cataWorld Intellectual Property Organisation, International Protection of Industrial Property (1996), available at http://www.unicc.org/wipo/. 19 Frame, National Commitment to Intellectual Property Protection: An Empirical Investigation, 2 J L & Technology 209 (1987). 20 Evenson, Survey of Empirical Studies, in Strengthening Protection of Intellectual Property in Developing Countries: A Survey of the Literature, Siebeck, ed, World Bank Discussion Paper 112, at pp 73-86 (1990). 21 Evenson, Survey of Empirical Studies, in Strengthening Protection of Intellectual Property in Developing Countries: A Survey of the Literature, Siebeck, ed, World Bank Discussion Paper 112, at pp 73-86 (1990). 22 Hughes, The Philosophy of Intellectual Property, 77 Geo LJ 287 (1988). K 2013 Thomson Reuters, 9/2013 xliii
18
logue the most common arguments in this debate.23 These are the arguments most commonly used to support a societys decision to protect a creative endeavour as intellectual property: 1. Incentiveintellectual property provides incentives for people to be creative through the prospect of exclusive rights; society bene ts through better, less expensive products and more artistic and cultural diversity. 2. Rewardintellectual property rewards people for their completed creative acts (whatever their motivation was at the outset). 3. Labourintellectual property helps individuals own the products of their creative sweat of the brow. 4. Moralityintellectual property protects the sense of parenthood artists, inventors, and other creative people often feel toward their work. 5. Public disclosuresharing of new information can be enhanced by intellectual property instruments such as patent specications. 6. Technology transferintellectual property can be bought, sold, leased, or traded as with tangible property. 7. Technology developmentintellectual property is viewed by investors as critical for the investment and capital formation necessary to develop and commercialise a technology. 8. Industrial policyintellectual property provides tools by which governments can support or discourage research and investment, by establishing, strengthening, weakening, or eliminating intellectual property protection. Also, by strengthening its laws a country may satisfy the demands of a trading partner such as the United States, providing political advantages. On the other side are several potent counter-arguments militating against strong intellectual property protection. In a nutshell, these arguments hold that intellectual property can have the following negative consequences, which provide a policy basis for restricting or, in the extreme, eliminating types of intellectual property protection.24 The arguments include: 1. Restricted access to technologythe removal of technology from the public domain is an intrinsic characteristic of intellectual
23 Prima Braga, The Developing Country Case For and Against Intellectual Property Protection, in Strengthening Protection of Intellectual Property in Developing Countries: A Survey of the Literature, Siebeck, ed, World Bank Discussion Paper 112, at pp 73-86 (1990); Gollin and Laird, Global Policies, Local Actions: The Role of National Legislation in Sustainable Biodiversity Prospecting, 2 Boston University J Science & Tech L 16 (1996); Scalise and Nugent, International Intellectual Property Protections for Living Matter: Biotechnology, Multinational Conventions and the Exception for Agriculture, 27 Case W Res J Int'l L 83, at pp 86-87 (1995). 24 Hamilton, The TRIPS Agreement: Imperialistic, Outdated, and Overprotective, in Impact of the TRIPS Agreement on Specic Disciplines: Copyrightable Literary and Artistic Works, 29 Vanderbilt J Transnat'l L 613 (1996); Kimbrell, The Human Body Shop (1995).
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2.
3. 4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
property rights that allows the owner to obtain a competitive advantage, and is critical to serving the public policy goals outlined above;25 however, the restrictions can be excessive (too long or too broad), and over-protection brings no advantage to society. Increased costexclusive rights lead to increased costs to consumers as a necessary means for providing an incentive and reward to the intellectual property owner; as above, the cost can be excessive. Monopolisationcommercial and creative activities tend to become even more centralised in large establishments due to intellectual property rights. Inappropriate incentivesintellectual property systems favour research and investment in protectable innovations. This may undercut the ability to protect and maintain useful traditional knowledge and culturally important folklore. Competitionintellectual property can cause inventors, scientists, and artists to co-operate less and deal more sharply with each other than when their e orts are in the public domain; for example, research results may be concealed until a patent application is led, or a biological material may be kept secret rather than submitted to a public depository. Expenseintellectual property rights, particularly patents, are expensive and complex to protect and enforce; this is a burden for all, and can put poor and unsophisticated people at a disadvantage. Institutional requirementsintellectual property rights are intangible and require elaborate national legal and regulatory institutions to protect and enforce them; these requirements can divert scarce national funds and expertise from other endeavours. Ethicsintellectual property can conict with some peoples moral views opposing property rights in innovations involving, eg, living organisms and materials obtained from the human body.
In sum, countries have good reasons for protecting intellectual property, but they can create other problems by doing so. It is in each countrys interest to adopt and maintain a system of intellectual property protection that maximises the resulting benets and minimises the negative consequences according to the views of that particular society. Unfortunately, there is insucient objective information to determine whether a particular country has in fact achieved such a balance. E. LOOKING AHEAD
25 Reichman, Charting the Collapse of the Patent-copyright Dichotomy: Premises for a Restructured International Intellectual Property System, 13 Cardozo Arts & Ent L J 475 (1993).
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What is likely to happen in the future? Of course, it is impossible to predict with certainty. However, it is possible to outline four outcomes that could occur. The rst outcome, the status quo, avoids expanding, modifying, or reducing the scope of protection available. This would lead to a gradual expansion of rights as countries come into compliance with TRIPS over a 10-year period. 26 However, countries could restrict plant and animal patents, and other dierences would remain. The second approach is expansion of protection of all types of intellectual property around the world. This is a foreign policy goal of the United States in implementing TRIPS and in other bilateral and multilateral agreements.27 Countries would continue to expand the types of exclusive rights available for materials and methods, software, and trade marks, around the world, beyond the levels required under the GATT/TRIPS Agreement. This could be called GATT/TRIPS Plus. The third option is a roll back or reduction of protection in certain areas. Some groups call for a ban on patenting life forms and genetic material. However, moving in the direction of less protection is far from a radical notion. Indeed, in 1996, the United States Congress amended the United States Code to eliminate enforcement of patents for medical activity. Thus, patents relating to surgery and other medical procedures are unenforceable against medical practitioners unless they also involve use of patented compositions or devices.28 Finally, there may be a new approach to nding ways in which intellectual property can promote social goals consistent with the need for free trade and sustainable development.29 This may involve strengthening protection in some areas, weakening it in others, and adding new types of protection.30 For example, many proposals have been made regarding extension of intellectual property rights to indigenous people. Under such a new approach, protection would be
Otten and Wager May, Nature and Scope of the Agreement: Compliance with TRIPS: the Emerging World View, 29 Vanderbilt J Transnat'l L 391 (1996). 27 Word Trade Organisation, Implementation Report: Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (March 1996), available at http://www.ustr.gov/reports/wto/ intellectual property.html. 28 35 United States Code, s 287(c); Yang, Patent Policy and Medical Procedure Patents: The Case for Statutory Exclusion from Patentability, 1 Boston University J Science & Tech L 5 (1995). 29 Reichman, Legal Hybrids Between the Patent and Copyright Paradigms, in Symposium: Toward a Third Intellectual Property Paradigm, 94 Colum L Rev 2432 (1994). 30 Horton, Protecting Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity Under Intellectual Property Law: Toward a New International System, 10 J Envtl L & Litig 1 (1995). xlvi
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Introduction
more homogeneous in some respects, but it also would reect variations in cultural attitudes around the world.31 F. CONCLUSION One can expect that international exchange and transfer of technology and culture will continue to increase. Meanwhile, practitioners will continue to nd new ways to use intellectual property rights to secure competitive advantages in a global economy. Strategies for protection are required that will last and be enforceable for decades, despite uncertainty on many issues: whether the coming decades will bring strengthened or weakened protection for particular types of intellectual property; whether the role of international intellectual property organisations such as the WIPO and the WTO will expand or contract in the face of greater sovereignty; whether countries will harmonise their laws or make them more diverse; whether new types of rights, eg, for traditional and widely held knowledge, will be crafted and whether the innovative and creative levels among nations will become closer or diverge. These issues have tremendous signicance for practitioners and clients. They also are important for theorists and policymakers concerned with the social and economic aspects of intellectual property protection. In that light, a comprehensive treatise on the state of the law becomes an indispensable tool to help us gain the power of what we know and the wisdom of recognising what we do not know.
31 Gana, Prospects For Developing Countries Under The TRIPS Agreement, 29 Vanderbilt J Transnat'l L 735 (1996).
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Summary of Contents
Volume 1
PART I. COMMENTARY Chapter 1. Argentina Chapter 2. Australia Chapter 3. Austria Chapter 4. Belgium Chapter 5. Bermuda Chapter 6. Brazil Chapter 7. Canada Chapter 8. People's Republic of China Chapter 9. Colombia Chapter 10. Costa Rica Chapter 11. Cyprus Chapter 12. Czech Republic Chapter 13. Denmark Chapter 14. Egypt Chapter 15. Estonia Chapter 16. Finland Chapter 17. France Chapter 18. Germany
Volume 2
PART I. COMMENTARY (CONTINUED) Chapter 19. Greece Chapter 20. Hong Kong Chapter 21. Chapter 22. Chapter 23. Hungary India Indonesia
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Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter
24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.
Ireland Israel Italy Japan Lithuania Luxembourg Malaysia Mexico The Netherlands New Zealand Norway Panama Peru The Philippines Portugal Romania Russian Federation
Chapter 34. Chapter 34A. Chapter 35. Chapter 36. Chapter 37. Chapter 38. Chapter 39.
Volume 3
PART I. COMMENTARY (CONTINUED) Slovak Republic South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Vietnam The European Union The Revised Berne Convention for the Protection of Chapter 40. Chapter 41. Chapter 42. Chapter 43. Chapter 44. Chapter 45. Chapter 46. Chapter 47. Chapter 48. Chapter 49. Chapter 50. Chapter 51. Chapter 52. Chapter 53.
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Summary of Contents
Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter
54. 55. 56. 57.
Literary and Artistic Works The Brussels Satellite Convention European Trade Mark Law Jurisdiction and Dispute Resolution The Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and Their International Registration The Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classication for Industrial Design
Chapter 58.
Appendix 58A. Annex Chapter 59. The Madrid Agreement and Protocol Chapter 60. Chapter 61. Chapter 62. Chapter 63. Chapter 64. Chapter 65. The Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property The Patent Cooperation Treaty The Patent Law Treaty The Singapore Treaty on Law of Trade Marks The TRIPS Agreement The Universal Copyright Convention
Appendix 65A. Parties to the Universal Copyright Convention Appendix 65B. Parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works PART II. PRIMARY LAW AND COMMENTARY
Chapter 66. Laws of Argentina with Commentary Chapter 67. Laws of Australia with Commentary
Volume 4
PART II. PRIMARY LAW AND COMMENTARY (CONTINUED) Chapter 68. Laws of Austria with Commentary Chapter 69. Laws of Belgium with Commentary Chapter 70. Laws of Brazil with Commentary Chapter 71. Laws of Canada with Commentary Chapter 72. Laws of Colombia with Commentary Chapter 73. Laws of Cyprus with Commentary Chapter 74. Laws of the Czech Republic with Commentary
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Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter
75. 76. 77. 78. 79.
Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws
of of of of of
Denmark with Commentary Estonia with Commentary Finland with Commentary Hungary with Commentary Israel with Commentary
Volume 5
PART II. PRIMARY LAW AND COMMENTARY (CONTINUED) Chapter 80. Laws of Italy with Commentary Chapter 81. Laws of Japan with Commentary Chapter 82. Laws of Malaysia with Commentary Chapter 83. Laws of Mexico with Commentary Chapter 84. Laws of New Zealand with Commentary
Volume 6
PART II. PRIMARY LAW AND COMMENTARY (CONTINUED) Chapter 85. Laws of Norway with Commentary Chapter 86. Laws of Peru with Commentary Chapter 87. Laws of the Philippines with Commentary Chapter 88. Laws of Poland with Commentary Chapter 89. Laws of Portugal with Commentary Chapter 90. Laws of Singapore with Commentary Chapter 91. Laws of South Africa with Commentary Chapter 92. Laws of Spain with Commentary Chapter 93. Laws of Taiwan with Commentary Chapter 94. Laws of Turkey with Commentary Chapter 95. Laws of the United States with Commentary
lii
Table of Contents
Volume 1 PART I.
I.
COMMENTARY
CHAPTER 1. ARGENTINA
INTRODUCTION
Domestic legislation International agreements Structure and administration 1:1 1:2 1:3
II.
PATENTS
Nature Required information Registration procedure Beneciaries of rightsIn general Employees Extension Transfer RemediesCivil proceedings Nullity and cancellation Action to recover ownership Priority Public intervention Infringement actions Civil and criminal actions Injunctions Conscation
1:4 1:5 1:6 1:7 1:8 1:9 1:10 1:11 1:12 1:13 1:14 1:15 1:16 1:17 1:18 1:19
III.
1:20 1:21
UTILITY MODELS
Nature Registration procedure
IV.
1:22
TRADE SECRETS
In general
V.
COPYRIGHTS
Nature
liii
1:23
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 1:24 1:25 1:26 1:27 1:28 1:29 1:30 1:31 1:32 1:33 1:34 1:35 1:36 1:37 Scope of protection Registration procedure Beneciaries of rightsIn general Duration of rights Transfer of rights Attacks on ownershipIn general Prior authors Public intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Criminal penalties Claims for damages Injunctions Conscation Custom action
VI.
1:38 1:39 1:40 1:41 1:42 1:43 1:44 1:45 1:46 1:47 1:48 1:49 1:50
TRADE AND SERVICE MARKS

Nature Registration Eligible parties Duration and renewal Transfer Cancellation Extension Attacks on ownership RemediesIn general Criminal actions Civil actions Injunctions Customs actions
VII.
1:51
TRADE AND SERVICE NAMES

In general
VIII.
1:52 1:53 1:54 1:55 1:56 1:57 1:58 1:59 1:60 1:61
liv
INDUSTRIAL MODELS AND DESIGNS

Nature Registration Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownership Actions against infringementIn general Action for damages Preliminary measures
Table of Contents
IX.
1:62 1:63
LICENSING AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

In general Registration
CHAPTER 2. AUSTRALIA
I. II. INTRODUCTION
Intellectual property rights recognized 2:1
PATENTS
In general NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Term and maintenanceIn general Extension of term Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs actions
2:2 2:3 2:4 2:5 2:6 2:7 2:8 2:9 2:10 2:11 2:12 2:13 2:14 2:15 2:16
III.
2:17 2:18 2:19 2:20 2:21 2:22 2:23 2:24 2:25 2:26 2:27 2:28
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
IV.
2:29 2:30 2:31

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries Term and maintenance
lv
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 2:32 2:33 2:34 2:35 2:36 2:37 2:38 2:39 2:40 2:41 2:42 Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Statutory defenses Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Passing-o Injunction Customs action and conscation
V. VI.

In general
2:43
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND UTILITY MODELS

In general
2:44
VII.
2:45 2:46 2:47 2:48 2:49 2:50 2:51 2:52 2:53 2:54 2:55 2:56 2:57
AESTHETIC DESIGNS AND PATTERNS

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Term and maintenance Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Repair defense Conscation Customs action
VIII.
2:58
LICENSING
In general
CHAPTER 3. AUSTRIA
I. INTRODUCTION
Nature and system of protection Civil procedures Conict of laws Customs action 3:1 3:2 3:3 3:4
lvi
Table of Contents
II.
PATENTS
NatureIn general Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Assignment Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors and users Opposition proceedings Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Expropriation
3:5 3:6 3:7 3:8 3:9 3:10 3:11 3:12 3:13 3:14 3:15 3:16 3:17
III.
3:18 3:19 3:20 3:21 3:22 3:23 3:24 3:25 3:26 3:27 3:28 3:29 3:30 3:31 3:32 3:33
COPYRIGHT
NatureIn general Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Indemnities Moral rights Free use of works Ancillary copyrights Term of protection Assignment International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public intervention InfringementNature Action for damages Injunctions Collecting societies
IV.
3:34 3:35 3:36 3:37 3:38 3:39 3:40 3:41 3:42 3:43 3:44

NatureIn general Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Assignment Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipIn general Similarity Who may seek cancellation Procedure and fees
lvii
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 3:45 3:46 3:47 3:48 3:49 3:50 Public intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Civil law claims Criminal law claims Injunctions Expropriation
V.
TRADE NAMES AND BUSINESS DESIGNATIONS

Trade namesIn general Partnerships Companies limited by shares Cooperatives Requirements Scope of protection Business designations Conict of laws
3:51 3:52 3:53 3:54 3:55 3:56 3:57 3:58
VI.
3:59 3:60 3:61 3:62 3:63 3:64 3:65 3:66 3:67 3:68 3:69 3:70 3:71 3:72
UTILITY MODELS
NatureRelevant legislation Creation of rights Beneciaries Maintenance Extension Assignment Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipIn general Prior user Public intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Potential actions Injunctions
VII.
3:73 3:74 3:75 3:76 3:77 3:78 3:79 3:80 3:81 3:82 3:83
lviii
MODELS
NatureIn general Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Assignment Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipIn general Prior users Public intervention
Table of Contents 3:84 3:85 3:86 3:87 3:88 3:89 Infringement actionsIn general Nature of infringement Potential actions Injunctions Expropriation Customs action
VIII.
3:90 3:91 3:92 3:93 3:94 3:95
LICENSING
In general Terms Scope of rights Termination Competition rules Stamp duties
CHAPTER 4. BELGIUM
I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 4:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer and licenses Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsIn general Nature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Additional actions SeizureDescription Criminal oences Customs action
4:2 4:3 4:4 4:5 4:6 4:7 4:8 4:9 4:10 4:11 4:12 4:13 4:14 4:15 4:16 4:17 4:18
III.
4:19 4:20 4:21 4:22
COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS

In general NatureCopyright Related rights Database sui generis right
lix
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 4:23 4:24 4:25 4:26 4:27 4:28 4:29 4:30 4:31 4:32 4:33 4:34 International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actionsNature of infringement Exceptions Actions for damages Injunctions Additional actions SeizureDescription Criminal provisions Customs action Copyright infringement on communications networks Intermediary liability rules Technological protection measures
IV.
4:35 4:36 4:37 4:38 4:39 4:40 4:41 4:42 4:43 4:44 4:45 4:46 4:47 4:48 4:49 4:50 4:51 4:52 4:53
TRADE MARKS AND SERVICE MARKS

In general NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer and license Cancellation Revocation International aspects Attacks on ownershipIn general Absolute grounds of invalidity Relative grounds of invalidity Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Additional actions SeizureDescription Criminal oences Customs action Trade mark infringement on communications networks Intermediary liability rules
V.

In general Creation of rights Trade name infringement Action for damages Injunctions Criminal oences
4:54 4:55 4:56 4:57 4:58 4:59
VI.
4:60
lx
DESIGNS AND MODELS

NatureIn general
Table of Contents 4:61 4:62 4:63 4:64 4:65 4:66 4:67 4:68 4:69 4:70 4:71 4:72 4:73 4:74 4:75 4:76 4:77 4:78 4:79 Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer and licenses Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipIn general Prior users Public interest Infringement actionsIn general Nature of infringements Actions for damages Injunction Additional actions SeizureDescription Conjunction with copyright lawCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Design and model infringement on communications networks Intermediary liability rules
CHAPTER 5. BERMUDA
I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 5:1
PATENTS
In general NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension: renewal Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
5:2 5:3 5:4 5:5 5:6 5:7 5:8 5:9 5:10 5:11 5:12 5:13 5:14 5:15 5:16
III.
5:17
COPYRIGHT
NatureIn general
lxi
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 5:18 5:19 5:20 5:21 5:22 5:23 5:24 5:25 5:26 5:27 5:28 Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
IV.
5:29 5:30 5:31 5:32 5:33 5:34 5:35 5:36 5:37 5:38 5:39 5:40 5:41 5:42 5:43

NatureIn general Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipIn general Prior users Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs
V.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
NatureIn general Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension: renewal Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownership Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
5:44 5:45 5:46 5:47 5:48 5:49 5:50 5:51 5:52 5:53 5:54 5:55 5:56
VI.
5:57
lxii
LICENSING
In general
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 6. BRAZIL
I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 6:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
6:2 6:3 6:4 6:5 6:6 6:7 6:8 6:9 6:10 6:11 6:12 6:13 6:14 6:15
III.
6:16 6:17 6:18 6:19 6:20 6:21 6:22 6:23 6:24 6:25 6:26 6:27
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
IV.
6:28 6:29 6:30 6:31 6:32 6:33 6:34 6:35

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest
lxiii
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 6:36 6:37 6:38 6:39 6:40 Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
V. VI.

In general
6:41
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS, AESTHETIC DESIGNS, AND PATTERNS

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
6:42 6:43 6:44 6:45 6:46 6:47 6:48 6:49 6:50 6:51 6:52 6:53 6:54 6:55
VII.
6:56
LICENSING
Nature
CHAPTER 7. CANADA
I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 7:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages
7:2 7:3 7:4 7:5 7:6 7:7 7:8 7:9 7:10

lxiv
Table of Contents 7:11 7:12 Injunctions Conscation
III.
7:13 7:14 7:15 7:16 7:17 7:18 7:19 7:20 7:21 7:22 7:23 7:24
COPYRIGHT
In general NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
IV.
7:25 7:26 7:27 7:28 7:29 7:30 7:31 7:32 7:33 7:34 7:35 7:36 7:37 7:38 7:39

NatureIn general Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsIn general Nature of infringement Damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
V. VI.

In general
7:40

In general
7:41
VII.
7:42 7:43 7:44

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance
lxv
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 7:45 7:46 7:47 7:48 7:49 7:50 7:51 7:52 7:53 Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation
VIII.
7:54
LICENSING
In general
CHAPTER 8. PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

I. INTRODUCTION
Legislation Treaties Registrations 8:1 8:2 8:3
II.
PATENTS
NatureIn general Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Expiration and cessation of validity Transfer Infringement actionsNature of infringement Exceptions Administrative procedure Action for damages before the people's tribunal Injunctions and conscation Customs actions
8:4 8:5 8:6 8:7 8:8 8:9 8:10 8:11 8:12 8:13 8:14 8:15
III.
8:16 8:17 8:18 8:19 8:20 8:21 8:22 8:23 8:24
lxvi
COPYRIGHT
NatureIn general Creation of rights Attacks on ownership Beneciaries of rightsAuthors Adaptors, translators, annotators, and arrangers Joint works Compilations Films and works made through methods similar to lming Employees
Table of Contents 8:25 8:26 8:27 8:28 8:29 8:30 8:31 8:32 8:33 8:34 8:35 Commissioned works Duration of protection Transfer of rightsIn general Licensing Publishing contracts Performances Sound recordings and video recordings Broadcasting by radio or television stations International aspects Attacks on ownershipInfringement actions Actions for damages
IV.
8:36 8:37 8:38 8:39 8:40 8:41
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
In general Scope of right OwnershipIn general Duration of software protection Transfer Infringement
V.

Nature Creation of rightsRegistration procedure Well-known trade marks Opposition procedure Beneciaries of rights Maintenance TransferAssignment License Cancellation Attacks on ownershipInfringement actions Customs actions
8:42 8:43 8:44 8:45 8:46 8:47 8:48 8:49 8:50 8:51 8:52
VI.
8:53

In general
VII.
8:54 8:55 8:56 8:57 8:58 8:59 8:60
TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
In general Classication of technology Dierent systems for dierent technologiesFreely imported or exported technology Restricted technologies Legal requirements and liabilityIn general Penalties related to the import and export of technology Appeal of administrative decisions
lxvii
VIII.
8:61 8:62 8:63 8:64 8:65 8:66 8:67 8:68 8:69
UNFAIR COMPETITION LAW

In general State monopolies and corruption False advertising Trade secrets Enforcement and jurisdictionInvestigation and enforcement Civil liability Trade marks Trade secrets Appeal
CHAPTER 9. COLOMBIA
I. INTRODUCTION
In general Andean group International treaties 9:1 9:2 9:3
II.
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rightsRegistration Process Priority Conditions Novelty Inventive Step Inventive Step Industrial Application Industrial Application Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer, license, and claim of ownership Nullity Compulsory license Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Infringement actionsRights of the Owner Indemnity for Damages Injunction Measures
9:4 9:5 9:6 9:7 9:8 9:9 9:10 9:11 9:12 9:13 9:14 9:15 9:16 9:17 9:18 9:19 9:20 9:21
III.
9:22 9:23 9:24 9:25 9:26
lxviii
COPYRIGHT
NatureIn General Economic and Moral Rights Beneciaries Duration Transfer
Table of Contents 9:27 9:28 9:29 9:30 International aspects Infringement actionsNature of infringement Civil and criminal actions Injunctions
IV.
9:31 9:32 9:33 9:34 9:35 9:36 9:37 9:38 9:39 9:40 9:41 9:42 9:43 9:44

NatureCreation of rights Registration process Priority ConditionsRegistrability Beneciaries of rights Renewal and extension Transfers Cancellation Attacks on ownership Infringement actionsNature of infringement Protection of rights Injunction Customs Trade names
V.
UTILITY MODELS AND INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS

Utility modelsNature Registration process Priority Conditions Non-registrability Beneciaries Maintenance Duration Transfer Nullity Attacks on ownershipPrior Inventors or Users Public Interest Infringement actions Injunction Industrial designsNature Priority Conditions Registration process Beneciaries Duration Transfer Nullity Attacks on ownership
lxix
9:45 9:46 9:47 9:48 9:49 9:50 9:51 9:52 9:53 9:54 9:55 9:56 9:57 9:58 9:59 9:60 9:61 9:62 9:63 9:64 9:65 9:66 9:67
VI.
9:68

In general
VII.
9:69
LICENSES
In general
VIII.
9:70
DOMAIN NAMES
In general
IX.
9:71
LAYOUT DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

In general
CHAPTER 10. COSTA RICA

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 10:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Registration process Priority Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
10:2 10:3 10:4 10:5 10:6 10:7 10:8 10:9 10:10 10:11 10:12 10:13 10:14 10:15 10:16
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages
10:17 10:18 10:19 10:20 10:21 10:22 10:23 10:24

lxx
Table of Contents 10:25 10:26 10:27 Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
IV.
TRADE MARKS
NatureCreation of rights Registration process Priority Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
10:28 10:29 10:30 10:31 10:32 10:33 10:34 10:35 10:36 10:37 10:38 10:39 10:40 10:41 10:42
V. VI. VII.

In general
10:43

In general
10:44
LICENSING
In general
10:45
CHAPTER 11. CYPRUS

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 11:1
PATENTS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation
11:2 11:3 11:4 11:5 11:6 11:7 11:8
lxxi
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 11:9 11:10 11:11 11:12 11:13 Prior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions
III.
COPYRIGHT
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Infringement actionsNature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
11:14 11:15 11:16 11:17 11:18 11:19 11:20 11:21 11:22 11:23 11:24
IV.

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights MaintenanceIn general Use and non-use Transfer Cancellation International aspects Infringement actionsNature of infringement Actions for damages and injunctions Customs action Trade names
11:25 11:26 11:27 11:28 11:29 11:30 11:31 11:32 11:33 11:34 11:35 11:36
V.

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer International aspects Prior users Infringement actions
11:37 11:38 11:39 11:40 11:41 11:42 11:43 11:44 11:45
VI.
lxxii

In general
11:46
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 12. CZECH REPUBLIC

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 12:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Custom actions
12:2 12:3 12:4 12:5 12:6 12:7 12:8 12:9 12:10 12:11 12:12 12:13 12:14 12:15
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
12:16 12:17 12:18 12:19 12:20 12:21 12:22 12:23 12:24 12:25 12:26 12:27
IV.

lxxiii
12:28 12:29 12:30 12:31 12:32 12:33 12:34 12:35
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 12:36 12:37 12:38 12:39 12:40 Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
V. VI.

In general
12:41

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
12:42 12:43 12:44 12:45 12:46 12:47 12:48 12:49 12:50 12:51 12:52 12:53 12:54 12:55
VII.
12:56 12:57 12:58 12:59 12:60 12:61 12:62 12:63 12:64
OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTED BY NATIONAL LEGISLATION

Other Intangibles Governed by the Patent ActSupplementary protection certicates for pharmaceuticals and plant-protection devices Rationalization proposals Biotechnological inventions Other Intangibles Governed by the Copyright ActSui genereis protection of databases Related rights Appellation of origin and geographical appellations Protection of plant varieties Topographies of semiconductor products Trade secrets
VIII.
12:65 12:66 12:67
lxxiv
LICENSING
In general Copyright licenses Industrial property licenses
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 13. DENMARK

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Patent oce Courts 13:1 13:2 13:3
II.
PATENTS
In general Nature Creation of rights Registration Process International Patent Applications European Patent Applications Beneciaries of rights Employee Inventions Maintenance Extension Transfer Compulsory Licenses Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior inventors or users Public interest intervention Infringement actionsIn general Nature of infringement Limitations on Rights of Proprietor Infringement Practice Action for damages Injunction Conscation
13:4 13:5 13:6 13:7 13:8 13:9 13:10 13:11 13:12 13:13 13:14 13:15 13:16 13:17 13:18 13:19 13:20 13:21 13:22 13:23 13:24 13:25 13:26 13:27
III.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright Act Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Works Created by Employees Duration Transfer Compulsory licenses International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior authors
lxxv
13:28 13:29 13:30 13:31 13:32 13:33 13:34 13:35 13:36 13:37 13:38
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 13:39 13:40 13:41 13:42 13:43 13:44 13:45 Infringement actions Nature of infringement Limitations on Rights of Copyright Owner Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
IV.

In general Nature Creation of rights Registration Process Disclaimers Distinctive Character Grounds for Refusal Unregistered Trade Marks Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Will, Intestacy, Mortgage, and Execution License CancellationRevocation Genuine Use International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior users Infringement actions Nature of infringement Well-Known Marks Limitations on Rights of Proprietor Infringement Cases Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
13:46 13:47 13:48 13:49 13:50 13:51 13:52 13:53 13:54 13:55 13:56 13:57 13:58 13:59 13:60 13:61 13:62 13:63 13:64 13:65 13:66 13:67 13:68 13:69 13:70 13:71 13:72
V. VI.

In general
13:73
UTILITY MODELS
In general NatureScope of application Creation of rights International Utility Model Applications
13:74 13:75 13:76 13:77

lxxvi
Table of Contents 13:78 13:79 13:80 13:81 13:82 13:83 13:84 13:85 13:86 13:87 13:88 13:89 13:90 Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipApplicable provisions Prior users Infringement actions Nature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation
VII.
DESIGNS
In general Nature Creation of rights Registration Process Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
13:91 13:92 13:93 13:94 13:95 13:96 13:97 13:98 13:99 13:100 13:101 13:102 13:103 13:104 13:105 13:106 13:107
VIII.
13:108 13:109 13:110 13:111 13:112 13:113 13:114
LICENSING
In general Competition law Obligations of licensor Obligations of licensee Term of validity Licensing other forms of intellectual property In summary
CHAPTER 14. EGYPT

I. INTRODUCTION
Classes of intellectual property
lxxvii
14:1
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 14:2 14:3 14:4 International conventions Intellectual property and the legal system Regulatory bodies
II.
PATENTS
Nature Creation of rights RegistrationThe register Process Priority Constitutive or declarative Conditions Beneciaries of rights Workers and employees Co-research Maintenance Duration Transfer Cancellation International applications Attacks on ownershipIn general Public interest Compulsory licensing Expropriation Utility model patents Infringement actionsInfringements Provisional measures Civil proceedings Dispute settlement Transitional arrangements
14:5 14:6 14:7 14:8 14:9 14:10 14:11 14:12 14:13 14:14 14:15 14:16 14:17 14:18 14:19 14:20 14:21 14:22 14:23 14:24 14:25 14:26 14:27 14:28 14:29
III.
LAYOUT DESIGNS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Nature Conditions Term of protection Registration Scope of protection Compulsory licensing
14:30 14:31 14:32 14:33 14:34 14:35
IV.
UNDISCLOSED INFORMATION
In general Right conferred Beneciaries of rights Transfer Infringement actionsNature of infringement
14:36 14:37 14:38 14:39 14:40

lxxviii
Table of Contents 14:41 14:42 14:43 14:44 Acts not contrary to honest practices Criminal proceeding Civil proceedings Unfair competition
V.
TRADE MARKS
Trade marks Creation of rights Registration Rights conferred Constitutive or declarative Priority Conditions Beneciaries of rights Maintenance TransferAssignment License Trade designations Geographical indications Cancellation International application Attacks on ownership Infringement actions Nature of infringement Sanctions Conservatory measures Conscation and destruction
14:45 14:46 14:47 14:48 14:49 14:50 14:51 14:52 14:53 14:54 14:55 14:56 14:57 14:58 14:59 14:60 14:61 14:62 14:63 14:64 14:65
VI.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND MODELS

Nature Creation of rightsRights conferred Registration Protection period Beneciaries of rights Transfer Cancellation Compulsory licenses Infringement actions Nature of infringement Sanctions Conservatory measures
14:66 14:67 14:68 14:69 14:70 14:71 14:72 14:73 14:74 14:75 14:76 14:77
VII.
14:78 14:79

Nature Creation of rights
lxxix
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 14:80 14:81 14:82 14:83 14:84 14:85 14:86 14:87 14:88 14:89 14:90 14:91 14:92 14:93 Protected rights Conditions Rights conferredMoral rights Economic rights Beneciaries of rightsAuthors Collective works Joint works Contributors to audio-visual works Duration Transfer International aspects Infringement actions Nature of infringement Conservatory measures
VIII.
14:94 14:95 14:96 14:97 14:98 14:99 14:100 14:101 14:102 14:103 14:104
PLANT VARIETIES
Nature Creation of rightsRights conferred Certication Conditions Novelty Distinctness Beneciaries Period of protection Cancellation Compulsory licenses Infringement actions
IX.
LICENSING
In general Nature Structuring Protection of interest Technology transferLegislation Scope of application Denition Form and content Restrictive practices PartiesObligations Liability Termination or modication Law and jurisdiction
14:105 14:106 14:107 14:108 14:109 14:110 14:111 14:112 14:113 14:114 14:115 14:116 14:117
CHAPTER 15. ESTONIA

I.
lxxx
INTRODUCTION
In general
15:1
Table of Contents
II.
PATENTS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipRight of prior use Exhaustion of rights Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Actions for damages Conscation Customs actions
15:2 15:3 15:4 15:5 15:6 15:7 15:8 15:9 15:10 15:11 15:12 15:13 15:14 15:15
III.
COPYRIGHT
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPresumption of authorship Joint authorship and co-authorship Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
15:16 15:17 15:18 15:19 15:20 15:21 15:22 15:23 15:24 15:25 15:26 15:27 15:28 15:29
IV.

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipLegislation of exclusive rights Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions
lxxxi
15:30 15:31 15:32 15:33 15:34 15:35 15:36 15:37 15:38 15:39 15:40 15:41
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 15:42 15:43 Conscation Customs actions
V. VI.

In general
15:44

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension and amendment Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior uses Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
15:45 15:46 15:47 15:48 15:49 15:50 15:51 15:52 15:53 15:54 15:55 15:56 15:57 15:58 15:59
VII.
15:60

In general
VIII.
15:61 15:62
LICENSING
In general Protection of rights and interests
CHAPTER 16. FINLAND

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 16:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration of protection and maintenance Extensions Transferability International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users
16:2 16:3 16:4 16:5 16:6 16:7 16:8

lxxxii
Table of Contents 16:9 16:10 16:11 16:12 16:13 16:14 16:15 Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action Provisional measures to preserve evidence in civil cases
III.
COPYRIGHT
Current issues NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rightsCopyrights Derivative Works Performing Artists Fixations of Sound Recordings and Motion Pictures Radio and Television Broadcasting Organizations Factual Compilations Non-Copyrightable Photographs Press Reports Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Extended collective licensing Broadcasting Organizations Simultaneous Retransmission Photocopying Recording for Teaching and Research Compulsory licensing schemes Private copying levies Infringement actionsNature of infringement Actions for damages Injuncations Conscation Customs actions
16:16 16:17 16:18 16:19 16:20 16:21 16:22 16:23 16:24 16:25 16:26 16:27 16:28 16:29 16:30 16:31 16:32 16:33 16:34 16:35 16:36 16:37 16:38 16:39 16:40 16:41
IV.
TRADE MARKS
lxxxiii
16:42 16:43 16:44 16:45 16:46 16:47 16:48 16:49
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 16:50 16:51 16:52 16:53 16:54 Infringement actionsNature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Seizure Customs action
V.
DESIGNS
In general Nature of design right Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance and extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Rightful owners Public interest Infringement actions Nature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
16:55 16:56 16:57 16:58 16:59 16:60 16:61 16:62 16:63 16:64 16:65 16:66 16:67 16:68 16:69 16:70 16:71
VI.
UTILITY MODELS
In general Nature of utility model right Creation of rights Maintenance and extension International aspects Content of right Protection in practice
16:72 16:73 16:74 16:75 16:76 16:77 16:78
CHAPTER 17. FRANCE

I. INTRODUCTION
Codication of intellectual and industrial property law International agreements Extension of protection 17:1 17:2 17:3
II.
PATENTS
17:4 17:5
lxxxiv
Table of Contents 17:6 17:7 17:8 17:9 17:10 17:11 17:12 17:13 17:14 17:15 17:16 17:17 17:18 17:19 17:20 Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer of patent rights Cancellation Attacks on ownershipFraudulent acquisition of a patent Prevention of disputes Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Civil action for patent infringement Criminal sanctions Injunctions and attachments Seizure Customs action Protection of biotechnological inventions
III.
TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION AND KNOWHOW

In general Trade secrets Semiconductors Vegetal inventions
17:21 17:22 17:23 17:24
IV.
AUTHORS' RIGHTS
Nature Creation of rights Protection of databases Satellite and cable broadcasting Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
17:25 17:26 17:27 17:28 17:29 17:30 17:31 17:32 17:33 17:34 17:35 17:36 17:37 17:38 17:39
V.
PROTECTION OF TRADE AND SERVICE MARKS

NatureDenition Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance
lxxxv
17:40 17:41 17:42 17:43
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 17:44 17:45 17:46 17:47 17:48 17:49 17:50 17:51 17:52 17:53 17:54 Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipaction by prior user to invalidate subsequently registered mark Action to claim title to mark Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Exhaustion of rights Action for damages Provisional remedies and injunctions Conscation Customs action
VI. VII.
TRADE AND SERVICE NAMES AND SIGNS

In general
17:55

NatureScope of protection Creation of rights Procedure Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Provisional remedies and injunctions Conscation Final measures of relief Customs action
17:56 17:57 17:58 17:59 17:60 17:61 17:62 17:63 17:64 17:65 17:66 17:67 17:68 17:69 17:70
VIII.
17:71 17:72 17:73 17:74 17:75 17:76 17:77 17:78 17:79 17:80 17:81
lxxxvi
LICENSING
In general PatentsObject Compensation Improvements Licensor's warranties Licensee's duties Duration and termination Know-how Registered trade marksObject Warranties Duration and termination
Table of Contents 17:82 17:83 General aspectsContractual disputes Bankruptcy
CHAPTER 18. GERMANY

I. INTRODUCTION
System of protection Sources of law Protection by means of unfair competition provisions Protection of trade secrets Enforcement Constitutional law and human rights 18:1 18:2 18:3 18:4 18:5 18:6
II.
PATENTS
In General Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs actions
18:7 18:8 18:9 18:10 18:11 18:12 18:13 18:14 18:15 18:16 18:17 18:18 18:19 18:20 18:21 18:22
III.
COPYRIGHT
In general Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation
lxxxvii
18:23 18:24 18:25 18:26 18:27 18:28 18:29 18:30 18:31 18:32 18:33 18:34 18:35
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 18:36 Customs action
IV.

In general Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance and term of protection Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
18:37 18:38 18:39 18:40 18:41 18:42 18:43 18:44 18:45 18:46 18:47 18:48 18:49 18:50 18:51 18:52
V.

In general Nature and creation of rights Attacks on ownership Infringement actions
18:53 18:54 18:55 18:56
VI.

In general Nature and creation of rights Infringement actions
18:57 18:58 18:59
VII.
18:60 18:61 18:62 18:63 18:64 18:65 18:66 18:67 18:68 18:69 18:70 18:71
lxxxviii

In general Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance and term of protection Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior designers or users Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement
Table of Contents 18:72 18:73 18:74 18:75 Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
VIII.
18:76 18:77
LICENSING
Nature Protection of interest
Volume 2
CHAPTER 19. GREECE
I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 19:1
PATENTS
In general Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownership Infringement actions Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Other means of protection Customs action
19:2 19:3 19:4 19:5 19:6 19:7 19:8 19:9 19:10 19:11 19:12 19:13 19:14 19:15 19:16
III.
COPYRIGHT
In general Elements of work Databases Computer programs Collective works Employee works Anonymous or pseudonymous works Related rights Performers
lxxxix
19:17 19:18 19:19 19:20 19:21 19:22 19:23 19:24 19:25
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 19:26 19:27 19:28 19:29 19:30 19:31 19:32 19:33 19:34 19:35 19:36 19:37 19:38 19:39 19:40 19:41 19:42 19:43 19:44 19:45 19:46 Phonogram producers Radio and television organizations Publishers DurationAuthors Joint authorship Anonymous or pseudonymous works Audiovisual works Databases Performers Phonogram producers Producers of sound and visual recordings Broadcasting organizations Unpublished works Transfer of rights Contracts of transfer Fees Collecting societies International aspects Infringement Remedies Injunctions
IV.

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actions Petition for de-registration Actions before civil courts Injunctions Conscation Customs action
19:47 19:48 19:49 19:50 19:51 19:52 19:53 19:54 19:55 19:56 19:57 19:58 19:59 19:60
V. VI.

In general
19:61

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights
19:62 19:63 19:64

xc
Table of Contents 19:65 19:66 19:67 19:68 19:69 19:70 19:71 19:72 Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actions Import restrictions
VII.
19:73

In general
VIII.
19:74
LICENSING
In general
CHAPTER 20. HONG KONG

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 20:1
PATENTS
In general NatureStandard patent Short-term patent Duration Renewal Transfer Attacks on ownershipValidity and revocation Defenses Infringement actionsInfringing acts High Court infringement actions Injunctions Order for delivery up or destruction Costs
20:2 20:3 20:4 20:5 20:6 20:7 20:8 20:9 20:10 20:11 20:12 20:13 20:14
III.
COPYRIGHT
In general Copyright (amendment) ordinance 2004 Copyright (amendment) ordinance 2007 and copyright (amendment) ordinance 2009 Parallel imports NatureSubsistence of copyright Types of work protected Authorship
xci
20:15 20:16 20:17 20:18 20:19 20:20 20:21
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 20:22 20:23 20:24 20:25 20:26 20:27 20:28 20:29 Duration Moral rightsOrdinance Paternity right Integrity right False attribution of work Infringement actionsTypes of infringement Civil and criminal proceedings Border control
IV.
TRADE MARKS
In general NatureRegistrability and application Procedure for application Opposition Beneciaries of rights Terms and maintenance Transfer Registrable transactions Cancellation Declaration of invalidity of registration of trade mark Transitional arrangements Prior rights Infringement actions Penalties for infringement Border control
20:30 20:31 20:32 20:33 20:34 20:35 20:36 20:37 20:38 20:39 20:40 20:41 20:42 20:43 20:44
V.
DESIGNS
In general NatureDenition and registrability Applications and documents Term Attacks on ownership Infringement actions
20:45 20:46 20:47 20:48 20:49 20:50
VI.
LICENSING
In general Compulsory licensing
20:51 20:52
VII.
20:53 20:54 20:55 20:56 20:57
xcii
OTHER FORMS OF PROTECTION

Passing-o Condential information Integrated circuits Plant variety Prevention of copyright piracy
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 21. HUNGARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Source and scope of protection Institutions 21:1 21:2 21:3
II.

CopyrightNature Subsidiary rights and copyright Works excluded from copyright Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Term of protection Assignment International aspects Limitations to copyright Infringement actions Nature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action Rights adjoined to copyright (Related rights) Performers Producers of lms and sound recordings Radio and television organizations
21:4 21:5 21:6 21:7 21:8 21:9 21:10 21:11 21:12 21:13 21:14 21:15 21:16 21:17 21:18 21:19 21:20 21:21 21:22
III.
LICENSING
CopyrightNature of licensing Common rules Contracts Broadcasting Producers of motion picture works Protection of authors of databases Software program protection Works ordered for advertising Designs Industrial property rights
21:23 21:24 21:25 21:26 21:27 21:28 21:29 21:30 21:31 21:32
IV.
PATENTS
In general Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights
21:33 21:34 21:35
xciii
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 21:36 21:37 21:38 21:39 21:40 21:41 21:42 21:43 21:44 21:45 21:46 21:47 21:48 21:49 21:50 21:51 21:52 21:53 21:54 21:55 Inventors Employees Partners Maintenance Extension Transfer Exhaustion of patent protection Cancellation International aspects Prior users Public intervention Compulsory license due to failure to utilize invention Compulsory license due to pending patents Common provisions Infringement actionsNature of infringement action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action Alteration of decisions of NOIP by court
V.
TRADE MARKS
Nature International trade marks Community trade marks Creation of rightsRegistration criteria Maintenance Multiple beneciaries Collective marks Certifying marks Licensing agreements Cancellation International aspects Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Protection of geographical marks of goods Community and international protection International registration of designations of origin
21:56 21:57 21:58 21:59 21:60 21:61 21:62 21:63 21:64 21:65 21:66 21:67 21:68 21:69 21:70 21:71 21:72 21:73
VI.

Nature Creation of rightsUtility models Industrial designs
21:74 21:75 21:76

xciv
Table of Contents 21:77 21:78 21:79 21:80 21:81 21:82 21:83 21:84 21:85 21:86 21:87 21:88 21:89 21:90 21:91 21:92 Beneciaries of rightsUtility models Industrial designs MaintenanceUtility models Industrial designs ExtensionUtility models Industrial designs AssignmentUtility models Industrial designs CancellationUtility models Industrial designs Amendment and divisionIndustrial designs Limitations on ownershipPrior users Public interest intervention Infringement actions Action for damages Procedural rules
CHAPTER 22. INDIA

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 22:1
PATENTS
Nature Not inventions Creation of rightsDenition of a patent Rights to citizens Varieties of patents MaintenanceEligibility Subject matter Duration Procedure Attacks on ownership Infringement actions Assignment, stamp duty, and registrationAssignment Stamp duty Registration Developments Patents (Amendment) Act 2002 Patents (Amendment) Act 2005
22:2 22:3 22:4 22:5 22:6 22:7 22:8 22:9 22:10 22:11 22:12 22:13 22:14 22:15 22:16 22:17 22:18
III.
COPYRIGHT
Nature Creation of rightsCategories Term of copyright
xcv
22:19 22:20 22:21
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 22:22 22:23 22:24 22:25 22:26 22:27 22:28 22:29 22:30 22:31 Ownership of copyright Registration Rights of the author Rights of the owner Stamp duty Registration TransferAssignment Transmission Relinquishment License
IV.
TRADE MARKS
Governing laws Trade mark RegistrationJoint registration Associated trade mark Collective marks Certication trade marks Application for registration What marks may be registered? Duration Service marks Multiclass applications Protection of trade marks Assignment of trade marks Stamp duty and registration DevelopmentsTrade Marks (Amendment) Act 2010
22:32 22:33 22:34 22:35 22:36 22:37 22:38 22:39 22:40 22:41 22:42 22:43 22:44 22:45 22:46
V.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
Nature Industrial designsDenition Design as property Registration of designs Procedure for registrationApplication TransferAssignment Stamp duty Registration
22:47 22:48 22:49 22:50 22:51 22:52 22:53 22:54
VI.
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS
Nature Grant of a geographical indication registrationApplication for registration Rights conferred by registration MaintenanceDuration and Renewal Assignment
22:55 22:56 22:57 22:58 22:59

xcvi
Table of Contents 22:60 22:61 Infringement Who Can Initiate an Infringement Action?
VII.
22:62 22:63 22:64 22:65 22:66 22:67 22:68 22:69 22:70 22:71
LICENSING
General Compulsory licenses Patents licensingNature License agreement Natco v. Bayer: Compulsory licensing of cancer drug Trade marks licensingNature Characteristics of a license Types of trade mark licensing Registration of a trade mark license Application for registration of a trade mark license
CHAPTER 23. INDONESIA

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 23:1
PATENTS
Nature of a patent Simple patents Unpatentable inventions Registration Administrative stage First publication Substantive examination Priority right Beneciaries of the right Maintenance of a patentExploitation of a granted patent Maintenance fee Period of a granted patent Transfer of a patent right License Compulsory license Draft government regulation on compulsory licenses for patents Regulation number 27 of 2004 on the procedure of patent implementation by the government Cancellation of a patent right Cancellation by a third party Eects of cancellation of a patent right Challenge to ownership Prior inventors or users Public interest
xcvii
23:2 23:3 23:4 23:5 23:6 23:7 23:8 23:9 23:10 23:11 23:12 23:13 23:14 23:15 23:16 23:17 23:18 23:19 23:20 23:21 23:22 23:23 23:24
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 23:25 23:26 23:27 23:28 23:29 23:30 23:31 23:32 23:33 23:34 Infringement action Civil action Criminal action Dispute resolution Action for damages Injunction Temporary restraining order Conscation Presidential regulation number 37 of 2010 Transitional conditions
III.
COPYRIGHT
Nature of copyright Creation of rights Voluntary registration system Registration procedure Registration process Moral rights Priority right Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer of right License Compulsory licensing Nature of protection International aspects Challenge to ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionNature of infringement Injunctions Temporary restraining order Civil action Criminal action Government regulation
23:35 23:36 23:37 23:38 23:39 23:40 23:41 23:42 23:43 23:44 23:45 23:46 23:47 23:48 23:49 23:50 23:51 23:52 23:53 23:54 23:55 23:56
IV.

Nature Creation of rights Registration procedure Registration process Approval for registration Disapproval for registration or rejection Procedure at the mark appeal commission Process for renewal Government regulation number 7 of 2005
23:57 23:58 23:59 23:60 23:61 23:62 23:63 23:64 23:65

xcviii
Table of Contents 23:66 23:67 23:68 23:69 23:70 23:71 23:72 23:73 23:74 23:75 23:76 23:77 23:78 23:79 23:80 23:81 23:82 23:83 23:84 23:85 23:86 23:87 23:88 23:89 23:90 23:91 23:92 23:93 23:94 23:95 23:96 23:97 23:98 23:99 23:100 Presidential regulation number 20 of 2005 Unregistrable marks Marking Priority right mark registrations Beneciaries of rights Maintenance of the right to a mark Requirement for use of a mark Transfer of right to a mark Licensing New franchise regulations Basic criteria Registration of prospectus and obtaining the franchisor's and franchisee's registration certicates (STPW) No group franchise arrangements Local content requirements Franchise business activities SME involvement Special franchise logo Fostering and supervision Reporting Franchise termination For current franchise agreements Canceling and invalidating a markCancellation Invalidation International aspects Challenges to ownershipPrior users Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Civil action Criminal action Alternative dispute resolution Action for damages Injunctions Temporary court order Conscation Customs action
V. VI.
COLLECTIVE MARKS
In general
23:101
Nature Government regulation number 51/2007 on geographical indications Inability to register a geographical indication Period of validity
xcix
23:102 23:103 23:104 23:105
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 23:106 23:107 23:108 23:109 23:110 23:111 23:112 23:113 23:114 23:115 Requirements for and process of ling Announcement in the geographical indication journal Rejection and rebuttal Use and supervision of geographical indication Foreign geographical indications Amendments and withdrawal of a geographical indication Amendments in the book of specication Geographical indication appeal Violation and claim Prior user
VII.
TRADE SECRETS
Nature of trade secrets Creation of rights Licensing Assignment Dispute resolution Criminal action
23:116 23:117 23:118 23:119 23:120 23:121
VIII.
23:122 23:123 23:124 23:125 23:126 23:127 23:128 23:129 23:130 23:131
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
Nature of industrial designs Creation of rights Registration Registration process Licensing Assignment Cancellation of a registered industrial design Dispute resolution Injunction Criminal action
IX.
LAYOUT OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Nature Creation of right Registration Licensing Assignment Cancellation of a registered layout design of an integrated circuit Dispute resolution Injunction Criminal action
23:132 23:133 23:134 23:135 23:136 23:137 23:138 23:139 23:140
CHAPTER 24. IRELAND

I.
c
INTRODUCTION
Types of rights
24:1
Table of Contents 24:2 24:3 24:4 24:5 The controller Volume of registrations of intellectual property rights Trade mark agents Patent agents
II.
PATENTS
NatureApplicable laws Types of patents Patentable rights Term Creation of rightsApplication process Priority Searches and search reports Withdrawal of application Grant of patent Short-term patent Beneciaries of rightsInventors Financiers and co-researchers MaintenanceRenewal fees Restoration Exploitation Extension TransferDisposals of interests in patents Licenses as of right Compulsory licenses as of right Competition aspects CancellationVoluntary cancellation Revocation Removal by controller Attacks on ownershipDetermination of entitlement Revocation of a patent Short-term patents Prior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsProceedings Nature of infringement Declarations Threat of proceedings Relief available Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
24:6 24:7 24:8 24:9 24:10 24:11 24:12 24:13 24:14 24:15 24:16 24:17 24:18 24:19 24:20 24:21 24:22 24:23 24:24 24:25 24:26 24:27 24:28 24:29 24:30 24:31 24:32 24:33 24:34 24:35 24:36 24:37 24:38 24:39 24:40 24:41 24:42
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureGoverning law
ci
24:43
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 24:44 24:45 24:46 24:47 24:48 24:49 24:50 24:51 24:52 24:53 24:54 24:55 24:56 24:57 24:58 24:59 24:60 24:61 24:62 24:63 24:64 24:65 24:66 24:67 24:68 24:69 24:70 What is copyright? Qualication requirements Copyright in works Moral rights Computer programs Literary works Dramatic works Artistic works Musical works Original databases Database right ArtistsResale rights Creation of rights Owner of copyright Duration Transfer Attacks on ownershipNegative right Acts not constituting infringement Prior author Public interest InfringementProcedure Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action Proof of copyright
IV.
TRADE MARKS
Governing laws Trade mark Dened Registration Creation of rightsNon-registered trade marks Registered trade marks RegistrationApplication Priority Advertisement and opposition Completion of registration Duration Assignment and license Surrender, revocation, and rectication International aspects Infringement action Infringement of registered mark Permissible use
24:71 24:72 24:73 24:74 24:75 24:76 24:77 24:78 24:79 24:80 24:81 24:82 24:83 24:84 24:85 24:86 24:87
cii
Table of Contents 24:88 24:89 24:90 24:91 24:92 24:93 Passing o Representation that trade mark is registered Action for damages Injunctions Other remedies Customs action
V.

Business names Company names Service marks
24:94 24:95 24:96
VI.

NatureApplicable laws What is a design? Creation of right Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior users Public interest Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
24:97 24:98 24:99 24:100 24:101 24:102 24:103 24:104 24:105 24:106 24:107 24:108 24:109 24:110 24:111 24:112 24:113 24:114
VII. VIII.
DEVELOPMENTS
In general
24:115
AESTHETIC DESIGNS AND PATENTS

In general
24:116
IX.
LICENSING
In general Franchising Typical provisions in franchise agreements Distribution arrangements Typical provisions in distribution agreements
ciii
24:117 24:118 24:119 24:120 24:121
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 24:122 24:123 24:124 24:125 24:126 Patents Parent subsidiary Formalities Patent license Competition
CHAPTER 25. ISRAEL

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 25:1
COPYRIGHT
In general Nature Ownership Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actions Damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
25:2 25:3 25:4 25:5 25:6 25:7 25:8 25:9 25:10 25:11 25:12 25:13
III.
PATENTS
In general Nature Ownership Maintenance and extensions Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attack on ownership Government intervention Patent infringement Conscation and destruction Customs actions
25:14 25:15 25:16 25:17 25:18 25:19 25:20 25:21 25:22 25:23 25:24 25:25
IV.

In general Nature Registration procedure Immediate examination
25:26 25:27 25:28 25:29

civ
Table of Contents 25:30 25:31 25:32 25:33 25:34 25:35 25:36 25:37 25:38 25:39 25:40 25:41 25:42 25:43 25:44 Publication Opposition Appeal Grounds for refusal of applications Disclaimers Parallel applications Priority Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attack on ownership Public interest Infringement actions
V.
DESIGNS AND MODELS

Nature Priority Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Public interest Infringement actions Action for damages Conscation and destruction
25:45 25:46 25:47 25:48 25:49 25:50 25:51 25:52 25:53 25:54 25:55 25:56
CHAPTER 26. ITALY

I. INTRODUCTION
Sources of law Revision of laws 26:1 26:2
II.
PATENTS
Fundamental laws Nature Creation of rights, registration, and priority Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation and expiration
cv
26:3 26:4 26:5 26:6 26:7 26:8 26:9 26:10
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 26:11 26:12 26:13 26:14 26:15 26:16 26:17 26:18 26:19 International aspects Attacks on ownershipInventor's rights Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action Criminal sanctions
III.
COPYRIGHT
Sources of law NatureTypes of rights Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public intervention Infringement actions
26:20 26:21 26:22 26:23 26:24 26:25 26:26 26:27 26:28 26:29
IV.

Fundamental laws NatureDenition Scope of protection Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer and licenses Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public intervention Infringement actionsNature Action for damages Injunction Conscation Criminal and administrative sanctions
26:30 26:31 26:32 26:33 26:34 26:35 26:36 26:37 26:38 26:39 26:40 26:41 26:42 26:43 26:44 26:45
V. VI.
cvi

In general
26:46
DESIGNS AND MODELS

International agreements and legislation
26:47
Table of Contents 26:48 26:49 26:50 26:51 26:52 26:53 26:54 26:55 26:56 26:57 Territory Registrability requirements Registrable designs and models Priority Applicant Documents with ling Professional agents Where to le Novelty and disclosure Multiple designs
VII.
26:58 26:59 26:60 26:61 26:62 26:63 26:64 26:65
ACCESSIBILITY TO THIRD PARTIES

In general Rights conferred by application Examination Opposition and amendment Grant Duration Maintenance fees Copyright protection
VIII.
26:66
UTILITY MODELS
In general
IX.
LICENSING AND ASSIGNMENT

In general
26:67
CHAPTER 27. JAPAN

I. INTRODUCTION
History Civil law system Intellectual property system Regulatory bodies International harmonization 27:1 27:2 27:3 27:4 27:5
II.
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights MaintenanceTerm of protection and extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users
cvii
27:6 27:7 27:8 27:9 27:10 27:11 27:12
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 27:13 27:14 27:15 27:16 27:17 27:18 Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Damages Injunctions Conscation, destruction, or disposition of infringing items Customs action
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries Term of protection Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Damages Injunctions Conscation, destruction, or disposition of infringing items Customs action
27:19 27:20 27:21 27:22 27:23 27:24 27:25 27:26 27:27 27:28 27:29 27:30
IV.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Term of protection, renewal, and maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Damages Injunctions Conscation, destruction, or disposition of infringing items Customs action
27:31 27:32 27:33 27:34 27:35 27:36 27:37 27:38 27:39 27:40 27:41 27:42 27:43
V. VI.

In general
27:44
UTILITY MODELS
Nature Requirements Examination procedure Term of protection
27:45 27:46 27:47 27:48

cviii
Table of Contents 27:49 27:50 27:51 Transformation to patent Attacks on ownership Infringement actions
VII.
27:52 27:53 27:54 27:55 27:56 27:57 27:58 27:59 27:60 27:61 27:62 27:63 27:64 27:65 27:66

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Term of protection and extension Maintenance Transfer Transfer of design right Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior creators or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Damages Injunctions Conscation, destruction, or disposition of infringing items Customs action
VIII.
27:67 27:68 27:69
LICENSING
Nature of licenses Protection of interest Practical aspects
CHAPTER 28. LITHUANIA

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 28:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Validity period Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipsPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions
cix
28:2 28:3 28:4 28:5 28:6 28:7 28:8 28:9 28:10 28:11 28:12 28:13
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 28:14 28:15 Conscation Customs actions
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
28:16 28:17 28:18 28:19 28:20 28:21 28:22 28:23 28:24 28:25 28:26 28:27
IV.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
28:28 28:29 28:30 28:31 28:32 28:33 28:34 28:35 28:36 28:37 28:38 28:39 28:40
V. VI.

In general
28:41
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership
28:42 28:43 28:44 28:45 28:46 28:47 28:48 28:49

cx
Table of Contents 28:50 28:51 28:52 28:53 28:54 28:55 28:56 Prior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
VII.
28:57

In general
VIII.
28:58 28:59 28:60 28:61
TOPOGRAPHIES OF SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS

In general Protected rights Validity period Remedies
IX.
PLANT VARIETIES
In general Novelty Distinctiveness Uniformity Stability Requirements for denomination Application Validity period Protected rights of the breeder Remedies
28:62 28:63 28:64 28:65 28:66 28:67 28:68 28:69 28:70 28:71
X.
COMMERCIAL SECRETS
In general Infringement actions
28:72 28:73
XI.
LICENSING
In general
28:74
CHAPTER 29. LUXEMBOURG

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 29:1
PATENTS
In general
cxi
29:2
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 29:3 29:4 29:5 Procedure Types of licenses Infringement
III.
COPYRIGHT
In general Exceptions to protection Type of rights Moral rights Financial rights Registration Multiple creators Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement
29:6 29:7 29:8 29:9 29:10 29:11 29:12 29:13 29:14 29:15 29:16 29:17
IV.

In general Unfair competition law Infringing goods
29:18 29:19 29:20
V. VI.

In general
29:21

In general
29:22
CHAPTER 30. MALAYSIA

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Malaysia's cyberlaws Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia Act 2002 Intellectual Property Court 30:1 30:2 30:3 30:4
II.
PATENTS
Nature Registration process Substantive examination or modied substantive examination Declaration of priority Prior disclosure
30:5 30:6 30:7 30:8 30:9

cxii
Table of Contents 30:10 30:11 30:12 30:13 30:14 30:15 30:16 30:17 30:18 30:19 30:20 30:21 30:22 30:23 30:24 30:25 30:26 30:27 30:28 30:29 Exceptions to prior disclosure Prior manufacture or use Rights to a patent Inventions made by employee or commissioned works Exploitation of patent Limitation of rights Duration and extension of patent Lapsed patents and reinstatement Transfer: assignment and license Compulsory licenses Patent infringement and compulsory license Surrender of patent Invalidation of patent Infringement action Right to institute proceedings Burden of proof Defenses against patent infringement actions Remedies for patent infringement Patents (Amendment) Act 2003 and 2006 Association of South-East Asia Nations Patent Examination Cooperation
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights General scope Duration of copyright Transfer International aspects Reference of copyright licenses to copyright tribunal Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Customs actions Internet Service Providers Copyright oensesNature of oense Copyright and the Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia
30:30 30:31 30:32 30:33 30:34 30:35 30:36 30:37 30:38 30:39 30:40 30:41 30:42 30:43 30:44 30:45
IV.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Dealings Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior users
cxiii
30:46 30:47 30:48 30:49 30:50
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 30:51 30:52 30:53 30:54 30:55 30:56 30:57 30:58 30:59 30:60 30:61 30:62 Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action Border controls Geographical Indications Act 2000 Registration Renewal of registration Rights of registrant Geographical indications and the Intellectual Property Corporation of Malaysia
V. VI.

In general
30:63

In general Registration process Maintenance Restoration Transfers Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Licensing Infringement actions
30:64 30:65 30:66 30:67 30:68 30:69 30:70 30:71 30:72 30:73
VII.
30:74

In general
VIII.
30:75 30:76 30:77 30:78 30:79 30:80 30:81 30:82 30:83 30:84 30:85
cxiv
LICENSING
Nature of licensing Structure of licensing transactions Protection of the intellectual property right Identication of potential licensee and negotiation process The license or contractual process Industrial Coordination Act Distribution licenses Common examples of licensing routes Joint venture Contract manufacture Distribution
Table of Contents
IX.
FRANCHISING
In general Nature Regulation of Franchises under the Franchise Act Registration under the Franchise Act Regulation of the franchise agreement Maintenance Cancellation Enforcement and oenses
30:86 30:87 30:88 30:89 30:90 30:91 30:92 30:93
X.
LAYOUT DESIGNS OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS ACT 2000

In general Duration Rights of the right holder Infringement Remedies for infringement Transfers and licenses
30:94 30:95 30:96 30:97 30:98 30:99
XI. XII.
OPTICAL DISCS ACT 2000

In general
30:100
PROTECTION OF NEW PLANT VARIETIES ACT 2004

In general Requirements for registration Scope of breeder's right and infringement actions Duration Invalidation and revocation of breeder's right Assignment or transmission of breeder's right
30:101 30:102 30:103 30:104 30:105 30:106
XIII.
30:107 30:108 30:109 30:110 30:111 30:112
DOMAIN NAMES
In general Registration Infringement of trade or service marks Bad faith Dispute resolution Remedies
XIV.
30:113 30:114 30:115
PROTECTION OF PERSONAL DATA

In general Application and scope Specic exemptions
cxv
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 30:116 30:117 30:118 30:119 30:120 30:121 Rights Personal data protection principles Other oencesTransfer of personal data out of Malaysia Unlawful collection of personal data Registration Enforcement and data protection commissioner
CHAPTER 31. MEXICO

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 31:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Procedure Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownership Prior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
31:2 31:3 31:4 31:5 31:6 31:7 31:8 31:9 31:10 31:11 31:12 31:13 31:14 31:15 31:16
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
31:17 31:18 31:19 31:20 31:21 31:22 31:23 31:24 31:25 31:26 31:27 31:28
IV.
cxvi

NatureCreation of rights
31:29
Table of Contents 31:30 31:31 31:32 31:33 31:34 31:35 31:36 31:37 31:38 31:39 31:40 31:41 Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
V.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
31:42 31:43 31:44 31:45 31:46 31:47 31:48 31:49 31:50 31:51 31:52 31:53 31:54 31:55
VI.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
cxvii
31:56 31:57 31:58 31:59 31:60 31:61 31:62 31:63 31:64 31:65 31:66 31:67 31:68 31:69 31:70
VII.
31:71

In general
VIII.
31:72
LICENSING
In general
CHAPTER 32. THE NETHERLANDS

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 32:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors and users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs actions
32:2 32:3 32:4 32:5 32:6 32:7 32:8 32:9 32:10 32:11 32:12 32:13 32:14
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
32:15 32:16 32:17 32:18 32:19 32:20 32:21 32:22 32:23 32:24 32:25 32:26
IV.
TRADE MARKS
32:27 32:28
cxviii
Table of Contents 32:29 32:30 32:31 32:32 32:33 32:34 32:35 32:36 32:37 32:38 Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation Lapse of trade mark International aspects Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction and conscation Customs action
V.
TRADE NAMES
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International Aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Injunction and damages Conscation Customs
32:39 32:40 32:41 32:42 32:43 32:44 32:45 32:46 32:47 32:48 32:49 32:50 32:51
VI.
DESIGNS AND MODELS

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior designers and users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction and conscation Customs action
32:52 32:53 32:54 32:55 32:56 32:57 32:58 32:59 32:60 32:61 32:62 32:63 32:64
VII.
32:65
LICENSING
In general
cxix
CHAPTER 33. NEW ZEALAND

I. INTRODUCTION
Protected classes of rights System of laws Enforcement of rights 33:1 33:2 33:3
II.
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action International aspects
33:4 33:5 33:6 33:7 33:8 33:9 33:10 33:11 33:12 33:13 33:14 33:15 33:16 33:17
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Moral rights Rental rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPublic interest Infringement actionsNature Permissible acts Action for damages Injunction Conscation Enforcement ocers Customs action
33:18 33:19 33:20 33:21 33:22 33:23 33:24 33:25 33:26 33:27 33:28 33:29 33:30 33:31 33:32
IV.
TRADE MARKS
Nature Creation of rights Registration process
33:33 33:34 33:35

cxx
Table of Contents 33:36 33:37 33:38 33:39 33:40 33:41 33:42 33:43 33:44 33:45 33:46 33:47 33:48 33:49 33:50 33:51 Registrability of trade marks Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Assignment License Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature Action for damages Injunction Conscation Enforcement ocers Customs action
V. VI.

In general
33:52

Copyright protection Layout designs and integrated circuits
33:53 33:54
VII.
33:55 33:56 33:57 33:58 33:59 33:60 33:61 33:62 33:63 33:64 33:65 33:66 33:67 33:68

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionNature Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
VIII.
33:69 33:70
LICENSING
In general Franchising
cxxi
CHAPTER 34. NORWAY

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 34:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Duration Transfer of patent rights Cancellation Invalidity Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
34:2 34:3 34:4 34:5 34:6 34:7 34:8 34:9 34:10 34:11 34:12 34:13 34:14 34:15
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer of rights International aspects Copyright disputes Infringement cases Infringing acts Action for damages Interim measures Conscation Customs action
34:16 34:17 34:18 34:19 34:20 34:21 34:22 34:23 34:24 34:25 34:26 34:27
IV.

Nature Creation of right and registration process Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership
34:28 34:29 34:30 34:31 34:32 34:33 34:34 34:35

cxxii
Table of Contents 34:36 34:37 34:38 34:39 34:40 34:41 34:42 Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action Common marks
V.
ENTERPRISE NAMES (TRADE NAMES)

In general Object Requirement of distinctiveness Registration Duration and expiry Assignment of enterprise name Actions International aspects
34:43 34:44 34:45 34:46 34:47 34:48 34:49 34:50
VI.
DESIGNS
In general Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfers Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipNo prior user rights No compulsory license Title to design disputed Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
34:51 34:52 34:53 34:54 34:55 34:56 34:57 34:58 34:59 34:60 34:61 34:62 34:63 34:64 34:65 34:66 34:67
VII.
34:68 34:69 34:70 34:71 34:72 34:73

In general NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer of rights
cxxiii
VIII.
34:74 34:75 34:76 34:77 34:78 34:79 34:80 34:81 34:82
LICENSING
Nature Assignments and licenses Statutory rules on the interpretation of agreements Constraints of freedom of contractGood business practices Price controls Competition rules Drafting issuesKey issues often neglected Arbitration Formal requirements
CHAPTER 34A. PANAMA

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Intellectual property legal system Regulatory bodies Extent of exploitation Volume of inbound and outbound intellectual property 34A:1 34A:2 34A:3 34A:4 34A:5
II.
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Priority Beneciaries of rights Co-inventors Financiers Employees Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownership Prior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs actions
34A:6 34A:7 34A:8 34A:9 34A:10 34A:11 34A:12 34A:13 34A:14 34A:15 34A:16 34A:17 34A:18 34A:19 34A:20 34A:21 34A:22 34A:23 34A:24
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights
34A:25 34A:26
cxxiv
Table of Contents 34A:27 34A:28 34A:29 34A:30 34A:31 34A:32 34A:33 34A:34 34A:35 34A:36 34A:37 34A:38 Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior authors Public interest Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
IV.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance TransferAssignment License Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior users Public interest Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
34A:39 34A:40 34A:41 34A:42 34A:43 34A:44 34A:45 34A:46 34A:47 34A:48 34A:49 34A:50 34A:51 34A:52 34A:53 34A:54
V.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownership Prior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunction
cxxv
34A:55 34A:56 34A:57 34A:58 34A:59 34A:60 34A:61 34A:62 34A:63 34A:64 34A:65 34A:66 34A:67
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 34A:68 34A:69 Conscation Customs actions
VI.
LICENSING
Nature Patents, industrial designs, and utility models Trade marks Copyright
34A:70 34A:71 34A:72 34A:73
CHAPTER 35. PERU

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Classes of intellectual property Legal system Courts of rst instance Court of second instance Appeal courts Regulatory rules Volume of registrations Time limit 35:1 35:2 35:3 35:4 35:5 35:6 35:7 35:8 35:9
II.
PATENTS
Creation of rightsRegistration procedure Type of registration Priority Requirements Beneciaries of rights Maintenance; requirements for exploitation Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspectsTreatment of foreigners Conventions Attacks on ownership Public interest Infringement actions Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
35:10 35:11 35:12 35:13 35:14 35:15 35:16 35:17 35:18 35:19 35:20 35:21 35:22 35:23 35:24 35:25 35:26 35:27
III.
cxxvi
COPYRIGHT
Creation of rightsType of registration
35:28
Table of Contents 35:29 35:30 35:31 35:32 35:33 35:34 35:35 35:36 35:37 35:38 35:39 35:40 35:41 35:42 35:43 35:44 35:45 35:46 35:47 Protection requirements Moral rights Beneciaries of rightsAuthor Co-authors Anonymous work or work under pseudonym Collective work Employment relationship or by assignment Duration Transfer License International aspectsTreatment of foreigners Conventions Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest intervention Infringement actions Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
IV.

Creation of rightsRegistration procedure Type of registration Priority Requirements Beneciaries of rights Maintenance TransferTransfers and licenses Guarantee and attachment Cancellation International aspectsTreatment of foreigners Conventions Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest intervention Infringement actions Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
35:48 35:49 35:50 35:51 35:52 35:53 35:54 35:55 35:56 35:57 35:58 35:59 35:60 35:61 35:62 35:63 35:64 35:65
V.

In general Creation of rightsType of registration Protection Duration
cxxvii
35:66 35:67 35:68 35:69
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 35:70 35:71 Requirements for exploitation Transfer
VI.

Creation of rightsRegistration procedure Type of registration Priority Requirements Beneciaries of rights Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspectsTreatment of foreigners Conventions Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest regulation Infringement actions Actions for damages, injunction, and conscation and customs actions
35:72 35:73 35:74 35:75 35:76 35:77 35:78 35:79 35:80 35:81 35:82 35:83 35:84 35:85
VII.
35:86 35:87 35:88 35:89
LICENSING
Copyrights Patents Mandatory licenses Trade marks
CHAPTER 36. THE PHILIPPINES

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 36:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest (Government) intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation
36:2 36:3 36:4 36:5 36:6 36:7 36:8 36:9 36:10 36:11 36:12 36:13
cxxviii
Table of Contents
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer Attacks on ownership InfringementNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
36:14 36:15 36:16 36:17 36:18 36:19 36:20 36:21 36:22 36:23
IV.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest (Government) intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Actions for damages Unfair competition Injunctions Conscation Customs action
36:24 36:25 36:26 36:27 36:28 36:29 36:30 36:31 36:32 36:33 36:34 36:35 36:36
V.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest (Government) intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation
36:37 36:38 36:39 36:40 36:41 36:42 36:43 36:44 36:45 36:46 36:47 36:48
VI.
LICENSING
Voluntary licensing Compulsory licensing
36:49 36:50
cxxix
CHAPTER 37. PORTUGAL

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 37:1
PATENTS
Creation of rights Protection for new plant varieties Utility models Application procedure Provisional applications Parties Nature of protection Assignment and license Duration Public interest Attacks on ownership Civil, criminal, and administrative remedies
37:2 37:3 37:4 37:5 37:6 37:7 37:8 37:9 37:10 37:11 37:12 37:13
III.
COPYRIGHT
Relevant law Nature Ownership Duration Assignment and license Public interest Civil, criminal, and administrative remedies
37:14 37:15 37:16 37:17 37:18 37:19 37:20
IV.

Nature of trade and service marks Creation of rights Application procedure Beneciaries of rights Duration and maintenance Transfer and license Cancellation International aspectsInternational conventions Community law Macao Other former Portuguese territories Attacks on ownershipPrior rights Unfair competition Public interest Civil, criminal, and administrative remedies
37:21 37:22 37:23 37:24 37:25 37:26 37:27 37:28 37:29 37:30 37:31 37:32 37:33 37:34 37:35
cxxx
Table of Contents 37:36 37:37 37:38 37:39 37:40 Opposition Appeal Civil action Criminal action Customs action
V.
DESIGNS OR MODELS
In general Registration procedure Nature of protection and duration Civil, criminal, and administrative remedies
37:41 37:42 37:43 37:44
VI.
LOGOS
In general Registration procedure Duration Assignment and cancellation Civil, criminal, and administrative remedies
37:45 37:46 37:47 37:48 37:49
VII.
37:50 37:51 37:52 37:53 37:54 37:55
COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND DATABASES

Nature of protection Exceptions Beneciaries of rights Duration Assignment and license Civil and criminal remedies
VIII.
37:56 37:57 37:58 37:59 37:60 37:61 37:62 37:63
TOPOGRAPHIES OF SEMI-CONDUCTOR PRODUCTS

Creation of rights Application procedure Parties Nature of protection Assignment and license Duration Attacks on ownership Civil, criminal, and administrative procedures
IX.
LICENSING
In general
37:64
CHAPTER 38. ROMANIA

I. INTRODUCTION
In general
cxxxi
38:1
II.
PATENTS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Conscation Customs actions
38:2 38:3 38:4 38:5 38:6 38:7 38:8 38:9 38:10 38:11 38:12 38:13 38:14
III.
COPYRIGHTS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Conscation Customs action
38:15 38:16 38:17 38:18 38:19 38:20 38:21 38:22 38:23 38:24 38:25 38:26 38:27
IV.

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Conscation Customs action
38:28 38:29 38:30 38:31 38:32 38:33 38:34 38:35 38:36 38:37 38:38 38:39 38:40
cxxxii
Table of Contents
V.

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on copyrightPrior users Infringement actionsAction for damages Conscation Custom actions
38:41 38:42 38:43 38:44 38:45 38:46 38:47 38:48 38:49 38:50 38:51 38:52
VI.
LICENSING
In general
38:53
CHAPTER 39. RUSSIAN FEDERATION

I. INTRODUCTION
In general National legislation International treaties Government agencies Volume of intellectual property 39:1 39:2 39:3 39:4 39:5
II.
PATENTS OF INVENTIONS, UTILITY MODEL PATENTS, AND PATENTS OF INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS

In general NatureCreation of rightsRegistration Constitutive or Declarative Process Terms of Protection Priority Conditions Beneciaries of rights Employee Creations Contractual Inventions, Utility Models, and Industrial Designs Maintenance Extension Transfer Alienation (Assignment) Public Oer of Alienation
cxxxiii
39:6 39:7 39:8 39:9 39:10 39:11 39:12 39:13 39:14 39:15 39:16 39:17 39:18 39:19
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 39:20 39:21 39:22 39:23 39:24 39:25 39:26 39:27 39:28 39:29 39:30 39:31 39:32 39:33 39:34 39:35 License Public Oer of License (Open License) Cancellation Invalidation Early Termination of Patent or License Attacks on ownershipPrior use Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Remedies Administrative Remedies Judicial Remedies Criminal Liability Action for damage Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
III.
COPYRIGHT AND RELATED (NEIGHBORING) RIGHTS

In general NatureCreation of rightsCopyright Scope of Rights Moral Rights Economic Rights Related (Neighboring) Rights Beneciaries of rightsCopyright Employee Works State and Municipal Contract Works Related (Neighboring) Rights DurationCopyright Related (Neighboring) Rights TransferCopyright Alienation Copyright Alienation Licensing Commission Work Related (Neighboring) Rights International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsRemedies Administrative Remedies Judicial Remedies Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation
39:36 39:37 39:38 39:39 39:40 39:41 39:42 39:43 39:44 39:45 39:46 39:47 39:48 39:49 39:50 39:51 39:52 39:53 39:54 39:55 39:56 39:57 39:58 39:59 39:60 39:61 39:62
cxxxiv
Table of Contents 39:63 Customs action
IV.

In general Nature Emergence of rightsRegistration Process Constitutive or Declarative Process Priority Conditions Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation Termination of Legal Protection International aspects Infringement actionsRemedies Administrative Remedies Judicial Remedies Criminal Liability Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
39:64 39:65 39:66 39:67 39:68 39:69 39:70 39:71 39:72 39:73 39:74 39:75 39:76 39:77 39:78 39:79 39:80 39:81 39:82 39:83 39:84
V.
FIRM NAMES
Nature Usage and disposal
39:85 39:86
VI.
COMMERCIAL DESIGNATIONS (TRADE NAMES)

Nature Usage and disposal Collision of rights
39:87 39:88 39:89
VII.
39:90

In general
VIII.
39:91 39:92 39:93
LICENSING
Nature Proper use Protection of interest
cxxxv
Volume 3
CHAPTER 40. SLOVAK REPUBLIC
I. INTRODUCTION
Copyright and related rights Industrial property rights Rights of cultivators Exploitation of intellectual property rightsPersonal property rights Property rights related to personal property rights Creation of intellectual property rightsIntellectual property rights without formal requirements for creation Intellectual property rights with formal requirements for creation Formal requirements Regulatory bodies International agreements 40:1 40:2 40:3 40:4 40:5 40:6 40:7 40:8 40:9 40:10
II.
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
40:11 40:12 40:13 40:14 40:15 40:16 40:17 40:18 40:19 40:20 40:21 40:22 40:23
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions
40:24 40:25 40:26 40:27 40:28 40:29 40:30 40:31 40:32

cxxxvi
Table of Contents 40:33 40:34 Conscation Customs action
IV.
TRADE MARK
Denition Procedure Registration Term of protection Rights of trade mark ownersRight to use trade mark Right to grant license Right to transfer trade mark Right to lien on trade mark Obligations of trade mark user Protection of rights of trade mark owners Limitations on trade marks Termination of trade marks
40:35 40:36 40:37 40:38 40:39 40:40 40:41 40:42 40:43 40:44 40:45 40:46
V.
BUSINESS NAMES
Nature Creation of business name Establishment of business name Duration of business name Transfer of business name Removal or discharge of business name Protection of business Foreign business names
40:47 40:48 40:49 40:50 40:51 40:52 40:53 40:54
VI.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
40:55 40:56 40:57 40:58 40:59 40:60 40:61 40:62 40:63 40:64 40:65 40:66 40:67 40:68
VII.
40:69
LICENSING
In general
cxxxvii
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 40:70 40:71 40:72 40:73 40:74 40:75 40:76 40:77 40:78 40:79 40:80 40:81 40:82 40:83 40:84 40:85 40:86 Licensing of copyrights Manner of use of work Extent of license Remuneration Exclusive and non-exclusive licenses Disposition Publication of works General licensing contracts Collective licensing contracts Industrial property rights and rights of cultivators Entry of license into register Exclusive and non-exclusive licenses Disposition Maintenance Documentation and information Interests of licensee Repudiation
CHAPTER 41. SOUTH AFRICA

I. INTRODUCTION
In general International agreements Scope of activity Patent applications 41:1 41:2 41:3 41:4
II.
PATENTS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfers Cancellation Attacks on ownership Prior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actions Action for damages Conscation Customs action
41:5 41:6 41:7 41:8 41:9 41:10 41:11 41:12 41:13 41:14 41:15 41:16 41:17 41:18
III.
COPYRIGHT
41:19 41:20
cxxxviii
Table of Contents 41:21 41:22 41:23 41:24 41:25 41:26 41:27 41:28 41:29 41:30 41:31 Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
IV.

Nature Creation of rights Procedure for registration Examination Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Assignment and licensing Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior users Government intervention Infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Police action
41:32 41:33 41:34 41:35 41:36 41:37 41:38 41:39 41:40 41:41 41:42 41:43 41:44 41:45 41:46 41:47 41:48
V.

In general Limits of protection
41:49 41:50
VI.
UTILITY MODELS FUNCTIONAL DESIGN

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users
cxxxix
41:51 41:52 41:53 41:54 41:55 41:56 41:57 41:58 41:59
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 41:60 41:61 41:62 41:63 41:64 41:65 41:66 41:67 41:68 41:69 Public interest Certicate of validity Infringement actions Nature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action Proceedings for declaration of non-infringement Threats of infringement
VII.
41:70 41:71 41:72 41:73 41:74 41:75 41:76 41:77 41:78 41:79 41:80 41:81 41:82 41:83 41:84 41:85 41:86 41:87
AESTHETIC DESIGNS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Public interest Infringement actions Nature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action Proceedings for declaration of non-infringement Threats of infringement
VIII.
41:88
COUNTERFEIT GOODS
In general
CHAPTER 42. SPAIN

I. INTRODUCTION
Types of intellectual property New technical solutions Formal creations of industrial application Distinctive emblems or signs used in business Remedies International agreements Volume of intellectual property transactions 42:1 42:2 42:3 42:4 42:5 42:6 42:7
cxl
Table of Contents
II.
PATENTS
In general NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension and renewal Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public intervention Infringement actionsProceedings Remedies
42:8 42:9 42:10 42:11 42:12 42:13 42:14 42:15 42:16 42:17 42:18 42:19
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Content of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actionsNature of the infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions Private and domestic uses Reproductions, distributions, and public communications Transformation
42:20 42:21 42:22 42:23 42:24 42:25 42:26 42:27 42:28 42:29 42:30 42:31 42:32 42:33 42:34
IV.

In general NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actionsRemedies
42:35 42:36 42:37 42:38 42:39 42:40 42:41 42:42 42:43
V.

In general
cxli
42:44
VI.
UTILITY MODELS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries Maintenance Extension Regulation
42:45 42:46 42:47 42:48 42:49 42:50
VII.
42:51 42:52
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
VIII.
42:53
LICENSING
In general
CHAPTER 43. SRI LANKA

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 43:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
43:2 43:3 43:4 43:5 43:6 43:7 43:8 43:9 43:10 43:11 43:12 43:13 43:14
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest
43:15 43:16 43:17 43:18 43:19 43:20 43:21

cxlii
Table of Contents 43:22 43:23 43:24 43:25 43:26 Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
IV.
TRADE MARKS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action Trade and service names Trade and service names
43:27 43:28 43:29 43:30 43:31 43:32 43:33 43:34 43:35 43:36 43:37 43:38 43:39 43:40 43:41
V.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
43:42 43:43 43:44 43:45 43:46 43:47 43:48 43:49 43:50 43:51 43:52 43:53 43:54
VI. VII.

In general
43:55
LICENSING
In general
cxliii
43:56
CHAPTER 44. SWITZERLAND

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Classes of intellectual property Exhaustion of distribution right of intellectual property Freedom of imitation and unfair competition 44:1 44:2 44:3 44:4
II.
PATENTS
Practical relevance of swiss patent law NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Civil remedies Penal remedies
44:5 44:6 44:7 44:8 44:9 44:10 44:11 44:12 44:13 44:14 44:15 44:16 44:17
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Revision of 1992 Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Remedies Customs actions
44:18 44:19 44:20 44:21 44:22 44:23 44:24 44:25 44:26 44:27 44:28
IV.

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation
44:29 44:30 44:31 44:32 44:33 44:34 44:35

cxliv
Table of Contents 44:36 44:37 44:38 44:39 44:40 44:41 44:42 Indications of origin International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Remedies Customs action
V.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries of rights Term of protection Maintenance Transfer Design protection and copyright law Attacks on ownership; infringement actions Customs actions
44:43 44:44 44:45 44:46 44:47 44:48 44:49 44:50
VI.

NatureCreation of rights Beneciaries Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Remedies
44:51 44:52 44:53 44:54 44:55 44:56 44:57 44:58 44:59 44:60
CHAPTER 45. TAIWAN

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 45:1
PATENTS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Invalidation Attacks on ownership
cxlv
45:2 45:3 45:4 45:5 45:6 45:7 45:8 45:9
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 45:10 45:11 45:12 45:13 45:14 45:15 Infringement actions Nature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
III.
COPYRIGHT
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownership Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
45:16 45:17 45:18 45:19 45:20 45:21 45:22 45:23 45:24 45:25 45:26 45:27 45:28
IV.

In general Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Government intervention Infringement actions Nature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
45:29 45:30 45:31 45:32 45:33 45:34 45:35 45:36 45:37 45:38 45:39 45:40 45:41 45:42 45:43 45:44
V.
UTILITY MODELS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance
45:45 45:46 45:47 45:48

cxlvi
Table of Contents 45:49 45:50 45:51 45:52 45:53 45:54 45:55 45:56 45:57 45:58 45:59 45:60 45:61 Extension Transfer Invalidation Termination of rights International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior inventors or users Infringement actions Nature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
VI.
DESIGNS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Invalidation Termination of rights International aspects Attacks on ownership Prior inventors or users Infringement actions Nature of infringement Actions for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
45:62 45:63 45:64 45:65 45:66 45:67 45:68 45:69 45:70 45:71 45:72 45:73 45:74 45:75 45:76 45:77 45:78
CHAPTER 46. THAILAND

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 46:1
PATENTS
NatureCreation of rights Invention by employees Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation
cxlvii
46:2 46:3 46:4 46:5 46:6 46:7
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 46:8 46:9 46:10 46:11 46:12 46:13 46:14 Attacks on ownershipPrior use Public interest InfringementNature of infringement Compensation Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
III.
COPYRIGHT
NatureCreation of rights Creation by employees Duration Transfer Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest InfringementNature of infringement Compensation Injunctions Conscation Customs
46:15 46:16 46:17 46:18 46:19 46:20 46:21 46:22 46:23 46:24 46:25
IV.

NatureCreation of rights Co-existence Maintenance Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior use InfringementNature of infringement Compensation Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
46:26 46:27 46:28 46:29 46:30 46:31 46:32 46:33 46:34 46:35 46:36
V. VI.

In general
46:37
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
NatureCreation of rights Invention by employees Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation
46:38 46:39 46:40 46:41 46:42 46:43

cxlviii
Table of Contents 46:44 46:45 46:46 46:47 46:48 46:49 Prior use InfringementNature of infringement Compensation Injunctions Conscation Customs actions
VII.
46:50 46:51 46:52 46:53
TRADE SECRETS
Nature InfringementNature of infringement Compensation Injunctions
VIII.
46:54 46:55 46:56 46:57 46:58 46:59 46:60
GEOGRAPHIC INDICATIONS
Creation of right Maintenance Use and suspension of geographic indication Cancellation InfringementNature of infringement Compensation Injunctions
CHAPTER 47. TURKEY

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 47:1
PATENTS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest (Government) intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
47:2 47:3 47:4 47:5 47:6 47:7 47:8 47:9 47:10 47:11 47:12 47:13 47:14 47:15
III.
COPYRIGHT
Nature
cxlix
47:16
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 47:17 47:18 47:19 47:20 47:21 47:22 47:23 47:24 47:25 47:26 47:27 Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest (Government) intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
IV.

Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest (Government) intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
47:28 47:29 47:30 47:31 47:32 47:33 47:34 47:35 47:36 47:37 47:38 47:39 47:40
V. VI.

In general
47:41
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
In general Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior users Public interest (Government) intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Injunctions Conscation Customs action
47:42 47:43 47:44 47:45 47:46 47:47 47:48 47:49 47:50 47:51 47:52 47:53 47:54 47:55
cl
Table of Contents
VII.
47:56
UTILITY MODELS
In general
VIII.
47:57

In general
CHAPTER 48. UKRAINE

I. INTRODUCTION
Legislation Treaties Registrations 48:1 48:2 48:3
II.
INVENTIONS AND UTILITY MODELS

Nature Public interest Creation of rights Priority right Duration and maintenance Rights holders Transfer of rights Licensing International aspects Infringement Action for damages
48:4 48:5 48:6 48:7 48:8 48:9 48:10 48:11 48:12 48:13 48:14
III.
COPYRIGHT AND NEIGHBORING RIGHTS

Nature Creation of rights Moral and property rights Initial holder and beneciaries Co-authorship Rights of translator and author of other derivative works Rights of producer Rights of employer Duration of copyright and neighboring rights Transfer of rights Licensing International aspects Infringement Actions for damages
48:15 48:16 48:17 48:18 48:19 48:20 48:21 48:22 48:23 48:24 48:25 48:26 48:27 48:28
IV.

Nature
cli
48:29
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 48:30 48:31 48:32 48:33 48:34 48:35 48:36 Conrmation of trade mark right Priority right Co-ownership Transfer of rights and licensing Duration and maintenance International aspects Infringement
V.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
Nature Creation of rights Priority right Duration Initial holder Rights of employer Transfer of rights and licensing International aspects Infringement
48:37 48:38 48:39 48:40 48:41 48:42 48:43 48:44 48:45
VI.
DOMAIN NAMES
Nature Conrmation of rights Duration and maintenance International aspects Infringement
48:46 48:47 48:48 48:49 48:50
VII.
48:51 48:52 48:53 48:54 48:55 48:56 48:57 48:58 48:59
PLANT VARIETIES
Nature Creation of rights Priority right Duration and maintenance Rights holders Transfer of rights and licensing International aspects Infringement Action for damages
VIII.
48:60 48:61 48:62
TRADE OR FIRM NAMES

Nature Property rights to trade names Infringement
IX.
clii
Nature
48:63
Table of Contents 48:64 48:65 48:66 Creation of rights International aspects Infringement
CHAPTER 49. UNITED KINGDOM

I. INTRODUCTION
Intellectual property rights system Intellectual property profession 49:1 49:2
II.
PATENTS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Extension Transfer Cancellation Attacks on ownershipPrior inventors or users Public interest InfringementNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
49:3 49:4 49:5 49:6 49:7 49:8 49:9 49:10 49:11 49:12 49:13 49:14 49:15 49:16
III.
COPYRIGHT
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior authors Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
49:17 49:18 49:19 49:20 49:21 49:22 49:23 49:24 49:25 49:26 49:27 49:28 49:29
IV.
TRADE MARKS
49:30 49:31
cliii
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 49:32 49:33 49:34 49:35 49:36 49:37 49:38 49:39 49:40 49:41 49:42 49:43 Beneciaries of rights Maintenance Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior use Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
V.

Nature Applicable laws Design dened Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Maintenance, extension and renewal Transfer Cancellation International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior use Public interest Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunction Conscation Customs action
49:44 49:45 49:46 49:47 49:48 49:49 49:50 49:51 49:52 49:53 49:54 49:55 49:56 49:57 49:58 49:59
VI.

In general United Kingdom registered designs Copyright
49:60 49:61 49:62
VII.
49:63 49:64 49:65 49:66 49:67 49:68 49:69 49:70
cliv
LICENSING
Nature Geography Core considerationsType of intellectual property right licensed Territorial scope Term of license Exclusivity Sub-licenses Payment
Table of Contents 49:71 49:72 49:73 49:74 49:75 49:76 Ownership of intellectual property rights Maintenance of rights Defense and enforcement Other considerationsRecordal of registrable transactions Consequences of recordal Competition law
CHAPTER 50. UNITED STATES

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 50:1
UTILITY PATENTS
Nature Application procedure Inventorship and ownership Term Transfer of ownership Post-issuance correction and disclaimer International aspects Attacks on validityRe-examination Prior inventorship Invalidity and unenforceability Public interest and government intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctive relief Import restrictions
50:2 50:3 50:4 50:5 50:6 50:7 50:8 50:9 50:10 50:11 50:12 50:13 50:14 50:15 50:16
III.
COPYRIGHT
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Duration Transfer International aspects Attacks on ownershipOriginal work Public interest and government intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Fair use Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action Special considerations for computer software
clv
50:17 50:18 50:19 50:20 50:21 50:22 50:23 50:24 50:25 50:26 50:27 50:28 50:29 50:30 50:31
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 50:32 Copyright protection and management systems
IV.

Nature Registration of marks Beneciaries of rights Maintenance of federal registration Transfer Cancellation of federal registration International aspects Attacks on ownershipPrior users Fraud on the trade mark oce Public interest and government intervention Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Other trade mark actionsDilution Cybersquatting Unfair competition Customs action Trade and service names
50:33 50:34 50:35 50:36 50:37 50:38 50:39 50:40 50:41 50:42 50:43 50:44 50:45 50:46 50:47 50:48 50:49 50:50 50:51
V.
DESIGN PATENTS
Nature Application procedure Term Infringement actionsNature of infringement Action for damages
50:52 50:53 50:54 50:55 50:56
VI.
TRADE SECRETS
Nature Creation of rights Beneciaries of rights Protection Transfer Loss of rights International aspects Attacks on ownershipSubsequent discovery Public interest and government intervention Misappropriation actionsNature of misappropriation Action for damages Injunctions Conscation Customs action
50:57 50:58 50:59 50:60 50:61 50:62 50:63 50:64 50:65 50:66 50:67 50:68 50:69 50:70
clvi
Table of Contents
VII.
50:71 50:72 50:73 50:74 50:75 50:76 50:77 50:78 50:79 50:80 50:81 50:82 50:83 50:84 50:85 50:86 50:87 50:88 50:89 50:90
LICENSING
Nature Factors encouraging licensing Role of licensing in overall strategy Structuring licensing transactions Preliminary provisions Grant of rights Licensee obligations regarding licensor copyrights and trade marks Delivery Acceptance of licensed material by licensee Payment for licensed material Term of licensed rights Termination of licensed rights Other matters specic to transaction Warranties (Licensor promises as to ownership and performance) Limitation of liability for breach of agreement Condentiality Indemnity for third-party claims Government approvals and other requirements Dispute resolution Miscellaneous
CHAPTER 51. VIETNAM

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 51:1
AUTHORS RIGHTS AND RELATED RIGHTS

In general Conditions of protection of authorsCopyright Related rights Contents, limitation, and term of protection of authorsAuthors rights Related rights Ownership of copyright and related rightsCopyright Related rights Assignment and transfer of right of use of author's rights and related rights Registration certication of copyrights and related rights Copyright registration certicates and related rights Representative, consultancy, and service for copyright and related rights
51:2 51:3 51:4 51:5 51:6 51:7 51:8 51:9 51:10 51:11 51:12
III.
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
In general
clvii
51:13
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 51:14 51:15 51:16 51:17 51:18 51:19 51:20 51:21 51:22 51:23 51:24 51:25 51:26 51:27 51:28 51:29 51:30 51:31 51:32 Categories of industrial propertyPatent inventions and utility solution patents Industrial designs Layout designs Trade marks Trade names Registration of trade names Geographical indications Business secrets Owners of industrial property rights Creation of rights in industrial property Rights of beneciaries Maintenance and renewal of protection titles Extension Transfer and licensing Invalidation Limits on the right of ownershipPrior use Government intervention in the public interest Dependent patent General provisions relating to compulsory licensing
IV.
RIGHTS OVER NEW PLANT VARIETIES

In general Establishment Content of the right Limitations on the right Transfer of the right
51:33 51:34 51:35 51:36 51:37
V.
INFRINGEMENT ACTIONS
In general Assessment procedures and intellectual property examinations Intellectual property agents Civil remedies Administrative and criminal remedies Customs authority and border control measures Inspection Suspension measures
51:38 51:39 51:40 51:41 51:42 51:43 51:44 51:45
CHAPTER 52. THE EUROPEAN UNION

I. II.
clviii
INTRODUCTION
In general
52:1
PATENTS
Nature
52:2
Table of Contents 52:3 52:4 Attacks on ownership Infringement actions
III.
52:5 52:6 52:7
COPYRIGHT
Nature Attacks on ownership Infringement actions
IV.

52:8 52:9 52:10
V.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGN AND UTILITY MODELS

52:11 52:12 52:13
VI.

52:14 52:15 52:16
CHAPTER 53. THE REVISED BERNE CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF LITERARY AND ARTISTIC WORKS
I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 53:1
ORIGIN OF REVISED BERNE CONVENTION

History Status
53:2 53:3
III.
53:4 53:5 53:6 53:7
ADDITIONAL INTERNATIONAL TREATIES

Universal Copyright Convention Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsRevised Berne Convention Berne plus World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright Treaty
IV.
53:8
STRUCTURE OF REVISED BERNE CONVENTION

In general
clix
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 53:9 53:10 53:11 53:12 Application of Revised Berne ConventionWorks Level of creativity Special rules for certain works Personal application
V.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF REVISED BERNE CONVENTION

National treatment and minimum rights No formalities Independence from protection in country of origin Proof of authorship
53:13 53:14 53:15 53:16
VI.
CONCLUSION
In general
53:17
CHAPTER 54. THE BRUSSELS SATELLITE CONVENTION

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 54:1
CONTENT
Scope of protection Exceptions from protection Relation to copyright and domestic legal regulations on abuse of monopoly
54:2 54:3 54:4
III.
54:5
CONCLUSION
In general
CHAPTER 55. EUROPEAN TRADE MARK LAW

I. INTRODUCTION
In general National trade mark protection Madrid Agreement 55:1 55:2 55:3
II.
COMMUNITY TRADE MARK AND HARMONIZATION

In general Harmonization Directive
55:4 55:5
III.
55:6
clx
COMMUNITY TRADE MARK

Nature
Table of Contents 55:7 55:8 55:9 55:10 55:11 55:12 55:13 55:14 55:15 Scope Applications Oppositions Conversion procedure Priority Seniority Infringement actions Remedies Renewal
IV.
MADRID PROTOCOL
In general Applications Assignment of international trade marks
55:16 55:17 55:18
V.
NATIONAL RIGHTS AND THE COMMUNITY TRADE MARK

In general
55:19
VI. VII.
PIRACY AND COUNTERFEITING

In general
55:20
ENLARGEMENT
Accession of new member states Accession of Bulgaria and Romania
55:21 55:22
CHAPTER 56. JURISDICTION AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 56:1
ACTIONABILITY OF FOREIGN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN ENGLISH COURTS

In general The Judgments Regulation General rule: Defendant to be sued in his home state Exceptions to the general rule
56:2 56:3 56:4 56:5
III.
56:6
THE INTERNET
In general
clxi
IV.
ARBITRATION AND ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION

In general Arbitration Alternative dispute resolution Litigation World Intellectual Property Organization Arbitration and Mediation Center Advantages of World Intellectual Property Organization dispute resolution procedures
56:7 56:8 56:9 56:10 56:11 56:12
CHAPTER 57. THE LISBON AGREEMENT FOR THE PROTECTION OF APPELLATIONS OF ORIGIN AND THEIR INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION
I. INTRODUCTION
In general Purpose of the Lisbon Agreement Member states 57:1 57:2 57:3
II.
INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION PROCEDURE

In general Mandatory content of application Examination by international bureau
57:4 57:5 57:6
III.
REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION

In general Recognition, protection, and reputation in country of origin Recognition Protection and reparation Grant of protection Scope of protection Refusal of protection Remedies against refusals Tolerated use for prior users Remedies against violations
57:7 57:8 57:9 57:10 57:11 57:12 57:13 57:14 57:15 57:16
IV.
CHANGES AFFECTING INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION

Modications Renunciation of protection Cancellation of international registration
57:17 57:18 57:19

clxii
Table of Contents 57:20 57:21 Invalidation Corrections
CHAPTER 58. THE LOCARNO AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING AN INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION FOR INDUSTRIAL DESIGN
I. INTRODUCTION
In general Purpose of Locarno Classication Revisions and editions of Classication Member states Structure of Locarno Classication Use and scope of Locarno Classication 58:1 58:2 58:3 58:4 58:5 58:6
II.
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
In general Classes and subclasses Alphabetical list Class list Finding appropriate class Search methods Double-check test Classication in infringement cases Annex
58:7 58:8 58:9 58:10 58:11 58:12 58:13 58:14
Appendix 58A.
CHAPTER 59. THE MADRID AGREEMENT AND PROTOCOL

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 59:1
INTERNATIONAL REGISTRATION PROCEDURE

In general Application form Determining applicable system Entitlement to le Designating the European Union Eligibility criteria Basic mark Specication Languages Representation
clxiii
59:2 59:3 59:4 59:5 59:6 59:7 59:8 59:9 59:10 59:11
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 59:12 59:13 59:14 59:15 59:16 59:17 59:18 Fees Transmission of application to the international bureau Examination by the international bureau Examination by the national oces Duration and renewal Maintenance of international registration Dependency period
III. IV. V.
CENTRAL ATTACK AND TRANSFORMATION

In general
59:19
SUBSEQUENT DESIGNATION
In general
59:20
ASSIGNMENT
In general
59:21
CHAPTER 60. THE PARIS CONVENTION FOR PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general History of the Paris Convetion 60:1 60:2
II.
SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS
In general National treatment Right of priority
60:3 60:4 60:5
III.
COMMON RULES FOR PATENTS

In general Principle of independence of patents Right of inventor to be mentioned Patentability not eected by restrictions on product Importation of patented products or products made from patented processes Failure to work and compulsory licenses Grace period for maintenance fees Patents in international trac Inventions shown and marks exhibited at international exhibitions
60:6 60:7 60:8 60:9 60:10 60:11 60:12 60:13 60:14
IV.
clxiv
COMMON RULES CONCERNING TRADE MARKS

In general
60:15
Table of Contents 60:16 60:17 60:18 60:19 60:20 60:21 60:22 60:23 60:24 60:25 60:26 60:27 60:28 60:29 60:30 60:31 Cancellation for non-use Use in form dierent from form registered Concurrent use Grace period for renewal fees Independence of trade marks Protection of trade marks registered in country of origin Protection for unregistered well-known marks State emblems, ocial hallmarks, and emblems of international organizations Assignment of trade marks Service marks Registration of marks in name of agent Nature of goods not obstacle to registration Collective marks Industrial designs Trade names Indications of source and appellations of origin
V.
COMMON RULES CONCERNING UNFAIR COMPETITION

In general Unfair competition Article 10 bis
60:32 60:33 60:34
VI.
GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS

In general
60:35
CHAPTER 61. THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general History 61:1 61:2
II.
BASIC FEATURES OF THE TREATY

Not a world patent Procedure Filing Search, written opinion, and publication Demand National and regional phase lings
61:3 61:4 61:5 61:6 61:7 61:8
III.
61:9
STRATEGIC USE OF PATENT COOPERATION TREATY APPLICATIONS

In general
clxv
IV.
UNITED STATES PATENT COOPERATION TREATY APPLICATION STRATEGY

Choosing receiving oce and international searching authority Restoration of right of priority Filing and unity of invention Doctrine of equivalents and prosecution history estoppel Obtaining prior art date based on ling of patent cooperation treaty application Taking advantage of grace periods based on ling of patent cooperation treaty application
61:10 61:11 61:12 61:13 61:14 61:15
V.
MOVING TOWARD PATENT COOPERATION TREATY-BASED WORLD PATENT?

In general
61:16
VI.
CONCLUSION
In general
61:17
CHAPTER 62. THE PATENT LAW TREATY

I. II. III.
62:3
INTRODUCTION
In general
62:1
RELATION TO PATENT COOPERATION TREATY

In general
62:2
APPLICATION OF PATENT LAW TREATY

In general
IV.
MAIN PROVISIONS OF PATENT LAW TREATY

Filing date requirements Application formalities Mandatory representation Communications Validity and revocation of patents Relief with respect to time limits and reinstatement of rights Correction or addition of priority claim Restoration of priority right
62:4 62:5 62:6 62:7 62:8 62:9 62:10 62:11
V. VI.
clxvi
SUBSTANTIVE PATENT LAW TREATY

In general
62:12
CONCLUSION
In general
62:13
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 63. THE SINGAPORE TREATY ON LAW OF TRADE MARKS

63:1 63:2 63:3 63:4 63:5 63:6 63:7 63:8
Introduction Marks to which Treaty applies Electronic communications Relief measures in cases of failure to comply with time limits Trade mark license requirements Establishment of an assembly Resolution by diplomatic conference supplementary to Singapore Treaty Eective date of treaty and contracting parties
CHAPTER 64. THE TRIPS AGREEMENT

I. II. III.
64:3 64:4 64:5
INTRODUCTION
In general
64:1
RELATIONSHIP WITH EXISTING CONVENTIONS

In general
64:2
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Aim and scope Concept of national treatment Most-favored-nation principle
IV.
SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS
Existing conventions as basis for protection Copyright and related rights Trade marks Geographical indications Industrial designs Patents Integrated circuits Trade secrets and know-how Control of anti-competitive practices
64:6 64:7 64:8 64:9 64:10 64:11 64:12 64:13 64:14
V.
ENFORCEMENT AND ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES

Enforcement Dispute prevention and settlement Transition arrangements Review of TRIPS agreement
64:15 64:16 64:17 64:18
CHAPTER 65. THE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION

65:1 K 2013 Thomson Reuters, 9/2013 Introduction
clxvii
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 65:2 Background 65:3 Current application 65:4 Overview of provisions 65:5 Main provisionsGeneral scope of protection 65:6 National treatment 65:7 Maximum permissible formalities 65:8 Duration of copyright 65:9 Translation rights 65:10 Right to produce instructional materials Appendix 65A. Parties to the Universal Copyright Convention Appendix 65B. Parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
PART II. PRIMARY LAW AND COMMENTARY

CHAPTER 66. LAWS OF ARGENTINA WITH COMMENTARY
I. INTRODUCTION
In general Patents Utility models Trade secrets Copyrights Trade and service marks Industrial models and designs Licensing and transfer of technology 66:1 66:2 66:3 66:4 66:5 66:6 66:7 66:8
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Patent and Utility Models Law Number 24.482, amended by Law Number 24.572 Condentiality Act Copyright Act Trade Mark Act
66:9 66:10 66:11 66:12
CHAPTER 67. LAWS OF AUSTRALIA WITH COMMENTARY

I. II.
clxviii
INTRODUCTION
In general
67:1
COPYRIGHT
In general
67:2
Table of Contents 67:3 67:4 67:5 67:6 67:7 67:8 67:9 67:10 67:11 67:12 67:13 67:14 67:15 67:16 67:17 67:18 67:19 67:20 Computer programs Lists and databases Bundles of copyright Display of copyright notice Dispiay of copyright noticeInfringement of copyright and fair dealing Reproduction Copyright in utilitarian works Secondary infringement Ownership of copyright Assignments and licenses Rights and duties of the Crown International aspects of copyright Moral rights Recent and proposed amendments Performers' protection Proposals for amendment Case lawGreen v. Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand De Garis and Another v. Neville Jeress Pidler Pty. Ltd
III.
COPYRIGHT AMENDMENT (DIGITAL AGENDA) ACT 2000

In general Elements of the amendment Exceptions Enforcement measures
67:21 67:22 67:23 67:24
IV.
CIRCUIT LAYOUTS
In general Duration of protection Evidentiary labels Infringement of eligible layouts Reverse engineering Innocent infringement Ownership and licenses Rights of the commonwealth International aspects Case lawNintendo v. Centronics
67:25 67:26 67:27 67:28 67:29 67:30 67:31 67:32 67:33 67:34
V.
DESIGNS
In general Obtaining registration Duration of rights Ownership, assignments, and other dealings Infringement
clxix
67:35 67:36 67:37 67:38 67:39
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 67:40 67:41 67:42 67:43 Rights of the Crown International aspects Proposals for reform Case lawDart Industries Inc. and Another v. Decor Corporation Pty. Limited
VI.
PATENTS
In general Obtaining a patent Patentee's rights Marking requirements Standard patent extensions only for pharmaceutical substances or human therapeutic use Computer software Microorganisms Infringement Assignments and licenses Statutory controls on patent assignments and licenses patent abuse Rights of the Commonwealth International aspects Case lawMakita (Australia) Pty. Ltd. v. Black & Decker (Australasia) Pty. Ltd BristolMyers Squibb Co. v. F.H. Faulding & Co. Ltd Van der Lely v. Bamfords Windsurng International Inc. v. Petit Patents Amendment (Innovation Patents) Bill 2000
67:44 67:45 67:46 67:47 67:48 67:49 67:50 67:51 67:52 67:53 67:54 67:55 67:56 67:57 67:58 67:59 67:60
VII.
67:61 67:62 67:63 67:64 67:65 67:66 67:67 67:68
PLANT BREEDER'S RIGHTS ACT 1994

In general Purposes of the scheme Application process Eligibility Benets of plant breender's rights Costs of plant breeder's rights Trade practices and plant breeder's rights interaction Summary
VIII.
67:69 67:70 67:71 67:72 67:73
clxx
CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION, TRADE SECRETS, AND KNOW-HOW

In general Information is not property When are ideas not protected? Condential information and franchising Reverse engineering
Table of Contents 67:74 67:75 67:76 67:77 67:78 When is the duty of condentiality no longer binding? Employees and contractors Case lawWheatley v. Bell Cope Allman (Marrickville) Pty. Limited v. Farrow and Others Secton Pty. Ltd. (T/AS BWN. Industries) v. Delawood Pty. Ltd
IX.
REGISTERED TRADE MARKS

In general What is a sign? Descriptiveness Distinctiveness Originality and deceptiveness Special types of registrations How does a trade mark get registered? Removal Marking Licensing and other dealings with registered trade marks Trade marks and franchising Infringement Comparative advertising International aspects
67:79 67:80 67:81 67:82 67:83 67:84 67:85 67:86 67:87 67:88 67:89 67:90 67:91 67:92
X.
TRADE PRACTICES LAW

In general Sponsorship, rights of personality, cartoon characters, and merchandising Comparative advertising Origin labeling International reputation Geographical indications Unconscionability and franchising Case lawPacic Dunlop Ltd. v. Hogan
67:93 67:94 67:95 67:96 67:97 67:98 67:99 67:100
XI.
COMMON LAW REMEDIES

In general Passing o Business and product names Appearance of things Rights of personality Licensing and common law trade marks Injurious and malicious falsehood Case lawReddaway v. Banham A. G. Spalding & Bros v. A. W. Gammage Ltd Reckitt & Colman Products Ltd. v. Borden Inc
clxxi
67:101 67:102 67:103 67:104 67:105 67:106 67:107 67:108 67:109 67:110
XII.
STATUTORY TEXT
Trade Marks Act 1995 Copyright Act 1968 Patents Act 1990 Designs Act 1906
67:111 67:112 67:113 67:114
Volume 4
CHAPTER 68. LAWS OF AUSTRIA WITH COMMENTARY
I. INTRODUCTION
In general Competition law Trade Mark Act Registered design protection Patent law Industrial designs protection Semiconductor chip design protection Copyright law Domain names 68:1 68:2 68:3 68:4 68:5 68:6 68:7 68:8 68:9
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Act Against Unfair Competition Trade Mark Act Registered Design Act Patent Act Industrial Design Act Semiconductor Chip Act Copyright Act
68:10 68:11 68:12 68:13 68:14 68:15 68:16
CHAPTER 69. LAWS OF BELGIUM WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Copyright Trade marks Designs and models Patents Breeders' certicates Databases 69:1 69:2 69:3 69:4 69:5 69:6 69:7
clxxii
Table of Contents 69:8 69:9 69:10 Chips Software Domain names
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Copyright Act of 30 June 1994 The Benelux Treaty on Intellectual Property of 25 February 2005 Patent Act of 28 March 1984
69:11 69:12 69:13
CHAPTER 70. LAWS OF BRAZIL WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Industrial property law Patent law Trade Mark Law Other dispositions of the industrial property law Copyright law 70:1 70:2 70:3 70:4 70:5 70:6
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Industrial Property Law, Law number 9.279 of 14 May 1996 Copyright Law, Law Number 9.610 of 19 February 1998
70:7 70:8
CHAPTER 71. LAWS OF CANADA WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Statutes Competition Act Patent Act Trade Marks Act Ocial marks and geographic indications Licensing and assignment Remedies available to trade mark owners Public regulation relevant to trade mark owners Industrial Design Act Nature of protection and originality Application and registration process Interaction with other forms of intellectual property Rights and infringement Plant Breeders' Rights Act
clxxiii
71:1 71:2 71:3 71:4 71:5 71:6 71:7 71:8 71:9 71:10 71:11 71:12 71:13 71:14 71:15
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 71:16 71:17 Integrated Circuit Topography Act Copyright Act
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Patent Act Copyright Act Trade Marks Act Act Respecting Industrial Designs Plant Breeders Rights Act Integrated Circuit Topography Act
71:18 71:19 71:20 71:21 71:22 71:23
CHAPTER 72. LAWS OF COLOMBIA WITH COMMENTARY

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 72:1
STATUTORY TEXT
Common Regime on Industrial Property Decision Number 351 of 1993 on the Common Regime on Copyright Law Number 23 of 1982 on Copyright
72:2 72:3 72:4
CHAPTER 73. LAWS OF CYPRUS WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Domestic law International agreements Patents 73:1 73:2 73:3 73:4
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Patents Law Trade Marks Law Copyright Law
73:5 73:6 73:7
CHAPTER 74. LAWS OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
System of intellectual property law Registered and unregistered 74:1 74:2
clxxiv
Table of Contents 74:3 74:4 Creative and non-creative Individual and non-individual
II.
SOURCES OF LAW
National legislation International treaties European law
74:5 74:6 74:7
III.
PATENTS
In general Patentability Patent rights Period of protection Patent oce prosecution Patent cooperation treaty patents Infringement of rights Cancellation proceedings Appeals of decisions of the industrial property oce
74:8 74:9 74:10 74:11 74:12 74:13 74:14 74:15 74:16
IV. V. VI.
UTILITY MODELS
In general
74:17
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
In general
74:18
TRADE MARKS
In general Concept of trade mark Registration proceedings Rights in the trade mark Cancellation
74:19 74:20 74:21 74:22 74:23
VII.
74:24
COPYRIGHT
In general
VIII.
74:25
UNFAIR COMPETITION
In general
IX.
OTHER BRANCHES OF LAW AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW

In general
74:26
X.
PROCEDURAL ASPECTS
In general
clxxv
74:27
XI.
STATUTORY TEXT
Law on Trade Marks Act Concerning Literary, Scientic, and Artistic Work (Copyright Act) Law on Inventions, Industrial Designs, and Rationalization Proposals, Law Number 527 of 27 November 1990
74:28 74:29 74:30
CHAPTER 75. LAWS OF DENMARK WITH COMMENTARY

75:1 75:2 Consolidated Trade Marks Act, Act Number 90, 28-01-2009 Consolidated Act on Copyright, Act Number 587, 20-06-2008
CHAPTER 76. LAWS OF ESTONIA WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Note on commentary 76:1 76:2
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Copyright Act of 11 November 1992 Trade Marks Act of 22 May 2002 Patents Act of 16 March 1994 Utility Models Act of 16 March 1994 Industrial Design Protection Act of 18 November 1997 Protection of Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits Act of 25 November 1998 Principles of Legal Regulation of Industrial Property Act of 28 January 2003 Geographical Indication Protection Act of 15 December 1999
76:3 76:4 76:5 76:6 76:7 76:8 76:9 76:10
CHAPTER 77. LAWS OF FINLAND WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Scope of Finnish intellectual property legislation Enforcement of rightsForum Remedies Evidence Administrative and self-regulative bodiesNational Board of Patents and Registration Customs authorities 77:1 77:2 77:3 77:4 77:5 77:6 77:7
clxxvi
Table of Contents 77:8 77:9 Copyright Council Board on Business Practice
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Patents Act 1967 Trade Marks Act 1967
77:10 77:11
CHAPTER 78. LAWS OF HUNGARY WITH COMMENTARY

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 78:1
PATENTS
In general Patentable subject matter Entitlement to patent Service inventions Employee inventions Duration of protection and rights conferred Patent Cooperation Treaty; National phase European patents Competent authorities
78:2 78:3 78:4 78:5 78:6 78:7 78:8 78:9 78:10
III.
UTILITY MODELS
In general Conditions of grant Entitlement to utility model protection Duration of protection and rights conferred Competent authorities
78:11 78:12 78:13 78:14 78:15
IV.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
In general Conditions of grant Entitlement to design protection Duration of protection and rights conferred Competent authorities
78:16 78:17 78:18 78:19 78:20
V.
TRADE MARKS AND GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS

Act XI of 1997 Competition Act
78:21 78:22
VI.
COPYRIGHT
Act LXXVI of 1999
clxxvii
78:23
VII.
78:24
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES PERTAINING TO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

In general
VIII.
78:25 78:26
STATUTORY TEXT
Law XXXIII of 1995 on the Protection of Inventions by Patents Law Number LXXVI of 1999 on Copyright
CHAPTER 79. LAWS OF ISRAEL WITH COMMENTARY

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 79:1
PATENTS
In general Amendments to the Patent Law Proposed 2010 Amendments to the patent Law Pharmacists' Ordinance Plant breeders' rights Protection of integrated circuits
79:2 79:3 79:4 79:5 79:6 79:7
III.
COPYRIGHT LAW
In general Rights Permitted use of copyrighted material Procedure Enforcement
79:8 79:9 79:10 79:11 79:12
IV.
TRADE MARKS
In general Registration of foreign trade marks Madrid Protocol Merchandise Marks Ordinance 1929 Protection of Appellations of Origin and Geographical Names Law 1965
79:13 79:14 79:15 79:16 79:17
V.
PASSING OFF AND OTHER COMMERCIAL TORTS

The tort of passing o Theft of commercial secrets
79:18 79:19
VI.
DEFENSE EXPORT CONTROL LAW, 2007

In general
79:20
clxxviii
Table of Contents
VII.
79:21
RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES LAW 1988

In general
VIII.
79:22
INFRINGEMENT BY ANONYMOUS INTERNET TORTFEASORS

In general
IX. X. XI.
PARALLEL IMPORTS
In general
79:23
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
In general
79:24
EXTRATERRITORIAL APPLICATION OF ISRAEL INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW

In general
79:25
XII.
79:26
COPYRIGHT LAW 2007

In general
XIII.
79:27 79:28 79:29 79:30 79:31 79:32 79:33 79:34 79:35 79:36
STATUTORY TEXT
Copyright Law of 2007 Performers and Broadcasters Law 1984 Trade Marks Ordinance (New Version) 1972 Customs Ordinance Merchandise Marks Ordinance Protection of Appellations of Origin and Geographical Names Law 1965 Commercial Wrongs Law 1999 Patents Law 1967 Integrated Circuits (Protection) Law, 1999 Patents and Designs Ordinance, 1924
Volume 5
CHAPTER 80. LAWS OF ITALY WITH COMMENTARY
I. PROTECTION OF COPYRIGHT AND OTHER RELATED RIGHTS
In general
clxxix
80:1
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 80:2 80:3 80:4 Works qualifying for protection Economic rights Duration
II.
OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT
In general Moral rights Neighbouring rights Registration Cases of infringement Enforcement of rights Assignment and licensing of copyright International protection of copyright
80:5 80:6 80:7 80:8 80:9 80:10 80:11 80:12
III.
STATUTORY TEXT
Protection of Copyright and Other Rights, Act Number 633 of 22 April 1941
80:13
CHAPTER 81. LAWS OF JAPAN WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Background International conventions 81:1 81:2 81:3
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Patent Act Copyright Act
81:4 81:5
CHAPTER 82. LAWS OF MALAYSIA WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Trade Marks Act of 1976 Patents Act of 1983 Copyright Act of 1987 Industrial Designs Act of 1996 Layout-Design of Integrated Circuits Act of 2000 82:1 82:2 82:3 82:4 82:5 82:6
II.
clxxx
STATUTORY TEXT
Copyright Act 1987 (Act Number 332)
82:7
Table of Contents 82:8 82:9 Patents Act 1983 (Act Number 291 as amended) Trade Marks Act 1976 (Act Number 175)
CHAPTER 83. LAWS OF MEXICO WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
Patents Trade marks Administrative proceeding Modications with regard to defense and protection of industrial property rights Sanctions Increase in powers of the Mexican Institute of Industrial Property Harmonization with international treaties 83:1 83:2 83:3 83:4 83:5 83:6 83:7
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Industrial Property Law Federal Copyright Law
83:8 83:9
CHAPTER 84. LAWS OF NEW ZEALAND WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Intellectual property oce Unregistered rights and common law rights Peculiarities in New Zealand legislation 84:1 84:2 84:3 84:4
II.
MAJOR LEGISLATION
Patents Act of 1953 Trade Marks Act of 2002 Designs Act of 1953 Copyright Act of 1994 Layout Designs Act of 1994 Plant Variety Rights Act of 1987
84:5 84:6 84:7 84:8 84:9 84:10
III.
STATUTORY TEXT
Patents Act (Consolidated) 1953-2002 Layout Designs Act (Consolidated) 1994-1999 Designs Act (Consolidated) 1953-2010 Plant Variety Rights Act (Consolidated) 1987-1999 Flags, Emblems, and Names Protection Act (Consolidated) 1981-2010
clxxxi
84:11 84:12 84:13 84:14 84:15
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 84:16 84:17 84:18 84:19 84:20 84:21 Fair Trading Act (Consolidated) 1986-2012 Commerce Act (Consolidated) 1986-2008 Copyright Act (Consolidated) 1994-2011 Trade Marks Act (Consolidated) 2002-2012 Geographical Indications (Wine and Spirits) Registration Act Major Events Management Act (Consolidated) 2007-2012
Volume 6
CHAPTER 85. LAWS OF NORWAY WITH COMMENTARY
I. TRADE MARKS
In general Filing of application and examination 85:1 85:2
II.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
In general Filing of application and examination, and registration
85:3 85:4
III.
85:5 85:6 85:7 85:8
PATENTS
In general Filing of application and examination Scope of protection, duration of patent, and infringement License and compulsory license
IV.
STATUTORY TEXT
Trade Marks Act Designs Act Patents Act
85:9 85:10 85:11
CHAPTER 86. LAWS OF PERU WITH COMMENTARY

I. COPYRIGHT LAW
In general Scope of protection Rights conferred to the author Moral rights Property rights Categories of protectable works of authorship Literary works 86:1 86:2 86:3 86:4 86:5 86:6 86:7
clxxxii
Table of Contents 86:8 86:9 86:10 86:11 86:12 Artistic works Scientic works Computer programs Duration of copyright protection Remedies
II.
PATENT LAW
In general Subject matter and conditions for protection Duration of rights Scope of protection Infringement Exhaustion of rights Defenses Opposition Remedies
86:13 86:14 86:15 86:16 86:17 86:18 86:19 86:20 86:21
III.
TRADE MARK LAW

In general Subject matter and registrability Obtaining protection Duration Scope of protection Exhaustion of rights Infringement Opposition and revindication Remedies Cancellation, nullication and lapse Assignment and license
86:22 86:23 86:24 86:25 86:26 86:27 86:28 86:29 86:30 86:31 86:32
IV.
OTHER LAWS
Geographical indications Industrial designs Utility models Lay-out designs of integrated Circuits Industrial and trade secrets
86:33 86:34 86:35 86:36 86:37
V.
STATUTORY TEXT
Copyright law Patent law Trade Mark Law
86:38 86:39 86:40
CHAPTER 87. LAWS OF THE PHILIPPINES WITH COMMENTARY

87:1 K 2013 Thomson Reuters, 9/2013 Introduction
clxxxiii
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 87:2 Intellectual property code (Republic Act number 8293)
CHAPTER 88. LAWS OF POLAND WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general International treaties 88:1 88:2
II. III.
COPYRIGHT ACT
In general
88:3
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
In general Invention Patent Unauthorized use and patent infringement Criminal penalties Patent annulment and patent lapse Utility models Trade marks Industrial designs Topography of integrated Circuits Priority
88:4 88:5 88:6 88:7 88:8 88:9 88:10 88:11 88:12 88:13 88:14
IV.
STATUTORY TEXT
Act of 4 February 1994 on Copyright and Neighboring Rights Act of 30 June 2000 on Industrial Property Law
88:15 88:16
CHAPTER 89. LAWS OF PORTUGAL WITH COMMENTARY

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 89:1
INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY
In general Patents Utility models Industrial designs and models Trade marks Awards
89:2 89:3 89:4 89:5 89:6 89:7

clxxxiv
Table of Contents 89:8 89:9 89:10 89:11 Names and insignia of establishments Logos Appellations of origin and geographical indications Unfair competition
III. IV.
COPYRIGHT
In general
89:12
INFRINGEMENT AND LITIGATION

Opposition within the National Institute of Industrial Property Litigation in the commercial court Litigation in the criminal courts Litigation in the civil courts and criminal courts (Copyright)
89:13 89:14 89:15 89:16
V.
STATUTORY TEXT
Copyright and Neighboring Rights Code Industrial Property Code
89:17 89:18
CHAPTER 90. LAWS OF SINGAPORE WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
II.
LAW OF COPYRIGHT
Legislation Subject matter and conditions for copyright protection Obtaining protection: connecting factors Duration Ownership Scope of protection Infringement Exhaustion of rights Selected defences Remedies Protection of performers
90:4 90:5 90:6 90:7 90:8 90:9 90:10 90:11 90:12 90:13 90:14
III.
LAW OF PATENTS
Legislation Subject matter and conditions for protection Obtaining protection
clxxxv
90:15 90:16 90:17
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 90:18 90:19 90:20 90:21 90:22 90:23 90:24 90:25 Duration Ownership Scope of protection Infringement Exhaustion of rights Selected defences Opposition and revocation Remedies
IV.
LAW OF TRADE MARKS

Legislation Subject matter and registrability Absolute grounds Relative grounds Obtaining protection Duration Ownership Scope of protection Infringement Exhaustion of rights Selected defences Opposition and revocation Remedies Protection of well-known trade marks
90:26 90:27 90:28 90:29 90:30 90:31 90:32 90:33 90:34 90:35 90:36 90:37 90:38 90:39
V.
OTHER LAWS
Geographical indications Law of Unregistered Trade Marks and passing o Registered designs Layout designs of integrated Circuits Law of condentiality
90:40 90:41 90:42 90:43 90:44
VI.
STATUTORY TEXT
Copyright Act Patents Act Trade Marks Act 1998
90:45 90:46 90:47
CHAPTER 91. LAWS OF SOUTH AFRICA WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
Applicable law Legislation 91:1 91:2
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Patents Act, Act Number 57 of 1978, as amended
91:3
clxxxvi
Table of Contents 91:4 91:5 91:6 91:7 Designs Act, Act Number 195 of 1993, as amended Copyright Act, Act Number 98 of 1978 Counterfeit Goods Act, Act Number 37 of 1997 Trade Marks Act, Act number 194 of 1993
CHAPTER 92. LAWS OF SPAIN WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
In general Copyright and other neighboring rights Trade and service marks Trade and service names Industrial designs and utility models Aesthetic designs and patterns Patents International conventions 92:1 92:2 92:3 92:4 92:5 92:6 92:7 92:8
II.
STATUTORY TEXT
Royal Legislative Decree Number 1/1996 of 12 April 1996, as modied by Law Number 5/1998 of 6 March 1998, implementing European Community Directive Number 96/9/ec of 11 March 1996
92:9
CHAPTER 93. LAWS OF TAIWAN WITH COMMENTARY

I. II. INTRODUCTION
In general 93:1
FORMS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION

Patents Trade marks Copyright Moral and economic rights Electronic rights management information and technology protection measures Limitations on liability for internet service providers Trade secrets Integrated circuit layouts (mask works) Fair trade law Regulation of monopolies, mergers, and concerted actions Regulation of unfair competition Remedies
clxxxvii
93:2 93:3 93:4 93:5 93:6 93:7 93:8 93:9 93:10 93:11 93:12 93:13
III.
STATUTORY TEXT
Patent Law Trade Mark Law Copyright Law
93:14 93:15 93:16
CHAPTER 94. LAWS OF TURKEY WITH COMMENTARY

I. COPYRIGHT
In general Requirements for protection Authorship and ownership of copyright Rights of owner Term of protection Infringement of rights 94:1 94:2 94:3 94:4 94:5 94:6
II. III.
INDUSTRIAL RIGHTS
In general
94:7
TRADE MARKS
Denition and scope Types and classication Persons entitled to protection Use and term of protection Infringement of rights
94:8 94:9 94:10 94:11 94:12
IV.
PATENTS AND UTILITY MODELS

Denition and scope System of granting a patent Persons entitled to protection Use and term of protection Infringement of rights
94:13 94:14 94:15 94:16 94:17
V.
INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS
Denition and scope Procedures for granting right Persons entitled to protection Duration of design right Infringements of rigths
94:18 94:19 94:20 94:21 94:22
VI.
STATUTORY TEXT
Law on Intellectual and Artistic Works
94:23
clxxxviii
Table of Contents 94:24 94:25 94:26 Decree-Law Number 556 Pertaining to the Protection of Trade Marks Decree-Law Number 551 Pertaining to the Protection of Patent Rights Decree-Law Number 554 Pertaining to the Protection of Industrial Designs
CHAPTER 95. LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES WITH COMMENTARY

I. INTRODUCTION
II.
COPYRIGHT
Legislation Subject matter and conditions for copyright protection Obtaining protection Duration Ownership Scope of protection Infringement Selected defenses Remedies
95:4 95:5 95:6 95:7 95:8 95:9 95:10 95:11 95:12
III.
PATENT LAW
Legislation Subject matter and conditions for protection Obtaining protection Duration Ownership Scope of protection Opposition procedures Infringement Selected defenses Remedies
95:13 95:14 95:15 95:16 95:17 95:18 95:19 95:20 95:21 95:22
IV.
TRADE MARKS
Legislation Subject matter and registrability Obtaining protection Duration Ownership
clxxxix
95:23 95:24 95:25 95:26 95:27
World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies 95:28 95:29 95:30 95:31 95:32 95:33 Scope of protection Infringement Selected defenses Opposition and cancellation Remedies Protection of well-known trade marks
V.
STATUTORY TEXT
Copyright Act Patent Act Trade Mark Act
95:34 95:35 95:36
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WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS and REMEDIES

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He advices insolvency the Slovak Comenius

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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies

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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies

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World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies

World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies

K 2013 Thomson Reuters, 9/2013

World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies

K 2013 Thomson Reuters, 9/2013

K 2013 Thomson Reuters, 9/2013

World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies

Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

54. 55. 56. 57.

World Intellectual Property Rights and Remedies

Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter

75. 76. 77. 78. 79.

Laws Laws Laws Laws Laws

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TRADE AND SERVICE MARKS

TRADE AND SERVICE NAMES

INDUSTRIAL MODELS AND DESIGNS

LICENSING AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

TRADE AND SERVICE MARKS

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TRADE AND SERVICE NAMES

INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND UTILITY MODELS

AESTHETIC DESIGNS AND PATTERNS

TRADE AND SERVICE MARKS

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TRADE NAMES AND BUSINESS DESIGNATIONS

3:51 3:52 3:53 3:54 3:55 3:56 3:57 3:58

COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS

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TRADE MARKS AND SERVICE MARKS

TRADE AND SERVICE NAMES

4:54 4:55 4:56 4:57 4:58 4:59

DESIGNS AND MODELS

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TRADE AND SERVICE MARKS

TRADE AND SERVICE MARKS

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TRADE AND SERVICE NAMES

INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS, AESTHETIC DESIGNS, AND PATTERNS

7:2 7:3 7:4 7:5 7:6 7:7 7:8 7:9 7:10

Table of Contents 7:11 7:12 Injunctions Conscation

TRADE AND SERVICE MARKS

TRADE AND SERVICE NAMES

AESTHETIC DESIGNS AND PATTERNS

INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND UTILITY MODELS

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CHAPTER 8. PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

TRADE AND SERVICE MARKS

INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS AND UTILITY MODELS

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