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Dynamic/Adaptive Modulation
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INDEX
Dynamic / Adaptive modulation...................................................................................... 3 General Concepts .......................................................................................................... 3 Conditions for Dynamic/Adaptive modulation. ......................................................... 4 Traffic classification ................................................................................................... 4 Link Quality measurement.......................................................................................... 4 Modulation change...................................................................................................... 5 SIAE implementation of dynamic/adaptive modulation........................................... 5 Dynamic modulation................................................................................................... 5 Adaptive modulation................................................................................................... 6
Dynamic/Adaptive Modulation
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10
Eb ( Br ) + NF + N 0 10 3
field at BER = 10 - 3
We can discover that minimum received signal, able to guarantee certain performances (BER), depends on some fixed figures, such as required bit rate(Br) and demodulator Eb implementation . N0 If a receiver is working at such a level that cannot allow the required quality, some countermeasures can be activated.
Increasing TX power on remote terminal. This can obviously be done, if transmitter is not jet emitting its maximum power. Reducing user bit rate Changing modulation scheme and FEC redundancy
Dynamic/Adaptive Modulation
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In addition, SIAE maintain channel width, constant with no effect on other links, without any need to reconfigure entire network. In our implementation, if the selected modulation requires less back off, we are able to give to our customers, some extra dB of system gain. The following table summarizes performances of different modulations schemes. All data have been normalized to 4QAM. User Bit rate Tx power System gain Eb N 0 103 1 0 0 0 4QAM 2 +4 -4 -10 16QAM 2.5 +6 -5 -11 32QAM 3.5 +10 -6 -16 128QAM
A system using, for example 128QAM will increase its system gain by 16 dB if it switches to 4QAM, at the same time its transport capability will be reduced 3.5 times.
Traffic classification
In the previous example, traffic is reduced by a factor of 3.5 when 128QAM to 4QAM switch takes place. All traffic exceeding 4QAM capacity cannot be carried anymore. This means that traffic must be classified in at least two classes. One , high priority class, that will be transferred anyway and a low priority class that will be carried only if enough bandwidth is available. Siae implementation differs for PDH and ETH applications. - PDH E1 ports are manually configured for being high or low priority. - ETH packets are usually classified according to 802.1q, Siae systems are also able to classify them, according to IP TOS. This allows real time traffic to be always transmitted.
Mean Square Error. Noise level detected at demodulator input. This will allow the system to counteract reduction of receive field, as well as an interferer.
Dynamic/Adaptive Modulation
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Receive signal level. It is the simplest criterion, but it is not able to react to interference. BER . It is a classical criterion and reacts to rx field as well as to interferers. Using this criterion only it is very difficult achieving error free switch. Errors tend to propagate outside equipments before modulation switch.
Modulation change.
Modulator and demodulators must be able to switch configurations, in a very short time. This will allow to have small traffic interruptions that anyhow have to be checked in the application network. Siae implements on its actual radios two kinds of Adaptive/Dynamic modulation schemes.
Dynamic/Adaptive Modulation
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In order to clarify the process, let suppose that the system is operating using 16QAM with very good receive level (point 0). As received level decreases the operating point starts moving rightward . When operating point reaches mark 3, transmitter is at maximum power level, this will enable modulation downshift. If the received signal continues to decrease the system will reach point 4 where modulation downshift takes place. After that, the transmitter will increase again its power (4QAM requires less back off) and will reach working point 6.
Adaptive modulation
It is available now on current ALFO product line (Full Outdoor Radio). It will be available on next releases of AL (Split Mount) family. It is based on MSE measurements that allows the system to react to any source of degradation, well before errors are detected by the FEC. It involves obviously one direction at a time and the process is completely error free for surviving traffic.
Dynamic/Adaptive Modulation
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In current ALFO series, traffic classification uses IP TOS, whilst PDH traffic, if configured, is always considered as high priority. New AL family also allows customized E1 priority/ classification. SIAE Adaptive Modulation implementation figures are here below specified: High order modulation Low order modulation Channel BW MSE Threshold Minimum modulation transition Time Traffic interruption Jitter Hits on TDM interfaces Delay variation on TDM interfaces PDH traffic classification ETH traffic classification Number of managed priority classes (*) 128QAM available on next AL series 16QAM or 32QAM or 128QAM(*) 4QAM 3.5 7 14 28 MHz Configurable 200 mS 0 (Hitless) According to G823 0 Fixed (highest priority) 802.1q or IP TOS 4
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The receiver is continuously monitoring MSE, if it falls below a configured limit, a modulation switch request is transmitted backward. Modulator will react to the request, changing to the required modulation and sending back a modulation switch signal. The remote receiver will detect the ongoing change and will preset itself for the new modulation. This will allow it to change (that takes place some microseconds after the alerting signal) on the fly.
Dynamic/Adaptive Modulation
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