HTML

History Of Internet Internet, also known as the World Wide Web,as changed our lives significantly. The origin & history of internet date back to 1960s, when developers saw great potential in computers, with regard to sharing information on scientific and military research. In 1962, J.C.R Licklider proposed a global network of computers and later that year, moved on to Defense Advanced Research Projects to actually develop it. After sometime, the theory of packet switching was developed by Leonard Kleinrock, which formed the basis of internet connections. Applications of Internet-Electronic mail E-mail systems are based on a store-and-forward model in which e-mail computer server systems accept, forward, deliver and store messages on behalf of users, who only need to connect to the e-mail infrastructure, typically an e-mail server, with a network-enabled device (e.g., a personal computer) for the duration of message submission or retrieval. Originally, email was always transmitted directly from one user's device to another's; nowadays this is rarely the case. UUCP UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX Copy Protocol) is a set of Unix programs for copying (sending) files between different UNIX systems and for sending commands to be executed on another system. The main UUCP commands (each supported by a UUCP program) are: uucp, which requests the copying of a specific file to another specified system uux, which sends a UNIX command to another system where it is queued for execution uucico, which runs on a UNIX system as the program that carries out the copying and initiates execution of the commands that have been sent. Typically, this program is run at various times of day; meanwhile, the copy (uucp) and command (uux) requests are queued until the uucico program is run. uuxqt, which executes the commands sent by uux, usually after being started by the uucico program USENET Usenet is a world-wide distributed discussion system. It consists of a set of "newsgroups" with names that are classified hierarchically by subject. "Articles" or "messages" are "posted" to these newsgroups by people on computers with the appropriate software -- these articles are then broadcast to other interconnected computer systems via a widevariety of

networks. Some newsgroups are "moderated"; in these newsgroups, the articles are first sent to a moderator for approval before appearing in the newsgroup. Usenet is available on a wide variety of computer systems and networks, but the bulk of modern Usenet traffic is transported over either the Internet or UUCP. FTP File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a standard Internet protocol, is the simplest way to exchange files between computers on the Internet. Like the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which transfers displayable Web pages and related files, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), which transfers e-mail, FTP is an application protocol that uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols. FTP is commonly used to transfer Web page files from their creator to the computer that acts as their server for everyone on the Internet. It's also commonly used to download programs and other files to your computer from other servers. Telenet A terminal emulation program for TCP/IPnetworks such as the Internet. The Telnet program runs on your computer and connects your PC to a server on the network. You can then enter commands through the Telnet program and they will be executed as if you were entering them directly on the server console. This enables you to control the server and communicate with other servers on the network. To start a Telnet session, you must log in to a server by entering a valid username and password. Telnet is a common way to remotely controlWeb servers. SEARCH ENGINES Search engines are very different from subject directories. While humans organize and catalog subject directories, search engines rely on computer programs called spiders or robots to crawl the Web and log the words on each page. With a search engine, keywords related to a topic are typed into a search "box." IDENTIFY KEYWORDS When conducting a search, break down the topic into key concepts. BOOLEAN AND Connecting search terms with ANDtells the search engine to retrieve web pages containing ALLthe keywords. BOOLEAN OR Linking search terms with ORtells the search engine to retrieve web pages containing ANYand ALLkeywords. BOOLEAN AND NOT AND NOT tells the search engine to retrieve web pages containing one keyword but not the other.

IMPLIED BOOLEAN: PLUS & MINUS In many search engines, the plus and minus symbols can be used as alternatives to full Boolean AND andAND NOT. The plus sign (+) is the equivalent of AND, and the minus sign (-) is the equivalent of AND NOT. There is no space between the plus or minus sign and the keyword. PHRASE SEARCHING Surrounding a group of words with double quotes tells the search engine to only retrieve documents in which those words appear side-by-side. Phrase searching is a powerful search technique for significantly narrowing your search results, and it should be used as often as possible WWW is synonymous with HTTP The World Wide Web (WWW) is a popular term used to denote the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP). Based on the concept of "hypertext" put forth by Vannevar Bush in 1945 and coined by Ted Nelson, the purpose of HTTP is to share and distribute information. Other applications have tried to implement the concept of hypertext (like HyperCard of Apple Computer), but HTTP seems to be the best implementation to date. USES OF INTERNET Communication: The foremost target of internet has always been the communication. And internet has excelled beyond the expectations .Still; innovations are going on to make it faster, more reliable. By the advent of computers Internet, our earth has reduced and has attained the form of a global village. Information Information is probably the biggest advantage internet is offering. The Internet is a virtual treasure trove of information. Any kind of information on any topic under the sun is available on the Internet. The search engines like Google, yahoo is at your service on the Internet. You can almost find any type of data on almost any kind of subject that you are looking for. There is a huge amount of information available on the internet for just about every subject known to man, ranging from government law and services, trade fairs and conferences, market information, new ideas and technical support, the list is end less. Entertainment Entertainment is another popular raison d'tre why many people prefer to surf the Internet. In fact, media of internet has become quite successful in trapping multifaceted entertainment factor. Downloading games, visiting chat rooms or just surfing the Web are some of the uses people have discovered. There are numerous games that may be downloaded from the

Internet for free. The industry of online gaming has tasted dramatic and phenomenal attention by game lovers. Chat rooms are popular because users can meet new and interesting people. In fact, the Internet has been successfully used by people to find life long partners. When people surf the Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found and shared on the Internet. Services Many services are now provided on the internet such as online banking, job seeking, purchasing tickets for your favorite movies, guidance services on array of topics engulfing the every aspect of life, and hotel reservations. Often these services are not available off-line and can cost you more. HTML HTML, which stands for HyperText Markup Language, is the predominant markup language for web pages. It provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists etc as well as for links, quotes, and other items. It allows images and objects to be embedded and can be used to create interactive forms. It is written in the form of HTML elements consisting of "tags" surrounded by angle brackets within the web page content. It can include or can load scripts in languages such as JavaScript which affect the behavior of HTML processors like Web browsers; and Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) to define the appearance and layout of text and other material. The W3C, maintainer of both HTML and CSS standards, encourages the use of CSS over explicit presentational markup. URL Uniform Resource Locator, the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. The first part of the address is called a protocol identifier and it indicates what protocol to use, and the second part is called a resource name and it specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located. The protocol identifier and the resource name are separated by a colon and two forward slashes. For example, the two URLs below point to two different files at the domain pcwebopedia.com. The first specifies an executable file that should be fetched using the FTP protocol; the second specifies a Web page that should be fetched using the HTTP protocol: MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) is an Internet standard that extends the format of e-mail to support: Text in character sets other than ASCII

Non-text attachments Message bodies with multiple parts Header information in non-ASCII character sets MIME's use, however, has grown beyond describing the content of e-mail to describing content type in general, including for the web (see Internet media type). Virtually all human-written Internet e-mail and a fairly large proportion of automated e-mail is transmitted via SMTP in MIME format. Internet e-mail is so closely associated with the SMTP and MIME standards that it is sometimes called SMTP/MIME e-mail.

WEB BROWSER & PLUGIN Web browsers use plug-ins to play video and presentation formats (Flash, QuickTime, Microsoft Silverlight, 3DMLW). consists of a computer program that interacts with a host application (a web browser or an email client, for example) to provide a certain, usually very specific, function "on demand". Add-on is often considered the general term comprising plug-ins, extensions, and themes as subcategories.[1] Applications support plug-ins for many reasons. Some of the main reasons include: to enable third-party developers to create capabilities to extend an application to support features yet unforeseen to reduce the size of an application to separate source code from an application because of incompatible software licenses. NETMEETING Microsoft NetMeeting was a VoIP and multi-point videoconferencing client included in many versions of Microsoft Windows (from Windows 95 OSR2 to Windows XP). It uses the H.323 protocol for video and audio conferencing, and is interoperable with OpenH323-based clients such as Ekiga, and Internet Locator Service (ILS) as reflector. It also uses a slightly modified version of the ITU T.120 Protocol for whiteboarding, application sharing, desktop sharing, remote desktop sharing (RDS) and file transfers. The secondary Whiteboard in NetMeeting 2.1 and later utilizes the H.324 protocol. HTML What is HTML? HTML is a language for describing web pages. HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language HTML is not a programming language, it is a markup language A markup language is a set of markup tags

HTML uses markup tags to describe web pages

HTML Tags HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags HTML tags are keywords surrounded by angle brackets like <html> HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b> The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags HTML Headings HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags. Example <h1>This is a heading</h1> <h2>This is a heading</h2> <h3>This is a heading</h3> HTML Paragraphs HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag. Example <p>This is a paragraph</p> <p>This is another paragraph</p> HTML Links HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. Example <a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a> Note: The link address is provided as an attribute. (You will learn about attributes in a later chapter of this tutorial) HTML Images HTML images are defined with the <img> tag. Example <imgsrc="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142" /> Text Formatting Tags Tag Description <b> Defines bold text <big> Defines big text <em> Defines emphasized text <i> Defines italic text

<small> Defines small text <strong> Defines strong text <sub> Defines subscripted text <sup> Defines superscripted text <ins> Defines inserted text <del> Defines deleted text <s> Deprecated. Use <del> instead <strike> Deprecated. Use <del> instead <u> Deprecated. Use styles instead "Computer Output" Tags Tag Description <code> Defines computer code text <kbd> Defines keyboard text <samp> Defines sample computer code <tt> Defines teletype text <var> Defines a variable <pre> Defines preformatted text <listing> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead <plaintext> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead <xmp> Deprecated. Use <pre> instead Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags Tag Description <abbr> Defines an abbreviation <acronym> Defines an acronym <address> Defines an address element <bdo> Defines the text direction <blockquote> Defines a long quotation <q> Defines a short quotation <cite> Defines a citation <dfn> Defines a definition term Cascading Style Sheets Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is a style sheet language used to describe the presentation semantics (that is, the look and formatting) of a document written in a markup language. Its most common application is to style web

pages written in HTML and XHTML, but the language can be applied to any kind of XML document, including SVG and XUL. CSS is designed primarily to enable the separation of document content (written in HTML or a similar markup language) from document presentation, including elements such as the layout, colors, and fonts. This separation can improve content accessibility, provide more flexibility and control in the specification of presentation characteristics, enable multiple pages to share formatting, and reduce complexity and repetition in the structural content (such as by allowing for tableless web design). <style type="text/css"> body { font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; color: purple; background-color: #d8da3d } h1 { font-family: Helvetica, Geneva, Arial, SunSans-Regular, sans-serif } </style>

TABLES Using tables to divide the page into different sections is an extremely powerful tool. Almost all major sites on the web are using invisible tables to layout the pages. The most important layout aspects that can be done with tables are: Dividing the page into separate sections. An invisible table is excellent for this purpose. Creating menus. Typically with one color for the header and another for the links following in the next lines. Adding interactive form fields. Typically a gray area containing a search option. Creating fast loading headers for the page. A colored table with a text on it loads like a bullet compared to even a small banner. Easy alignment of images that have been cut into smaller pieces. A simple way to allow text to be written in two or more columns next to each other. Tables are defined with the <table> tag.

To insert a table on your page you simply add these tags where you want the table to occur: <table> </table> The above table would be of no use since it has no rows and no columns.

ROWS: To add rows to your table use the <tr> and </tr> tags.

Example: <table> <tr></tr> <tr></tr> </table> It doesn't make sense to write the above lines in itself, cause you can't write content outside of table cells. If you do write things outside of cells it will appear right above the table. COLUMNS: You can divide rows into columns with <td> and </td> tags: Example: <table> <tr><td>This is row one, left side.</td><td>This is row one, right side.</td></tr> <tr><td>This is row two, left side.</td><td>This is row two, right side.</td></tr> </table> Result: This is row one, left side. This is row one, right side. This is row two, left side. This is row two, right side. These settings can be added to both <tr> and <td> tags. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION align= left right center aligns content to the left of cells aligns content to the right of cells aligns content to the center of the cells

sets a background image for the cells sets a background color for bgcolor=#rrggbb the cells sets color for the border of bordercolor=#rrggbb cells sets color for the border bordercolordark=#rrggbb shadow of cells background=filename valign= top middle bottom aligns to the top of cells aligns to the middle of the cells aligns to the bottom of cells specify a minimum width for the cells in pixels specify a minimum width for the cells in percent of the table width minimum height of cells in pixels minimum height of cells in percentage of table height

width= n n%

height= n n%

These settings are only valid for <td> tags. PROPERTY DESCRIPTION colspan=n number of columns a cell should span protects againslinebreaks, even though the content nowrap of a cell might be wider than the browser window rowspan=n number of rows a cell should span Frames Frames can divide the screen into separate windows.

Each of these windows can contain an HTML document. A file that specifies how the screen is divided into frames is called a frameset. If you want to make a homepage that uses frames you should: make an HTML document with the frameset make the normal HTML documents that should be loaded into each of these frames. When a frameset page is loaded, the browser automatically loads each of the pages associated with the frames. The HTML for the above frameset: <html> FORMS <head> <title>My Frames Page</title> </head> <frameset cols="120,*"> <frame src="menupage.htm" name="menu"> <frameset rows="*,50"> <frame src="welcomepage.htm" name="main"> <frame src="bottombanner.htm" name="bottom"> </frameset> </frameset> </html> An HTML form is a section of a document containing normal content, markup, special elements called controls (checkboxes, radio buttons, menus, etc.), and labels on those controls. Users generally "complete" a form by modifying its controls (entering text, selecting menu items, etc.), before submitting the form to an agent for processing (e.g., to a Web server, to a mail server, etc.) Here's a simple form that includes labels, radio buttons, and push buttons (reset the form or submit it): <FORM action="http://somesite.com/prog/adduser" method="post"> <P> <LABEL for="firstname">First name: </LABEL> <INPUT type="text" id="firstname"><BR> <LABEL for="lastname">Last name: </LABEL> <INPUT type="text" id="lastname"><BR> <LABEL for="email">email: </LABEL> <INPUT type="text" id="email"><BR> <INPUT type="radio" name="sex" value="Male"> Male<BR>

<INPUT type="radio" name="sex" value="Female"> Female<BR> <INPUT type="submit" value="Send"><INPUT type="reset"> </P> </FORM> HTML defines the following control types: buttons Authors may create three types of buttons: submit buttons: When activated, a submit button submits a form. A form may contain more than one submit button. reset buttons: When activated, a reset button resets all controls to their initial values. push buttons: Push buttons have no default behavior. Each push button may have client-side scripts associated with the element's event attributes. When an event occurs (e.g., the user presses the button, releases it, etc.), the associated script is triggered. Authors should specify the scripting language of a push button script through a default script declaration (with the META element). Authors create buttons with the BUTTON element or the INPUT element. Please consult the definitions of these elements for details about specifying different button types. Note. Authors should note that the BUTTON element offers richer rendering capabilities than the INPUT element. checkboxes Checkboxes (and radio buttons) are on/off switches that may be toggled by the user. A switch is "on" when the control element's checked attribute is set. When a form is submitted, only "on" checkbox controls can become successful. Several checkboxes in a form may share the same control name. Thus, for example, checkboxes allow users to select several values for the same property. The INPUT element is used to create a checkbox control. radio buttons Radio buttons are like checkboxes except that when several share the same control name, they are mutually exclusive: when one is switched "on", all others with the same name are switched "off". The INPUT element is used to create a radio button control. If no radio button in a set sharing the same control name is initially "on", user agent behavior for choosing which control is initially "on" is undefined. Note. Since existing implementations handle this case differently, the current specification differs from RFC 1866 ([RFC1866] section 8.1.2.4), which states: At all times, exactly one of the radio buttons in a set is checked. If none of the <INPUT> elements of a set of radio buttons specifies `CHECKED', then the user agent must check the first radio button of the set initially.

Since user agent behavior differs, authors should ensure that in each set of radio buttons that one is initially "on". menus Menus offer users options from which to choose. The SELECT element creates a menu, in combination with the OPTGROUP and OPTION elements. text input Authors may create two types of controls that allow users to input text. The INPUT element creates a single-line input control and the TEXTAREA element creates a multi-line input control. In both cases, the input text becomes the control's current value. file select This control type allows the user to select files so that their contents may be submitted with a form. The INPUT element is used to create a file select control. hidden controls Authors may create controls that are not rendered but whose values are submitted with a form. Authors generally use this control type to store information between client/server exchanges that would otherwise be lost due to the stateless nature of HTTP (see [RFC2616]). The INPUT element is used to create a hidden control. object controls Authors may insert generic objects in forms such that associated values are submitted along with other controls. Authors create object controls with the OBJECT element. The elements used to create controls generally appear inside a FORM element, but may also appear outside of a FORM element declaration when they are used to build user interfaces. This is discussed in the section on intrinsic events. Note that controls outside a form cannot be successful controls.

ADVANCED HTML

TABLE:-

Table is used to arrange data especially when it is a combination of text and number. It is based on rows and columns.

1. <TABLE></TABLE>:It is used to create a table that can include any number of rows and columns. Syntax:

<TABLE> Contents of table </TABLE>

ATTRIBUTES:BORDER=

Specifies the width of border drawn around the table. CELLSPACING= Specifies the amount of space between the cells in table. CELLPADDING= Specifies the amount of space between the edges of the cell and the text inside. WIDTH= Specifies the width of table On the page. BGCOLOR= Specifies the background color of the table. BACKGROUND= Specifies the image that is to be tiled as the background image.

2. <TR></TR>:Specifies a table row. It can enclose the table heading and table data. Syntax:<TABLE> <TR>
.

</TR> </TABLE> ATTRIBUTES:ROWSPAN= ALIGN = and Specifies the number of rows the cell will span. Specifies the horizontal alignment of the row contents. Possible Values are LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER.

VALIGN

Specifies the vertical alignment of the contents of cell within this row. Possible values are Top, MIDDLE and BOTTOM.

3.

<TD></TD>:Define a table data in a cell. These goes inside the TR tag. Syntax:<TABLE> <TR> <TD> . (Table Data) </TD> </TR> </TABLE>

ATTRIBUTES:COLSPAN= Specifies the number of columns the cell will span. Others attributes are: BACKGROUND, BGCOLOR, ALIGN, WIDTH and HEIGHT.

4.

<TH></TH>:-

Specifies heading to a cell. ATTRIBUTES:ALIGN= Specifies the horizontal alignment of the cell contents. Possible values are LEFT, RIGHT, and CENTER.

FRAMES

Frames are basically a way of arranging and presenting several web pages at once. Frame allows more than one pages to be displayed at once. Frame is built using the <FRAMESET> rather than <BODY> at the beginning of the document. A frameset document is an HTML page that instructs the web browser to split its window into multiple frames and specifies which web page should be displayed in each frame.
1.

<FRAMESET></FRAMESET>:- Frame is the HTML tag used to

create a framed page. This tag replaces the BODY tag completely to create frames-style pages. ATTRIBUTES:BORDER= frame. Specifies the width of border drawn around the

ROWS

Create the frame as rows and specifies the width of each rows. Width of each row can be set using percentage (%), pixels, or relative size (*). Create the frame as columns and specifies the width of each column. Width of each column set using percentage (%), pixels, or Determine whether or not scrolling bars are displayed on all the frames. Possible values YES, NO, And AUTO.

COLS= can be relative size (*). SCROLLING= are

2.

<FRAME></FRAME>:-

This tag is defined within the frameset container. This tag is used to specify what actually appears within a particular frame. ATTRIBUTES:SRC = NAME = SCROLLING = Specifies the source file for the frame. Define a name for the frame. Specifies if the frame is with a scroll bar or not. Possible values are YES, NO, and AUTO. BORDER= Specifies the width of border drawn around the frame. MARGINWIDTH=Specifies the left and right margins in the frame. MARGINHEIGHT=Specifies the top and bottom margins. TARGET= Specifies the target window on which the document is to be displayed. RESIZE= Specifies whether or not you want to resize a frame by dragging the border across the page. Possible values are YES, NO.

FORM

A HTML form is simply a container that contains other form elements such as a text box, radio button, list boxes, etc. Form is creating on web pages to get feedback. It is creating using <FORM>.

1.

<FORM></FORM>:- Indicates an input form.

ATTRIBUTES:-

ACTION= CGI files. METHOD=

Specifies the address to be used in carrying out the action of the form, usually the address of the How the form input will be sent to the server normallyset to POST rather than GET.

2. <INPUT></INPUT>:- Input element for a form.

ATTRIBUTES:TYPE= SUBMIT NAME= VALUE= the SRC= SIZE= MAXLENGTH= ALIGN= Specifies the type of control being used. Possible values are CHECKBOX, RADIO, RESET, and TEXT. The name of this item as passed to the script. For a text item, the default value; for a checkbox or radio button, the value to be submitted with the form; for reset or submit buttons, the label for button itself. If the TYPE is IMAGE, then this specifies the address of the image to be used. Specifies the size of the text Entry area that is displayed by the browser. The maximum number of a character that can be entered into a text region. How the text or image will align.

3.

<SELECT></SELECT>:-

Create a menu or scrolling list of possible items. ATTRIBUTES:NAME= The name that is passed to the script. SIZE = The number of element to display. 4. <OPTION>:- indicate possible items within <SELECT> element. (SELECTED) with this attributes included, the <OPTION> will be selected by default in the list. VALUE= The value to submit if this <OPTION> is selected when the form is submitted. 5. <TEXTAREA></AREA>:-indicates a multi line text entry form element. ATTRIBUTES:NAME= The name to be passed to the script. ROWS= The number of rows this text area display. COLS = The number of columns (characters) this text area display.

WEB BROWSER
Web Browser is software that interprets the markup of files in HTML, formats them into web pages, and displays them to the user. Some browser can also permits users to send and receive e-mail, read newsgroup, and play sound or video files that embedded in Web documents. There are two types of web browsers; Text based browser and Graphical browser. Some popular web browsers are being briefly discussed as follows: Mosaic Netscape Navigator Microsoft Internet Explorer Lynx

Mosaic

Mosaic was the first web browser that was developed by the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) at the University of Illinois. It is x windows platform. This software is available free on the Internet and can be download from ftp: ||ncsa.uius.edu by anonymous FTP.

Functions of Mosaic:2. Through Mosaic we can easily reached the resource directly those are showing URL (address). 3. It helps in sending you your own home page. 4. Through Mosaic we can easily read news. 5. Through Mosaic we can easily send the e-mail. 6. With the help of Mosaic reloading of document is very easy. 7. Mosaic is used to find a string, a word or phrase in the current document. 8. By Mosaic we can easily change our home page. 9. Through Mosaic we can easily move between the existing documents.

Netscape Navigator

Netscape Navigator was first released in 1994, and is one of the most successful and fastest web browsers currently to the market. It is a part of the suite Netscape Communicator, through Netscape Navigator is also coming alone for use as a freeware. It is available in different version for UNIX, Windows and Macintosh platforms, and has in-built e-mail and newsgroups facilities. It is a product of Netscape Communications Corporation.

Functions of Netscape Navigator:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

To see the next screen full of a page. To go previous page. To move the initial home page. To search for specific text. To reload the current document To stop the loading process.

Microsoft Internet Explorer

This is based on NCSA MOSAIC and is distributed user an agreement with Spyglass Ltd. This is a shareware software and can be downloaded from the Internet. It comes in different version for the various windows products. Internet Explorer is a browser that can be used to find a wealth of information on the Internet. The information got through Internet Explorer can be incorporated in yours documents or can be saved as files.

Linux

Linux is a text-based World Wide Web browser. It was developed at the University of Kansas. Unlike Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator, you can not use multimedia on this www client program but can read text of any web document. It is exclusively meant for UNIX platforms. As it does not support multimedia, it works very fast and requires not very speedy Internet connection.

Functions of Lynx:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. the 6. 7. 8. 9. To see the next screen full of a home page. To go back to a page. To move down to the next link. To move into the previous link. To fix a messed up screen, say reveres video is left all over screen. To search for specific text. To repeat a search. To select the current link. To return to the previous link.

Uses of HTML
There are many benefits of HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) over other computer languages, and here are just a few of them. Before we can really start to look at the benefits of HTML, it will help to have a basic understanding of exactly what HTML (or Hyper Text Markup Language) really is. So here goes. HTML is a web programming language, and even the most novice of webmasters can benefit from having some practical knowledge of how it works. Although there are plenty of build your own free website websites out there, with programs which aim to make building the site simple for the complete novice, it is still worth taking the time out just to learn a few of the basics. You might surprise yourself at how much you can do on your own, with just a little bit of practice with programming resources. HTML was created in the 1990s, and has been in a state of continual evolution ever since, but dont worry about that, you only need to know the basics of the very latest language, theres no point in learning about what has already been improved upon is there? (Some vintage car enthusiasts might not agree with that one, but hey ho). Loads of other languages incorporate html code within its scripted pages (computer languages that is, were not talking about French or Italian here, mama mia!) The basic HTML coding is pretty simple, but very often there are errors and mistakes in the code, which computers kind of recognize but can make loading or reading some web pages difficult and slow, so its often a good idea to have HTML validation, which makes sure that youre doing it right, if youre gonna do it do it right! Okay? Some of the Benefits of HTML Its easy to use even for computer dummies It has a pretty loose syntax, so even if you dont get it perfect, the computer will sort of know what you mean (maybe even better than you do at first) It is supported on the majority of browsers, in fact, maybe even all of them It is widely used on all websites Its really similar to XML syntax which is used more and more for storage of data It will cost you nothing. Free, Zilch, Zero, Nada. Easy to learn, even for dummies Build Your Own Website with HTML Once you know the basics, it is quite feasible that you will be able to build, or at least amend your very own websites, and know exactly what youre asking it to do. Although it isnt always possible to have the most visually pleasing website using only HTML, it will certainly help you to get up and running, and the better you are and the better you get at using it, the bigger and better websites you will be able to build. Yes, you! There are many benefits of learning HTML and using HTML, so what are you waiting for? Get cracking. Just remember, the tags usually come in pairs (a bit like buses), so if theres one, therell probably be another one along pretty soon.

Limitations of HTML
The primary limitation of HTML is that HTML tags do not describe the meaning of the data included in an HTML document. HTML uses a fixed, predefined tag set that specifies formatting and instructs a browser how to render data included in these tags. But the tags do not convey the meaning or semantics of data contained in the tags. In many cases, the meaning of the data included in a document is critical. XML is designed to overcome this and other limitations of HTML. A classic example in which this limitation of HTML is problematic is Web searches. When you try to search for a document on the Internet on the basis of a word or phrase, you will literally get thousands of matches. The search engine does not use the HTML tags but instead relies on keywords and meta-tags in the HTML document. For example, if you want to search for information relating to the box office performance of the 1997 film Titanic, you might be deluged with articles about the ship Titanic, the numerous books about its fatal voyage, or pages of sales promotions touting "titanic" discounts. An advanced search might return the exact information you want in the first few search results, but the search is still not efficient. HTML does a good job of formatting Web pages for display. Its inadequacies lie in its ability to supply all the features we seek in an information application. A partial list of these inadequacies include searching, site management and link management. The structure of HTML is dedicated to formatting pages. There is not enough structure in HTML to provide for the processing needs of an information application. HTML lacks the capability to define new structures by defining relationships between classes. According to developers, the most commonly cited problem with HTML forms is their dependency on scripting languages. Real-world HTML forms are reliant on script to accomplish many common tasks such as marking controls as required, performing validations and calculations, displaying error messages, and managing dynamic layout. This dependency results in complex documents, which are expensive and timeconsuming to maintain, since a full-time programmer is practically necessary when dealing with that much script. XForms helps reduce the need for script in several ways: by defining a framework for simple, XPath-based calculations and validations, by providing better user feedback on the status of the form, through dynamic features such as repeating tables and optional sections, and through a system of XForms Actionselements that cause commonly needed actions such as setting focus or changing a data value. A second limitation of HTML forms is the difficulty of initializing form data, as commonly happens when web sites "remember" past users and provide them the courtesy of not having to repeatedly enter information. As shown earlier, each form control has its own unique way of defining initial data, with small bits of initialization data spread all across the document. This means that in order to process a blank form into a filled form, either a new document needs to be constructed piece by piece, or an existing document needs to be patched in numerous placesone of the reasons why template-replacement facilities are commonly found in application servers. Constructing such forms is CPU-intensive and leads to bottlenecks on high-volume servers. In XForms, form data is provided from an initial XML file, which can be external to the form definition. Since XForms is also flexible enough to deal directly with most XML data formats, piping initial data into a form is typically a simple matter of pointing a src attribute to an existing XML data source. A third limitation of HTML forms is that the encoding formats, urlencoded or multipart, represent only "flat" data, or name/value pairs. Many types of forms, including

purchase orders, would benefit from a richer data representation. XML is a better foundation for most business documents than a flattened set of names and values. Since it has XML support as a fundamental requirement, XForms excels at helping users create those kinds of documents. More subtle, but still serious, is a fourth fundamental design flaw in HTML forms: a hidden assumption of a one-step processfrom a client to a serverwith processing finishing there. In the real world, forms often travel in more complicated paths. For example, a vacation request form might go to a supervisor for approval, then to the human resources department, and finally to accounting for final processing. Managing HTML forms in such a workflow scenario involves reinterpreting the data format at every stage. Perhaps this is one reason why HTML forms aren't commonly seen in use for workflow. XForms enables a different pattern: it allows form data, as an XML file, to be routed to various workstations, as needed. At each stop, the data is loaded into a form, which provides a viewport into editing all or parts of the document, and submitted again. This process can be repeated as many times as necessary, with any number of participants. As the HTML Working Group became increasingly aware of the limitations inherent in HTML forms, they decided that they needed to develop a new, non-backwardcompatible specification for web forms. To do this, they formed a subgroup (which later became a full Working Group) to define the requirements and begin the initial design work of XForms. They set out to produce a system that would fulfill the following requirements: XForms should use XML, both for initial data and submitted data. The difference between a blank form and a filled-out form should be minimal and representable as an XML document. Forms should be easy to route to multiple users and locations. XForms should separate purpose, presentation, and form data. Earlier, each section describing an HTML form control had to define two things: how the control looked, and how it affected the form data set. XForms should cleanly separate these two aspects. XForms should provide the 20 percent of functionality needed to avoid 80 percent of all forms scripting. Popular features such as calculations and validations should be included in the language. XForms should be designed in such a way to encourage those using HTML forms to switch over by making sure that all the commonly used features in HTML forms are still possible in XForms.