Green Technologies: Smart and Efficient Management 2012, SLIET Longowal

Conservation of Energy: Source, Importance, Efficiency & Tips

Rajender Sabharwal, M. S. Manna, Member IEEE

Abstract- This is conservation in its most meaningful sense, acknowledging the responsibility which we all share, to use our natural resources intelligently and prudently, avoiding waste and preserving our assets. It guarantees for the generations to come, a longer period over which our natural energy resources may be extended for our use and convenience. It provides the consumer with an ideal opportunity to reduce the cost of energy by conservation. If it is not in use - shut it off and that includes radios, computers, air conditioners, television sets, stereos, mobile chargers, voltage stabilizers and lights. There are volumes of information available on what a household, a person, a business, or a legislator can do to reduce personal or national energy consumption. Most of these conservation steps could be implemented immediately or very soon. Index Terms Solar Energy, Photovoltaic Cell, Wind Energy, Energy Conservation, Energy Efficiency.

Energy being an important element of the infrastructure sector has to be ensured its availability on sustainable basis. On the other hand, the demand for energy is growing manifold and the energy sources are becoming scarce and costlier. Among the various strategies to be evolved for meeting energy demand, efficient use of energy and its conservation emerges out to be the least cost option in any given strategies, apart from being environmentally benign. The steps to create sustainable energy system begin with the wise use of resources; energy efficiency is the mantra that leads to sustainable energy management. II. ENERGY DEMAND AND SUPPLY On the energy demand and supply side, India is facing severe shortages. 70% of the total petroleum product demand is being met by imports, imposing a heavy burden on foreign exchange. Country is also facing Peak power and average energy shortages of 12% and 7% respectively. [1,9].

I. INTRODUCTION

India has made rapid strides towards economic selfreliance over the last few years. Impressive progress has been made in the fields of industry, agriculture, communication, transport and other sectors necessitating growing consumption of energy for developmental and economic activities. If India is to achieve the targeted growth in GDP, it would need commensurate input of energy, mainly commercial energy in the form of coal, oil, gas and electricity. However, Indias fossil fuel reserves are limited. The known reserves of oil and natural gas may last hardly for 18 and 26 years respectively at the current reserves to production ratio. India has huge proven coal reserves (84 billion tones), which may last for about 200 years but the increasing ash content in Indian Coal as well as associated greenhouse gas emissions are the major concern[1].

III. ENERGY CONSERVATION Energy conservation is the reduction of quantity of energy used. Energy conservation supports the eco friendly lifestyle by providing energy, which saves your money and at the same time saves the earth. When you decrease the amount of energy you use you automatically make efforts to reduce increasing global warming [2]. What is energy conservation? Everyone seems to be talking about energy conservation. But what do we mean by energy conservation? Energy conservation means making an effort to reduce the consumption of natural energy sources like coal, water and so on [3]. IV. SOURCE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION (A) Solar Energy Solar power uses the sun's energy which provides heat, light, and electricity for homes. It is the primary source of all energy forms on the earth. It is one such energy source which helps to maintaining the ecological balance through the process of photosynthesis and green house effect. We have been using sun to dry clothes and boil food for generations. But now latest technologies/devices have been developed to trap/convert the most of the solar energy such as: -

Rajender Sabharwal, Executive Engineer Operation Division is with Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam, Tohana, Distt. Fatehabad, Haryana. (E-mail: rsabharwaldhbvn@gmail.com). Manpreet Singh Manna, Associate Professor is with Electrical & Instrumentation Engineering Department of Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal, Punjab, India (Deemed University, Established by: Govt. of India). (E-mail: mannasliet@gmail.com).

GT12-1

Green Technologies: Smart and Efficient Management 2012, SLIET Longowal Photovoltaic systems: By these systems the electricity could be produced directly from the sunlight. Solar Process Space heating and cooling: It is the commercial and industrial use of sun-sheat. Solar Hot Water: The process to heat water with the solar energy. Solar Power plants: Producing electricity bu using the sun's heat. Passive Solar heating and day lighting: Use solar energy to heat buildings. (B) Wind Energy Wind energy is often used to generate the mechanical power or the electricity. In the country like India, wind energy holds the great importance because of large hilly, coastal and desert areas. In the rural areas it is used to pump water and grind grain. The benefit of wind energy is that it is fully pollution free and is eco friendly too. It costs low and the generation of power is continuous. It is the most effective way to conserve the energy and prevent the environment. (C) Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is used in the form of thermal energy, electrical energy, nuclear energy, mechanical energy, chemical energy and light energy. It uses heat energy from beneath the surface of the earth. It was first used to produce electricity in the Italy in 1903. Geothermal energy has the major environment benefit as it prevents air pollution. It is particularly important in the inland nations such as Indian Oceans and the pacific regions. Energy generation from geothermal sources is only possible in few places under unique geographic conditions. (D) Wave Energy Ocean waves contain large amount of energy, which can be extracted through Ocean winds, Ocean currents, Ocean Geothermal etc. if the barrage is built across the river, electricity can be obtained by the flow of water through turbines as the tide rise and falls. (E) Hydroelectric Energy Another renewable source of energy is the hydroelectric energy, which is produced from fast flowing water. The process is pollution free. The movement of water spins the turbines which in turn generate electricity. (F) Biomass Energy Biomass is the plant and animal waste which is used as the energy. Biomass energy like manure from livestock, plant waste etc can be used to generate electricity, fuel, light, and heat. We get biomass energy directly from plants and indirectly from the animal waste[2]. given a thought on energy conservation? Energy conservation is definitely not an issue that will take a significant place in our day to day lives; however it is one of the most important topics that need to be discussed. Each one of us uses energy in some form or the other all day long, throughout the year. Almost every small thing we do requires energy right from cooking to transportation to lighting, cooling and even entertainment. December 14th is celebrates as World Energy Conservation day, so let us discuss some ways by which we can conserve energy and find out why energy conservation is so important. Why is energy conservation important? We depend on energy for almost everything in our lives. We wish to make our lives comfortable, productive and enjoyable. Hence even if the outside temperature rises a little, we immediately switch on the air conditioner to keep our house cool. This is again using up of energy. Unfortunately, what we do not realize is that we have starting taking things for granted and we have started wasting energy unnecessarily. Most of us forget that energy is available in abundance but it is limited and hence to maintain the quality of life, it is important that we use our energy resources wisely. If we do not conserve energy, the energy will exhaust and we will have nothing to use. Also, energy conservation is also important when it comes to climate change. Currently, erratic climates and climatic changes are the greatest threats that we are facing today. Hence it is important to conserve energy. Ways to conserve energy There are many ways to conserve energy. It depends on the kind of choices we make to help us save our environment and also help our future generations. There are many things that will use less energy and by using such things you will conserve energy in a sensible way. Instead of normal tube lights, you can choose energy efficient bulbs. Energy efficient bulbs require less energy to perform the same function that normal tube lights do. (i) Turning off all electronic devices when not in use is also a good way of conserving energy. Replacing or repairing leaky faucets help in saving lot of water. (ii) Use air conditioner only when required. Instead, you can keep the doors and vents closed to keep your room cool. Also, you can save lot of energy by switching off the lights and using natural lighting during day time. (iii) Embracing an energy efficient lifestyle today will help you get a better life tomorrow. So let us slow down the demand for energy and give a better future for our coming generation [3]. Energy conservation reduces the energy consumption and energy demand per capita, and for that reason, also offsets the increase in energy supply needed to keep up with population growth. The India is experiencing rapid population growth which is placing a huge load on our energy resources and environment. We can do our part as residents of the India simply by embracing an energy efficient lifestyle today and slow down our demand for more electricity. If the rest of the world joined us in becoming more responsible in the way we

V. IMPORTANCE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION We talk about several aspects in our day-to-day life like cost of living going up, inflation rates, sports, in fact even about the stock market at times. However, have you ever

GT12-2

Green Technologies: Smart and Efficient Management 2012, SLIET Longowal use energy, we could halve the projected growth in world energy demand by the year 2020. Energy conservation is also an important part of slowing climate change. Climate change is one of the biggest threats facing our planet today. It is happening and it is happening now. Everyone - governments, businesses and individuals - needs to work together to tackle climate change. By switching out traditional light bulbs, we will all be using less energy so we will need less electricity and consequently reduce the emissions that speed up climate change[ 4]. industrialization, the labour force also increased and the increasing production encouraged the wealth to accumulate with majority of people. In the mean time scientists remained inventing energy consuming devices that reached to human homes for greater comfort and development. A number of products started to be made in industries that demand greater amounts of energy. On the other hand the non-fuel uses of fossil fuel also increased considerably. Now, it was very important that the efficiency of utilization of already available energy could be raised through appropriate practices. Some of the important ways of increasing the efficiency of utilization of energy are being mentioned below. 1. Application of fluorescent lamps, efficient engines and insulators. 2. Construction of Zero-energy buildings (ZEB). The Zero Energy Building is a term applied to a building with a net energy consumption of zero over a typical year. The level of Zero Energy Consumption is acquired by constructing such buildings and living in these buildings where the energy provided by on site renewable energy sources is equal to the energy utilized in the building. Though the concept and status of zero energy building are not common in developing countries like India, it is gaining popularity in these countries also. 3. Recovery of energy from waste hot water and warm wind by the use of heat exchangers. 4. Recovery of energy from hydrocarbon waste through hydrocarbon production through Pyrolysis. 5. Making modifications in existing power plants. 6. Applications of co-generation techniques in power plants. 7. The applications of passive solar, light emitting diodes should be made in zero energy buildings to replace the use of common bulbs. 8. Going for public transport instead of moving in private cars. 9. Use of bicycles for short distances. 10. Developing new and renewable energy and avoiding the use of fossil fuels. 11. Adopting the practice of Energy Efficient Landscaping: This incorporates planting trees for shades, planting wind breaks to slow down the speed of wind near buildings (it prevents heat loss), wall sheltering by the use of shrubbery or vines, earth sheltering, and drought resistant plantation in arid areas. 12. The applications of Solar Energy Chimneys and Solar Energy Towers. A solar Chimney is an apparatus for harnessing solar energy by the convection of heated air. In fact, it is a black painted chimney in its simplest form. When the Solar Chimney is heated by sun rays during the day time, the air contained inside the chimney is also heated up. As a result an updraft of air within the chimney is formed and suction is created at the base of the chimney that can be used to ventilate and cool the building below. The Energy Tower is a device, alternative to the Solar Energy Chimney. The Energy Tower is driven by spraying water at the top of the tower. When the water is evaporated, it creates a down draft by cooling the air. The downdraft can be applied in running the wind turbine at the bottom of the tower. The Energy Tower requires plenty of water. Since fresh water is a

VI. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY SOURCE Increasing efficiency Increasing the efficiency of the use of energy in order to achieve higher useful output for the same energy consumption, saving energy and reducing wastage is called as energy conservation. In todays conditions energy conservation is important because of following facts1. It will help increase the national and personal security, 2. It will increase the financial capital, 3. It will enhance, the environmental value, It will increase the profit of commercial and industrial users of energy. In India, the Central Government launched the National Campaign on Energy Conservation in 2004. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency undertook various types of activities and measures for this campaign; during the year 2005.The country celebrates the National Energy Conservation Day on 14th December, every year. The Ministry entered into the National Campaign 2006 after receiving the encouraging response from previous year. The National Energy Labeling Programme was finally launched on 18 May 2006.The Government of India is conducting a number of Energy Conservation Awareness Programmes to encourage the practices of energy conservation through out the country. The Rajiv Gandhi Akhshay Urja Diwas is celebrated every year on 20th August to commemorate the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister, late Shri Rajiv Gandhi. Increasing efficiency in utilization of energy The utilization of energy has almost doubled every 20 years since 1900. Causes of this growth in the utilization of energy comprise following factors(i) Growth of population (ii) Growth of labour force (iii) Increase in the wealth (iv) Energy using inventions (v) Products consuming large amounts of energy in their manufacturing processes, (vi) Non-fuel uses of fossil fuels. The human population has been rising at a very fast rate. However, the rate of consumption of energy remained much faster. The life style and the standard of living improved and now people became capable of keeping conveniences demanding more and more energy for their operation. The aluminium, plastics, other metals and alloys that demand more energy in their processing came into wide spread use. Together with the increasing rate of development and

GT12-3

Green Technologies: Smart and Efficient Management 2012, SLIET Longowal scarce resource, the marine water should be used for this purpose [5]. Our Childrens Children The final altruistic reason to conserve energy is this: What kind of world do we want to leave to our childrens children? If we continue to use energy at our present rate, all oil and natural gas will be gone by the year by 2040 everywhere else, If electricity use continues to double every nine years, huge amounts of power will have to come from 500 years worth of coal supplies and lots of nuclear power plants -- by this time possibly breeder or fusion plants. The use of coal will mean that huge areas of Montana, Wyoming, Illinois and other states will be stripmined. Even with antipollution devices, total air pollution emissions are predicted to triple to many million tons per year, bringing with them large increases in air-related sicknesses such as lung cancer. Huge amounts of land and water would be required for these plants. Other but perhaps more serious problems devolve on any future generations that must rely on nuclear power. These include adequate uranium supply (probably necessitating immense uranium strip mines in Tennessee), almost inconceivable reactor and waste-transport accidents, low-level radiation effects from normal plant operations, and the burden of guarding both radioactive waste and outdated but radioactive nuclear plants for thousands of years. On top of all this, all electric power generation produces heat, and too much generation will raise the earths temperature, possibly enough to cause partial melting of the polar ice caps and wreak havoc on the worlds ecosphere. Even our present rate of energy consumption is not sustainable in the long term, so it is a matter of decreasing percapita energy use as soon as possible. Never again will generations of people use as much energy as we do with so little productivity and so much waste. The longer we wait to begin conservation, the less energy will be available to future generations, and the worse off the environment will be [6].
Building Annual particulars Energy consumption Lakh KWh PMO 8.3 Rashtrapathi Bhawan Sanchar Bhawan Sharam Dhakti & Transport Bhawan RR Hospital Air Port Rail Bhawan AIIMS 34.1 25.8 20.4

TABLE I

Energy Audit Result

Annual % Saving Energy (KWH) Saving (Lakh Kwh) 2.7 7.8 11.9 8 32 23 46 39 Annual Investment Energy (Rs. In Saving Lac.) (Rs. In Lac.) 16.9 49.9 76 42.9 50.5 51.2 147.1 157.5 Payback period (Years)

3 1 1.9 3.7

100 713 23.5 369

28.8 145 6 93.1

28 20 25 29

88.3 586 40 712

44.9 810 163 1070

0.5 1.5 4.2 1.5

VIII. ENERGY CONSERVATION TIPS (a) Electricity Conservation at home Electricity is also less expensive on the weekends because of lessened business and industrial demand for power. If you have things that require lots of electricity like a drying clothes or lights for indoor gardening - Purchase a timer and set it to do your clothes drying after midnight. If you are cooking a roast or baking bread with a bread maker- set your timer and do it at night. What better way of waking up in the morning and smelling freshly cooked food. And if you use a dishwashing machine, set the timer to do the dishes while you sleep. Just doing these things will reduce your monthly electricity bill. Air Conditioning: Shut your A/C down when you are out of the house and only turn it on when you return. It shouldn't take that long when you return to cool your place down. And what is wrong with opening some windows and sitting in front of a fan - it costs a lot less than an air conditioner to operate. For some homes, where heat accumulates in the attics consider installing roof 1. Ventilation fans to get rid of trapped hot air. Getting rid of trapped hot air will make a huge difference in the use of your air conditioner and save roofing problems in the future. 2. Use evaporative coolers in place of AC during hot dry summer months. 3. Set thermostat of your AC at comfort level i.e. 25-27 degree centigrade. 4. Computers: When you are not using it - At least shut off the screen. 60 % of the power used from a computer is used by the display screen; the other 40 % is used to keep your hard drive spinning and to power the electronics.

VII. CASE STUDY ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS OF DELHI Bureau of Energy Efficiency has undertaken Energy audit studies in 8 Government buildings to set up an example for private buildings to pursue similar efforts. The buildings included - Rashtrapati Bhawan, Prime Ministers Office and Defence Ministry blocks in South Block, Rail Bhawan, Sanchar Bhawan, Shram Shakti Bhawan, Transport Bhawan, R&R Hospital, Terminal I, Terminal II and Cargo Sections of Delhi, IGI Airport and AIIMS. Energy savings potential between 23 to 46 % has been identified in the above buildings. Energy audit study has been implemented in Rashtrapati Bhawan. Implementation work in Prime Minister Office, Sharam Shakti Bhawan and Transport Bhawan is under progress. 16 more Government buildings are being taken up in second phase for energy auditing and its implementation through ESCO mode [1].

GT12-4

Green Technologies: Smart and Efficient Management 2012, SLIET Longowal 5. Lights: In places where you have lights that are always on - think about using low energy compact fluorescent lamps (CFL's). A 15 watt CFL can often supply as much light as a 60 watt incandescent bulb. Hey, 75% savings isn't that shabby. And for those places where you need instant light, replace all those low cost incandescent bulbs with more costly energy saving higher voltage bulbs. They last longer, use less power and give you the same illumination or better than the cheap ones. Besides, they light just as quickly as the old ones. And check the wattage when bulbs need to be replaced. A tube light (36/40 watt) gives more light than a 60 or 100 watt bulb and will consume 40 to 60% less power. Tube light with electronic choke is even more energy efficient means of lighting USE DAYLIGHT AS FAR AS POSSIBLE. Buy Slim tube light with electronic choke which produces 10-15% more light. 6. Clothes Dryer: Drying clothes outside (if possible) is an environmentally sound choice in contrast to an electric clothes dryer which uses "big time" energy. (It's the easiest way we can use solar energy, too!) Outside drying weather may extend from May to October depending on where you live. Besides, clothes dried outside smell a lot better than those dried using an electric clothes dryer. A good idea for those considering buying a new dryer. Get one that uses gas - it's a lot cheaper. your heat in the 60-degree to 70-degree range, you'll save up to 5% on heating costs. 9. Hot Water: If you have an electrical hot water tank heater like most North American homes, then this is the main source for your electricity usage. Storage-type hot water heaters lose heat all day long (and all night too!). They consume more energy than any other appliance in your home except electric space heaters. To reduce your monthly bill, this is where you can save the most. First, do not use hot water for anything that cold water can do the same thing. Some examples, cleaning vegetables, and rinsing dishes before you put them into your dish washer. Even when washing your hands in the summer time. Use the cold water tap. Then make sure your hot water tank is covered with a blanket of insulation. Where possible, insulate the exit pipes that go to your sinks, shower, bathtub, and washing machines. You can tell how much your pipes are insulated by how long it takes to feel warm water when you turn on the hot water tap. If this takes more than 30 seconds - then get some insulation on those hot water pipes. Instant geysers are considered to be more efficient than storage type geysers. SOLAR WATER HEATERS MUST BE PREFERRED AS THEY OPERATE ON SOLAR ENERGY WHICH IS FREE OF COST

7. Clothes Washers: Do not always use hot water in your electric clothes washer. Warm wash cycles generally clean clothes perfectly well, and with proper detergents and pre-soaking, cold water washing may be fine. And if you really need to clean certain clothes in hot water go to a public Laundromat and use their washers and dryers. In the end, it is less expensive. A warm-water wash/coldwater rinse uses two-thirds of the energy needed for hot wash/warm rinse. Besides the cost savings from not using your hot water heater, the brightly colored clothes stay bright. 8. Electric Heating Systems - : If you heat with base board heaters - sixty per cent of the money you spend on energy for a home goes to heating it. 20C is a very comfortable temperature for living spaces while 16C is sufficient for bedroom areas. Dress more warmly in winter and turn down the heat -especially when you're going out for a few hours. It's far cheaper to let the house cool and warm up later than to keep it warm. A programmable thermostat will help if you want it warm when you come home. Most of us know that the most efficient central heating systems are not base board heaters. But, sometimes they are the only alternative. So if you do have baseboard heating systems check them to make sure that the thermostats are set to not exceed the guidelines for heat. Turn Down the thermostat - For every degree you lower

10. Refrigerators and Freezers: Although the power rating of refrigeration equipment is quite low (50 150 watts), they consume significant amounts of electricity because they are switched on continuously. Electricity consumption is around 660 kWh annually for a freezer or fridge-freezer and around 300 kWh for a fridge, but consumption varies widely from one model to another. Even when measured in terms of kWh per litre capacity, one model may use three times as much as another. Another great hint about keeping the electricity use for a refrigerator or freezer is to make sure that the condenser coils are clean by vacuuming the dust that seems to accumulate around them. Just keeping the coils clean can save up to 25% of the usage of electricity especially when the temperature is high in the area where your appliances are located. And last of all, regarding stand-alone freezers - put them in a location that is normally cool, like in your basement. Over a long period of time, it will save you a fair bit to money and besides might even supply a little heat for that area of your home. Allow refrigerated foodstuff to come to room temperature before heating AND allow heated foodstuff to cool down to normal temperature before placing it in the refrigerator. Set thermostat of refrigerator as per your requirement. 11. Television and Entertainment Equipment: Turn them off when not in use. There is nothing more annoying than walking into a living area - seeing a television set on & nobody watching it.

GT12-5

Green Technologies: Smart and Efficient Management 2012, SLIET Longowal 12. Security Lights: You don't need lights on all night. Put up infra red sensor security lights in your backyard that triggers them "on" when a person is nearby. Security lights that sense heat presence scare the daylights out of bad guys and gals as they do not know if someone watching triggered them "on". For those places that are left unattended for long periods of time and need security - try cameras that you send the signals back to distant computer when motion is sensed. You can even use a lot of dummy cameras and a few "live" ones. 13. Recharging Batteries: You don't need lights on all night. Yes, today we use a lot of battery energy storage Recharge them overnight and save on your electricity bill. (b) Electricity Conservation at Shops and Business establishments 1. Avoid excessive illumination. Please keep only as many fans and lights on as you need. 2. Do not use neon sign boards. Use only painted sign boards. 3. Use energy saving compact fluorescent lamps for the illumination of your shops, showrooms, or hotels. 4. Try to switch on your room air conditioners and coolers at least one hour late and switch off one hour early. Preferably, do not use these heavy duty appliances. 5. Use solar water heaters for hot water requirements of your hotels and lodges. 6. Use table lamps for reading. (c) Electricity Conservation in Agriculture 1 Selection of right capacity of pumps according to the irrigation requirement. 2 Matching of pump set with source of water - canal or well. 3 Matching of motor with appropriate size pump. 4 Proper installation of the pump system - shaft alignment, coupling of motor and pump. 5 Use of efficient transmission system. Maintain right tension and alignment of transmission belts. 6 Use of low friction rigid PVC pipes and foot valves. 7 Avoid use of unnecessary bends and throttle valves. 8 Use bends in place of elbows. 9 The suction depth for centrifugal pumps and delivery line should be kept at minimum height according to requirement.

10 Periodically check pump system and carryout corrective measures - like lubrication, alignment, tuning of engines and replacement of worn-out parts. 11 Over irrigation can harm the crops and waste vital water resource. Irrigate according to established norms for different crop. 12 Use drip irrigation for specific crops like vegetable, fruits, tobacco, etc. Drip systems can conserve up-to 80% water and reduce pumping energy requirement. [7-9]. IX. CONCLUSIONS The use of energy has resulted in emission of huge quantity of carbon dioxide causing serious environmental damages. This is very important to conserve and save our valuable assets and resources. If we continue to use energy at the present rate, the oil and other resources will be gone within few years and everywhere else. It is very necessary to change our attitude for conservation of energy in house, commercial and industrial and lastly in agriculture sector and energy conservation programme may be got promoted at large level to conserve energy because there is large scope of conservation of energy in India. Lastly to think about future conservation of energy as it is a part of our day to day life.

X. REFERENCES
[1] P.M. Sayeed, Honble Minister of Power, Published an Article on Conservation of energy, during Energy Conservation day on December, 14, 2005. [2] Weblink from Ecoindia.com. [3] Website link from, http://www .humantouchofchemistry.com/ [4] Website link from Eco Mall, a place to help to save the earth [5] M.P. Mishra, Conservation Of Energy Sources: Increasing the Efficiency, article published on the web page of Eco Sensorium, 2010. [6] Peter Penner , Cynics, Martyrs and the Importance of Energy Conservation article appeared in the Christian Century, 1980, 285. [7] Website of Uttarankhand Power Corporation Limited www.Uttarankhand Power Corporation Limited, UPCL, India [8] The webpage of Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam, Haryana -www.dhbvn.com. [9] The webpage of The Chief Electrical Inspector-cum-Adviser, Govt. of Assam, Guwahati, 2012.. http://www .asda. gov. in/ aboutus.htm.

GT12-6

Green Technologies: Smart and Efficient Management 2012, SLIET Longowal

GT12-7