CONTENTS

1. Introduction 2. Block Diagram 3. Micro-Controller -At89s52 4. Ultrasonic Sensor & IR Sensor 5. Op-Amp Lm358 6. RFID Technology 7. Multitone Muscical IC (Siren) 8. References

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
Vision is the most important part of human physiology as 83% of information human being gets from the environment is via sight. The 2011 statistics by the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are 285 billion people in world with visual impairment, 39 billion of which are blind and 246 with low vision. The traditional and oldest mobility aids for persons with visual impairments are the walking cane (also called white cane or stick) and guide dogs. The most important drawbacks of these aids are necessary skills and training phase, range of motion and very little information conveyed. With the rapid advances of modern technology, both in hardware and software front have brought potential to provide intelligent navigation capabilities. Recently there has been a lot of Electronic Travel Aids (ETA) designed and devised to help the blind navigate independently and safely. Also high-end technological solutions have been introduced recently to help blind persons navigate independently. While such systems are suitable for outdoor navigation, due to the need for line of sight access to satellites, they still need additional components to improve on the resolution and proximity detection to prevent collision of the blind persons with other objects and hence subject his/her life to danger. However in comparison to other technologies many blind guidance systems use ultrasound because of its immunity to the environmental noise. Another reason why ultrasonic is popular is that the technology is relatively inexpensive, and also ultrasound emitters and detectors are small enough to be carried without the need for complex circuitry. The project is based on a theoretical model and a system concept to provide a smart electronic aid for blind people. Apart from the conventional navigation systems, blind aid systems can be provided a new dimension of RF-ID to identify the sitting area in office and RF module used for find the stick along with dedicated obstacle detection circuitry incorporate ultrasonic sensor, depth measuring circuitry helps to measure the depth in case of dealing with the stairs and on stick vibration circuitry to inform the obstacle alert. These different units are discussed to implement the design of a smart stick.

COMPONENET USED

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Microcontroller (P89v51RD2) Decoder HT 12D Encoder HT 12E RF Module (Rx and Tx) RF- ID reader RF-ID Card Ultrasonic Senor IR Sensor Temperature sensor Probes Multitone Musical IC

BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM

MICRO-CONTROLLER AT89S52

MICRO-CONTROLLER
INTRODUCTION The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high -density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with insystem programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

PIN DIAGRAM

Pin Description

1. VCC Supply voltage. 2. GND Ground. 3. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. 4. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. 5. Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses. 6. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52, as shown in the following table.

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7. RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. 8. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. 9. PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. 10. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. 11. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. 12. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

FEATURES OF AT89S52 Compatible with MCS -51Products 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz Three-level Program Memory Lock 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM 32 Programmable I/O Lines

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 Three 16-bit Timer/Counters Eight Interrupt Sources Full Duplex UART Serial Channel Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode Watchdog Timer Dual Data Pointer Power-off Flag Fast Programming Time Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode) Green (Halide-free) Packaging Option

ADAVANTAGES OF AT89S52 Low power High performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8kB of ISP flash memory. The device uses Atmel high-density, nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. On-chip flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. This powerful microcontroller is suitable for many embedded control applications.

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ULTRASONIC SENSOR & IR SENSOR

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ULTRASONIC SENSOR
Ultrasonic sensors Also known as transceivers when they both send and receive, but more generally called transducers work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluate attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively. Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine the distance to an object. This technology can be used for measuring wind speed and direction (anemometer), tank or channel level, and speed through air or water. For measuring speed or direction a device uses multiple detectors and calculates the speed from the relative distances to particulates in the air or water. To measure tank or channel level, the sensor measures the distance to the surface of the fluid. Further applications include: humidifiers, sonar, medical ultrasonography, burglar

alarms and non-destructive testing. Systems typically use a transducer which generates sound waves in the ultrasonic range, above 18,000 hertz, by turning electrical energy into sound, then upon receiving the echo turn the sound waves into electrical energy which can be measured and displayed.

USES: Medical Ultrasonic transducers. Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect movement of targets and to measure the distance to targets in many automated factories and process

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plants. Sensors with an on or off digital output are available for detecting the movement of object. Ultrasonic sensors are used to detect movement of targets and to measure the distance to targets in many automated factories and process plants. Sensors with an on or off digital output are available for detecting the movement of objects.

Maximum distance : 4meters Baud rate Output voltage Gives serial output :9600 : 5v

INFRARED SENSOR An infrared sensor is an electronic device that emits and/or detects infrared radiation in order to sense some aspect of its surroundings. Infrared sensors can measure the heat of an object, as well as detect motion. Many of these types of sensors only measure infrared radiation, rather than emitting it, and thus are known as passive infrared (PIR) sensors. All objects emit some form of thermal radiation, usually in the infrared spectrum. This radiation is invisible to our eyes, but can be detected by an infrared sensor that accepts and interprets it. In a typical infrared sensor like a motion detector, radiation enters the front and reaches the sensor itself at the center of the device. This part may be composed of more than one individual sensor, each of them being made from pyro-electric materials, whether natural or artificial. These are materials that generate an electrical voltage when heated or cooled. These pyro-electric materials are integrated into a small circuit board. They are wired in such a way so that when the sensor detects an increase in the heat of a small part of its field of view, it will trigger the motion detector's alarm. It is very common for an infrared sensor to be integrated into motion detectors like those used as part of a residential or commercial security system

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Infrared sensor and ultrasonic sensor both uses op-amp LM358 which act as a comparator.

USES A heat sensor works by using pyro-electrical materials, which emit electrical impulses when heated or cooled. IR sensors can be used to detect proximity, receive communication signals and even detect movement of a person. The Arduino open-source electronics and embedded processor platform can be used to control and monitor an infrared sensor. IR Sensor can also be used to build speedometer.

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OP-AMP LM358

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OP-AMP LM358
These devices consist of two independent, high-gain, frequency-compensated operational amplifiers designed to operate from a single supply over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split supplies also is possible if the difference between the two supplies is 3 V to 32 V (3 V to 26 V for the LM2904), and VCC is at least 1.5 V more positive than the input common-mode voltage. The low supply-current drain is independent of the magnitude of the supply voltage. Applications include transducer amplifiers, dc amplification blocks, and all the conventional operational amplifier circuits that now can be implemented more easily in single-supply-voltage systems. For example, these devices can be operated directly from the standard 5-V supply used in digital systems and easily provide the required interface electronics without additional 5-V supplies. Features Two internally compensated op-amps Internally frequency compensated for unity gain Large DC voltage gain: 100 dB Wide bandwidth (unity gain): 1 MHz (temperature compensated) Wide power supply range: Single supply: 3V to 32V or dual supplies: 1.5V to 16V

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TEMPRATURE AND WATER SENSOR USES OP-AMP In temperature detection we use the IR sensor which helps to detect fire or other heating body through heat. In water sensor we use two probe which act as a conducting material and helps to detect water.

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RFID TECHNOLOGY

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What is RFID?
RFID stands for Radio-Frequency Identification. The acronym refers to small electronic devices that consist of a small chip and an antenna. The chip typically is capable of carrying 2,000 bytes of data or less. The RFID device serves the same purpose as a bar code or a magnetic strip on the back of a credit card or ATM card; it provides a unique identifier for that object. And, just as a bar code or magnetic strip must be scanned to get the information, the RFID device must be scanned to retrieve the identifying information.

RFID Works Better Than Barcodes A significant advantage of RFID devices over the others mentioned above is that the RFID device does not need to be positioned precisely relative to the scanner. We're all familiar with the difficulty that store checkout clerks sometimes have in making sure that a barcode can be read. And obviously, credit cards and ATM cards must be swiped through a special reader.

In contrast, RFID devices will work within a few feet (up to 20 feet for high-frequency devices) of the scanner. For example, you could just put all of your groceries or purchases in a bag, and set the bag on the scanner. It would be able to query all of the RFID devices and total your purchase immediately. RFID technology has been available for more than fifty years. It has only been recently that the ability to manufacture the RFID devices has fallen to the point where they can be used as a "throwaway" inventory or control device. Alien Technologies recently sold 500 million RFID tags to Gillette at a cost of about ten cents per tag. One reason that it has taken so long for RFID to come into common use is the lack of standards in the industry. Most companies invested in RFID technology only use the tags to track items within their control; many of the benefits of RFID come when items are tracked from company to company or from country to country.

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RF Module (Transmitter & Receiver)

The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. The corresponding frequency range varies between 30 kHz & 300 GHz. In this RF system, the digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).

Transmission through RF is better than IR (infrared) because of many reasons. Firstly, signals through RF can travel through larger distances making it suitable for long range applications. Also, while IR mostly operates in line-of-sight mode, RF signals can travel even when there is an obstruction between transmitter & receiver. Next, RF transmission is more strong and reliable than IR transmission. RF communication uses a specific frequency unlike IR signals which are affected by other IR emitting sources.

This RF module comprises of an RF Transmitter and an RF Receiver. The transmitter/receiver (Tx/Rx) pair operates at a frequency of 433 MHZ. An RF transmitter receives serial data and transmits it wirelessly through RF through its antenna connected at pin4. The transmission occurs at the rate of 1Kbps - 10Kbps.The transmitted data is received by an RF receiver operating at the same frequency as that of the transmitter.

The RF module is often used along with a pair of encoder/decoder. The encoder is used for encoding parallel data for transmission feed while reception is decoded by a decoder. HT12EHT12D, HT640-HT648, etc. are some commonly used encoder/decoder pair ICs.

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Pin Diagram:

PIN DISCRIPTION RF Transmitter Pin No 1 2 3 4 Function Ground (0V) Serial data input pin Supply voltage; 5V Antenna output pin Name Ground Data Vcc ANT

RF Receiver Pin No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Function Ground (0V) Serial data output pin Linear output pin; not connected Supply voltage; 5V Supply voltage; 5V Ground (0V) Ground (0V) Antenna input pin Name Ground Data NC Vcc Vcc Ground Ground ANT

ENCODER (HT12E)
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Features: Operating voltage 2.4V~5V for the HT12A 2.4V~12V for the HT12E Low power and high noise immunity CMO Technology. Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at VDD=5V HT12A with a 38KHZ carrier for infrared Transmission medium Minimum transmission word Four words for the HT12E One word for the HT12A Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components HT12A/E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

Applications

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Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems.

DECODER (HT12D)

Features Operating voltage 2.4V~5V for the HT12A 2.4V~12V for the HT12E Low power and high noise immunity CMOS Technology Low standby current: 0.1_A (typ.) at VDD=5V HT12A with a 38KHZ carrier for infrared Transmission medium Minimum transmission word Four words for the HT12E One word for the HT12A

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Built-in oscillator needs only 5% resistor Data code has positive polarity Minimal external components HT12A/E: 18-pin DIP/20-pin SOP package

Applications Burglar alarm system Smoke and fire alarm system Garage door controllers Car door controllers Car alarm system Security system Cordless telephones Other remote control systems

RFID PASSIVE TAG

A passive tag is an RFID tag that does not contain a battery; the power is supplied by the reader. When radio waves from the reader are encountered by a passive RFID tag, the coiled antenna within the tag forms a magnetic field. The tag draws power from it, energizing the circuits in the tag. The tag then sends the information encoded in the tag's memory.

The major disadvantages of a passive RFID tag are:

The tag can be read only at very short distances, typically a few feet at most. This greatly limits the device for certain applications. It may not be possible to include sensors that can use electricity for power. The tag remains readable for a very long time, even after the product to which the tag is attached has been sold and is no longer being tracked.

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The advantages of a passive tag are: The tag functions without a battery; these tags have a useful life of twenty years or more. The tag is typically much less expensive to manufacture The tag is much smaller (some tags are the size of a grain of rice). These tags have almost unlimited applications in consumer goods and other areas.

Is RFID Technology Secure and Private? Unfortunately, not very often in the systems to which consumers are likely to be exposed. Anyone with an appropriately equipped scanner and close access to the RFID device can activate it and read its contents. Obviously, some concerns are greater than others. If someone walks by your bag of books from the bookstore with a 13.56 MHZ "sniffer" with an RF field that will activate the RFID devices in the books you bought, that person can get a complete list of what you just bought. That's certainly an invasion of your privacy, but it could be worse. Another scenario involves a military situation in which the other side scans vehicles going by, looking for tags that are associated with items that only high-ranking officers can have, and targeting accordingly. Companies are more concerned with the increasing use of RFID devices in company badges. An appropriate RF field will cause the RFID chip in the badge to "spill the beans" to whomever activates it. This information can then be stored and replayed to company scanners, allowing the thief access - and your badge is the one that is "credited" with the access. The smallest tags that will likely be used for consumer items don't have enough computing power to do data encryption to protect your privacy. The most they can do is PIN-style or password-based protection.

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MULTITONE MUSCICAL IC (Siren)

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MULTITONE MUSCICAL IC (Siren)

This multi-tone siren is useful for burglar alarms, reverse horns, etc. It produces five different audio tones and is much more ear-catching than a single-tone siren. The circuit is built around popular CMOS oscillator-cum-divider IC 4060 and small audio amplifier LM386. IC 4060 is used as the multitone generator. A 100H inductor is used at the input of IC 4060. So it oscillates within the range of about 5MHz RF. IC 4060 itself divides RF signals into AF and ultrasonic ranges. Audio signals of different frequencies are available at pins 1, 2, 3, 13 and 15 of IC 4060 (IC1). These multi-frequency signals are mixed and fed to the audio amplifier built around IC LM386. The output of IC2 is fed to the speaker through capacitor C9. If you want louder sound, use power amplifier TBA810 or TDA1010. Only five outputs of IC1 are used here as the other five outputs (pins 4 through 7 and 14) produce ultrasonic signals, which are not audible. Assemble the circuit on a general-purpose PCB and enclose in a suitable cabinet. Regulated 6V12V (or a battery) can be used to power the circuit.

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REFRENCES

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REFRENCES
http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronics datasheet. http://electronicsforu.com/electronicsforu/circuitarchives/view_article.asp http://www.engineersgarage.com/electronics component. component /at89s51- &microcontroller

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