Comparative

Vertebrate Anatomy Exam 1 Study Guide Focus your efforts on the lecture notes and on bold-faced terms in the text if they were mentioned in lecture. Anatomy of a phylogenetic tree branching of major vertebrate groups monophyletic paraphyletic homology homoplasy analogy serial homology notochord dorsal hollow nerve cord endostyle pharyngeal slits post-anal tail coelom myomere tripoblastic germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, endoderm) and derivatives splanchnic mesoderm paraxial mesoderm Protochordates (Hemichordates, Urochordates, Cephalodchordates) Petromyzontidae Myxiniformes Chordata Vertebrata Agnatha Gnathostomata Amniota Ammocoetes Filter feeder Placoid scales Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii Avian specializations for flight Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny egg types and their development (micro- meso- and macrolecithal) cleavage (holoblastic, meroblastic) blastula blastocoel

archenteron blastopore gastrulation protostomes deuterostomes invagination involution neuralation blastoderm primitive streak Hensens node Neurogenic placode Enterocoely Schizocoely extra-embryonic membranes and functions (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, allantois) spermatogenesis oogenesis fertilization trophoblast Hox Genes Heterochrony Neotony Progenesis Paedomorphosis Peramorphosis Isometry/Allometry Osteocytes, Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts Histogenesis of skeletal materials trabeculae Endochondral bone Dermal bone Cartilage Cortical bone Cancellous bone Epiphysis Diaphysis Epiphyseal plate Skull Autostyly Craniostyly Cranial kinesis neurocranium/chondrocranium dermatocranium

splanchnocranium temporal fenestra (anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, euryapsid) Homologies evolution of jaws Sharks - palatoquadrate, Meckel's cartilage, etc. components of jaw joint at this stage of evolution bony fish - components of jaw joint at this stage of evolution mammals evolutionary/anatomical consequences of chewing evolutionary trend from reptile ancestor to living mammals changing size and role of dentary bone bones that comprise the jaw joint in reptiles and in mammals evolution and homologies of inner ear ossicles importance of secondary palate Components of the axial skeleton Vertebrae basic structural components neural and hemal arch bases centrum categorization of vertebra based on centra Development of vertebrae Variation in lamprey, chondricthes, fish, tetrapods Vertebral regions arcualia Lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis Concept of serial homology applied to vertebrae Atlas, Axis, homologies, and groups in which these vertebrae types occur Rib functions Gastralia Plastron, carapace Myosepta Dorsal, Ventral, and Horizontal Skeletogenous septa tuberculum Capitulum Uncinate processes Pectoral Girdle general evolutionary trend from more dermal than replacement bones to more replacement than dermal bones stylo-, zeugo-, autopodium Ancestral arrangement of bones in fish limb development apoptosis AER

ZPA specializations for running in vertebrates and endurance running in humans Pelvic Girdle Components Innominate bone Muscles Embryonic sources of muscle functions Four characteristics striated skeletal cardiac smooth modifications of epaxial and hypaxial muscles in tetrapods epaxials as a whole sliding filimant theory jaw muscles red and white fibers isometric and isotonic contractions