GSM ARCHITECTURE

Operator

OMS

External
NSS BSS MS
networks
GSM
User

Mobile Station (MS),

Base Station Subsystem (BBS),
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS),
Operation Management Subsystem (OMS).

External networks ÅÆ NSS ÅÆ BSS ÅÆ MS ÅÆ Users

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 PSTN
PSTN AS NSS
AS

ISDN
ISDN VLR HLR EIR
VLR HLR EIR
PSDN
PSDN MSC
MSC
PLMN
PLMN OMS
OMS
Asub interface

BSC
BSC
BSS
Abis interface
BTS
BTS

Um interface

MS SIM

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 BSS components and interfaces
BTS

OSS

BTS

BSC NSS

BTS Asub interface

Message
Abis interface
Radio interface Signalling
(Um)
Figure 4.12

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 Base Station
TRXn

BSC .
TRX2

TRX1

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A BASE STATION

A-bis
64 kbits

Receiver A Equalizer Speech 8/13 bit

D Mod./Dem. Codec 13/8 bit
A law
13 kbits

64kbits
VCO Synthesizer Control Channel Signaling
Unit Codec
16 kbits

Transmitter A Burst building Speech 8/13 bit 64 kbits

D Multip./Dem. Codec 13/8 bit

BTS BSC

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 Radio Frequency channels for GSM D900
890-915 MHz for uplink, MC to BS

935-960 MHz for downlink, BS to MS

fup(n)=(890+0,2xn) MHz (with,ARFCN 1≤n≤124)

fdown(n)=fup(n)+45MHz
Radio frequency channel spacing: 200 kHz; Duplex spacing: 45 MHz

CHANNEL DISTRIBUTION FOR D900

Uplink Downlink

001 002 123 124 001 002 123 124

890 890.2 914.8 915 935 935.2 959.8 960

200 kHz Channel spacing

Duplex spacing 45 MHz

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 GSM EXTENDED BAND (E-GSM 900)

880-915 MHz for uplink ; 925-960 MHz for downlink

With FDMA 124 (174 for extended band )

Fup(n)=(890+0.2 x n)MHz (with ARFCN 0≤n≤124 ) and

fup(n)=(890+0,2xn) (n-1024) (with ARFCN 975≤n≤1023)

fdown (n)=fup (n)+45 MHz

Radio frequency channel spacing: 200 kHz; Duplex spacing: 45

MHz
GSM 1800
1710-1785 MHz for uplink; 1805-1880 MHz for downlink
Duplex spscing is 95 MHz with 374 channels 200 kHz spacing
Numberd with 512-885

fup(n)=(1710+0,2xn) (n-511) (with,ARFCN 512≤n≤885

fdown(n)=fup(n)+95MHz
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 GSM FRAME STRUCTURE
Hyper Frame 0 1 2047

Duration 3.48 s
0 1 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Super Frame
Duration 6.12 s
Multiframe 0 1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 24 25

Duration 120 ms
1250 bits;
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Duration
4.615ms
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
Time Slot ST Data S Training S Data SP G 156.25 bits

ST:Start Bits Duration 0.57692 ms

S:Stealing Bit
SP:Stop Bits
G:Guard Bits

Normal burst
3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25
TB:Tail Bits
TB Data SF T SF Data TB G S:Stealing Bit
SP:Stop Bits
G:Guard Bits

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 Control Channels

CCH
( Control Channels )

DCCH BCCH

SDCCH ACCH BCCH Synch.

FACCH SACCH SCH FCH

CCCH

RACH CBCH

PCH/AGCH
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 GSM PHYSICAL LAYER

Microphone Microphone
ADC ADC

Linear Predictive cooding

Speech coding Rgular Pulse Excitation
Speech Decoding
Analysis
LPC-PEA Long-Term Prediction

DeShufling
Decreases possibility of DeInterleaving
Shufling distortion of consecitive
Interleaving bits in radio channel

Channel
Cyclic and Convolutional
Channel cooding codes for error detection decooding
and correction purpose

Ciphering Is used to protect data

Deciphering
Ki+Rand A8 Kc

GMSK
Modulation Demodulation

Channel
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 Speech and Channel Coding
fs =8kHz;
0.3-3.4 kHz
13 bits 104 kbs To Modulator
13kbs 22.8 kbs
BPF A Speech Channel
M D Encoder Coding

From Demodulator
LPF A Speech Channel
D Decoder Decoder

Speech Encoder
Block Filters 1 5 . 37
Every 20 ms Correlation
1 2 6 . 38 Selection Si Β
160 samples analysis
2 3 7. 39 Sequence with
C(Si, Si-k)=max
3 4 8. 40 maximal energy
Β= Si-Si-k
4
Linear Predictive Coding and Regular Pulse Extantion –LPC/RPE Long Term Prediction-LTP

Channel Encoder
Cyclic Coding Convolutional Reordering
189 456
For error Coding for 1 bit Restructuring
bits bits
detection error correction Interliving

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 GMSK MODULATION
Sin 2πfct

I(t)
COS(c(t))
X
d(t) Integrater di(t) m(t)
Gaussian
Filter C(t) +
Q(t)
Sin(c(t)) X

Cos 2πfct
I ( t ) = cos( c ( t )); Q ( t ) = sin( c ( t ))

m ( t ) = I ( t ) sin 2 π fct + Q ( t ) cos 2 π fct

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 AUTHOINTICATION MS

MS Um Interface Network
Rand SRES
Ki
A3 Algorithm
=?
SRES
Yes/No

DATA CIPHERING
MS MS Um Network
Ki
Interface
Rand Kc Kc
Cipherd Data
A8 Data A5 A5
Data
Kc

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Convolutional Coding

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 Functional Sequence of Basic Call Types
Mobile Originated Call (MOC) to the fixed network
Before an MOC begins a location registration and with it an authentication must have taken place.The MS sends
the call setup information dialed by the mobile subcriber to the MSC (1). The MSC requests call information
from the VLR (mainly about any relevant restictions) concerning the mobile subscriber identified by the IMSI (2).
After assigning a traffic channel, the MSC then informs PSTN.

Calling subscriber
MS

1
Called
subscriber
BTS/BSC/TRAU BSS

1 NSC
2 3
VLR MSC PSTN
PST
N

PLMN

Figure 4.16
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 Mobile Internal Call (MIC)
The MS1 sends the call setup information dialed by the mobile subscriber (MSISDN) to the MSC (1).
The MSC requests informaton about the calling mobile subscriber MS2 from the VLR (2). The MSC
uses the dialling information (MSISDN) to establish the HLR and sets up signalling connection to it (3).
The HLR sends a request to the VLR in whose area the called mobile subscriber MS2 is currently roaming (4).
The VLR sends the requested MSRN back to the HLR. The HLR forwards the MSRN to the MSC (5).
Steps (6) to (9) are the same as steps (6) to (9) in Figure 7.17.

MS1 MS2

Called
Calling subscriber
subscriber 8
1
8 7 9

1
BTS/BSC/TRAU BTS/BSC/TRAU BTS/BSC/TRAU

BSS 8 7 9

1
MSC

2 6 NSC
3 VLR 5

4 5
PLMN
HLR

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Mobile Terminating Call (MTC) From The Fixed Network
A call for mobile subscriber arrives at the GMSC (1). The GMSC uses the dialing information (MSISDN) to es
tablish the HLR and sets up a signaling connection to it (2). The HLR sends a requested VLR in whose area the called
subscriber is currently roaming (3). The VLR sends the requested MSRN back to the HLR. The HLR forwards the MSRN
to the GMSC (4). On the basis of the MSRN the GMSC sets up the connection request to the MSC, i.e. the MSC in
whose area the mobile subcriber is roaming at this point in time (5).
As the MSC does not know the mobile subscriber up to this point, the MSC requests the mobile subscriber
information for the call setup from ıts VLR (6). The MS is now called by means of paging to all BTS/BSCs in the locatıon
area, as the radio cell in which the MS is located is not known to the MSC (7). If there is a response to the paging, this
information is transmitted to the MSC (8). Finally the connection to the MS is set up (9).
Figure7.17 shows the call sequence of an MTC .

Called
subscriber
MS

7 8 9

BTS/BSC/TRAU BTS/BSC/TRAU BTS/BSC/TRAU

7 7 8 9 7
BSS

6 NSC
VLR MSC Calling
subscriber
4 3 5
2 1
VLR GMSC
4

PLMN
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