Beyond the Standard Model

G.F. Giudice
Lecture 2 CERN Summer Student Programme 2013
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The Standard Model is an extraordinary conceptual success

& fo rces

GR

YM
H

GR & YM are elegant structures dictated by symmetry, have few free parameters, and fare marvelously with exp. data The Higgs sector looks like a provisional structure

the LHC may find surprises

Courtesy of C. Grojean & A. Weiler3

Most physicists believe that the Higgs cannot be the end of the story
The structure is not determined by pure symmetry principles The mechanism is unable to predict the values of quark and lepton masses The field value is very sensitive to quantum fluctuations

Sensitivity to quantum fluctuations h t h

2 2 y 2 t Mh 16 2

No separation of scales: why MZ << MPl (GN << GF)?

Higgs

Having MZ << MPl requires tuning up to 34th digit !

The stability of the hierarchy MZ / MPl requires an explanation

Higgs is screened at energies larger than TeV new forces and new particles within LHC energy range

What is the new phenomenon? Enter pure speculation These speculations created remarkable conceptual discoveries
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Does the Higgs respect the naturalness principle ?

Largely an experimental question

In 1595 Kepler asked the question Why are there 6 planets? It seems a proper scientic question ( Why are there 3 quark families? )

Planetary orbits lie within Mysterium Cosmographicum the only 5 Platonic solids gives a geometrical explanation that can be both circumscribed and inscribed within a sphere. It well matched planetary distances known at that time.
Sphere Saturn Cube Jupiter Tetrahedron Mars Dodecahedron Earth Icosahedron Venus Octahedron Mercury Sphere

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V ( H ) = H + H

2 H

Extrapolate the SM up to very high energies

Higgs mass Top quark mass

Quantum tunneling Thermal tunneling

104 200 Instability 16 19

8 10

Top mass Mt in GeV

150

10 tab s 9 8 ta 7 Me 6 5 100 LI =104 GeV

ility

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14

Non-perturbativity

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Stability

180 107 Instability 178 108 109 1010 1011

0 0 50 100 150 200

Top pole mass Mt in GeV
176

Higgs mass Mh in GeV

1012 13 1014 10 1016 Meta-stability 1,2,3 s

Higgs mass just right to keep the universe at the edge of vacuum stability

174

172 1019 170 Stability 168 10 120

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122

124

126

128

13 130

132

Higgs pole mass Mh in GeV

Why is the Higgs mass just right to keep the universe on the verge of a cosmic catastrophe?

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101000 1s bands in Mh =125.70.3 GeV Hgray dashedL a3 =0.11840.0007 Hred dottedL

10800

LCDM

Life-time in yr

10600

10400

10200

CDM

171

172

173

174

175

176
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Pole top mass Mt in GeV

Does the Higgs respect the naturalness principle ?

Largely an experimental question

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Some of the new ideas about naturalness and EW breaking revolutionize our concepts of space-time, matter and forces Supersymmetry emerges from the search for new space-time symmetries
z susy
superspace

y 3-d space 4-d space-time Poincar P = (t,x,y,z)

4-d space

translation

superspace supersymmetry P = (t,x,y,z,,)

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translations/rotations P = (x,y,z)

The new coordinates have a quantum character and cannot be described by ordinary numbers

susy

superspace

= 2 = 0
SUSY SUSY = Translation

4-d space

translation

+
real numbers

imaginary

complex numbers real

rotation translation

z x y

translation
superspace
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This new space has unfamiliar geometric properties (but it is mathematically consistent)

What is the physical meaning of superspace? Fields: (x) particles

Taylor expansion of superfields:

( x, ) = n ( x ) n = 0 ( x ) + 1 ( x )
n
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What happens to particles propagating in superspace? Superparticle!

superparticle Supersymmetry particle spin S particle spin S+1/2 superspace boson (integer spin) fermion (half-integer spin)

Special relativity & quantum mechanics particle charge Q antiparticle charge -Q

4-d sp

ace
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Why is supersymmetry interesting? supersymmetry relates particles with different spin must involve space-time transformations (super)gravity supersymmetry necessary ingredient for string theory? supersymmetry may be the answer to the naturalness problem

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